ttt s aos oiics a oiicias

y W. ea Cak

uise y e

© Copyright W. Leland Clark, 1981 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in newspapers or magazines. Clark, W. Leland Brandon's Politics and Politicians ISBN 0-88925-351-X

First printing, 1981 Type set by Brandon Sun Cover courtesy of Lawrence Stuckey Collection

Printed and bound in Canada by Friesen Printers a Division of D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. Altona, ROG OBO Canada eicaio

Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Charles W. Lightbody, who awakened in me an unknown fascination with the past, and to Cheryl and Janine, who constitute my link with the future. AE O COES

Chapter I: age The Constituency of "Brandon City" ...... Cae II: e A o "acica oiics" as acise i Pre-War Brandon ...... Cae III: ose Wo aye e "Game" a Wo i eWa Brandon ...... Cae I: 4 8: e Ueasy Cam a ecee the Storm ...... 68 Cae : The Old Order Changeth, Yielding Place to New ...... 0 Cae I: ay Cae: aos Mos Successu — u As Yet Unrecognized — Municipal Politician ...... 2 Cae II: e Suisig Imac o e eessio Uo Provincial and Federal Politics in Brandon ...... 44 Cae III: 1939 - 1945: From Depression Unto "Revolution" ...... 2 Cae I: e osWa Ea a e Emegece o e Progressive Conservative "Opposition" Party ...... 6 Cae : Brandon's Politics and Politicians in Retrospect ...... 22

I oewa

My ioucio o e oiica isoy o ao o o e Wes, o wic i is a a, came eay. My aes oug me o Maioa o e wae o e Sioia ea o seemes. I was oy wo yeas o age a e ime, so i ecome awae o i ui ae, u I wi ememe ose a seas o e coois ca o e C wi is soe a e e. Ou esiaio was aigo o e eoaie ie. We e ime came o go o Coege i e 20s I a some iicuy eciig wee o ea o ao o go o Wiieg, u e cose oimiy a easie access o e ig ciy eaie. ee my oommae a cose ie, usuig suies i aw, was Ea ayo, a eew o awce ayo, Coseaie eae i e Maioa egisaue a e ime. Ea was caig is uue wi a oiica caee i mi. O gauaio e cose ao as e ace o esais a aw acice a eecise is oiica iees. I ees we iscusse e oems o e ao Souis aea a o Caaa i geea. I ai im a isi i e summe o , a isi a as emaie ess memoae o e oiica quesios we see a o e ac a e ook me ou o e go couse o e o i wee we aye e oy ie oes I ae ee aye. ay ecause o Eas uimey ea i a ca accie, I was o ack i ao o may yeas, ece o ass oug o ois ae Wes. u oowig e ea o . o . C. Eas, esie o e Coege, some o my o ies associae wi e Coege, oay Mi oe a aey oaso, coceie e iea a I wou make a assae successo. ey ega ei "saes ic" eay i 60, as a esu o wic my wie Ca a I y Seeme ou ousees seig i ao o a say o ie yeas. ese wee ieesig a eoyae yeas o us o — e yeas o e ai easio o e Coege a is ise o e saus o ao Uiesiy. ee was a ieece o oiio as o wee e ew ame sou e ao Uiesiy o e

V Uiesiy o Wese Maioa, u I e i iew o e ou isoy o ao Coege e ess e cage i ame e ee. esies, e Uiesiy o Wese Maioa suggese e gioaism, a wie i is a ac e uiesiy sees e wese a o e oice i a secia way (as oe uiesiies see ei oca egios i is a egiimae oecie o e e es o oy cee i e woe oice o some yes o suy, a us i as maage o ecome. ee Cak, e wie o is isoy, is oe o e youg me we oug o ao Coege i e 60s. e came o e omiaio o a memoae a emie acaemic, Caes W. igoy, wo we a eice om Saskacewa a ie eaie. ee, ike is meo, came om Saskacewa, oug oe mig say om wii e wie ao aea — om emig, o a om e ieoicia ouay. is ook wi sa as a moume o may yeas o aisakig eseac oe y ee Cak. A wa moe a oiae memoia cou ee e o e ue yeas o isoy o e ciy o ao a o e ao Su.

. O E. OIS eie esie, ao Uiesiy ome Caaia Amassao o e aica Oawa, Oaio Seeme , 8.

