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Monograph of the Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo of Western North America

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Monograph of the Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo of Western North America Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. - ; Monograph of The Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo Of Western North America Robert J. Behnke August 1979 This report was funded by USD A, Forest Service 'lA'o wwo^ Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Land Management ATV33 Bookplate library FOREWARD This monograph was prepared by Dr. Robert J. Behnke under contract funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service. Region 2 of the Forest Service was assigned the lead in coordinating this effort for the Forest Service. Each agency assumed the responsibility for reproducing and distributing the monograph according to their needs. Appreciation is extended to the Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, for assistance in publication. Mr. Richard Moore, Region 2, served as Forest Service Coordinator. Inquiries about this publication should be directed to the Regional Forester, 111 77 West 8th Avenue, P.O. Box 25127, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. Rocky Mountain Region September, 1980 Inquiries about this publication should be directed to the Regional Forester, 11177 West 8th Avenue, P.O. Box 25127, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. L 8^599 J TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface. s Introduction. 1 Classification: History and Perspective .2 Taxonomic History of Western Trouts.4 Fossils and Ancestors.6 Distribution of Parasalmo.8 General Life History Notes.12 Management and Utilization of Native Trouts.13 Habitat Considerations.19 Comments on Methods and Principles of Classification.21 Systematic Accounts of Western Trouts . 24 Introduction.24 Causes of Classification Confusion.24 Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki .27 Introduction.27 Distribution and Taxonomy .27 Reasons for Decline.29 Propagation of Cutthroat Trout.30 Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki clarki.33 Typical Characters.33 Description.33 Distribution .38 Taxonomic Notes .38 Life History and Ecology.40 Status.42 The Interior Cutthroat Trout Native to the Columbia and Upper Missouri Basins.43 "Westslope" Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki lewisi.47 Typical Characters.47 Description.47 Distribution . 48 Taxonomic Notes.49 Life History and Ecology.50 Status.51 Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki bouvieri.53 Typical Characters.53 Description.53 Distribuiton .53 Taxonomic Notes .54 Life History and Ecology.55 Status.56 Fine-Spotted Snake River Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki subsp.58 Typical Characters.58 Description.58 Distribution .58 Taxonomic Notes.59 Life History and Ecology.61 Status.62 The Mountain Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki alpestris. 63 Typical Characters.63 Description.63 Distribution .63 Taxonomic Notes.63 Life History and Ecology.64 Status.64 Cutthroat Trout of the Great Basin.65 Lahontan Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki henshawi.71 Typical Characters.71 Description.71 l Distribution .71 Taxonomic Notes .71 Life History and Ecology.73 Status.74 The Paiute Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki seleniris.75 Typical Characters.75 Description.75 Distribution .75 Taxonomic Notes .76 Life History and Ecology.76 Status.76 The Humboldt Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki subsp.77 Typical Characters.77 Description .77 Distribution . 78 Taxonomic Notes .78 Life History and Ecology.78 Status.79 Bonneville Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki Utah .80 Typical Characters.80 Description.80 Distribution .81 Taxonomic Notes .81 Life History and Ecology.82 Status.83 Alvord Basin Cutthroat Trouts.85 Cutthroat Trout Native to Alvord Lake Basin, Salmo clarki subsp.87 Typical Characters.87 Description. 87 Distribution .87 Taxonomic Notes .87 Life History and Ecology.88 Status.88 Cutthroat Trout of Willow and Whitehorse Creeks.89 Typical Characters.89 Description.89 Distribution .89 Taxonomic Notes .90 Life History and Ecology.90 Status.90 Colorado River Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki pleuriticus.91 Typical Characters.91 Description.91 Distribution .91 Taxonomic Notes .92 Life History and Ecology.92 Status.92 The Greenback Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki stomias .94 Typical Characters.94 Description.94 Distribution .94 Taxonomic Notes .94 Life History and Ecology.95 Status.95 Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki virginalis. 100 Typical Characters. 100 Description. 100 Distribution . 100 ii Taxonomic Notes. 101 Life History and Ecology. 101 Status. 101 Yellowfin Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki macdonaldi. 104 Typical Characters. 104 Description. 104 Distribution . 104 Taxonomic Notes . 104 Life History and Ecology. 105 Status. 