DOCSLIB.ORG

Innovation Process in Public Research Institute: Case Studies of AIST, Fraunhofer, and ITRI*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Innovation Process in Public Research Institute: Case Studies of AIST, Fraunhofer, and ITRI* ERIA-DP-2018-10 ERIA Discussion Paper Series Innovation Process in Public Research Institute: Case Studies of AIST, Fraunhofer, and ITRI* Byeongwoo KANG† Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University March 2019 Abstract: The design of national innovation systems has attracted attention from scholars and policymakers. Firms, universities, and government organisations (including public research institutes) are defined as the three major players, and interactions between the players are considered the key to a successful national innovation system. However, public research institutes are relatively understudied compared to firms and universities, even though their contribution to national innovation is not trivial. This paper aims to understand the detailed processes and reveals practical information regarding the innovation process in public research institutes. Focusing on the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer) in Germany, and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan, this paper analyses and compares innovation processes of public research institutes with their patent data. Based on findings, this study further discusses issues for better management of public research institutes. Keywords: innovation, national innovation system, patent data, public research institute JEL Classification: O25 * The author would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments. All remaining errors are the author’s own. † Correspondence author at: [email protected] 1. Introduction Innovation is the creation of new value from new ideas using new methods. It is the engine of economic growth. How to design systems to derive innovation at the national level – that is, national innovation systems (NIS) – has been an important issue for scholars and policymakers (see e.g. Freeman, 1987; Nelson, 1993). Firms, universities, and government organisations (including public research institutes) are defined as the three major NIS players, and interactions between the players are considered the key. Their interactions create new value by combining new knowledge and resources as well as combining conventional knowledge and resources in new ways. For example, when companies collaborate with universities to develop new technology, their collaboration leads to knowledge exchange between the firms and universities. Substantial literature focusing on NIS exists. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published a key report in 1999, and research on NIS flourished thereafter. Most studies regarding NIS have focused on the collaboration between universities and firms – only two of the three main players. Public research institutes have received less attention despite their active involvement in innovation and, for some, key role in the development of industries. Some public research institutes have enormous budgets for conducting research and development (R&D), surpassing industry budgets. Other institutes play a key role in deciding the speed and direction of development of an industry by forming industrial consortia and fora. This paper investigates how public research institutes contribute to innovation. It aims to understand the role of the public research institute in NIS, looking at the detailed processes rather than testing hypotheses. This paper focuses on three case studies to illuminate innovation processes in three institutes: the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer) in Germany, and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan. They were chosen because they are often considered as amongst the key public research institutes of their respective countries and as such have garnered attention in the extant literature (Freeman, 1987; Tanaka, 1989; Chen and Sewell, 1996; Beise and Stahl, 1999; Yang et al., 2009; Wong et al., 2015). In addition, as will be seen later, AIST, Fraunhofer, and ITRI focus on similar research fields and show high correlations in their technological portfolios. This study contributes to the literature by adding a missing component that was overlooked by previous studies. It focuses on the mission of public research institutes to 1 conduct R&D. As will be reviewed in the next section, prior studies discussing public research institutes have several limitations, such as confusing them with universities despite their differences and neglecting the evolving roles of public research institutes with changes in surrounding conditions. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 reviews relevant theories from prior studies in order to define and position this study. Section 3 describes how data were collected and analysed. Section 4 presents findings, and section 5 discusses these findings along with policy implications. Finally, section 6 concludes. 