I eace

is eamiaio o aos oiics A oiicias cosiues a mao eisio o my ocoa isseaio eie " oiics I ao Ciy 84" wic was comee o e Uiesiy o Aea i 6. I am ease o ae a e oouiy, some ie yeas ae, o ee e ime ame sigy a o eiee e oiics o is commuiy i ig o my oeuy ue uesaig o e oiica ocess. A oiica suy o a sige commuiy is oiousy ee e uo e aaiaiiy o suiae souces. e oiica omi ece o a ume o aos oiica eaes oie a uusua wea o iomaio o occasio u, uouaey, a isaoiig ea awaie e eseace i oe isaces. is suy commeces i 8, e yea o e is coese eecio i wic Cio Sio aiciae as Miise o e Ieio. I cocues i 2 o a aiey o easos. is o a, may uic ecos ae cose o e eseace o 0 yeas. Secoy, e esus o e 1951 a 2 yeecios esaise a ae o ogessie Coseaie asceacy i is commuiy wic wou eai o may yeas. iay, e ey ece as is oe "oo cose" a i ecomes eceeigy iicu, o eseace a eae aike, o aoac e suy wi a suicie egee o oeciiy. As e eseac o my isseaio ega aoimaey a ecae ago, I am iee o may iiiuas a isiuios wo ae coiue o e esu. o ose wo ga suy eaes, aocae eseac us a oie access o yig oos a uicaio seices a ao Uiesiy o osea e Uiesiy o Aea wo awae scoasis a assisasis o e sas o e uic Acies o Caaa, e uic Acies o Maioa a Quees Uiesiy Acies a o ose a e ao Su wo sae ei quaes wi me iemiey om o 4 I am siceey gaeu.

II e ao Su, owee, oie me wi moe a esk sace a wic o wok. ei ewsae ies wee a i auae souce as e Su aoe o is commuiys may ews aes as uise coiuousy sice a iaugua issue o auay , 882. ose issues, eeoe, cosiue a uoig eco o e ie o e ao commuiy a ey see as a useu emie o e sigiicace o e ewsae as a isoica souce. I 88, Cas. Wieea, a aiway cosucio coac o, imoe e is oaoa o ume io ao a e " isa" ciy ega o ake sae i 8, e was a o a syicae wic ucase e Su om Wi Wie, is iiia uise. y 0, . . Wieea, a aioa coaco ike is ae Caes, secue a cooig iees i e Su eig yeas ae, e ecame e soe owe. Uo . . Wieeas ea i 4, is so Ees C. Wieea ecame uise a e, i u, was succeee y is so, ewis . Wieea. us, ao as kow ou geeaios o Wieeas, a o wom ae aye a ia oe i is commuiy — eie as e make o e ecoe o ees. o e Wieeas a oes o ei geeaios, aoies owe a e o gaiue. o ewis . Wieea a ose o is maageme eam wo esoe o commemoae e Sus 00 Aiesay y uisig oiics A oiicias, I eess my sicee aeciaio. e is o ose o wom I am iee coiues. o . ewis . omas, wo gae usaigy o imse as my issea io sueiso, I umy say "ak you." o e McGuiess a Waye oyce o e Su, I eess my aks o ei aiece a o ei eu eiig. o om S. Mice, a ome sue, a ie a ow a coeague, I am eemey gaeu as is ougu ciicisms ae eece ougou e suy i a mae a oy e wi ecogie. o Sey aywa wo ye is mausci i is may esios a o Moe Gowig wo se e coy, I eess my aeciaio as ei ueig cooeaio mae my ask seem ess isumouae. iay, o my amiy wo waie see og yeas o e ocoae o e comee a wo e saciice mos o 8 o "e ook," I eess e oe a ey i suicie saisacio i e e esu o waa e egec a ey ae suee. October, 1981 W. ea Cak III I The Constituency of "Brandon City" ao, Maioa. I was a ae yica make cee aiway ow o e ee o e 20 ceuy. Is sees wee we gae. Is waewoks wee muiciay owe, a mak o ogess i a ew ea o "gas a wae sociaism." I a a eicie ie eame equie wi wo seam ie egies. e ciy a wo scoos (i.e., e "o Cea" o e See a S. Micaes Caoic, a oma Caoic coe a e usua ume o cuces. is sma aiie ciy cou aso oi wi ie o is ow coege a i a esec i was uique. ao, wi is gai eeaos a gis mis, was e make cee o oe o e ies agicuua egios i Maioa: i ac, e eco wea co o 88 a e iaiiy o e C o moe a aes o ease makes a esue i suc a massie gai ockae ( wi og ies o ames waiig imaiey wi ei wago oas o wea o aciic Aeue a ao a eeae ee kow as e "Wea Ciy." e esece o seea saw a aig mis ocae o e aks o e Assiioie ie i icae a e ciy a is ow "ime" iusy. ao was aso e sea o e Wese uicia isic cou ouse a e ocaio o a oicia ai. uemoe, a o gea sigiicace o e ecoomic uue o is gowig commuiy, ao was a iisioa oi o e C a i was, i aiio, e ease emius o e Gea o Wes Cea a e wese emi us o e oe aciic aiway. Aoug is commuiy o some ,000 coaie a su saia ume o aiway emoyees, mi as a acoy emoyees, aoimaey ,000 i oa, aos usiess a oessioa cass ceay omiae e ciys eay isoy. ose wo oie ciic eaesi, wee i e o suc esigious oies as e Geea osia oa, e oca scoo oa, aos ciy couci o as a eece eeseaie o eie e