105 Rainbow and Redband Trouts. 107 Reality of Two Major Groups of "Rainbow" Trout . 107 Origins and Distribution. 110 Taxonomic History. 112 Propagation History. 113 Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri. 119 Typical Characters. 119 Description. 119 Distribution . 121 Taxonomic Notes. 121 Life History. 122 Status. 123 Redband Trout, Salmo newberryi. 124 Typical Characters. 124 Description and Distribution. 125 Upper Klamath Lake. 125 The Oregon Desert Basins. 126 Malheur Basin. 127 Catlow Valley. 128 Fort Rock Basin. 128 Chewaucan Basin. 129 Warner Lakes Basin. 129 Goose Lake Basin. 130 Summary of Desert Basin Trout . 130 The Columbia & Fraser River Basins . 130 Sacramento River Basin. 133 Taxonomic Notes . 134 Life History and Ecology. 135 Status. 137 Kamchatkan Trout, Salmo mykiss . 138 Typical Characters. 139 Description. 139 Distribution . 139 Taxonomic Notes . 139 Life History and Ecology. 140 Status. 140 Trouts Native to the Colorado Drainages. 141 Gila Trout, Salmo gilae. 145 Typical Characters. 145 Description. 145 Distribution. 145 Taxonomic Notes . 146 Life History and Ecology. 146 Status. 146 Apache or Arizona Native Trout, Salmo apache . 147 Typical Characters. 147 Description. 147 Distribution . 147 iii Taxonomic Notes . 147 Life History and Ecology. 148 Status. 148 Mexican Golden Trout, Salmo chrysogaster. 149 Typical Characters. 149 Description. 149 Distribution . 149 Taxonomic Notes . 149 Life History and Ecology. 149 Status. 150 Other Mexican Trout . 151 References. 152 Addenda. 163 FIGURES Figure Page (s) I Assumed phylogeny of the subgenus Paraselmo. 3 2A,B Distribution of the subgenus Paraselmo in North America. 9,10 3 Coastal cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki clarki. 35 4A,B Distribution of coastal cutthroat trout. 36,37 5 Spotting pattern of S. c. lewisi and S. c. bouvieri. 45 6 Distribution of S. c. lewisi and S. c. bouvieri. 46 Fine-spotted Snake River cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki subsp. 60 8A-F Great Basin cutthroat trouts, S. c. henshawi, S. c. seleniris, S. c. Utah, and three unnamed species. 67-69 9 Distribution of Great Basin cutthroat trout. 70 10A-D Colorado River cutthroat trout, S. c. pleuriticus; greenback cutthroat, S. c. stomias; Rio Grande cutthroat, S. c. virginalis; yellowfin cutthroat, S. c. macdonaldi . 97,98 II Distribution of S. c. pleuriticus, S. c. stomias and S. c. virginalis . 99 12 Generalized spotting pattern and parr marks of coastal rainbow trout and interior redband trout. 116 13A,B Distribution of rainbow and redband trout. 117,118 14A,B,C Gila trout, S. gilae; Apache trout, S. apache; Mexican golden trout, S. chrysogaster ... 142,143 15 Distribution of S. gilae, S. apache, S. chyrogaster. 144 IV PREFACE The basic intent of this monograph is to provide a source of information on the diversity present in the native trouts of western North America. This information includes identification, taxonomy, distribution, and present status. Also included are practical considerations pointing out how this diversity can be applied in fishery management programs. My formal study of western trouts began in 1957 as a research assistant to the late Paul Needham at the University of California, Berkeley. Needham and I collected trout from California to Alaska in 1957. In 1958 and 1959,1 collected trout in the Lahontan Basin, which resulted in a M.S. thesis on the trouts of the Great Basin. In 1963, Needham and I wrote a monograph on the western trouts and planned to publish it in the University of California publications series. I was not satisfied with our monograph because too many questions were not adequately answered or were answered too simplistically. When Needham died in 1964, I withdrew the monograph from publication. In the intervening years, I still have not discovered all the answers pertaining to the origins, relationships, and classification of western trouts. This present mono¬ graph, however, articulates the unknowns and should facilitate future research designed to come up with more definite answers. I have accumulated considerable data during the past 20 years on western trouts. In view of the diverse interests of the potential readers, it has been difficult to sort out what to include and what to omit from the voluminous subject matter. In making such decisions, I asked: Would someone want to know this? Would this information be valuable to someone? This course has led to the inclusion of a wide range of subject matter pertaining to western trouts—their classification, status, general biology, and management poten¬ tial. The main emphasis is placed on the biological or ecological aspects of the native trouts, rather than on technicalities of their taxonomy in an attempt to underscore a theme of this work—that many of the most significant attributes of evolutionary adaptions are expressed in physiological and behavioral differences governing such traits as migration, tolerance of high temperatures, feeding specializations, etc. Such biological attributes are often completely unrelated to morphological and geographical attributes on which
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