Ghairman tlao's Theory of the llifferentiation 0l the Three llorlds.ls a Major Contrihution To ilarxism-Leninism

by the Editoriol Deportment of "Renmin Riboo"

!tltllllllllllllllllltttttl11111ililililtilililililllilil1ililtltltlil1iltlInililllil!ill|llilttillllr ll/TORE than a year has elapsed since the Leninist theory. This is a valuable asset not tYI passing of our great leader and teacher only to the Chinese people but also to the Chairman. Mao Tsetung. He is no longer with international proletariat and revolutionary us, but he has bequeathed us a very rich and people of the world. preeious legacy. Invincible Mao Tsetung Consistently upholding proletarian interna- Thought wilJ. always illuminate the road of our tion'alism, Chairman Mao' formulated China's struggle as we continue the revolution. line, principles and policies in foreign affairs In his life as a great revolutionary, and guided their implementation. He taught Chairman Mao inherited, defended and us to strengthen our unity with the socialist developed Marxism-Leninism both in theory countries and with the proletariat and oppressed and in practice. His contributions to the people and nations throughout the world and Chinese revolution and the world, revolution' firmly support the revolutionary struggles of are immortal. the people of all countries; he taught us to Principles Peaceful Co- Under Chairman Mao's leadership the follow the Five of existence in developing relations with all Chinese people triumphed in the revolution countries, persist combating the im- against imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat- to in perialist and social-imperialist policies ag- capitalism, founded the socialist People's Re- of gression and war and superpower hegemonism, publie of China and brought about a radical to fight any manifestation of great-nation change in the situation in the East and chauvinism in our relations with other throughout the world. In guiding the Chinese countries and never to seek hegemony. Over. revolution through its various stages, he correct- a long period of time, Comrade Chou En-lai, his ly solved such fundamental problems as the comrade-in-arms, his seizure of state power through waging close implemented armed revolutionary line in foreign affairs with struggle to encircle the cities from the country- firmness and great distinction. We Chinese side, the establishment of the dictatorship of the people and beloved proletariat through winning nationwide victory will follow our respected Premier Chou's example and will always in the new-democratic revolution and the faithfully carry out these behests of Chairman switch over to the sociallst revolution, and the development of socialism and the prevention Mao's. of capitalist restoration through continuing the By integrating the universal truth of revolution under the dictatorship of the prbte- Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of tariat. ,h a new period and under new the world revolution, Chairman Mao scien- circumstances, he accumulated and summed up tifically analysed the international situation in a rich store of experience in revolution and different periods and drew illuminating construction and greatly developed Marxist- conclusions, thus greatly promoting the revo-

L0 Peki.ng Reoi.ew, No. 45 lutionary cause of the proletariat and the theory provides the international proletariat, liberation of the oppressed nations all over the the socialist countries and the oppressed nations worldi with a powerful ideological weapon for forging unity and building the broadest united front With the boldness and vision of a against the two hegemonist powers their proletarian revolutionar5r, Chairman Mao and war'policies and pushing the revolu- initiated a momentous struggle in.the interna- for world tion forward. communist movement to repudiate tional I modern revisionism with the Soviet revisionist Chairman Mao was the greatest Marxist renegade clique as its centre, and rallied the of our time. Like Lenin, he -was the great international proletariat to push on under the teacher of the international proletariat and the militant banner of Mar:rism-Leninism. oppressed people and nations. He has made an inestimable contribution progress of Chairman Mao put forward the theory of to the mankind. the differentiation of the three worlds at a time when the two superpowers, the Soviet In this article we propose to explain at Union and the United States, became locked in some length his theory of the three worlds and a cut-throat struggle for world hegemony and its far-reaching significance for the revolu- were actively preparing for a new war. This tionary struggle oi the people of all countries.

The Differentiation of the Three Worlds ls a Scientific Marxist Assessment of Present-Day World Realities

Chairuran Mao's theory of the three worlds proletariat must fight together with the op- sgiqnfifinrlly epitomizes the objective realities pressed nations. of class struggle on the world arena today. In In order to have a co{rect understanding of this theory he inherited, defended and developed basic Man

Norsem,ber 4, 7977 11 interconnected and extr:emely complicated. We tional and colonial questions at the'Second can hardly form correct judgments on inter- Congress of the Communist International in national politicai phenomena and make a 1920, Lenin said, "The characteristic feature correct differentiation of the political forces of of imperialism consists in the whole world . . . the world if we adopt an idealistic or being divided into a large number of oppressed metaphysical approach and make abstract, and an insignificant number of oppres- -so"nations isolated observations instead of proceeding from nations, the latter possessing colossal the international class struggle as a wfrole and wealth and powerful armed forces."7 When making a concrete analysis of concrete cases at Stalin dealt with the national question in The a given time, in a given place and under given Foundations of Lenirtism in 1924, he too said conditions. that "the world is divideil into two eamps:'the camp of a handful of civilized nations, which Marxist-Leninists invariably adhere. to the possess finance capital and exploit the vast international proletariat, uphold stand of the majority of the population of the globe; and the general interests of the revolutionary people the camp of the oppressed and exploited countries international class struggle of all in peoples in the colonies and dependent countries, and persist replacement of the capitalist in the which constitute that majoritY."s In fact, these system with. the communist system as their concluSions reflected the existence of another maximum programrne. the situation with But kind of fundarhental contradiction in the world. regard to this struggle is intricate and volatile. The differentiations drawn by Irnin and The internationhl bourgeoisie has never been Stalin are undoubtedly both correct, the only a monolithic whole, nor can it ever be. The difference lying in what they emphasized. When international working-class movement has also they had to make a comprehensive and experienced one split-after another, subject as concrete differenti.ation of the world's political it is to the influence of alien classes. In waging forces in a given period, they started with an struggle on international arena, the the the overall investigation of the many fundamental proletariat must unite .with all those who can contradictions existing in the world. be united in the light of what is imperative and feasible in different historical periods, so as to The transition from the capitalist to the develop the progressive forces, win over the socialist system on a global scale is a very long miitdle forces and isolate the diehards.a and tortuous process, full of complicated strug- Therefore,'we can never lay down any hard gles, and it is inevitable that in the process and fast formula for differentiating the world's there witl be different alignments of the political forces (i.e., differentiating ourselves, world's political forces in different periods. The our friends and our enemies in the international objective realities of world class struggle class struggle). determine the proletariat's differentiation of the world's political forces and the consequent Following the emergence of the first strategy and tactics to be adopted in the socialist country, Lenin, referring to the two struggle. Here it will be helpful to our kinds of diplomacy, the bourgeois and the understanding of the theory of the three proletaricin, said in 1921 that ate now two "there worlds if we briefly review certain historical worlds: the old world of capitalism . . and instances in which Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin the rising new world. . . :"5 Stalin said in and Chairman Mao differentiated world 1919, "The world has definitely and irrevocably political forces. split into two camps: the camp of impetialism and the camp of sociatsm."6 - Of course, this While mainly carrying out their revolu- conclusion reflected the new fundamental tionary activities in Western Europe, Marx and contradiction in the world following the Engels invariably had in mind the general October Revolution. But Lenin and Staiiin situation in Europe and the world as a whole never denied that other fundamental contradic- when they surveyed the class struggle in dif- tions existed in the world or that there rirere ferent countries. Eor the first time in history other ways to differentiate the world's political they sent out the great call "Workers of all forces. For instance, in his report on the na- countries, unite!" and again for the first time

12 Peking Reoiew, No. 45 they,pointed out that the cause of the interna- from Marx and Engels in this respect? We tional. proletariat was irxeparably linked with should at least learn the following: First, the struggle of the oppressed nations for like Marx and Engels, we should acclaim the Iiberation. Engels said, "A nation cannot great national revolutionary movement that has becorne free and at the same time continue to embraced ail oppressed nations and shaken the opprcss other nations. The liberation of world, and should regard it as an important Germany cannot therefore take place without pre-condition and a sure ,guarantee for the the Iiberation oI Poland from German oppres-' triumph of the international proletariat. sion."9 Marx said, "After occupying myself Second, we should pay constant attention to the with the Irish question for many years i have contfadictions between the capitalist countries come to the conclusion that the decisive blow and identify the arch enemies of the interna- tional working-class movemerit as Marx and against the English 1 'ling classes (and it will Engels did, and wage an unrelenting struggle be decisive for the workers' movement all over against the biggest fortresses of world reaction world) cannot be delivered England, bnt the in today, namely, Soviet social-imperialism and onlg in lrelanil."ro Both of them attached U.S. imperialism. great importance not only to the struggle for independence by European nations such as Lenin was the first to point out that the Poland and Ireland but also to that waged in world had already entered the era of imperial- China and India, countries remote from Europe. ism and proletarian revolution and also the The sum total of the international proletariat's first to found a sobialist state under the interests was always the starting point from dictatorship of the proletariat. He was the which they examined specific national move- first to regard the struggle of the oppressed ments and political forces. As Lenin once nations against imperialism as a component part pointed out, "Marx is known to have favoured of the socialist movement of the world Polish independence in the interests of European proletariat and set forth the strategic policy, democracy in its struggle against the power and "Workers of all countries and oppressed influence or, it might be said, against the nations, unite!" In his article The Historical smnipotence- predominating reactionary and Desting oJ the Doctrine of KarL Mara written inlluence of tsarism."ll Engels said of Marx in 1913, Lenin said, "But the opportunists have that one -of his contributions was that he was scarcely congratulated themselves on the the first to make the point in 1848 and he subsequently stressed it time and again- that inauguration of 'social peace,' and on the fact "the Western European labour parties must- of that storms were needless under 'demobracy,' necessit5r wage an implacable war against when a new source of great world storms Russian Tsarism,"lz because the Russian tsarist opened up in Asia. The Russian Revblution was empire was the biggest fortress of European followed by the Turkish, the Persian and the reaetion and because it always had expansionist Chinese revolutions. It is in this era of storms ambitions with respect to Europe and aimed at and their 'repercussions' in Europe that we are making the liberation of the European now living."l3 Conceirning the relationship proletariat impossible. To the end of their between the revoiutionary movennent of the days Marx and Engels made frequent reference international proletariat and that of the oppress- to resolute opposition the Russian tsarist to ed nations, Lenin wrote in 1916: "The social empire's policy of aggression as the criterion revolution cannot come about except in the by which to differentiate Europe's political proletarian forces and to determine to which national form of an epoch of civil war movement in Europe the international prole- against the bourgeoisie in the advanced (ariat should give its support. It is clear that countries conibined with a whole sertes of in so doing Marx and Engels were by no means democratic and revolutionary movements, oblivious of the international class struggle. On including movements for national liberation, iF the contrary, they had the proletariat's funda- the undeveloped, backward and oppiessed na- mentaf interests in Jhe international class strug- tions."l4 These views of Lenin's remain valid gle very much in mind. What should we learn today.

Nooember 4, 7977 73 After the October Revolution and World three categories and linked this division qlosely War I knin made a report in 1920 on The to all the fundamental contradietions in the lnternational Situation and, the tund,amental imperialist world and in the internqtional ?oslcs of the Comrnunist lnternational at l}:re working-class movement. This proposition of Second Congress of the Communist International his is diametrically opposed to the opportunism, in which he explicitly divided the countries of or "bourgeois socialism"s of the Second the world, whose total population was then International which always looked down upon 1,750 million, into three categories and made the struggle of the oppressed nations. In his this division the basic point of departure for report, instead of simply dividing the countries determining the strategy and tactics of the of the world into two categories, capitalist ahd international proletariat. He said: "Thus we socialist, Lenin put different countries oI the get the main outlines of the picture of the capitalist world into three categories * the world as it appeared after the imperialist war. oppressed colonial and semi-colonial countries A billion and a quarter oppressed in the colonies and vanguished countries, countries which - countries which are being cut up alive, like retained their old positions, and countries Persia, Turkey and China; and countries which which had won the war and benefited by the have been vanquished and flung into the partition of the world; he placed socialist positiou of colonies (Here Lenin meant such Russia and the oppressed nations and countries countries as Austro-Hungary, Germany and in the same category. Lenin took full account Bulgaria as well as Soviet Russia which was of the great role the 1,250 million people played Iikewise thrown back by the war "to what is 'in the revolutionary struggle against imperial- equivalent to a colonial position" -Ed.). Not ism on the wortd arena, saying, "There are more than a quarter of a billion inhabit eountries 1,250 million people who find it impossible to which have retained their old positions, but live in the conditions of servitude which have fallen into economic dependence upon 'advanced' and civilized capitalism wishes to America, and all of them, during the war, were impose on them: after all, these represent 70 in a state of military dependence, for the war per cent of the world's population."lT Speaking affected the whole world and did not permit a shortly before his death of thb inevitability of single state to remain really neutral. And the final victory of socialism throughout the finally, we have not more than a quatter of a world, Lenin continued to maintain: "In the billion inhabitants of countries in which only last analysis, the outcome of the stmggle will the upper stratum, of course, only the capital- be determined by the fact that Russia, India, ists, benefited by the partition of the world China, etc., account for the ovetwhelming (Here Lenin meant countries such . as the majority of the population of the globe. And United States, Japan and Britain - Ed.). it is precisely this maiority that, during the . . . I would like you to memorize this picture past few years, has been drawn into the of the world, for all the fundamental contradic- struggle for emancipation with extraordinary tions of capitalism, of imperialism, which are rapidity, so that in this tespect there cannot be leading to revolution, all the fundamental ihe slightest shadow of doubt what the final contradictions in the working-class movement outcome of the world struggle will be. In this which have led to the furious struggle against sense, the complete victory of socialism is fully the Second International . . . are all connected and absolutely-assuls{."18 Obviously, except with this division of the population of the the Soviet social-imperialists who have world."15 for completely betrayed his cause, no one will say How well Lenin put it! With respect to the that Lenin "abandoned class principles," question of differentiating the world's political "preached reactionary theories of geopolitics,'1lg forces, it sounds as though he had the actual and so on when expressing these views, which struggles of today in mind. Attaching the are imbued with proletarian internationalism greatest importance to the contradiction and confidence in victotY Ior the commiinist between oppressed and oppressor nations and movement. What should we learn from Lenin the contradiction between imperialist countries, here? We should at least learn the following: Lenin divided the countries of the world into Like Lenin, we should hail and support the