1 Maioa egisaue o e ouse o Commos, wee uiomy memes o e same usiess a oessioa cass. uemoe, ose usiess a oessioa me wo uie eaesi oes i e commuiy uig is iiia wo ecaes wee ecusiey WASs o eomiay Oaio oigi. ao, eeoe, was a ew u ay memoae aiie ciy wic aeae, i may ways, o eseme a agme o e Oaio wic was e oi o oigi o so may o is iaias. I e sig o 88, Geea . . osse, o ea o e C, a ecie o esais a ew "iisioa oi" ao imaey wo mies wes o e sie o Ga aey a o e sou, ae a o e o, sie o e ooig Assiioie ie. o a ew summe weeks, e sie o is uue ciy was make oy y es. aks i a o e eeeeuia eos o Cas. Wieea wo imoe e is oaoa o ume om Wi ieg (a wose amiy susequey ecame a omie a o is ew ciy, e ow sie was soo oe wi emoay wooe sucues. e aia o e is C ai i Seeme, 88 esue i a amos immeiae eucio i eig aes y 0 e ce a e isaeaace (wii a yea o e seam oa iusy o e Assiioie ie. is ew iisioa cee o e C aso simuaeousy eeoe as e icia make cee o e souwese Maioa wea ecoomy, ui oca ua gai eeaos wee cosuce ae i e ecae. I 882, ao was icooae as a ciy aig ee uegoe e cusomay asiio om iage o ow o ciy. y 88 - e yea o ies seco eeio — ao, wi a ouaio o 2,48, was a iig commuiy. ougou e 880s a muc o e 80s, ao was eceie o e imaiy "a woesae eeece esig uo e ae o e suouig couy." e umeous ugsoes, eame soes (o wic ee wee ou, ieies, ase a ue comaies, coig soes, ewees, isuace agecies, ook soes, ceameies, awaes, coacig ims, ea esae eaes, "oa" comaies a e 0 oes wee a iega a o ay make cee. owee, e ume o usiesses, suc as A. E. McKeies See Co. (wic was oue i 8, E. . Cisies ook Soe, Aams Soe Co., a Wiso, aki a Co., wic i usiess ougou a o Wese Caaa iicae