2. Literature Review This section reviews some of the prior studies relevant to the current study. By doing so, this section aims to show the limitations of the existing research and define the position of the current study. 2.1. Linkages in national innovation systems Freeman (1987) proposed the NIS concept based on a case study of Japan in the 1980s. He recognised the R&D consortia in Japan and collaborative relationships of government organisations as a national system, arguing that other developed countries could harness such a system for benefits at the same level. This was followed by international comparative research regarding NIS conducted by a group led by Professor Richard Nelson (1993) at Columbia University. The OECD (1999) took over the project and proposed an innovation policy to its member countries based on the outcomes of its qualitative and quantitative research (OECD, 1999). As the backgrounds of each country are different and heterogeneous in various important respects, the application of the NIS concept in practice varies between countries. For example, Bernardes and Albuquerque (2003) and Ribeiro et al. (2006) have indicated that the NIS in developed countries operates a different mechanism from developing countries. However, despite such differences, prior studies commonly define firms, universities, and governments (including public research institutes) as NIS players. The key to NIS is the linkages between firms, universities, and public research institutes. There are differences in knowledge and capabilities across the players. The NIS concept posits that innovation can be achieved via the exchange of knowledge and capabilities between the players. Accordingly, 2 NIS studies consider that although the ultimate role of innovation lies with firms, research outputs from universities and public research institutes contribute to the innovation by firms. Such a tendency is strong especially in high-tech industries such as bioengineering. However, of the three possible types of linkages, most prior studies have discussed the linkage between universities and firms (e.g. Perkmann et al., 2013). Public research institutes have garnered less attention. In addition, prior studies often have conflated universities and public research institutes, just because both are publicly funded (Roessner, 1993; Beise and Stahl, 1999; Diez, 2000; van Beers et al., 2008). This paper, however, separates them for the following three reasons. First, public research institute consume all resources for research. While universities also consume a large share of their resources for research, substantial resources are allocated for education as well. Second, research output quality differs between public research institutes and universities. Although many research projects are run in universities, most of them are carried out by students, especially doctoral students, whose time is mostly spent on learning (Behrens and Gray, 2001). Student researchers in universities are expected to achieve successful research outcomes, but their primary interest is to obtain academic degrees through learning and research experience. Meanwhile, most researchers in public research institutes have finished their graduate courses and are expected to deliver appropriate research outputs. Third, the pattern of knowledge flows through the mobility of researchers is different between universities and public research institutes. The majority of student researchers leave their universities after obtaining their degrees. Researchers at public research institutes are also mobile, but to a lesser extent than student researchers. Accordingly, tacit knowledge such as know-how is likely to remain and accrue in public research institutes to a greater extent compared to universities. In sum, differences in expected missions, capability of researchers, and knowledge flows and accrual suggest differences in innovation processes between universities and public research institutes. 2.2. The role of public research institutes 2.2.1. As a catch-up catalyst Public research institutes aimed at R&D have been contributing to national innovation by upgrading national technological capacity. In the case of the Republic of Korea, the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) played a critical role in the country’s catch-up (Chung and Lee, 1999; Mock, 2005; Yoo et al., 2005). Collaborating with Qualcomm, which was trying to commercialise its CDMA technology, ETRI contributed to commercialisation and authorisation of IS–95, which was the first CDMA-based
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comprehensive Framework to Reinforce Evidence Synthesis Features in Cloud-Based Systematic Review Tools