14 Peking Reoieu, No. 45 liberatiiln movement of the oppre*sed nations oppress the colonies and dependent countries."22 in Asia, Africa, Latin America and elsewhere In March 1939, at the 18th Congress of the and reg[rd it as an important component of the C.P.S.U. (B.), he defined Germany; Italy and socialisi revolutionary movement of the world Japan as aggressor countries and Britain, proletariat. We should divide the countries of France and the United States as non-aggressor the world today into three new categories on countries. Immediately after Hitlerite Germany the basis of the new international class rela- attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, Stalin saw tions now prevailing and find complete and to it that the Soviet Union became allied to absolute assurance of the ultimate victory of the United States, Britain and other countries socialism throughout the world 'in the united to form an anti-fascist camp. In 1942 he said struggle of the international proletariat and that "it may now be regarded as beyond dispute the third world people who make up more than that in the course of the war imposed upon the 70 per cent of the world's population. nations by Hitlerite Germany, a radical demarcation of forces and the formation of two After Lenin's death, Stalin defended his opposite cimps have taken place: the camp of proletariat thesis that the must unite with the the ltalo-German coalition, and the camp of the oppressed nations and pointed out tJrat the na- Anglo-Soviet-American coalition" and that "it tional-liberation movement should embrace all follows that the logic of factp is stronger than forces opposing imperialist aggression, the any other logic."23 Of course, in the world regardless of their class status and political at- today there is no such thing as a new Italo- titude. By way of example he indicated that German coalition or a new Anglo-Soviet- although the Emir of Afghanistan held fast to American coalition. Instead, there are two monarchy as an institution and the leaders of hegemonist powers, the Soviet Union and the Egyptian national-liberation movement the United States, and a united front of the people were of bourgeois origin and were opposed to of the world against them. What we wish to socialism, struggles they waged for the the stress here is that the action taken by Stalin independence of their nations were, objectively, did not in the least affect the status of the revolutionary struggles, for they served to Soviet Union as a socialist country or impede disintegrate and undermine imperial- "weaken, the development of the revolutionary struggle the Trotskyite opposi- ism-"il When criticizing of the international proletariat. On .the con- tion, Stalin pointed out: "The sin of the opposi- trary, his was the oniy correct course of action tion here is that it has completely abandoned for defending the fundamental interests of the this line of Lenin's and has slipped into that of socialist Soviet Union and the international the Second International, which denies the proletariat. Can we blame Stalin for not expediency of supporting revolutionary wars strictly following the formula of the capitalist waged by colonial countries against im- world vs. the socialist world in this instance? Pefialisrn "2l Can we doubt the great significance of the division the world's political forces at the Stalin more than once spoke of the of time into the fascist camp and the anti-fascist capitalist and the socialist worlds opposing each camp? Can the division of the world's political other, but in concretely differentiating the forces be based not on the logic of facts but world political forces in different periods he on a logic that transcends facts? proceeded from t.Le overall situation in the ehanging international class struggle. As early Let us go back for a moment to a thesis of as 192?, at the 15th Congress of the C.P.S.U.(8.), Stalin's in Economi.c Problems of Soci.alism in he made the following division of the existing the U.S.S.R. written a year before his death: world political forces, saying, "Judge for "It is said that the contradictions between yourselves. Of the 1,905 million inhabitants capitalism and socialism are stronger than the of the entire globe, l,l:14 million live in the contradictions among the capitalist countries. colonies and dependent countries, 143;000,000 Theoretically, of course, that is true." "Yet the live in the U.S.S.E., 264,000,000 live in the Second World War began not as a wat with the intermediate countries, and only 363,000,000 U.S.S.R., but as a war between capitalist live in the big imperialist countries, which countries." "Consequently, the struggle of the

Nooember 4, 7977 15 capitalist countries for markets and theit desire anti-imperialist democratic forces whichr'could to crush their competitors proved in praetice to he united that it went on to overthrow the be stronger than the contradictions between Kuomintang's reactionary rule and found the the capitalist camp and the socialist camp." He People's"Republic of China under the dictator- further pointed out that "the inevitability of , ship of the proletariat. wars between capitalist coqntries remains in In the days following Wor1d.'War U.S. force."24 It is primarily between the U-nited II, imperialism raised incessairt anti-Soviet States, a capitalist country, and the Soviet an clamour. exceptional perspicacity Union, where capitalism has been restored, that With Chair- man Mao exposed purpose hue world war is inevitable Apparently, the the real of this toda5r. and pointed thesis that the logic of facts is stronger than any cry. He out that "the Unifed States and the Soviet are a other logic still holds true. Union separated by vast zone which includes many capitalist, It is thus plain that all the revolutionary colonial and semi-eolonial countries in Europe, teachers of the proletariat differentiated the Asia and Africa" and rthat "at present, the world's political forces by relying on 'arl actual significance of the U.S. slogan oI waging objective and penetrating analysis of the overall an anti-Soviet war is the oppression of the situation in the international class struggle in American people and the expansion of the U.S. different periods, instead of following any hard forces of aggression in the rest of the capitalist and fast formula. The differentiation of the world."26 Chairman Mao called on the Amer- present-day political forces into three worlds by ican peogile and all the nations and people Chairman Mao, the greatest Marxist of our faced with the threat of aggression by the time, is a historical product of his creative ap- United States to unite and counter the attacks plication of Marxism ovei the years to the of the U.S. reactionaries and their running observation and analysis of the development of dogs. Did this analysis of Chairman Mao's the world's fundamental contradictions and the correspond tb the objective iealities of inter- changes in them. national class struggle at the time? Obviously it did. No one can doubt this, because events In his work Oz New Democrocg published then and since have confirmed the validity of in 1940, Chairman Mao inherited, defended and his analysis. developed the theory of Lenin and Stalin that after World. War I, and especially after the The Suez Canal incident of 1956 brought October Revolution, every national-liberation to }ight the sharpening contradictions between movement formed part of the proletarian- the imperialist powers. Chairman Mao pointed socialist world revolution. He pointed out in out at the time, "From this ineident we can pin- explicit terms, "No matter what classes, parties point the focus of struggle il the world today. or individuals in an oppressed nation join the The contradiction between the imperialist revolution, and no matter whether they them- countries and the 56sirlisf countries is cer- selves are conscious of the point or understand it, tainly most acute. But the imperialist coun. so long as they oppose imperialism, their revolu- tries are novy contending with each other tion becomes pirrt of the proletarian-socialist for the control of different areas in the world revolution and they become its allies."25 name of opposing communism. . . . In the Did this analysis of Chairman Mao's correspond Middle East, two kinds bI contradictions to the objective realities of international class and three kinds of forces are in conflict. The struggle? Obviously it did. No one can doubt two lrinds of conttadictions are: first, those this, because it was precisely by proceeding between different imperialist powers, that is, from this viewpoint that in the years of the between the United States and Britain and Japanese imperialist invasion of China the between the United States and France and, sec- Chinese Communist Party formed a-united front ond, those between the imperialist powers and with all the anti-Japanese forces, including the oppressed nations. The three kinds of forces Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang, and won are: one, the United States, the biggest impe- victory in the war against Japan. Similarly, rialist power, two, Britain and France, second- after the war it was by uniting with atl the rate imperialist powers, and three, the oppress-

16 Peking Retsieto, No. 45 '-- ed nations.f'2' Did this analysis of Chairman ttaat, apart from the socialist countries; all the Mao's eorreSpond to the objective realities of rest are just an undifferentiated reaetionary international class struggle at that time? mass constituting the capitalist world? Obvi- Again, it obviously did. No one can doubt this, ously, this would only make it impossible for because events then and since have likewise the people of the world to see the facts and borne out the validity of his analysis. therefore the correct way forward. Tremendous changes in the present-day international situa- It is not difficult to see that Chairman tion and the daily growth of the people's Mao's analysis of the three kinds of forces was strength in different countries and of the fac- the forerunner of his theory of the three worlds. tors for revolution demand a new classification The difference between the two is chiefly due of the world's political forces, so that a new to the existence, however precarious, of a so- global strategy can be formulated for the inter- cialist camp at the time. Lbler, with the national proletariat and the oppressed people Khrushehov-Brezhnev clique's complete be- between our- 'communism, according to the new relationship trayal of the cause of capitalism selves, our friends and our enemies. Chairman was restored in the Soviet lJnion, and it Mao's theory of the three worlds meets precisely degenerated and became a social-imperialist this demand. country. True, there are China and the other socialist countries, but what was once the so- , This theory makes it clear: The two impe- cialist camp no longer exists, nor do historical rialist superpowers, the Soviet Union and .the conditions necessitate its formation for a second United States, constitute the first worid. They time. Meanwhile, many countries in the impe- have become the biggest international exploiters, riaJist camp no longer took their cue from the oppressors and aggressors and the common United States and even openly stood up to'it. enemies of the peopie of the world, and the Through hard struggles, most of the colonial rivalry between them is bound to lead to a new and semi-colonial countries in Asia, Africa and world war. The contention for world supremacy Latin America successively deelared inde- between the two hegemonist powers, the pendence. Through a period of great upheaval, menace they pose to the.people of all lands and great division and great realignment the the latter's resistance to them - this has be- world's politicai forces are now faced with a come the central problem in present-day world new historical situation. In the 1960s, the ruling politics. The socialist countries, the mainstay clique in the Soviet Union were already very of the international proletariat, and the op- far gone in their betrayal of socialism, but for pressed nations, who are the worst exploited a time U.S. imperialisrn remained the 'arch and oppressed and who account for the great enemy of the people of the world. Then, after majority of the population of the world, to- a succession of .grave events, the Soviet Union gether form the third world. They stand in the not only turned into an imperialist superpower forefront of the struggle against the two hege- that threatened the world as the United States monists and are the main force in the world- did, but,also became the most dangerous source wide struggle against imperialism and hege- of another world war. The Soviet ruling clique's monism. The developed countries in between betrayal inevitably led to splits of varying de- the two worlds constitute the second world. grees and caused temporary difficulties in the They oppress and exploit the oppressed nations international workers' movement and the ranks and are at the same time controlled and bullied of the world's anti-imperialist revolutionary by the superpowers. They have a dual character, struggle. What is the way out? Can we shut arid stand in contradiction with both the first our eyes to the events taking place in this pe- and the third worlds. But they are still a force riod and make believe that the imperialist eamp the third world can win over. or unite with in and the socialist cainp sti[ exist in the world the struggle against hegemonism. This theory and regard the opposition between the two ss summarizes the strategic situation concerning the principal contradiction in world politics? the most important class struggle in the con- Can we ji-st exclude the Soviet Union and the temporary world in which the people of the countries subservient to it from the socialist whole world are one party and the two hege- camp while sticking to the formula and a.ssume monist powers thE other. The internal class

Nooember 4, 1977 17 struggles of various countries are actually selves "loyal suc:cessors" to Lenin's cause, but insep4rable from the global class struggle. when we judge a person, can we go by his Therefore, this theqry of the differentiation of mere words and not by his deeds? If we judge the three worlds is the most comprehensive them by their deeds, doesn't it become clear summing-up of the various fundamental con- that it is they who have betrayed the proleta- tradictions in the contemporary world. This riat in the class struggle and made a socialist scientific thesis of Chairman Mao's has enriched country degenerate and become a capitalist the theories concerrling the uneven develop- one? ment of irnperialism and the contradictions between imperialist countries inevitably leading In our own country, there are persons who to war, eoncerning social-lmperialism, concern- frantically oppose Chairman Mao's theory of three They are none other than ing the struggle of the oppressed natioru as the worlds. forming an impoitant component of the social- Wang Hung-wen, Chang Chun-chiao, Chiang ist revolution oI the world proletarlat, con- Ching and Yao Wen-5ruan, or the "gang of four." cerning'the mutual support between the inter- Hoisting a most "revolutionary" banner, they national proletariat, the socialist countries and opposed China's support to the third world, the national-liberation movements and con- opposed China's effort to unite with all forces cerning the strategy and tactics of lhe pro- that can be united, and, ojrposed our dealing letarian revolution all of which are impor- blows at the inost dangerous enemy. They tant contributions -to Marxism-Leninism. vainly tried to sabotage the butlding of an in- ternational united front against hegemonism Small wonder the Sovlet soeial-imperialists and disrupt China's anti-hegemonist struggle, have viciously attacked this brilliant theory of doing Soviet social-imperialism a good turn. Chairman Mao's. They cannot be expected to To a certain extent, their disruptive activities admit that the Soviet Union under their rule had a deleterious effect, but our Party and has beeome an imperialist superpower and the government have.unswervingly adhered to the most dangerous source of another world war, revolutionary line in foreign affairs formulated just as renegades and aggreasors cannot be ex- by Chairman Mao. The "gang of four" in no pected to admit what they are. They frantical- way represent the Chinese people. They are ly malign the theory of the three worlds as traitors disowned by the Chinese people. renouncing class struggle and lumping socialist countrieg together with capitalist countries, and No matter how the Soviet social-imperialists so on. N_ot only is thelr abuse directed against and the "gang of four" curse the theory of the the great Marxist Chairman Mao and the great three worlds, its validity is borne out more and Communist Party of China, it is hurled at the more by *hat is actually happening in world great Marx, Engels, Lentn and Stalln as well. politics today. Its impact is therefore making For, as we have seen, in principle Chairman itself increasingly felt. In the Political Report Mao's differentiation of the three worlds com- to the llth National Congress of the Communist pletely accords with the criterion set by Marx Party of China Chairman Hua Kuo-feng says, and Engels in the latter half of the 19th cen- "Chairman Mao's thesis differentiating the tury for differentiating the political forces in three worlds gives a correct orientation to the Europe according to their attitude towards the present international struggle and clearly ,de- Russian tsarist empire. Similarly, it accords fines the main revolutionary forces, the chief with Lenin's classification of ttie world into enemies, and the middle forces that can be won three types of countries after World lVar I and over and united, enabling the international pro- Stalints division of the countries before World letariat to unite with all the forces that can be War II into aggresor and non-aggressor coun- united to form the broadest united front in tries and into the fascist camp as distinct from dass struggles against the chief enemies on the the anti-fascist eamp during the war. Mqre- world arena." This thesis not only meets the over, it is a logical development from their strategic requirements of the contemporary theories on differentiating the world's political struggle of the international proletariat and the forces. True, those who frenziedly calumniate oppressed people and nations of the world. It the theory of the three worlds still style them- also meets the strategic requirements of the