2 aos osse Aeue, 882

Wese Caaa icoia Ie, Uiesiy o Wiieg ao i e 880s: e make cee o wese Maioa

a ao, y 00, a aeay ogesse om a aiioa sma make cee io a iesiie sumeooia commuiy. I e meaime, imoa ew ysica imoemes wee occuig wii e ciy: e ao Eecic ig Co., wic a ee i oeaio sice 888, oee is ew e See a (wi a 00 e ce icease i caaciy i 809 e omiio Eeimea am wic a ee oue i 888 y oesso S. A. eo, is is sueiee, a ecome a ciy " sowiece" e ew Geea osia a ee occuie i 82 ae e iiia quaes a oe o e iaequae wie, a om eas, ey . amoe (ae Aema amoe, wo a ucase e usey i 88 wic wou make e amiy ame amous ougou Wese Caaa, auce e ee aig camaig wic wou ae eae ao ooses o caim a ei commuiy "is uouey e mos eauiu ciy i e Caaia owes." I aiio o seig as a imoa make cee (a a woesae isiuio eo, ao oie ysica eiece o a iciie mauacuig ecoomy we a ou mi" a o auys ume mi," commece oeaio i 88. Wii a ecae, e commuiy coaie umeous mauac uig esaismes (wi a caia iesme o $8,0 wic emoye 26 "as," ai $6,400 e aum i wages, a ouce $,800 wo o goos." e 80s wiesse a ecie i mauacuig ouciiy, owee, as e aue o mauacue ouce imiise o $4,2 wie oa wages ai was euce o $2,. e ume o mauacuig esa ismes aso ecie om 39 o 2. owee, e oa caia iesme was icease om $8,0 o $,662 a e ume o esos emoye ose sigy o 28.4 Wie e ume o mauacuig ims a ecease, ose a e maie i oeaio wee oiousy age a ei is o oucs was suisigy egy: ume a uiig maeias oice a oe iues mes a womes coig agicuua ime mes (o ieiie a wagos gasoie egies seam oies moumes a easoes ou a oamea miiey ie egies es, awigs a maesses wimis io mouigs uosee wok sigs ae, ee a so iks ooks a

4 Wese Caaa icoia Ie, Uiesiy o Wiieg i ao was e "eaig ose aig cee i e Wes"

Cosucig a sewe ie o osse Aeue

saioey iwok oos a soes meicies cay, sa a ime icks ceme ocks aess sewe ies eas a ee cigas." e ac a ao a ecome e "eaig ose aig cee i e Wes ue aess o e ciys ecoomic eomiace i e wese egio. Wie seea ims wee egage i is usiess, oe a oe esimae a ey aoe a imoe oses aue i ecess o $ miio io e ao isic. I e oiio o e Western Sun, owee, e key o aos uue eeome eee uo e aiiy o eeo as a asoaio cee: "Uess ses ae ake o ee e eomous ueeoe esouces o e o iuay o ou ciy, i is oome o emai a couy ow."" ouaey o ao, e C, e ciys ages emoye, was o e ege o co sieae easios a e o oe aciic aiway, wic coece ao wi Wiieg ia Wawaesa, was soo (i 0 o ecome a o a aiy eaig Caaia oe sysem. ao aeae o ae a eciig ecoomic uue. A e mome, owee, ee wee isuig sigs o ecoomic weakess a is wou ae o e oecome. Wie e ciys ouaio a escaae say om ,8 i 8 o ,620 i 0 (a 48.6 e ce icease, ue o a ew wae o Euoea immigas, e as yeas o a ecae a ee isaoiig as e ume o eigie oes a acuay ecie om ,6 i 88 o ,8 i 00." O a moe seious ei, e Imeia ak a iiiae ega oceeigs agais e ciy i ae 88 we ao a aie o ui is oigaios. y mi8, o oes wee eoey iig sui agais e ciy o oayme o iees." Wie Mayo Eekie Eas maiaie a ue ece ciic eeiues, suc as esseia ige a ciy a eais accoue o e ciys eici, ciics coee a oey assessmes a oca aaio aes wee ecessiey ig." As a esu, oca aaio eeues a ecie say as may oey owes a aaoe ei oigs." Waee e easo, ao was i a seious eici siuaio a a ey mome we e ogem uue ooke so ig. Wie e ciys ecoomy was eeiecig wa is ea es oe wou e a ume o emoay iicuies i e ae

6 19th ceuy, e aue o e commuiys esies emaie eaiey cosa i ems o ei caaceisics. Accoig o e 0 cesus eus, .6 e ce o ao esies wee o Egis oigi 2.2 e ce wee o Iis oigi a 26.0 e ce wee o Scois esce o a oa o 82.86 e ce. e ume o aoies o Euoea oigi wee miiscue i comaiso: . e ce wee o Gema oigi 2.0 e ce wee o Scaiaia esce .26 e ce wee o ussia oigi wie oy .0 e ce wee o ec oigi. ee wee, i aiio, ou egoes, 13 Ciese o aaese, 11 Iias a oe "