    applied sciences Article A Comprehensive Framework to Reinforce Evidence Synthesis Features in Cloud-Based Systematic Review Tools Tatiana Person 1,* , Iván Ruiz-Rube 1 , José Miguel Mota 1 , Manuel Jesús Cobo 1 , Alexey Tselykh 2 and Juan Manuel Dodero 1 1 Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain; [email protected] (I.R.-R.); [email protected] (J.M.M.); [email protected] (M.J.C.); [email protected] (J.M.D.) 2 Department of Information and Analytical Security Systems, Institute of Computer Technologies and Information Security, Southern Federal University, 347922 Taganrog, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Systematic reviews are powerful methods used to determine the state-of-the-art in a given field from existing studies and literature. They are critical but time-consuming in research and decision making for various disciplines. When conducting a review, a large volume of data is usually generated from relevant studies. Computer-based tools are often used to manage such data and to support the systematic review process. This paper describes a comprehensive analysis to gather the required features of a systematic review tool, in order to support the complete evidence synthesis process. We propose a framework, elaborated by consulting experts in different knowledge areas, to evaluate significant features and thus reinforce existing tool capabilities. The framework will be used to enhance the currently available functionality of CloudSERA, a cloud-based systematic review Citation: Person, T.; Ruiz-Rube, I.; Mota, J.M.; Cobo, M.J.; Tselykh, A.; tool focused on Computer Science, to implement evidence-based systematic review processes in Dodero, J.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore 560034
    Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore 560034 The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) traces its origin to relativity, cosmology, astroparticle physics, atomic and a small private observatory set up during 1786 at Madras molecular physics. (Chennai), which led to the establishment of the Solar Observatory in 1899 at Kodaikanal. In 1971, the Facilities: Kodaikanal Observatory was made into an autonomous institution under the Department of Science & Technology, Kodaikanal Observatory: This Observatory has been the Government of India. With a rich history of over 200 years, principal center of activity in observational solar physics, IIA is a premier institute in the country devoted to basic for over a century. At present, the main facility is the solar research, instrumentation and training in astronomy, tunnel telescope fitted with a spectrograph, which is in astrophysics and related physical sciences. regular use since 1962; a spectro-polarimeter has also been added. This observatory has a unique collection of the Sun’s photographic images archived over the last hundred years. These images are now being digitized to study the finer details of the Sun, Sun-weather pattern etc. Daily observations of the solar photosphere and chromosphere are being obtained as a part of the synoptic study. It was in this Observatory, John Evershed discovered the radial motion in sunspots, now known as the Evershed effect, in 1909. The Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore. Research Programmes: Sun and the Solar System - Solar activity, sunspots, prominences, solar chromosphere, comets, asteroids, eclipse observations, radio observations of the solar corona. Stellar Physics - Formation and evolution of stars, chemical abundance of elements, planetary nebulae, planetary rings, The solar tunnel telescope at the Kodaikanal observatory.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Report 2010-12
    RESEARCH REPORt 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover: Aurora borealis paintings by William Crowder, National Geographic (1947). The International Geophysical Year (1957–8) transformed research on the aurora, one of nature’s most elusive and intensely beautiful phenomena. Aurorae became the center of interest for the big science of powerful rockets, complex satellites and large group efforts to understand the magnetic and charged particle environment of the earth. The auroral visoplot displayed here provided guidance for recording observations in a standardized form, translating the sublime aesthetics of pictorial depictions of aurorae into the mechanical aesthetics of numbers and symbols. Most of the portait photographs were taken by Skúli Sigurdsson RESEARCH REPORT 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Introduction The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) is made up of three Departments, each administered by a Director, and several Independent Research Groups, each led for five years by an outstanding junior scholar. Since its foundation in 1994 the MPIWG has investigated fundamental questions of the history of knowl- edge from the Neolithic to the present. The focus has been on the history of the natu- ral sciences, but recent projects have also integrated the history of technology and the history of the human sciences into a more panoramic view of the history of knowl- edge. Of central interest is the emergence of basic categories of scientific thinking and practice as well as their transformation over time: examples include experiment, ob- servation, normalcy, space, evidence, biodiversity or force.