I8 Peking Review, No. 45 struggle for the victory of socialism and qom- in the struggle against imperialism and hege- munism. It will inspire the people of the world monism under the guidance of a firm and ex- in their united effort to strive for great victories plicit policy

The Two. Hegemonist Powers, the Soviet Union and the United States, Are the Common Enemies of the People of the World; the Soviet Union ls the Most Dangerous Source of World War

The emergence of the two superpowers is In the postwar period, the concentration of a new phenomenon in the history of the U.S. monopoly capital and its expansion abroad development of imperialism. The uneven assumed startling proportions. As recent development of imperialism inevitably leads to statistics show, in 1976 the 12 largest in- confliets and wars which in turn aggravate this dustrial corporations having a capital of over uneven developrnent and give rise today to the 10 billion dollars each together accounted for 27 predominance of imperiallst superpowers over per cent and 29 per cent respectively of the the run-of-the-mill imperialist powers. Lenin total assets and sale.s of all U.S. corporations; said: "Imperialism means the ptogresslvely the 10 giant commercial banks held 61 per cent mounting oppression of the natlons of the of the as.sets and deposits of the country's 50 world by a handful of Great Powers; lt means biggest commercial banks.ze lhe export of U.S. a period of wars between the latter io extend capital which was highly concentrated after tfie and consolidate the oppression of nations."ts war has risen by leaps and bounds in the last Today, this handful of imperialist powers twenty yeers or so. lVhile direct private in- has been reduced to only two superpowers, the vestments abroad stood at 11.8 billion dollars Soviet Union and the United States, which are in 1950, they jumped to 137.2 billion dollars in capable of concending for world hegemony, and 1976.30 The high and rapid concentration of mo- all the other imperialist powers have been nopoly capital formed the economic foundation relegated to the stetus df second- or even third- of the Qnited States as an imperialist super- rate powers. The di;stinctive features of a po. wer. Exploiting the economic and military su- superpower are as follows: its state apparatus periority it acquired in the war, the monopoly it is controlled by monopoly capital in its rnost enjoyed over atomic weapons ahd a wide range of military science and teclinology, concentrated form, and it relieg on its economic sophisticated currency system and military power, which is far greater than. the worldwide dollar-centred military blocs it that of other countries, to carry on economic it set up and the various exploitation and politicat opprecsion and to controlled in North America, Latin America, 'Europe, imperialism oc- strive for military control on a global scale; Asia and Oceanla, U.S. position each superpower sets exclusive world hegemony cupied- an'unprecedented overlord in as its goal and to this end makes frantic prep- the capitalist world, and it had all the other arations for a new world'war. capitalist countries under its thurnb. For many years it'acted as the world's gendarme and per. Instances of a couple of great powers try- petrated .numerous bloody crimes against the ing to gain world aupremacy can be cited in revolutionary people (the people of the United the history of imperialism, but they are rlot in States ineluded) and the oppressed nations of the same league with the Soviet Union and,the the world. -But horrever much this enemy of United States today. The scramble for hege- the world's people blustered, it had to take mony between these two eountries is the crushing blows from the people of Asia in wars peculiar outcome of the developments following of aggression which it thought it could wln World War II. hands down. The heroic Korean people were

Nooember 4, 1977 19 the first to explode the myth of U.S. invinci.bil- - Lenin said that the imperialists divided the ity. In their war against U.S. aggression and world "in proportion to capital," "in proportion for national salvation, the people of V,iet Nam, to strength."3l It is precisely by flexing their Cambodia and Laos plunged U.S. imperialism economic and military muscles, which other into military, political and economic crises and countries can by no means match, that these hastened its decline. In the rneantime, Western two super,powers are seeking world hegemony. Europe and Japan steadily recovered, grew in In 1976 the GNP of the United States was over economic strength and hardened their positions 1,690 billion dollars and that of the Soviet Union in competing with the United States. Thus U.S. over 930 billion dollars;32 together they account imperialism was obliged to concede that it could for about 40 per cent of the world's GNP. The no longer have its own way in the world. How- value of lndustrial output in both the United ever, it remains the most powerful country in States and the Soviet Union outstrips that of the capitalist world and is trying its utmost to the three major European capitalist countries, retain its supremacy. West G'ermany, France and Britain combined. In military strength, no other imperialist coun- As the-United States got bogged down irl try is on a par s,ith either of the trvo super- wars and its strength began to decline, Soviet pewers. Both have thousands of strategic social-imperialism came up from behind. The nuclear weapons, several hundred military Khrushchov-Brezhnev -whictr renegade dique, satellites, some ten thousand military aircraft, had snatched the fruits of the socialist construc- several hundred major naval vessels and tion carried people out by the Soviet for over enormoua stockpiles of other conventional arms. 30 years, gradually transformed what had been In military expenditures both the So'i'iet Union a socialist power into an imperiallst power. It and the United States far exceed Western had long been the wish of the imperialibts to see Europe, Japan and Canada combined. The' the Soviet Union evolve peacefully from so- war ma,chine of each of the two superpowers in cialism to capitalism, but this evolution, result- peace-time assumes a magnitude unprecedented ing in contention for world supremacy in in human history. accordance with the law of the uneven develop- ment of imperialism, brought thern face to face The Soviet revisionist renegade elique has with a formidable and intractable adversary. been trying hard to whitewash itself by saying As we all know, the Soviet revisionist renegade that while the Soviet Union is a big power, it is clique has converted a highly centralized so- not an imperialist superpower. Can this argu- cialist economy into a state monopoly capitalist ment be taken seriously? Hasn't the Soviet economy which is centralized to a degree unat- Union been carrying on the same kind of im- tainable even by the United States. In the t0 perialist economic plunder, political control and years during which the United States was mired military expansion as the United States? . in its war of aggression in Viet Nam, Cambodia The and Laos, the Soviet Union strove to develop United States exploits other eountries mainly its own strength, narrowed the gap in economic through exporting capital in the form development between itself and the United of overseas investment. According to U.S. of- States and immensely expanded its military ficial statistics, in 1976 it recouped profits, power. It has caught up with the United States earnings frofn patents included, amounting to in nuclear armament and surpassed it in con- 22.4 billion U.S. dollars from its direct private ventiongl weaponry. As its military and econom- investments overseas, the rate of profit exceed- ic power .increases, Soviet social-imperialism ing 16 per cent.33 Such is the sordid record of becomes rnore and more flagrant in its attempts how U.S. monopoly capital sucks the blood of to expand and penetrate all parts of the world. the people of the world, Although the Soviet It makes great play with its grouhd, naval and Union falls short of the United States in the air forces everywhere and engages the United total volume of profits grabbed from other States in a fierce struggle for supremacy on a countries, it is not in the least inferior to the global scale, thus betraying' its aggressive latter in its methods of plunder. It is chiefly ambitions which are unparalleled in world through "economic aid" and "military aid" to history. third world countries that the Soviet Union

20 Peking Reuieu, No, 45 buys chea,p and' sells dear and squeezes enor- , Union sold arms amounting to 20.2 biliion dol- mous profits in thii process. For example, the lars.se According to data issued by the U.S. Soviet Union has been selling commodities to Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, already India in the name of "aid" at prices sometimes in 1974 arms sales by the Soviet Union amount- 20 to 30 per cent, and even 200 per cent, higher ed to 5.5 billipn dollars, accountrng for 37.5 per than on the world market. On the other hand cent of the world total in that year and making it purchases commodities from India at prices it the second biggest merchant of death after sometimes 20 to 30 per cent lower.34 According the United States. Furthermore, the Soviet to the "StatiStics of Soviet Foreign Trade," the Union endeavours to gontrol its clients by such price paid by the Soviet Union for importing means as terminating supplies of needed parts natural gas frorri Asian countries was something and accessories and dunning them for payment. what for exporting like a half of it'charged it To clear the way for its hegemony, the to the West. The same source revealed that United States has subrrerted a number of lawful- prices anthracite, pig iron and other the of . Iy instituted governments in Latin America, commodities exported by the Soviet Union to Asia and Africa. The Soviet Union has done Egypt were 80 to 150 per cent higher than what 'and is doing the same thing in a number of charged West Germany for similar exports.35 it countries in Africa and Eastern Europe. It was reported in the Western press that in the Arab-Isra,eli War in October 1973, "Russia The United States has some 400,000 of its not only demanded payment in cash for the armed forces stationed in foreign lands.' The arms it sold but jacked up their prices when Soviet Union has about 700,b00 troops in other the war reached its height."s After the prin- countries and has put Czechoslovakia, which is cipal oil-exporting Arab countries paid this sum a universally recognized sovereign country, in U.S. dollars, the Soviet Union used it to ex- completely under prolonged (actually indefinite) tend a Euro{ollar loan at an interest rate of military occupation. 10 per cent or more.37 The United Statm has turned the territories The United States exercises control over of many countries into. U.S. military bases the economy and politics of rriany ,countries through military treaties. The Soviet Union has through its .transnational corporations and got military bases or installations in Eastern other instruments of aggression. At present, Europe, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Soviet Union is carrying on such activities Cuba and Africa, and in the Mediterranean and mainly within the "socialist community." In the Indian Ocean; it has also insolently tried the name of "international division of labour," to perpetuate its occupation of Japan's north- "plahned co-ordination," "multilateral integra- ern territories and territorial seas. It .has tion," "structural integration," etc., it controls even tried to tal

Nooember 4, 7977 21 the common endrnies of the people of the world. old-line imperialists. This is a historical law Lenin said, "A proletariat that tolorates the independent of rnan's wlll. Ttrerefore, Chair- slightest coerclon of other natione by ltc 'owu' man Mao pointed out in a talk in February 19?6: nation cannot be a sociallst proletarlat."s The "fte Unlted Ftates wants to protect its interests conduct of the Soviet Union in internationel in the world and the Soviet Unlon wants to affairs is quintessential imperielism and hege- expand; thls can ln no way be changed." Surely monism, without a trace of a sociali$t proleta- U.S, imperi'alish will continue to seek world rian spirit. Nor is that all. Of the two imperial- domination, but it has overieached itself and all ist superpowers, the Soviet Union is the mor€ it can do at present is to strive to protect its vest- ferocious, tho more reckless, the more treactr- ed interests and go over to the delensive in its erous, and the most dangerous source of world overall strategy. On the other hand, while war. peddling the catchword of "peae," Brezhnev has brazenly declaied, "strengthening its Why must we say so? Is it because th€ economic and defence potential has enabled the Chinese Soviet Union occupies territory along Soviet Union to launch an active and succe&sful northeastern borders China's end northwestern 'offenslve' in the international arena,"$ and in contravention of treaty obligatione and "in shaping our foreign policy we now have threatens its securlty? No. The United States, to reckon, in one way or another, with the too, has invaded and occupied our Taiwan, state of atfairs in virtually every spot on the likewise posing threat our security. Un- a to Elobe.'*r This actuaUy means thet the Soviet doubtedly the people of each particular region Union . hm decided to employ an ,offensive can decide which superpower or imperialist stratsry to encroadr on the sovereignty of all posas country the more immediate tlrreet to other ountries and weaken and supplant U.S.. them accprding to their own specific eonditima' influeace in dl parts of the world in its at- general question But here we are disorssing a trmpt to clt Slilh its own world hegemony. concerning the world situation as a whole ratier than a particular question concerning a par- SJecond, because comparatively speaking ticular region. It is not due to any accidental, Soviet social-imperiaUsm is hferior in economic transitory o1 partial causes that the Soviet strength, it must rely cbtg(y on its military IJnion has become the more dangerous of the power and recourse to threats of war in order two superpowers on a world scale. Ihis is to expand, Although economically the Soviet determined by a whole set of historical condi- Union has far surpassed the. second-rqte im: tions under which the Soviet Union has grown perialist countries, it still compares unfavour- and become an imperialist superpower. ably with its powerful rival and its economic strength falls short of its needs for world First, Soviet social-imperialism ls an im- heSem.ony. Itrerefore it feverishly goee in for power perialist following on the heels of the arms expansion and war preparations in a bid United States and is therefore more aggresslve to galn military superiority so that.it can grab and adventurous. Lenin said long ago that late- the resources, wealth 6nd labour-power of comers among the imperialist cbuntries always other countries to compensate for its economic wanted th'e world to be divided anew and slnce inferiority. Ttris is the beaten path trodden by 't'came they to the capitalist banquoting table ts4rist Russia and fascist Germany, Italy and when all the seats were occupied," they were Japan in the past. At presen! the Soviet Union's 'levelt more rapaeious, even more predatoty."ar armed forces are double those of the United "Without a forcible redivision of colonles the Statas, ind it has over 400 strategic nuclear new lmpetialist countries cannot obtain the weapon carriers more than the United States.{5 privilegos enjoyed by the older (and roeoker) It has vastly more tanks, armoured cars, field imperialist poryers."42 To attain world supre- gunS and sther items of conventional weaponry. macy, Soviet social-imperialism has to try and It now boasts an "offenslve navy" with a total grab areas under U.S. conJrol, just as Germany tonnage close to the U.S. navy's. According to under Kaiser Wilhelm II and under llitler and a Western estimate, Soviet military expendi- the postwar United States had to try and grab tures have been rising in recent years at an areas under the control of Britain and other average annual ratb of 4 to 5 per cent and