aee" esiig i ao" I sou, owee, e oe a e maoiy o ese esies a ee o i Caaa. Aoug eac igues o e ciy ae uaaiae, 8. e ce o ose wo esie wii e eea cosiuecy o ao a ee o i Caaa: i ac, 42 e ce wee Oaio o wie a age 2.0 e ce wee aie Maioa. e oeig o ouaio, owee, was some wa o e icease. Oy 2.60 e ce o ao esies i 88 wee "oeig o"" wie . e ce o e ao eea cosiuecy wee us esigae i 0. e Ameica comoe, owee, was quie cosa: .6 e ce o ao esies i 8886 a ee o i e U.S.A. wie . e ce o e esies o e ao eea cosiuecy i 0 wee Ameica o. As oy .6 e ce wee oma Caoic, e as maoiy o aoies wee oiousy oesa. O a gou, e esyeias wee e mos umeous (wi 28.6 e ce e Meoiss wee seco (wi 22.6 e ce e Agicas wee a ea i (wi 2.4 e ce wie e aiss co siue a weak ou (wi 8.4 e ce". aos oca goeme cosise i e 80s o a mayo (eece auay y e oes a age a eig aeme wo eac eesee oe o e ciys ou was o a woyea em." Wie eac wa oigiay a ee eesee y ee aeme, a ume a ee euce o wo eeseaies e wa i 886. aos cue mayo a couci, as a ee e case sice aos iceio as a ciy i 882, wee omie memes o e ciys usiess a oessioa cass. o eame, . Maye ay, wo was eece aos is mayo i 882 a

7 agai i 884, was aso e ciys is awye ames A. Sma, mayo o 8886, was i e awae usiess A. C. ase, mayo i 8828 (a susequey i 02 owe a age y goos soe Aew Key, mayo o 800, was esie o Aams os. & aess Co., Eekie Eas, mayo o 88, was a "iae" ake wie o Mciami, wo was eece mayo i 82, 8, 8 a agai i 00, was a meica oco. Wie e ac a ese me wee omie a successu memes o aos usiess a oessioa cass coims a ey wee iiiuas o cosieae comeece a a ey, i a ike ioo, ossesse imoa eaesi skis, ey emaie, ee eess, memes o a ecoomic cass wic a a sog ese iees i e ecoomic eeome o ei commuiy. Oe susecs, eeoe, a ei eusiasm o oiica ioeme cou o e eaie i ems o auism aoe. Memes o aos usiess a oessioa cass wee equay omie i oicia a eea oiics. Aoug ciic eaes iaiay eie e esece o "oiics" a e muicia ee, a emakae ume o ao mayos ae ecame aisa caiaes o eecio o e Maioa egisaue a o e ouse o Commos.28 e easos wic eaie e oouce iees o e memes o a cass i muicia oiics wou ikewise accou o ei eemiece a e so cae ige oiica ees. e ac a e ie squae mies wic comise e Ciy o ao aso cosiue esseiay e oicia cosiuecy o ao Ciy o ao, as i was moe equey kow," e o a ieiae ieeaiosi ewee muicia a oicia oiics. Aoug e ao eea cosiuecy was susaiay age o i geogaic ems a ouaio," ciy esies aiioay cosiue a oimaey 40 e ce o e eea cosiuecys eecoae. Cosequey, a omie meme o e ao commuiy uouey eoye some oiica aaage oe esies o oe sma commuiies i ay i o eea eecie oice. ao, eeoe, i 8 was a yica Wese Caai a make ceeisiuio eo wose ecoomic uue wou ee imaiy uo e coiue gow o is agicuua iea a is aiway sysem. Sou is C "iisioa oi" ecome ee moe sigiica as a aiway ow, e oume

8 o ae, e umes emoye a usiess oouiies i geea wou e equay eace. As a esu, e aue o e cosiuecy o ao Ciy cou we e aee susaiay y suc gow, a eseciay i ay egee o wokig cass co sciousess sou emege. ao, o e ee o e 20 ceuy, was a sma commuiy o ,000 wic a ee, o is oi, oiicay omiae y ose wo a iiiay aciee ecoomic a socia omiece wii is egeig aiie ciy. e uue e omises o gow a gow, wou i u, ecessi ae cage. e sigiicace o ose cages o e oiics a e oiicias o ao was ye o e eemie.