    [Show full text]
  • STS Departments, Programs, and Centers Worldwide
    STS Departments, Programs, and Centers Worldwide This is an admittedly incomplete list of STS departments, programs, and centers worldwide. If you know of additional academic units that belong on this list, please send the information to Trina Garrison at [email protected]. This document was last updated in April 2015. Other lists are available at http://www.stswiki.org/index.php?title=Worldwide_directory_of_STS_programs http://stsnext20.org/stsworld/sts-programs/ http://hssonline.org/resources/graduate-programs-in-history-of-science-and-related-studies/ Austria • University of Vienna, Department of Social Studies of Science http://sciencestudies.univie.ac.at/en/teaching/master-sts/ Based on high-quality research, our aim is to foster critical reflexive debate concerning the developments of science, technology and society with scientists and students from all disciplines, but also with wider publics. Our research is mainly organized in third party financed projects, often based on interdisciplinary teamwork and aims at comparative analysis. Beyond this we offer our expertise and know-how in particular to practitioners working at the crossroad of science, technology and society. • Institute for Advanced Studies on Science, Technology and Society (IAS-STS) http://www.ifz.tugraz.at/ias/IAS-STS/The-Institute IAS-STS is, broadly speaking, an Institute for the enhancement of Science and Technology Studies. The IAS-STS was found to give around a dozen international researchers each year - for up to nine months - the opportunity to explore the issues published in our annually changing fellowship programme. Within the frame of this fellowship programme the IAS-STS promotes the interdisciplinary investigation of the links and interaction between science, technology and society as well as research on the development and implementation of socially and environmentally sound, sustainable technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • SPP-NRGI-Course Booklet-2015-April-Corr1.Indd
    Reversing the Resource Curse: Theory and Practice An SPP–NRGI Course April 13–24, 2015 l Budapest, Hungary Participants’ Booklet i Background ......................................................... 2 The Course ........................................................... 3 Course Methodology .............................................. 6 Course Schedule ................................................... 8 Program ............................................................... 10 Logistical Information ............................................ 13 Accommodation ............................................. 14 Course Coordinators ....................................... 15 A Note on Hungary......................................... 16 Weekend Options in Budapest and Surrounding Areas .......................................... 18 of Contents Table Readings .............................................................. 21 Political Economy .............................................. 21 Path 1: Getting a Good Deal: Designing and Evaluating Fiscal Regimes ...................... 22 Path 2: Distributing, Managing, and Spending Resource Revenues ................................ 24 Biographies .......................................................... 27 Course Instructors ......................................... 27 Course Participants ........................................ 36 Audit ........................................................... 65 NRGI Staff .................................................... 66 SPP Staff ....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • October 2010 E W S N of the Historyletter of Science Society
    Vol. 39, No. 4 October 2010 EWS N of the Historyletter of Science Society Zhu Kezhen and His Contributions to the History of Science in China Table of Contents by Liu Dun, Institute for the History of Natural Science Notes from the Inside 3 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing News and Inquiries 5 Member News 12 Zhu Kezhen (竺可 ); also Chu Co-Ching and [Wade Giles] Chu Cold War Transformed Science: A Report on the Francis Bacon K’o-chen, (1890–1974) was from Shangyu in Zhejiang Province. In Conference at Cal Tech 14 1910 he went to the United States to study agronomy and meteorology Conversing in a Cyberspace at the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois. After Community: The Growth of HPS Blogging 16 completing his studies there in 1913, he went to Harvard University Multiple Ways to Salvation: where, five years later, he received his PhD in meteorology. On his Tenure and Teaching-Intensive return to China he began teaching and editing at Wuhan, Nanjing, Appointments 20 Shanghai and Tianjin, and, beginning in 1920, he served as chair of the Department of Meteorology at Nanjing University. In 1928 he joined the Academia Sinica, and founded China’s first Institute of Meteorology (in Nanjing). In 1936 he became President of Zhejiang University, and, after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Zhu became Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). As early as the 1920s he had taken an interest in the history of the science, and he wrote more than thirty papers on the history of astronomy, climatology, geography, and on historiographical issues on the history of science in ancient China.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Report 2006-07
    MAX-PLANCK-INSTI TUT FÜR WI SSENSCHAFTSGESCHI CHTE RESEARCH REP ORT 2006—2007 Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Phone (+4930) 22667– 0, www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de ORT 2006—2007 ORT P MAX-PLANCK-INSTI TUT FÜR WI SSENSCHAFTSGESCHI CHTE SEARCH RE SEARCH RE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Fontana di Giove Spugna Ovest CHTE Spugna Est I Gigante Fonte della Maschera Villa e Grotte Grotta di Cupido Voliera SSENSCHAFTSGESCH I Fonte del Giardino dei Frutti Viale delle Fontane TUT FÜR W FÜR TUT I Casino dei Marmotti Fonte della Lavandaia INST Monte Parnaso Fontana della Rovere MAX-PLANCK- Cover: Preparation for “Sonatas and Interludes” (1939) by John Cage (1912–1990), performed by Markus Hinterhäuser in the series “Physiologie des Klaviers” (see p. 129–130) on December 14, 2006 at the Curt-Sachs-Saal, Museum for Musical Instruments, SIMPK, Berlin Image: Michael Behr, Berlin Back cover: Sgrilli’s planimetry of the Pratolino Garden (1742) superimposed on a GoogleEarth satellite photo. A tool used to locate the original positions of the hydraulic devices in the Medici Garden. Project: The History of Science in a Garden, Matteo Valleriani, Jochen Büttner (see p. 39–40). <http://pratolino.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de> Image: DigitalGlobe Most of the portrait photographs were done by Skúli Sigurdsson, Berlin/Reykjavík RESEARCH REP ORT 2006—2007 MAX-PLANCK-INSTI TUT FÜR WI SSENSCHAFTSGESCHI CHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Introduction The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) was founded in 1994 to promote “the development of a theoretically oriented history of science which studies scientific thinking and knowledge acquisition in their historical development and their interaction with the cultural, technical, and social contexts of science.” The MPIWG has since pursued this program in breadth and depth, embracing the natu- ral sciences and the humanities and spanning topics from the origins of counting systems in Mesopotamia to today’s postgenomics.