22 Pelcing Rersleus, No. C5 they absorb approximately 12 to 1.5 per cent of pursuing policies of aggresoion and hegemonism its GNP (U.S. military expenditures account for a long period and has time and again met for roughly 6 per cent of its GNP). Soviet mili- with resistance 6nd been eubJected to expoeure tary spending for fiscal year 19?6 has been and denunciation on the. pa'rt of the proletariat estimated at 127 billion dollars, which is about and oppressed people and nations throughout 24 per cent more than the projected U.S. outlay the world and of all fair-minded people includ- of. 102.7 billion.ao All this shows that the ing those in the'United States. Progressive Soviet Union wiil inevitably adopt an offensive world opinion is already lamiliar wlth its true strategy and resort chiefly to force and threats nature and will go on fightng against it. Soviet of force in its contention with the United States soeial-imperialisth ii a new and rising power for world hegemony, and wears the maek of "socialism." the strug- gle to resist, expose and denounce it is conse Third, the Soviet bureaucrat-monopoly quently far more exacting. Arduous efforts are capitalist group has transformed a highly cen- called for to help the people of the world to tralized socialist stateowned economy into a recognize its true featuree. Although nore and state-monopoly capitalist economy without its more people have corne to eae the Soviet Union's equal in any other imperialist country and has policies of aggression and hegemonism in their transformed a state under the dictatorship of true colours and the paint on its signboard of the proletariat into a state under fascist dic- "socialism" is peeling day by day, it must not tatorship. It is therefore easier for Soviet be supposed that the Soviet Union has com- social-imperialism to put the entire economy on pleteiy lost its capacity to deceive, In carrying a military footing and militarize the whole out aggression, intervention, subversion and state apparatus. The Brezhnev clique has expansion, it always dons the cloak of "ful- appropriated 20 per cent of the national income filling internationalist obligations," "supporting for military expenditures and is clamouring for the national-Iiberation movementg," "combating getting "ready at any time to switch the old and new imperialismn" "safeguardlng the economy to the military programme."47- The interests of peace and depocracy," and the like. clique is continuing to strengthen the state It takes some time to recognize its eseence, and apparatus and is striving to fasten the Soviet China has hsd its own experience in this re- people to its war chariot. Ttre K.G.B., the Soviet spect. It must be admitted that this duplicity secret service organization, has become a sword peculiar to the $ovpt Union increases the spe- hanging over the heads of the people of the cial danger it pos& as an imperialkt super- Soviet Union and of many other countries. The power. Soviet authorities exert every effort to poison These objective historical features of the people the minds of the with militarism and to Soviet Union undoubtedly make it more danger: fan great Russian chauvinism through the oue than the United Statet as a souree of world media, literature and art, education and other war. channels. Ttrey systematically extol the military and political chieftains and adventurers of U.S. imperialtsrn has not changed as. far as policies and hegemonism are tsarist Russia who performed "meritorious ger- its of aggrescion leqrened its exploitation vices" in carrying out aggreseion abroad, and concerned, nor has it people at home anil abroad. openly call for carrying on the old tsars' ex- and oppression of the Therefore, the two hegemonist powers, the pansionist l'tradition" so that at h minute's notice Soviet Union and the United States, are both millions of people can be driven to .serve as common enemies the people of the world. cannon-fodder for their new wars of aggression. of Ihere is no doubt about this. But if, despite Fourth, Soviet social-imperialism has come what has been said above, we should still un- into being as a result of the degeneration of.the discriminatingly put the two Euperpowers on a first socialist country in the world. Therefore, par and fail to single out the Soviet Union as it can exploit Lenin's prestige and flaunt the the more dangerous instlgator of world war, banner of "socialism" to bluff and deceive, peo- we would only be bluntlng the revolutionary ple ever5rwhere. U.S. imperialism has been .vigilance of the people of the world and blur*

Notsernber 4, 1977 23 ring the primary target 'in the struggle against in its deception and conspiracy and [ive the hegemonism. Therefore, in no circumstances green light to its war preparations and acts of must .we play into the hands of the Soviet Union aggression.

The Countries and People of the Third World Constitute the Main Force Combating lmperialism, Colonialism and Hegemonism

The countries and people of the third world won by the people of Viet Nam, Cambodia and constitute the main force in the worldwide Laos in theh rvar against U.S. aggression and struggle against the hegemonism of the two for national salvation in 1975, the victorious superpowers and against imperialism and wars of independence in Guinea-Bissau and colonialism. In a message dated October 25, 1966, Mozambique and ttre progress of the wars of Chairman Mao said: "The revolutionarT storm independence in other countries in the 19?0s, the in Asia, Africa and Latin America ldll certainly powerful blows dealt by Egypt, the Sudan and deal the whole of the old wotld. a decisive and other countries to Sorriet schsnes for control crushing blow." This is Chairman Mao's and .subversion, the Zairiarr people's success in scientific prediction and high evaluation of the repelling invasion by Soviet mercenaries in role of the Asian, African and Latin American 1977, thd persistence of the Arab cou:ntries and people as the main force in the worldwide anti- the Palestinian people in waging wars and other imperialist revolutionary struggle. forms of stfuglte against aggression over the What are the grounds for our saying this? past two decades, the African people's mounting Since the end of World War II, the revolutionary resistance to white racism, the deepening of the people of Asia, Africa, Latin America and other national democratic movements of the people regions, standing in the forefront of the anti- of Southeast Asia despite all obstacles, and the imperialist and anti-colonialist struggle, hbve independence won by more than 80 countriqs waged one revolutiinary armed struggle after in Asia, Africa, Latin America and other parts another and scored a series of magnificent vic- of the world over the past three decades - all tories that have changed the face of the world. these magnificent victoriiis constitute a power- This has greatly inspired and supported the in- ful force promoting revolutionary change in the ternational proletariat and the people of all postwar world. The colonial system has fallen countries in their anti-imperialist revolutionary apart at the seams. U.S. imperialism, the super- struggles. The victorious Chinese revolution in power that emerged first, has suffered a his- 1949, the victory in the Korean war of resistance toric setback, and Soviet social-imperialism, the against U.S, aggression and for the defence. of other superpower coming on to the scene im- the fatherland in 1953, therBandung Conference mediately after, is landing itself in the same of Afro-Asian Countries in 1955, the Egyptian quandary as the United States. people's victory in the war over the Suez Canal The third world.has become the main force in 1956, the victories in a series of national dem- in the worldwide struggle against imperialism, ocratic movements in Latin America from the colonialism and hegemonism, and this has Cuban revolutionary war of 1959 to Chile's ushered in a new and unprecedented situatlon. struggle for democracy in the early 19?0s, the How are we to evaluate it? victory in the Algerian national-liberation war in 1962, the world-shaking heroic struggles waged First, the roughly 3,000 million enslaved by the people of many Asian and African coun- people who make up the overwhelming majority tries to win and safeguard their independence of the world's population have shaken off or in the 1960s, the restoration of Chinals legitimate are freeing themgelves from the fetters of seat in the United Nations in 1971, the victories colonialism. This means that a radical and his-

24 Peklng Reuiqtn, No. 45 totic change has tdken place in the'balance of In the early postwar years, most of the third $/orld clasr$ fo?Ces; world countries had not yet won their inde- pendence and some'were in a semi-independent Evep since nations were first oppressed, position. At that time their struggle was aimed they have put up resistance to such oppre.ssion. at winning national liberation and independenee, But over the centuries, this resistance was, and primarily m"of revolutionary with few exceptions, sporadic and isolated. A it took the fo armed struggle. was then universally acknowl- tremendous change came about after the October It edged constituted, the main force in Revolution. In quite a few cou,ntries Communist that they combating imperialism. Today, the people in Parties were built, and large-scale anti-imperial- parts are carrying ist revolutlonary struggles were waged under some of the third world still on armed struggle for liberation and independ- the leadership of the proletaniat and with the enee, fighting forefront of the world- worker-peasaht allianee as the mainstay. Big still in the wide struggle against imperialism and colonial- victories were won and valuablei experi6nce ism. is the sacred duty of both the interna- accumulated. But from an &erall point of vlew It tional proletariat the revolutionary people of there was as yet no worldwide movement em- and the world render resolute support to their bracing all areas. World War II greatly accel- to erated the revolutionary tempo of histori. struggle. Today, although the third world, composed as Now a new questlon Artses: Will the it is of oppressed nations, oppressed countries countrles in Asia. Afnical and Latin America and socialist countrie.q still accounts for over which have won independepce continue to 70 per cent of the world's population, the situa-' be the main force in the struggle against tion is vastly diffs1sn1 from that facing .Lenin imperialism for a fairly iong historical in 1920. As a worldwide anti-imperialist force, period? Our answer is yes. It must be realized they are today in the mainstream of the that though they have declared their indepen- world revolutionary struggle. In scope and dence, they are still faced with the grave task depth, in achievement and experlence, today's of winning complete political and economic in- struggle tras tar surpassed those of the past. A dependence. For in the raging tide of national large number of third world countries rtow have liberation most of the imperialists have been their own armies and in varying degrees have foried 1o '.'pull out" of their former colonies and shed the influence of colonialism. China, which accord these new countries recognition of their comprises one-fifth of humanity, has been independence, but whenever the opportunity transformed froh-a semi-colonlal and semi- presents itself, they will use every new device feudal country into a great socialist state. Along or tactics to preserve their influence, and then with other socialist countries which perslst in there are new imperialists or hegemonists wait- oppoqing imperialism and hegemonism, she ing to take their plaee. , Economieally, the.im- stands resolutely with other third world coun- perialist countries, and thb superpowers in par- tries, and they Lave becorire a stalwart force in ticular, not only go in for large-scale penetra- the third world. tion of the third world, but ruthlessly exploit it Second, subjected as they were to the most by using their monopoly position in the world ruthless oppreesion, the countries and p;bble of market to control the products of those develop- the third world have been the most resolute in ing countries with a monoculture economy, their resistance. Icuin said, "Colonies are con- force down the prices of primary products'and quered wit[ ftre and sword."aa Similarly, it ls raise the price$ of manufactured goods. Polit- only with fiie and sword that the colonial people ically, they resort to a variety of methods to can win complete emancipaflon. World imperial- subject the newly independent oountries'to their ism cannot develop or suryive without plunder- control, subversion and interference, flagrantly ing colonles, semi-crolonies and oppressed na- tnfringing on the latter's independence and tlons and countrles.' The liberation struggles,of sovereignty and doing thelr utmost to foster ob. the colonial people have shaken and will finally sequious yes-men. Militarily, ,with g view to destroy the foundation on which imperialism subjugatihg the'third world countries and depends for its survival. It is natural that im- seizing strategic redources, strategic areas and peri€lisn will put up a desperate struggle. strategic routes, they try by every possible

Nouembet 4, 79?? 25 means to crontrol the supply of arms to these Before World War II, the anti-imperialist countries and the training and commanding of struggle of the oppressed nations often lacked the latter's' armed forces. Moreover, they bra- strong, sustained worldwide support. Things are zenly threaten to use force, stage armed inva- different today. Mutual support, among the sion and even unleash wars of aggression. In third world countries, including the socialist order to be independent, to survive and to countries, and among the forces opposed to develop, the countries and people of the third aggression, including the interndtional prolita- world have no choice but to wage a sustained riat, has made it possible for the third world and fierce life-and-death struggle against the countries and people to play an even more aggressive and expansionist activities of im- effective role as the main force in the struggle perialism, and above all of the superpowers. against imperiali.sm and hegemonism. By NeW' national-libeation wars are bouncl to exerbising the state power in their hands the break out. These inevitable contradictions and independent third world countries have gained struggles between the third world on the one broader arenas and,more means to carry on the hand and imperialism and surperpowers on the other determine the long-term role of the third struggle than in the past, and they can steadily world as the main force in the struggle against enhance their co-operation and take joint action. imperialism and hegemonism. lte third world oountris have turned major international fonrms into the bar of public Third, the countries and people of the third opinion before which the imperialist super- world have immensely enhanced their political povrers are arraigqed. Ttrey have set up inter- awareness and strengthened their unity in the national organizations foi regional purposes or course of struggle. In the 30 years or so since as specialized agencies through which they join Wodd War II, many countries in Asia, Africa, forcqs to safeguard their common rights and Latin America and elsewhere have come to interests. Ttre non-aligned movement has realize a profound truth through prolonged'and become an important world force in corcrdinat- arduous struggle against imperialism, namely, ing the interests of its numerous member coun- that a weak nation can defeat a strong and a tries and in jointly combating hegemonism, a small aration can defeat a big. Ttris has meant force that has to be reckoned with., Growing a great emancipation of the mind and a big unity in struggle has rnade it possible for the political leap for the entire third world. In his third world countries to broaden their anti' well-known statement of May 20, 1970, Chair- hegemonist struggle, wage it on a higher level man Mao said: "Innumerable facts prove that and achieve more striking results. For example, just a cause enjoys abundant support while an the struggle initiated by the Latin American unjust cause finds little support. A weak na- countries against sutr)erpower maritime hege- tion can defeat a strong, a small nation can defeat mony, the struggle waged by the Arab and other a big. The people of a small country can cer- oil-exporting countries in the third worid to tainly defeat aggression by a big'country if only defend their oil rights and the struggle of other they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up raw material producers have inflicted unex- arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny pected and severe defeats on imperialism and of their country. This is a law of history." This hegemonism. Ttre fact that the Asian, Af,rican statement of Chairman Mao's is as much a and Latin American countries, which were scientific summing-up of the main experience hitherto held in contempt, have boldly taken gained by oppressed nations in their anti- their destiny into their own hands and wrested imperiali;st struggle over the past decades as it back the rights due them would have been in- is a tremendous inspiration to all the people of conceivable before World War II. the third world. .The basic historical trend of the world. today shows that it is no longer ihe Fourth, t6m an overall viewpoint, not only countries pnd people of the third world that are there limits to the imperialist countries' are afraid of imperialism and hegemonism, but eapacity for suppression in the vast areas of imperialism and hegemonism that are afraid of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania where the countries and people of the third world. the 120 or more countries of the third world are

26 Peking Reuieus, No. 45 - located, but their intlr.rts in these areas ch6h ls as yet no revolutionary situation for the im- in one way or another. This provides the anti- mediaie seizure of state trrcwer. Such being the imperialist relrolutionary forces of the third case, the more actively the third world coun- world with a faVourable condition in which to tries and people play their role as the main force grow in strength over the long period. .Europe, in the struggle against imperialism and hege- which is the focus of contention between the monism, the more important will be the support two hegemonict powers, has drawn and pinned and impetus they give to the workers' movement down the bulk of their strenqth. Ttrey are not in the developed countries. likely to maintain tight control over many third Does world countries, for it is very often the case that recognition of the third World as the they cannot grab at one without losing hold of main force in combating imperialism and hege- another. The countries and people of the third monism mean any reduction of the responsibility world, who have enhanced their poiitical con- or role of the international proletariat in this sciousness and strengthened their unity in pro- struggle?r ?tre struggle against the two hege- tracted struggle since World War II, have begun monist polrers, which is an essential component to make cronseious use of this weakness of their of the world proletarian socialist movement, is enemies, exploit the contradiction of the two extremely arduous and complex. The proletariat hegemonist powers with the second world coun- of all countries must make an effort to study tries and the contradiction between the two and disseminate Marxism-Leninism, play the powers exemplary role of vanguard in this struggle, ful- . hegemonist themselves, turn thelr own strong points to account and surmount every fil their internationalist obligations and give all- obstaclei so as continually to push forward the out support and assistance to the people of all revolutionary movement against imperialism countries in their fight against imperialism and and hegemonism. hegemonism so that this struggle can advance along the correct path and win final victory. Ttre workers' movements in the countries Ttrus the fact that the third world has become of the first and second worlds and the anti- the main force in. combating imperialism and imperialist struggles of the third world support hegemonism in no way reduces the responsibil- each other. The working class and revolution- ity and role of the international proletariat in ary uutsses of the developed capitalist countries this struggle. When Lenin founded the Red have scored many signal victories in their heroic Army of workers and peasants, the poor peas- struggles, dealing imperialism and social- ants formed its mainstay. Did this lighten the imperialism telling blows and rendering power- Russian proletariat's responsibility towards the ful suplnrt to the people of the world in their Red Arrrly? When Stalin stated ttrat the ques- fight against imperialism and hegemonism. As tion of the peasantry is the basis and essence of the situation develops, they will bring about the national guestion and that "the peasantry new upsurges in the revolutionary movement constitutes the maln hrmy of the uational move- and grow in strength in their fight to repulse ment,"4g did he forget the proletariat's role in the attacks'of monopoly capital, .win economic this movement? When Chairman Mao pointed and political rights for themselves and the peo- out that the poor peasant masses in China are ple of various'shata, oppose the ruling class "the natural and most reliable ally of the pro- policy of aggression aird support the struggle of letariat and the main contingent of China's the third world against imperialism and hege- revolutionhry forces""s didn't he simultaneously monism. But generally speaking and for the stress the role of the Chinese proletariat in the time being, as a result of the Soviet ruling revolutionary cause as a whole? In the hiptorical clique's betrayal, the spread of revisionist conditions of today, if anyone should try to use ideology and the splits in the ranks of the the leading role of the international proletariat working class, the workers' revolutionary as a pretext to form a so-called centre to order movement in the developed capitalist countries the people of various cor.Urtries about in their eannot but remain at the stage of regrouping and anti-imperialist revolutionary struggle, or even accumulating strength. IrI these countries there try. to subordinate thirs struggle to the private

Norsember 4, 1977 27, ends of one country, this would only damage and the general balance sheet. Whatever the dif- undermine the struggle of the people of the ferenees in the politieal conditions of the third world and go diametrically against the interests world countries, they cannot change the funda- of the international proletariat, as experience mental contradiction between imperialism and has shown time and again. The social-imperial- hegemonism on the one hand and the countries ists describe the organization of armed inter- and people of the third world on the other. Nor vention and invasion of other countries by can these differences change the irresistible mercenaries as "fulfilling the internationalist historical trend that countries want independ- duty of the proletariat." This is a barefaced ence, nations want liberation, and the people fraud which can only end in dismal failure. want revolution, Judging from their deeds and general

28 Peki,ng Reui,ew, No. 45 third world countries, and they support and help However, the Soviet revisionist renegade each other and are advancing shoulder to clique had the cheek to revile China as a country shoulder in the struggle against imperialism and "seeking hegemony" in the third world. Such hegemonism. In so doing they have faithfully shameless slander is ludicrous. In China's rela- inherited this great concept of Leninfs and are tions with other third world countries over the carrying it forward. years and in the provision of aid to them within her eapacity, is there a single instance to indicate Chairman Mao repeatedly admonished us: that she is seeking hegemony? Has China ever "In international relations, the Chinese people sent a single soldierto invade and occupy any should rid themselyes of great-nation chauvin- country? Has she ever demanded a single mili- ism resolutely, thoroughly, wholly and com- tary base from any country?' Has she ever pletely,"52 "treat as equals all small foreign extorted a single permy from any country or countries without exception and never be ar' held any country to ransom? Has she ever, in t'never rogant"s and seek hegemo[y."54 This giving aid, ordered any recipient countrS; abut, is a categorical requirement of China;s socialist requiring it to conduct itself towards China this system and Chairman Mao's proletarian revolu- way and that? Chairman Mao always held that tionary line. Today, China is a developing the people of the world support each other in country, and she belongs to the third world and their just struggles.s5 There is never a one-way stands together with the oppressed nations. In street from donor to recipient. In her relations the future, when'she is economically developed with other third world countries, China has initiated and faithfully observed the well-known and has become a powerful socialist country, she Five Principles of Pi:aceful Coexi;stence and the will still belong to the third world and will con- eight principles of economic aid to other coun- tinue to stand together with the oppressed na- tries. This is plain to all. The vain attempt by tions. On April 10, l9?4, at the Special Session the Soviet revisionist renegade clique to con- of the U.N. General Assembly Comrade Teng found the friendly ties between the Chinese Ilsiao-ping solemnly declared on behalf of the people and the people of the third world only Chinese Government and the Chinese people, seryes to expose once again its reactionary "If one day China should change her political features. Clearly- in the eyes of the hegemonists, colour and turn into a superpower, if she too there are only two categories of people on earth, should play the tyrant in the world, and those who eierci;se hegemony and those who everlrwhere subject others to her bultying, submit to it. . How pitiable and myopic these aggre-qsion and exploitation, the people of the unworthy descendants of Lenin's are! They world should put the labei of social-imperialism cannot even get this simple fact into their heads: on her, eKpose it, oppose it and work together the great solidarity between the Chinese people vvith the Chinese people to overthrow it." We and the people of the other third world countries would like to ask: Is there any other power to- is cemented with the blood and sweat they shed day. that dares to make such a candid and in fighting and working together, and this no honest' statement? renegade can destroy.

The Second World ls a Force That Can Be United With in the Struggle Against Hegemonism

In dealing with the world political situation win 6ver these countrles, such as Britain, France in recent years, Chairman Mao always and West G€rmany."56 regarded the second world countries as a force How is it thaf the second world countries that could be united with in the struggle against constitute a force which can be united with in the two hegemonist powers. He said, "We should the struggle against hegemonism? The reason

Nouember 4, 1977 29 is that- an importan-t-c.hange has take4 place West European countries and eompels them to in their role in inteurational politicel and strerrgthen their defences,. co-ordinate their economic relations during the last 30 years. relations with each other and maintain and enhance politically .struggle thetr unity economically, Through 20 to 30 years of and in defence. In the Far East, Japan is also against U.S. control and simultaneously through faced with a serious threat. The massive Soviet taking advantage of the severe worldwide military buildup in the Far East. aimed' at setbaclis suffered by the United States in its China as it is, is directed primarily against the policy of aggression, the West European coun- United States and Japan. The Soviet Union tries have succeeded in altering the situation has forcibly occupied Japan's northern terri- prevailing in the early postwar years when they tories and territorial seas, and it is posing a had to submit to U.S. domination. Japan is growing threat to Japan and intensifying its in a similar position. The establishment of the infiltration of , the latter. This has aroused Common Market in Western Europe, the in- strong indignation and resistance on the part dependent policies pursued by France under De of all Japanese pa.triotic forces. Australia, New Gaulle, the passive and critical attitude taken Zealand and Canada too have heightened their by the West European countries towards the vigilance against Soviet exlransion and infiltra- U.S. war of aggression in Viet Nam, Carnbodia tion. and Laos,. the collapse of the dollar-centred In'recent years, new changes have also monetary system rn the capitalist world and the taken place in the relations between the West sharpening trade and currency wars between European countries, Japan, ete, on the one Western Europe and Japan on the one hand and hand and the third world on the other. facts the United States on the other-all these Although Britain, France, \Mest Germany, Japan, mark the disintegration of the former imperial- etc., have b.een striving to maintain their ist'camp headed by the United States. True, cohtrol and carry on their exploitation of many European the monopoly capitalists of the West third world countries by political,.economic and countries, Japan, etc., have d thousand and one other means under new circumstances and in ties with the United States and, in face of the new forms, on the whole they no longer con- menaee posed by Spviet social-imperialism, stitute the main force dominating and oppress- U.S. these countries still have to rely on'the ing these countries. In certain cases, their own "protective u.mbrelIa." But so long' as the inter€sts even compel them to make certain policy control, United States continues its of eoncessions to third world countries or to give they will not cease in their struggle against such some . support to the third world's struggle control and for equal partnership. against hegemonism or to remain neutral. For But today Soviet social-imperialism instance, after the l9?3 struggle over the oil obviously represents the gravest danger to the embargo, the West European Common Market West European countries, for Europe is the focal countries called for dialogue instead of con- point in the Soviet strategy for seeking world frontation with the oil-producing countries and hegemony. The Soviet Union has massed its offered some reasonable suggestions for a military and naval forces in Eastern Europe and settlement of the Midd1e East question. This on'the northern and southern European waters, year, when Zaire was repelling the armed inva- which are deployed to encircle Western Europe. sion masterminded by the Soviet Union, France At the same time it has stepped up its seizure rendered it some logistic support. of strategic areas along the line running from the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean via the : The East Eirropean countries have never Cape of Good Hope to the eastern shores of 'the ceased waging struggles against Soviet control. South Atlantic, endeaVouring to outflank and Since the' Soviet occupation of C2echoslovakia, encircle Europe and seriously menacing the main the peoplq's resistance has continued to grow. lines of communication vital to Western Europe. In 19?6 the Polish people repeatedly. launched This poses a grave threat to the security of the widespread mqvementg to protest the inclusion

30 Peking Reoieut, No. 45 of a provision on the Polish-Soviet alliance in tinction between Japaaese imperialiim which is the new Constitution, and there were workers' now committing aggression against China and strikes and demonstrations in which slogans like the imperialist powors which are not doing so "We want freedom," t'We want no Russians" now, between German and Italian imperialism were raised. The governments of some East which are allies of Japan and have recognized European countries have also shown a more 'Manchukuo'and British and U.S. imperialism perceptible tendency to oppose Soviet eontrol. which are opposed, to Japan, and between the yesterday There have been open complaints in some Britain and the United States of which followed a Munich policy in the Far East articles in their'press, for example, "principles and undermined China's resistance to Japan, of . . . mutual benefit , have been violated par- and the Britain and the United States of today tially.and in varying degrees,"'rz there have been which have abandoned this policy and are now statements that the relationship of the East in favour of China's re3istance."62 For the same European countries to the Soviet Union "cannot reason, drawing the distinction between their be built on the-basis of one socialist country chief enemies at present the two hegemonist constantly making sacrifices for the benefit of powers - countries is in - and the second world Ernother,"58 and that the attempt to " 'co-ordinate important.question which the countries and the everything' can in practice only lead to 'nothing people of the third world must take into account can be co-ordinated"';s and there have been in the course of thbir struggle. In the common demands such as those for "considering the struggle against the Soviet Union and the United and possible to ally specific interests of each C.M.E.A. country',60 States, it is both necessary with the second world under given conditions. and for maintaining an'"independent national economy."61 As the Soviet Union steps up its Since the Soviet Union regards Europe as contC'ntion for world hegemony, Eastern Europe the strategic focal point, countries in both becomes a forward position in Soviet prepara- Eastern and Western.Europe will have to bear tions fcri war against Western Europe and the the brunt of its attack. They face a grave United States. Soviet control and interference problem of safeguarding their national in- in the East European countries through the dependence. Warsaw Treaty Organization has become in- Is it correct in principle today to put creasingly intolerable. Thus uneasiness is forward the slogan of defending national in- growing among the East European people and dependence in such developed countries as those the struggle to defend their independence, of the second world, particularly of ' Europe? securit5r and equal rights is gathering momentum. At different periods in modern European - history, classical Marxist-Leninist writers ex- Of c:olrrse, it must be realized that some plained and proved that, under given conditions, second world countries will not easily relinquish wars in defence of national independence were their deeprooted exploitation of and control not only permissible but necedsary and revolu- over many third world countries. For the third 'establish tionary even with regard to the developed world to relations of equality and countries of Europe, and even when the oppor- mutual benefit with the second will involve a tunists were being denounced for making use long and arduoirs struggle. as However, already of the slogan "defence of the fatherland" to indicated, the second world is being subjected cover up their betrayal of'proletarian interna- to interference, control and bullying by the two tionalism. hegemonist powers and to their war threatE, particularly on the part of the Soviet Union. In 1891 when Germany was confront6d This has become a grim reality and will become with an immediate threat of aggression from more so. In explaining the policy of the Chinese Russia, Engels wrote: "Russian Tsarism is the Communist Party with respect to imperialism enemy of all Western nations and even the during the War of Resistance Against Japan, enemy of the bourgeoisie of these nations."63 Chairman Mao said: "The Comm -nist Party "Should the danger of war become greater, we opposes all imperialism, but we make a dis- can tell the government that we are ready,