    [Show full text]
  • National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
    Inter-University Research Institute Corporation National Institutes of Natural Sciences National Astronomical Observatory of Japan https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/ 2018 contents What is that Star? - A Message from Director General ………………………… p.4 Activities and Objectives of NAOJ ……………………………………………………… p.6 Organization ……………………………………………………………………………… p.6-p.7 NAOJ’s “Philosophy” ………………………………………………………………………… p.7 NAOJ Facilities ………………………………………………………………………… p.8, p.13 Extent and History of the Universe ………………………………………………p.9-p.12 Departments of NAOJ •C Projects ……………………………………………………………………………… p.14-p.17 •B Projects ……………………………………………………………………………… p.17-p.18 •A Projects ……………………………………………………………………………… p.21-p.22 •Centers …………………………………………………………………………………… p.23-p.24 •Divisions ………………………………………………………………………………… p.25-p.26 •Office of International Relations ……………………………………………………… p.27 Time Keeping, Ephemeris Computation, and Open Houses of NAOJ… p.28-p.29 Visitors’ Area at Mitaka Campus …………………………………………………………p.29 NAOJ as an Inter-University Research Institute …………………………………p.30 Administration for Open Use ……………………………………………………………p.30 Graduate Course Education ……………………………………………………………… p.31 Profile of NAOJ ………………………………………………………………………………… p.31 ●Images from the NAOJ various observations and facilities. ❶ ❷ I wandered into the leafy, ❸ green grounds of the ❹ observatory ... Front Cover 1/ Oxygen distribution detected by ALMA in MACS1149-JD1, a galaxy 13.28 billion light-years away. (Green image, Background image from Hubble Space Telescope) [Image Credit: ALMA（ESO/NAOJ/NRAO）, NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, W. What is that star? Zheng（JHU）, M. Postman（STScI）, the CLASH Team, Hashimoto et al.] 2/ Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) on the Subaru Telescope. 3/ Conceptual image of TMT when completed. 4/ Massively parallel supercomputer Cray XC50 “ATERUI II.” ❺ Back Cover 5 /Near infrared image of the star-forming region S 106 which is at a distance of approximately 2000 light-years from the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Institute for Science & Technology
    Tokyo University of Science Research Support Division ■ Noda Campus 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken, 278-8510 JAPAN [TEL] +81-4-7122-9151 [FAX] +81-4-7123-9763 [URL] https://rist.tus.ac.jp/en/ ■ Kagurazaka Campus 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601 JAPAN ■ Katsushika Campus 6-3-1, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585 JAPAN 2020/2021 Tokyo University of Science 2020/2021 RIST creates new directions in science and technology achievable“only at TUS”. Information and Societal Center for Fire Science and Technology Research Center for Space Colony Atmospheric Science Research Division Message from the Director Division of Super Distributed Intelligent Systems Bio and Pharmacy Division of Intelligent System Engineering Center for Animal Disease Models Division of Advanced Urbanism and Architecture In a university, education and research are inseparably linked to one another and Brain Interdisciplinary Research Division Statistical Science Research Division have a synergistic relationship which contributes to significant growth and Chemical Biology Division Supported Department of MOT Strategy & Fintech for Social Implementation by Practical Organic Synthesis development. Academic Detailing Database Division Education, in various academic fields, lays the foundation of knowledge in these Division of Nucleic Acid Drug Development areas while research transcends the boundaries of these academic areas and contributes to development of applied knowledge and techniques useful for our Division of Synthetic Biology human society. If education is the longitudinal axis, then research is the horizontal Division of Biological Environment Innovation axis. The Research Institute for Science and Technology plays the role of that horizontal axis within the Tokyo University of Science and is an organization which exists to support outstanding and original research.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotten with Perfection?