Nouem.ber 4, 7977 3I ( givert a square deal making it possible forJs fascism and war. When the war of aggression to do so, to 'support it against the. flrreign foe, finally broke out, the working class in at lands on the assumption that the government employs played an active part in defending national in- all means, including revolutionary means, to dependence and combating fascism and heroi- wage the war rtilentlessly.,-. . It would be a cally contributed to the victory in the war. question of national existerice, and for it us Toddy, the European countries are faced would also be a questlon of maintaining the with the .grave threat of invasion and annexa- position and the prospective opportunities we Chair- have gainefl."64 tion from the Soviet social-imperialists. man Mao told the political leaders of West In 1916, while opposing the opportunists of European countries more than once that "the the Second fnternational for'supporting one or Soviet Union has wild ambitions. It wants to the other side in the imperialist war, Lenin lay hands on the whole of Europe, Asia and stressed the absolute correctnesS of the above- Africa."69 If West European countries were to mentioned thesis of Engels'6s and maintaingd .- fall under the iron heel of the new tsars, they that national wars against imperialism wel-e would be reduced to. dependencies and their still possible in Europe: "Even in Europe people to the status of second-class citizens, who national wars in the imperialist epoch cannot would be doubly cppressed by the foreign con- be regarded as impossible....'This 'epoch'... by querors and domestic capitulationists. Engels no means precludet national wars on the part , once observed that if tsarist Russia were to of, say, small (annexed or nationally-oppressed) defeat Germany where the working-class move- countries against the imperialist powers, just ment was then more advanced, "the socialist as it does not preclude large-scale national movement in Europe would be kaput for twenty movements in Eastern Europe." "National wars year$"7o Eng"l!' grave \rarning must arouse against the imperialist powers are not only our'most earnest attention today! Engels' and possible and probable; they irE inevitgble, Lerrin's, observations aeveral d-ecades ago con- progressiue and rersoluti,onary. .. ."66 Lenin cerning national wars inqrorably compel us to again pointed out, "The characteristic feature draw simifar lessons today! Many European of imperialism is precisely that it strives to countries are once again faced with the question independence, annex not only agrarian territories, but even of safeguarding their national and the workin!1 class in Europe is once again most highly industrialized regions."67 He also' faced question of maintaining the said, not with the "I am at all opposed to wars waged in positions and the prospective opportunities defence of democracy or against national oppres- already gained. In present-day Europe, national sion, nor do I fear such words as 'defence of the wars against labge-sLale aggression, enslave- .Iatherland' in reference to these wars or to in- ment apd slaughter by. a superpower are not surrections."B only possible and probable; they are. inevitable, progressive and revolutionary. Therefore, while The'above statements of our revolutionary rallying the brsad masses in the sharp struggle teachers show that provided country, de- a against oppression and exploitation by domestic veloped or otherwise, becomes victim of a monopoly capital and for de4ocratic rights and invasion and annexation by imperialist an a better life, the proletqriat in thE second world power, the national war wages against such it countries must hold high the banner of natignal 'invasion and annexation is a just war and ought independence, stand in the van oJ resistance to to enjoy the support and assistance of the in- the threats of aggression from the two super- ternational proletariat. tr)owers, and especially from Soviet social- In the 1930s when the forces of fascism imperialism, and under certain conditions unite were running amuck and the threat of wars of with all those who refuse to succumb to super- aggression was looming larger and larger prior power manipulation and enslavement and ac- to their actual outbneak, the Communist In- tively lead or take part in the struggle. This ternational called upon the working class of all wilt also help promote the revolutionary situa- countries to build a broad united front against tion in these countries.

32 Peking Reoi,eut, No. 45 Marxism-Leninism.has always stressed the oppressed nations and people against oppres- enortrrous significance of winning over the mid- sion and exploitation should be abandoned. The dle forces in the fight against the enemy. Ef- world can only advance in the course of strug- forts by the third world to establish varying de- gle, and it is only through struggle that unity grees of unity with the second world countries can be achieved. If unity is sought.through will deal a direct blow to the policies of aggres- , struggle, it will live; if unity is sought through sion, expansion and war of the two hegernonist yieldilrg, it will perish. This unity can be powers, and especially of Soviet social-imperial- achieved and enhanced step by step only in the isrn. In wilfully slandering the anti-hegemonist course of the struggle against national betrayal, forces of the second world as "jingoists" and appeasement and neo-colonialism and in thb "nationalists"'who are against "international- course of countering the attacks of the reaction- ism," Soviet social-imperialism is purposely ary forces against the progressive forces. confusing the issues and covering up its true the faced features as the most dangerous instigator'of Since second world countries are superpowers' grrwing threat war, world war. Isn't that clear enough? with the of it is necessary for them to strengthen unity Of course, when we refer to the second among themselves and their unity with the third world as a force that can be united with in the world and other possible allies, so as to advance struggle against hegemonism, we certainly do in the struggle against the common enemy. not mean to write off the contradietions between United struggle is the only correct path for the second and third world countries and the them to take in defence of their national inde- internal class crontradictions in the former, nor pendence and survival, even though this path do lte in the least mean that the struggle of the is strewn not with ruses but with thorns.

Build the Broadest lnternational United Front and Smash Superpower Hegemonism and War Policies

The current fight of the people of the world attempt to dominate the world, nobody wants against the hegemonism of the two superpowers a new war, which undoubtedly will bring hu- and the fight against their war policies are two manity widespread disaster. As Chairman Mao aspects of one and the sarne struggle. Hege- consistently stated, our attitude towards a world monism is their aim in war as well as their war is: first, we are alainst it; second, we are means of preparing for it. The danger of war not afraid of it.7t We say lve are not afraid of resulling fiom Soviet-U.S. c.ontention for hege- war not because we like it or fail to see the dev- mony is a growing menace to the people of the astation it will cause but because fear solves whole world. What attitude should we take no problem whatsoever. Moreover, we firmly towards this problem? believe that man will definitely eliminate war rather than the other way round. The people of China and the people of the rest of the world firmly demand peace and op- What are our tasks then? p,ose a new world war. Faced with the gigjrntic people task of speeding up ofir socialist construction First of all, we must warn the of and modernizing our agriculture, industry, na- the danger of war. The two superpowers are tional defence and science and technolog'y, we making frenzied efforts to muster aII their in China urgently need a Iong periqd of peace. strength for war. Why? Lenin gave the Like us, most countries in the world are against answer long ago: War arises out of the very war. Except for a few war maniacs who vainly nature of imperialism. "The content of im-

Nooember 4, 1977 33 perialist politics is 'world domination' and the sands of troops in Central Europe. Their tleets continuation of these politics is imperialist keep each other under surveillance as' they war."72 In hts talk with the leader of a third prowl the oceans. Spies are sent out on new world country in 1974 Chairman Mao pointed assignments, submarines embark on new mis- out: "Imperialism does exist in this world. In sions, and new military satellites orbit in'outer our opinion, Russia may be called a social- space. They are gathering military intelligence imperialist country, and this system engenders and readying themselves to uripe out each war. Not that you or we or the third world other's war potential. All this makes it abun- want a world war. Nor do the people in the dantly clear that the two superpowers are ac- rich countries want a world war. This sort of tively preparing for a total war. In the pres- thing happens irrespectively of man's will."?3 ent historical circumstances, there is nb pos- While we are not fatalists, we hold that history sibility for a lasting peace, and a new world progresses in accordance with certain laws. war is inevitable. Since modern war is a product of imperialism, Secondly, we should make every effort to we can eliminate world war only by making step up the struggle against hegemonism, that a revolution to overthrow the imperialist is, we should fight to put off the outbreak of system. World war can definitely be eliminated war and in the process strengtheu the defence if a social revolution takes place in the home- capabilities of the people of countries. lands of the two superpowers and tranSforms all them into socialist countries. Such a revolution . Both hegemonist powers are actively pre- will come sooner or'later. Since it has not yet paring for a uew war to dominate the world. done so, we have no reason whatsoever to relax they will o"rsr ehenge this plicy and no"one our vigilance against a world war. should cherish any illusion about that. How- ever, not be so eas5r them acfueve Since the rivalry between the two hege- it will for to their They are against monist popers is intensifying and especially aim. bound to come up serious difficulties since Soviet social-imperialism is on the offen- and roadblocts. Compared past, sive, the conflict between them cahnot possibly with wars in the a large*cale modern war is even less purely question. Its be settled by peaceful means, when the chips a military preparations cannot but be qlosely interwoven are down. In the course of their fierce rivalry, with such factors as domestic, financial and these two superpowers may sometimes come to economic affairs and external relations. As each some agreement or other for a specific purpose. frenziedly strengthens its costly war machine, Chairman Mao said: "They may reach some the Soviet Union and the United States are agreement, but I wouldn't take it as something bound to intensify their oppression and ex- solid. It's transitory, and deceptive too. In ploitation of the people at home and thus ag- essence, prirnary."74 rivalry is Such rivalry in- gravate contradictions in their economies and evitably leads to war. At present, the factors the internal contradictions between the dif- growing. The hege- for war are visibly two ferent classes and nationalities. In carrying out. powers prep- monist are stepping up their war aggression and expansion everywhere and step- arations while harpilg on the shopworn theme ping up their global strategic deployment, they of "detente" and "disarmament." Why don't are bound to encroach upon the sovereignty they simply stop it and destroy their huge and interests of other countries and thus ag- arsenals lock, stock and barrel? Instead, they gravate their contradictions with these coun- are spending huge sums of money on further tries and people. Therefore it is only natural research into new nuclear weapons and mis- that, as they prepare for war, the Soviet Union siles and their manufacture, and on the devel- and the United States should experience a opment of still more efficient and still more sharpening of their internal and external crises. lethal chemical, biological and other weapohs. All this will inevitably upset their timetable for Their armed forces are so deployed that they launching a war. can swiftly go into action, and they are con- stantly holdirtg various kinds of military ex- Chairman Mao said, "Ihe United States is ercises. Each has massed hundreds of thou- a paper tiger. Don't believe in it. Ono thrust

34 Peking Reui.eut, No. 45 and it'.6 punctured. Revisionist Soviet Union History has repeatedly shown that unity in is a papei tiger too."75 The U.S. imperialist struggle forged by-the people of all countries policy gf world domination has long since met is the main force in defeating the war instiga- with the courageous resistance of the people of tors. The peopie of every country must work all countries. Today, the United States is still hard and step up their preparations materially doing its utmost to protect its vested interests and organizationally against wars of aggression, in eVery continent. It has so much to protect closely watch the aggressive and expansionist and its battle fronts are so far-flung that it is activities of the two hegemonist powers and res- "trying to catch ten fleas with ten fingers,"76 olutely defeat them. The people must see to is Chairman Mao put it. As a result it has it that these two superpowers do not violaie landed itself in a passive position strategically. their country's or any other country's sovereign Today Soviet social-imperialism is on the of- rights, do not encroach on their country's or {ensive, but "in its offensive lies defeat."77 any other country's territory and territorial seas When t.Le tentacles of its aggression claw a or violate their strategic areas and strategic lines place for long, Soviet social-imperialism will of communication, do not use force or the threat be exposed and struggles against it will unfold. of force or other manoeuvres' to interfere in In its fight for the control of Europe's flanks their country's or any .other country's internal it has in recent years been devoting much of affairs; moreover, both powers must be closely its resources to the Mediterranean, the Middle watched lest they resort to schemes of subver- East, the Red Sea area, the eastern and western sion and use "aid" as a pretext to push through seaboard of Africa and the coastal areas of the their military, political and.economic plots. The Indian Ocean, and yet in the end it has only people must also see to it that they do not es- met with a succession of ignominious defeats. tablish, enlarge, carve up and wrest spheres of Its naked power politics and gunboat diplomacy influence in any part of the world. So long as possible have met with growing and widespread opposi- all thi-q is done, it will be to hold up the timetable of the two hegemonists for launching tion among the people of the world. Going all a world war, and the people of the world will out as it does for arms expansion and war prep- be better prepared and find themselves in a arations, the Soviet Union finds that "its more favourable position should war break out. strength falls short of its wild ambitions," and To this end, all the countries and people of the it is "unable to cope with Europe, the Middle, third and the second world that are threatened East, South Asia, China and the Pacific by the two hegemonists must first of all foster Region "78 a dauntless spirit and strengthen the conviction lbe difficulties and setbacks suffered by that no matter how the superpowers huff and the two hegemonist powers make it clear that puff, they can be defeated. They must not give in the exellent world situation obtaining today in to intimidation arid never allow themselves it is not only the common wish of the people to be taken in. They must persist in safeguard- of the world to put off the outbreak of war by ing their independence, interests and security stepping up the struggle against hegemonism mainly by relying on themselves, redouble their and spiking the war plans of the Soviet Union efforts to support each other on the basis of practical and the United States, but it is also equality and unite with all the forces that can possible and to do so. World war, though be united to carry the struggle against hege' postponed. guard inevitable, can be To against monism through to the end. surprise attack by tJle war instigators, our defence work has to be based on the possibility Third, we must redouble our efforts to op- of fighting a major war sooner rather than pose the policy of appeasement because it can later. By that, however, we do not meaq that only bring war nearer. There are people in the war will break out tomorrow. The key to put- West today who in fact adopt a policy of ap- ting off war lies not in holding talks and con- peasement towards the Soviet Union. In striv- cluding agreements, as is vociferously preached ing to work out an "ideal" formula for com- by some people, but in the united struggle of promise and concessions in the face of Soviet the people of aII countries against hegemonism. expansion and threats, some people have dished

November 4, 7977 35 up such proposals as the "sonrGnfeldt doctrine" various pa.rts of the world. In the meantime in the fond hope of assuaging the aggressor's the people "of all countries will surely avail appetite or at least gaining some respite for themselves of the many opportunities that will themselves. Others intend to'build a so-called arise to organize wars against aggression. And

"material basis'? for peaceful . co-operation and these raging wars against aggression cannot be the prevention of ' war by means of big loans, stamped out. In the end, through pfolonged extensive trade, joint exploitation of resources and concerted efforts the people will definitely and exchange of technology. Still others hope be able to wipe out the war instigators. As they can divert the Soviet Union to the East Chairman Mao pointed out, 'If the imperialists so as to free themselves from this Soviet peril insist on launching a third world war, it is cer- at the expense'of the security of other countries. tain that several hundred million more [people] But aren't all these nostrums just a revamping will turn to socialism, and there will not be of what was previously tried and found totally much room left on earth for the imperialists; it bankrupt in the history of war? 'Did the Munich is also likely that the whole structure of im- agreement to sacrifice Czechoslovakia, cooked perialism will completely collapse."Te In a word, up by Chamberlain, Daladier and compa.ny, stop if anyone should dare to provoke a world war, or slow down the march of the voracious Hitler? he will find himselJ most rqsolutely opposed and True, Hitler did go east and overrun Poland, rebuffed by the people of the whole world, in- but didn't he follow this up by turning west cluding- the people of his own country, and to occupy France? The United States, Britain complete destruction will await him. and France gave Germany and Japan a shot in In 1968 Chairman Mao stated that the So- the arm by extending aid and loans to them and viet revisionists and the U.S. imperialists "have selling them war materials. And did they suc- done so many foul and evil things that the rev- ceed in saving themselves? Today's activities olutionary people the world over will not let are indeed far more hectic than those before them go unpunished. The people of all coun- World War II, what with the SALT talks be- tries are rising. A new historical period of tween the United States and the Soviet Union, struggle against US. imperialism and Soviet the talks on the reduction of forces in Central revisionism has begun."80 Today, the world Europe and the conference on Europban security forces tighting the hegemonism of the two su- and co-operation. But hasn't the war crisis in perpo"\Mers are growing in strength, building as Europe worsened rather than abated despite the they are the broadest international united front. intensified efforts to keep these conferences In the van of this united front the socialist going and to make deals? Haven't the weapons countries stand shoulder to shoulder with the of all kinds installed on both sides of the international proletariat. They resolutely ex- European front grown in number rather than pose and oppose the two hegemonists' policies diminished? The more highfalutin the talk of aggression and war and support the joint ef- of detente and the more intense the efforts at forts of all countries and people subjected to appeasement, the greater the danger of war. superpower threat and aggression. The coun- This is not alarmist talk. It is a truth repeatedly tries and people of the third world are waging borne out by history. It is high time that these tit-for-tat struggles against the superpowers in appeasers woke up. order to safeguard their independence, sover- political of If war does finally break out, the result eignty and securit5r. The.and awareness will definitely turn out to. be just the opposite the people of the first second worlds is of what the war instigators wish. At present, growing, and they are unfolding a struggle in each hegemonist power intends to spring a sur- diverse forms against the two hegemonists. The prise attack on the other to destroy its war countries of the sec-ond world are unfolding their capabilities at one blow. However, this aim is struggle against Soviet and U.S. control, and very difficult to attain because they are both particularly against the Soviet Union's threats making intensive preparations to forestall just of war, and they have shown a stronger and such an attack. As the war drags on, many stronger tendency to get united among them- changes beyond the calculations and control of selves and with the third world. All this points the two hegemonist powers will take place in to the fact that the main trend in the develop

36 Peking Reuiew, No. 45 ment ot. the present international situation is and btt the other reactionariesj'82 Such calumny unity for stepping up the struggle of all the only goes to prove the correctness of this policy forces in the. wdrid against the two hegemonist in an indirect way. This clique are mortally powers. As time passes, this main trend in- afraid that the people of the worJd will wield creasingly testifies to the correctness of Chair- the revolutionary magic weapon of the united man Mao's theory of the differentiation of the front to deal with them. So they vainly resort three worlds and to its power as the guiding to pseudo-revolutionary phraseology in order to concept for the international proletariat and entice the revolutionary people into practising the people of the world in building the broadest closed-doorism. This practice of rejecting alliei possible international united front against is nothing new to the Chinese Communist Party . hegemonism. and the Chinese people. On the eve of the War of Resistance Against Jap-an, it was sharply crit- It has been the consistent revolutionary icized by Chairman Mao. He pointed out: "The policy of the international proletariat to form tactics of closed-doorism are, on the contrary, the broadest possible united front in worldwide the tactics of.the regal isolationist. Closed- revolutionary struggles to strike at the chief doorism just 'drives the fish into leep waters enemy, Lenin taught us: "The more powerful and the spCrrows into the thickets,' and it wiII enemy can be vanquished only by exerting the drive the millions upon millions of the masses, utmost effort, and most thoroughly, carefully, this mighty arrny, over to the enemy's side, attentively and skilfully making ase ui,thout fail which will certainly win his acclaim."83 Chair- of evety, even the smallest, 'rift' among the marr Mao's. criticism of closed-doorism was bnemies, of every antagonism of interest among warmly supported by the whole Chinese people. the bourgeoisie of the various countries and But the Tbotskyites came out and attacked it, among the various groups or types of bour- slandering the Chinese Communist Party's geoisie within the various countries, and also policy of the antiJapanese national united front by taking advantage of every, even the 56rllss'[, as "a'urdted front' with bureaucrats, politicians, opportunity of gaining a mass ally, even though warlords and even butchers of the people," as this ally be temporary, vacillating, unstable, "grving up the class stand," and so on. Our unreliable and conditional. Those who fail to great thinker Lu Hsun hit the nail on the head understand this, fail to understand even a iar- when he denounced them by saying, "Your ticle of Manrism, or of scientific, modern So- 'theory' is indeed much loftier than that of cialism itu genero.l."$t The revolutionary ex- Mr. Mao Tsetung and others, and, what's more, perience of the proletariat and the oppressed yours is high up in the sky, while. theirs is nations has time and again shown that those down-to-earth. But admirable as such loftiness who correctly apply this policy can muster a is, it will unfortunately be just what the Japa- mighty revolutionary army of the masses in nese aggressors will welcome. Hence I fear that their millions ulrcn millions to concentrate the it will tumble from the sky and slip to the attack on the ehief enemy and triumph in the filthiest spot on earth. . . . I want to remind revolution. Going against this policy can only you that your lofty theory will not be welcomed drive to the side of the enemy those forces which by the Chinese people and that your behaviour could have been won over, swell the enemy's runs counter to the Chinese people's present-day ranks, isolate oneself and consequently condemn standards of morality."sa Today when we re- the revolution to failure. read these incisive statements by Lenin, Chair- man Mao and Lu Hsun, don't we feel that they The formation of an international united are sharp swords piercing the Soviet revisionist front against the two hegemonist powers hai rgnegades to the heart? been viciously maligned by the Soviet revision- ist renegade clique as "forming military-poiit- Much importance is attached to Chairman ical blocs and alliances with the imperialists Mao's theory of the differentiation of the three

Nwember 4, 1977 37 worlds by the forces ranged agairxt the super- worid Chairman Mao meant, first and {foremost, powers throughout the world. Why? Because, the international proletariat. '; first, this theory gives immmse " confidence to More than a century ugo, M".* and Engels, the international proletariat and the people oi the great teachers of the world proletarian rev- the socialist countries and enables them to see olution, pointed out in the Manifesto of 'the clearly essential the relationshipe between the Communist Party: "V[hat the bourgeoisie, there- three forces - ourselves, our friends and our fore, produces, above aII, are its own grave- enemies in the present-day - world and diggels,."8e To accomplish its historic mission of visualize their eventual victory in the struggle burying the eapitalist system which engenders against imperialism and hegemonism and the world wars, the international proletariat must triumph of communism.. Second, this theory do its utmost to build, ,consolidate and expand gives immense confidence the inasses and to an international united front against the Soviet countries of the third world and enables them and U.S. hegemonists and play to the full its to realize their own gigantic strength; it enables role as the core of the united front. Marx and .them to qee that in their struggle they not only Engels said, "The Communists fight for the at- enjoy the sure suppoit of the socialist countries 'for tainment of the immediate aims, the en- and the international proletariat and the soli- foreement of the momehtary interests of the darity people of the of-the first and second working class; but in the movement of the pges- worlds, but they can to a certain extent also ent, they also represent and take care oI the obtain co-ol2gration from the countries of the future of that movement.'& Victory in the second world and take advantage of the coitra- worldwide struggle against hegemonism and vic- dictions between the two superpowers. Third, tory in the international proletariat's slruggle this theory not only holds out high hopes to for socialism and communism are identical as the people of the and fiist second wprlds, but far as fundamental interests are concerned. shovrs the way ahead political for all the forces Capitalism has reached the stage of imperialism of the second world striving to safeguard state which is moribund and decaying, and the two sovereignty and national survival under the superpowers, their hands dripping with blood, menace aggression of by the two superpowers. are already ingxtricably caught in the net they In a word, this theory powerful is because it themselves have cast 'over the world. The day aceords with the bblective realities of world is not far off when the international proletariat, politics and illuminate the bright future of the grave-diggers of the bourgeoisie, together mankind. with their ciose ally, the oppressed people and Chairman Mao always pinned high hopes nations, will shake off their chains and win the on the people of all countries. He said that ..the whole worJd for themselves. party masses of the Soviet people and of mem- Proletarians and the oppressed nations of bers and cadres are good, that they desire rev- the world, unite! All countries subjected to ag- olution and revisionist that rule will not last gression, interference, control, subversion and long."8s ..I On another occasion he said, place bullying by the two hegemonist powers, unite! great hopes the people.',86 in American With Victory belongs to the people of nll countries regard Japanese people to the Chairman Mao fighting the two hegemonist powers, the Soviet said, as "Tortuous is the road of struggle, the Union and the United States! prospects for the Japanese people are bright.,,87 In a talk with personages from Africa and Latin NOTES America he pointed out: "We all stand on the same front and need to unite with and support 1V.I. Lenin, "The Discussion on Self-Determina- eaeh other." "The people of the world, includ- tion Sumgned Up," Collecteil Works, Yol. 22, ing people the of the United States, are our 2 J.V. Stalin, "The Foundations of L€ninism," friends."s Obviously, by the people of the Works, Vol. 6.

38 Pektng Retsieu, No. 45 3 Mao Tsetung, "Statement Supporting the Afro- 22 lbid. Americans' Just Struggle Against U.S. Imperialist ts of Racist Discrimination," August 8, 1963. J.V. Stalin, "Twenty-Fifth Anniversary the Great October Socialist Revolution," Prattdo, 4 Mao ?setung, "Current Problems of Tactics November 7, 1942. in the Anti-Japanese United Front," Selected, ItrIortcs ol Mao Tsetung, Vol. II. n J.v. Stalin, Economic Problems of Socialkm in the I|.S.S.R. 5 V.I. Lenin, "The Ninth Atl-Russia Congress of Soviets," Collected Works, Vol. 33. 25 Mao Tsetung, "On New Democracy," Selected Works ol Mao Tsetung, Vol. II. o J.V. Stalin, "Two Camps," XZorks, Vol. 4. s 7 V.I. Lenin, "Report of the Commission on the Mao Tsetung, "Talk with the American Cor- Works National and the Colonial Questions," deliveied at respondent Anna Louise Strong," Selecteil the Second Congress of the Communist Interna- of Moo Tsetung, Vol. IV. tiona! Collected Works, Vol. 31. 2? Mao Tsetung, "Talks at a Conference of aJ.V. Stalin, "The Foundations of I-eninism," Secretaries of Provincial, Municipal and Autono- Works, Vol. 6. mous Region Party Committees," Selectetl Works ot Mao Tsetung, Vol. V, 9 K. Marx and F. Engels, "On Poland," Col- lecteil Works of Kad Marc and, Freitreri,ck Engels, 28 v.I. Lenin, "ihe Revolutionary Proletariat Vol. 4. and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination," Collected lVorlcs, Vol. 21. t0 "Mar{ to S. Meyer and A. Vogt, April 9, LB70)' Selected, Correspondence of Morc ond Engels. E The U.S. journal Fofiune, May and July issues, 19?7. I V.I. Lenin, "The Discussion on Self-Deter- mination Summed Up," Collected Works, Yol. 22. 3oThe U.S. Departmerit of Commerce, Surtseg o! Current Business, August 1977. 12 F. Engels, "The Foreign Policy of Russian Tsarism," Collected Works of Karl Mor* and, tl V.I. Lenin, "Imperialism, the Highest Stage Frederick Engels, Yol. 22. of Capitalism," Collecteil Works, YoL. 22. l3V.I. Lenin, "The Historical Destiny of the 3x International Economic Report of the Presi- Doctrine of K.arl Mar:r," Collocted Wotlcs, VoL 18. dent January 1977. r{ V.I- Ienin, 'A Caricatue of Marrio and 31te US. Depa.rtrnent of Commerce, Suroey 'Imperialist Bcmomio,'" M'YotE YoL ilil of eutidt Brrsiaess, August 1977.

15 V.I. Idlirl '8,eport on the International Situa- ?A Jad-o-Jelud 'Weekly, Jammu, December tion and the Fundamental Tasks of the Communist 1973 and India, Toilay published in April 19?4 by Internationdl," delivered at the Second Cohgress of the Indian Workers' Association in Britain, the Communist International, Collected Works, Vol. 5See Soviet Foreign Trade," 31. "statistics of 1970-76. 16 Ibid. x Le Mond,e, April 18, 19?4. ri Ibid. rz The U.S. journal Money Manager, April 14, ls V.I. L,enin, "Better Fewer, But Better," CoI- t974. lecteil Works, Vol. 33. sspeech by o. Bogomolov, Proble'ins ol Peace r0 The Soviet journal Internatiotwl Atloirs, ottd, Socialum (World Maruist Reoieto), No. 6, 1974. No. 6, 1974. s U.S. Netos & World Report, August 1, 1922. D J.V. Stalin, "The Foundations of Leninisr4," Wotks, Vol. 6. 40 V.I. Lenin, "socialism and War," Collected Works, Vol. 21. , J.V. Stalin, "Political Report of the Central Committee," delivered at the Fifteenth Congress of 41 V.I. Lenin, "War and Revolution," Collected the C.P.S.U.(B.), I,Iorks, Vol. 10. Works, Vol. 24.