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. ROTTEN WITH PERFECTION? AN EXPLORATION OF THE RHETORIC OF KNOWLEDGE IN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT by Grace, Poh Lyn, TEO-DIXON A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management Massey University, Albany 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ i List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ...................................................................................................................... viii Chapter One Founding fathers & familiar forms: Mainstream concepts of knowledge in Knowledge Management ................................................................................................... 1 Resource-based theory
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Social Science and Environmental Health Research for Community Engagement
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Combining Social Science and Environmental Health Research for Community Engagement Alissa Cordner 1,* , Grace Poudrier 2, Jesse DiValli 2 and Phil Brown 2,3 1 Sociology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA 2 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (P.B.) 3 Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(509)-527-5124 Received: 7 August 2019; Accepted: 15 September 2019; Published: 19 September 2019 Abstract: Social science-environmental health (SS-EH) research takes many structural forms and contributes to a wide variety of topical areas. In this article we discuss the general nature of SS-EH contributions and offer a new typology of SS-EH practice that situates this type of research in a larger transdisciplinary sensibility: (1) environmental health science influenced by social science; (2) social science studies of environmental health; and (3) social science-environmental health collaborations. We describe examples from our own and others’ work and we discuss the central role that research centers, training programs, and conferences play in furthering SS-EH research. We argue that the third form of SS-EH research, SS-EH collaborations, offers the greatest potential for improving public and environmental health, though such collaborations come with important challenges and demand constant reflexivity on the part of researchers. Keywords: social science-environmental health collaboration; community-based participatory research; community-engaged research; civic science; environmental justice; ethnography; chemical legacy; Superfund 1.
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH IS CALLING! WE PROMOTE PIONEERS in SCIENCE Come and Join Us
    RESEARCH IS CALLING! WE PROMOTE PIONEERS IN SCIENCE Come and join us ↘ Are you creative, curious, focussed, and If your answer to these questions is yes, the Max Planck enthusiastic about basic research? Society is one of the best places you could be! The Society enjoys international renown, and surveys reveal that it is the preferred employer for many students in the sciences. ↘ Have you successfully completed We welcome applications from individuals of all genders. a university degree or completed your doctorate and want to continue carving In our 86 Max Planck Institutes, cutting-edge scientists conduct interdisciplinary research in areas like physics, out a career in the sciences? chemistry, biology, medicine, computer science, law, the social sciences, art and education. ↘ Would you like to work in Germany and experience an inspiring cultural setting? GETTING IN TOUCH WITH OTHERS • Collaborate with leading scientists from Germany ↘ Are you excited about conducting and abroad. research in an international environment? • Encounter the latest discoveries in basic research. • Get to know new concepts and ways of thinking. • Exchange and discuss ideas in an interdisciplinary and international environment. • Benefit from multi-disciplinary research training. • Take advantage of state-of-the-art research facilities. Diversity Mentoring Research Creativity Inspiring Culture Discovery Earn a doctorate Doctoral Students Max Planck Institutes have a successful track record in Max Planck Schools target ambitious Bachelor's and supporting doctoral students from all over the world. They Master's graduates. Renowned scientists from German offer individual doctorates and are closely networked with universities and research organizations collaborate across universities that officially confer doctoral degrees at the disciplines and institutions to provide an exceptional gradu- end of the period of study.
    [Show full text]