Notsenber 4, 7977 39 42 V.L Lenin, .!'Imperialism and the Split in 5e "The C.M.E.A. Countries on the Road to Eco- Socialism," Collecte(l"' Works, Vol. 28. nomic Integration," tlre Hungarian journal Koz- gazdasagi (E,conorrbic . 43 L.I. Brezhnev, Speech at the Meeting in Szemle Reoiewl, No. 9, 1974. Celebration of the 250th Anniversary of the 60 "Theoretical Problems of Deepening the So- Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., October ?, eialist Economic Integration of the C.M.E.A. 19?5. Countries," Wirtschalts Wissenscholt' (Economic Sciznce), G.D.R, No. 4, 1g??. 4lLJ, Brezhnev, Report to the 25th Congrcss of the C.P.S.U. u'op. cit. @Mao ot 6 !'rom 'rThe Military Balance 19??-19?8' Tsetung, "On Policy," Selec,teit Works published by t}re International Institute forStrategic Mab Tsetung, Vol. II. Studies, London. eoF. Engels, "socialism in Germany," Col,lecteil 46 lbid. Worlrs of l(orl Morc ond Frederick Engels, Yol. 22. 6. &Fngels ' 47y.D. Sokolovsky, Militorg Strategg. to A Bebel, October 18, 1891,. eor- lecteil Woilcs o, Kor,l Morx onil Freileri,clc Engels, 48 V.I. Lenin, "socialism and War," CottecteiL Vol. 38. Works, Vol. 21. ssee Lenink thre letters to Inessa Armand, 4e December .18, J.v. Stalin, 'tConcerning the National- eues- 23 and 25, 19L6, Collecteil Works, 35. tion in Yugoslavia," Works, Vol. ?. Vol. s V.L Lenin, Junius Pamphle!" Coltected m Mao Tsetung, "The Chinese Revolution and '!The Works, Yol. 22. the Chinese Communist Party,,' Selected Works of Mao Tsetung, Vol. II. 67 V.I. Lenin, "Imperialisrr\ the Highest Stage 51 From a talk by Chairman Mao in February of Capitalism," Collecteil Wmks, YoL. ?2- L974. 6s V.I. Lenin, "An OBen Letter to Boris 52 Mao Tsetung, "In Commemoration of br. Souvarine,". Collected .Works, Vol. 23. Sun Yat-seri," Selected, Works of Moo Tsgtung, ' @ Vol. V. From a talk by Chairman Mao in September 1973. Chairman Mao made similar remarks in his il Speech by Chairman Mao at the enlarged talks in November 19?3 and in April 19?5. meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central 70 to A. Bebel, Septernber 29-Oetober 1, Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in "Engels LB9L," Collecteil Works of Karl Mam Freiletick April 1956. enil Engels, Vol. 38. e in Comrade En-lai's Quoted Chou "Report 7r Mao Tsetung, "On the Correct Handling of to the Tenth National Congress of the Communist Contradictions Among the People," Selec'teit Works Party of China." of Moo Tsetung, Vol. V. 56 From a talk by Chairman Mao at a recep- 72 V.I. Lenin, "A Caricature of Marxism and tion for public figures and delegates from 12 'Imperialist Economism,"' Cotlecteil Works, Vol. 23. African countries and regions, May ?, 1960. 73 From a talk by Chairman Mao in February 56 From a talk by Chairman Mao in October L974. 1970. z lbid. 57 Problems Price-Formation "Some in the in 76 From a talk by Chairman Mao in January quarterly the Socialist Market," the Bulgarian 1964. Mezhilurwroilni, Otnoshenia (International Rela- tions), No. 4, L974. 76 From a talk by Chairman Mao in October 1975. s "Ttre International Socialist Relations of 77 From Production and the Principle of Distribution Ac- a talk by Chairman Mao in September cording to Work," the Bulgarian journal Ekonomi- 1975. cheska Misl (Thoughts on Econami.cs), No. B, 1g?0. 78 From a talk by Chairman Mao in May 1974.

40 Peking Retsiew, No. 45 . 7e Mao Tsetung, "On the Cqrrect Handling of tee of the Ccmmunist Party of China, January 30, Contradictions. Among the People," Selecteil Works 1982. of Moo Tsetung, Vol. V. 86 From a talk by Chairman Mao in December e From Chairman Mao's telegram to the 1970. Albanian leaders, September 17, 1968. .. 87 From a talk by Chairman Mao with friends er V.i. I-€nin, " 'Left-Wing' Communism An - from Japan, Renmin Ribao, October B, 1961. Infantile Disorder," Collected Works, Vol. 31. s 82 The Soviet journal Kommunist, No, 12, 19?5. From a talk by Chairman Mao with trade union and women's delegations and representatives 83 Mao Tsetung, "On Tactics Against Japanese from 14 Latin American and African countries and Imperialisrrq" Selecteil Works ol Mao Tsetung, regions, Renmi,n Ri.bao, May 4, 1960. Vol. L e Lu Hsun, "Reply to a Letter From the 8e K. Marx and F, Engels, "Manifesto of the Trotskyites," Collecteil Works, Vol. 6. Communist Party," Collecteit, Works o! Karl, Mar* anil Erederick Engets, Vol. 4. s Mao Tsetung, Speech at the Enlarged Session of the Working Conference of the Central Commit- e0 Ibid.

power and thus forced down the wages for the British workers., As a result of the British ruling classes' deoeptive propaganda and their, efforts Otn notes to the arti,cle "Chairman Mao's in sowing discord, the British working class Theorg o! the Differentiati,on of the Three split into two hostile camtrx, English proletarians Worlds Is a Ma,jor Contri;buti:,on to Marcism- and Irish proletarians. "This antagonism is thLo Leninism" u:ill be carrted in instalments secret of the i,mpotence of the English utorking- begtnni.ng from this i,ssue "Peking Reoi.ero" class, despite their organization. It is the Eit. - secret by which the capitalist class maintains its power." ("Marx to S. Meyer and A. Yogt," Morr The "lrish Question" and Engels on Britai.n.) (See p. 13.) The above passage from Marx's letter was years slogan In his letter in 1870 to S. Meyer and A. Vogt, written 30 after the militant Marx mentioned the' "Irish question" which "Workers of all countries, unitet" was put concentd the reiations between the Irish na- forward in the Mani,festo ol the Communist tional-liberation struggle and the British pro- Party. The revolutionary alliance of the pro- letarian rwolution. letariat is the prerequisite for its emancipation. But on this question there still existed niany Ireland used to be the first colony of Britain, problems that must be resolved as quickly as 1798, the Society In of United Irishmen staged possible. In 1870, Marx expressed the view that an uprising, was put 1801 but it down. In it was not enough to have only the alliance of Britain annexed Ireland and the United King- the proletariat, who must also enter into dom of Great Britain and Ireland was alliance with the oppressed people and na- established. tions in order to win liberation. In the 1870p, When Marx wrote the aboye letter, the Irish England had already become the metropolis of people were carr:ying out the national-liberation capital and. the power with control over the struggle against British colonial rule. The world market, and it was also the most im- ruthless oppreslion and exploitation by the portant corintry for the workers' revolution. British colonialists resulted in the bankruptcy' Therefore Marx called on the International of large numbers of Irish peasants who were Working-menk Association to hasten the social forced to leave their homeland and migrate revolution in England and make this its most to the United States and Britain. This provided irnportant object. The sole means of hastening the British labour market with surplus man- it was to make Ireland independent. Marx also

Nooember 4, 1977 47 appealed to the eseociation to side openly wit[. rorkens' pertl€s lo-dlyt1,t'ith Poland:'lnthe tfe- Ireland, and to awaken a consclousness. in the and-death stryggle dgutnst their ootlEnon enemy, English workers that for them "tho ao;fu+l ttle tsarict Russtan erhpire. Just as,Lentn pointed unancipatlon of lreland. is no qucodoo of. out: "ltlarx ir kiown t'o have favoured Polish abstract justice dr humanitarlan .eendment but iadependence in tte iaterests of European the first conilition of their outn sociel enorutlpo- domocraql in lts struggle againit the power tion." (ibid.) and lnfluenc€-or, it might be said,.agalnst the omnlpotence and predomtnatlng reactlon- Polond's lndepondcn€c aty l,nflumcu-of tcarlsh." (See p. 73.) ' Wilhelm ll Towards end 18th qent$y, Poland the of tha (See p. 22.) was partitioned on three occasions by PrxJssig Kaiser the (Germany), Austria and tsarigt Rursla, and the $fil[elm, the tast emperor of German empire and grandson Wilhelm I, third partition in 1795 re*ulted in its complete of subjugation. The Polish people's struggle for esceDd€d the throne in 1888. When he was emlrcror, developed a national independence had since then contlnuei Cermany and beeame powerful unabated. While undetground reslstance or- imperidi* couatry with its industrial productlon ganizations of all klnds cafi*ed on the ltrugglo ranlC43 secmd only to the United in the country, Polish patflots ln exilc abroad Statc. Actlng in thc lntcrests of the bourgeoisie junkera (blg took an active part in the fight for the liberation and lendlords), this empire was of their motherland. actively engaged in ermr expansion and war preparations and stepped up tts aggression and The uprising in Warsaw in Novernber 1830, expansion overge&8, $,hich is known throughout the wodd, dea$, tsarist Russian occupationiate a heavy blolr. To cohtend with the old-line tmperialist Meanwhile, the struggla for Polond'c in- powers for world domination, the German im- pefiallsts headed provoked dependence and uhification ate..o apread in areas by Wilhelm II lVorld occupied by Prussia and Auetria. War I (1014-18). In November 1918 a revolution took place Germany and Wilhelm was Marx and Engels incisively deslt witti the in II forced to step down and flee to Holland where Polish question on many occasions. The pas- he lived in exile. He died in 1941. sage quoted from Engels in this article was part of his speech at an iniernational tneeting held in commemoration of th'e i?th annlversary of The Suez Conol lncident the Warsaw uprising in 1830. Engeb stressed (See p. 16.) that Poland and Germany had common intereatl The Suez Canal which links the Mediter- and that democrats of.the two countriee sheuld ranean with the Red Sea was dug by the concert their- efforts to overthrow the German Egyptian people in their own country from 1859 feudal ari:stocracy. to 1869. Rut the Suez Canal Company which In 1848 and 1849, following the outbreak of was in charge'of its management was under the the bourgeois democratic revolution in Europe, control of the British and French qelenialista tsarist Russia, which was at that time a pillar and was an instrument of the Western imperial- of the reactionary forces in the continent, tried ists, particuiarly the British imperialists, for to crush by force the revolution in various coun- aggression against Egypt and the Middle East. tries. Marx and Engels analysed the concrete In July 1956, the Egyptlen Government decided conditions of the national-democratic move- to nationallZe the Suez Canal Company, thereby ments there and the relationships between the dealing a telling blow to the imperialist policy various political forces as well as the relation- of aggression. Not reconciled to their defeat, pressure 'dependenceships between Poland's struggle for ln- Britain and France brought to bear on and the European revolution. - They Egypt in an attempt to "internationalize" the urged the working class to take part in the rev- canal. When this plot lailed, Britain and Frahce olution and unite with the progressive de- ganged up with Israel in October the same year mocrats, and called upon the West European to launeh a war of aggression against Egypt.

42 Pekhq Reoieut, IVo. 45 During the incident, the United States, only to inflate the Gerrnan fascists' arro€anc€ taking advantage of the predlcament of Brltaln and whet thelr appctlte lor aggression. Fol- and France, aetively meddled in the Middle lowlng their oecupatlon of the Sudetenland Esst affalrs. After the war broke out, lt "sup ln November 1938, tlre German fasctsts i:rvaded 1rcrted" the U.N. ceasefire resolution and the and occupled all of Czeehoslovakia in March dispatch of internation-al emergency forces to the 1939. And in Sel2tember that year they attacked canal zone in a bid to squeeze out and replace Poland, which had a treat5r of alliance with Britain and France in Egypt. Britain and France, thus triggering off World The armed aggression by the British, French War II. and Israeli troops met with the Dgyptian pec- The Sonnenfetdt Doctrine ple's heroic resistance. Supported by.the wofld's people, the Arab people in particular, the Egypt- (Sie p. 36.) ian people drove the last batch of Anglo-French Helmut Sonnenieldt, councellor to the U.S. lnvaders out of their territory on Decembet.2L, State Department of the Fbrd administration, 1956. expressed in a speech his views on U.S. rela- tionshtps with the Soviet Union. Thls was The Munich Agroemont called the "sonnenfeldt doctrine." (See p. 36.) In December 19?5, former U.S. Secretarff of This agreement was signed ln Munich in State Kissinger called a meeting in London of September 1938 by British Prime Minlster U.S. ambassadons in Europe. At the meeting, Chamberlain and French Premier Daladier with Sonnenfeldt made a speech deallng with U.S. policy the German and Italian fascist chleftains Hitler towards Eastern Europe. He said: "The and Mussolini. Soviets' inability to acquire loyalty in Eastern Europe is an unfortunate historical failure, On thelve of lVorld War II, the insatiable because Eastern Europe is within their scope German fascists'openly threatened to gobble up and area of natural interest." He added that for Czechoslovakia, a small country in Europe, the United States, "there ir no way to preVent shortly after they had annexed Austria. On the the emergence of the Soviet Union as a sup€r- pretext that part of the German people were pourer." "It must be our policy to strive Sudetenland Czechoslovakia, [U,S.] living in the of for an evolution that makes the relationship be- Illfler, massing large number troops on a of tween the Eastern Europeans and the Soviet the border,- threatened to invade the country. Union an organic one," "so that Soviet-East BritafuL France and the other imperialist cOun- European relations will not sooner or later ex- triec had the illusion that they could save them- plode, causing World War'IIL" According to sehres at the expense of Czechoslovakia and pwh U.S. press reports, Sonnenfeldt's statement fascists eastward the the Goman to attack reflects" former U.S. Sectetary of which wa8 "faithfully Soviet-Uuion, a socialist country at State Kissinger's views on foreign policy. that time. It was against this background that Immediately after was published in the the Munich agreement was concluded. it press in March 19?6, the speech came under The agreement coraisted of eight articles. The heavy fire both in the United States and in main stipulttions were that Czechoslovakia Europe. It was pointed out that in dishing up should, withln a fixed period of time, cede to the "organic" formula, Sonnenfeldt's purpoce Germany the Sudetcnland and the southern was to make the East European countries gf,ve parts bordering on Austria and transfer its up their independence and sovereignfil, military installations, industrial and mining strengthening the Soviet Union's dominance in enterprises and means of transport in these Eastern Europe in exchange for "stability" in areas to Germany witho-ut compensation, and Europe. This was a reflecticin of the super- that its remaining territory would b", powers' desire to "carve up spheres of in- "guaranteed" by Britain, tr'rance, Germany and fluence" in Europe and a further development Italy aga.inst any further invasion. of the policy of appeasement pursued by the Instead of reducing the danger of war, the United States towards the Soviet Union after British and French policy of appeasement served the Helsinki summit in 1975.

November 4, 1977 43