FOOTNOTES . e isoy o ao Coege is a ieesig eame o e sigiicace o e aiway o e gow o Wese Caaa. aiie Coege a is successo McKees Acaemy a ee oigiay esaise i ai Ciy o e assum io a e C was o oow a moe owesey oue. e ecisio i aou o e soue oue mea e emise o ai Ciy, e gow o ao a e suseque e ocaio o McKees Acaemy o is aiy gowig ciy. I 8, e ais Coeio o Maioa a e owes eioies ecie o esais a ais Coege i ao a McKees Acaemy was asoe y e ew isiuio. C. G. Soe a . oa Gae, ao Coege: A isoy, 86 (ao 6, . 2. eesos Maioa a owes eioies iecoy, 8. . iee eo, e as Sike (ooo , 22. 4. ioee accous ae eee o e "Iia scae" o 88 a eau aoies ooke o ei ow eeces y o gaiig a ome Gua ue e comma o Mayo ames Sma. ao aiy Su, uy 24, 0. . Ii., oeme , 2.

9 6. E. . Cisie oug e usiess i 88 a e susequey " uise" mos o e scoos o e aiies. I aiio, E. . Cisie ae ecame esie o e ao Eecic ig Co. Ii. . aees o e Aams Soe Co. eesee e ao im i e oWes eioies. e Wese Su, ecem e 0, 8. 8. e Wiso, aki a Co. eame soe ee uise a a caaogue o isiuio ougou "e eioies." Ii. . ao aiy Su, uy 20, 0. 0. Ii., oeme , 2. . a ou mis caaciy a ee eae i 88 o 20 aes e ay. Ii. 2. o auys "ime" emie gew quicky o ecome a os ages ocayowe iusy a is ao oeaio emoye, a e u o e ceuy, om 00 o 00 me e yea ou. Ii., uy 24, 0. As a esu auy was seco oy o e C as e commuiys ages emoye. e, imse, oe uig e 0 mayoay eecio a e ai $0$00 a ay i wages. Ii., auay , 0. . Cesus o Caaa, 80, o. . 4. Cesus o Caaa, , o. . . ao aiy Su, uy 20, 0. 6. Ii. . e Wese Su, eceme 0, 8. 8. y 0, ao wou e uicie as a aiway cee a e C wou, a a sage, ae 600 esos o e comay ayo. e C ise a 2 assege a 15 eig ais a ay assig oug ao. ao aiy Su, uy 20, 0. . Ieeece, Augus 2, 00. e ecoey wou commece i 02 wi ,820 oes ise. y 0, ee wee ,84 oes eacise. ao aiy Su, Seeme 20, 0. 20. Ieeece, uy 6, 8. 2. a aes, wic a ucuae wiey i e 80s, ose say a e e o e ecae: 808 mis 8. mis 8222.4 mis 82.4 mis 848 mis 8 0 . mis 86. mis 820 mis 82 mis 1 us a /2 mi ea o wae aes. e Ieee, oem e 24, 88. 22. Oe ao ewsae sae a "oey assesse o $6,00 is o e so o $,00 cas" a a ee wee ow umeous "cea oes o Si See a aciic wee ouses a oes omey soo." Ii. ae, is same ewsae eoe a ee wee ,22 os aaiae i e ciys a sae a a 739 o ose os so o $,026. Ii., May , 00. 2. Cesus o Caaa, 0, o. . 24. Cesus o Maioa 8886. 2. Cesus o Caaa, 0. Seea oe eomiaios wee eesee i ao y ess a 00 memes. e ige as, wi 4 aees (o .6 e ce, wee e ages o ese seea gous. 26. See aei oe. 2. e i wa was ae i 0. 28. . Maye ay was is eece M o Sekik i 88 a susequey see as Miise o e Ieio om 8 o 86. ames A. Sma, wo was oy 2 yeas o we e ecame mayo, was eece as M o o ao i 886 e ae was aoie euy Miise o e Ieio. Caes Aams, wo was eece mayo a age 0, was eece M o ao Ciy i 86, e same yea i wic A. C. ase, mayo om 8888, was eece M o o ao. I is ieesig o oe a a o ese me, wi e eceio o . Maye ay, wee ieas. 2. Ece o 866 we e ciy a suouig aea was iie io Wes ao a Eas ao, e oicia cosiuecy cosise o owsi 0, age 19 wes — o wic e Ciy o ao comise oequae o e aea u iuay a o e ouaio. 0. e Ciy o ao was ocae wii e Sekik eea cosiuecy ui eisiuio i 82. A a ime, e ao eea cosiuecy was esaise a i emaie i eisece ui 2. We e cosiuecy was esaise i 82, i cosise o a susaia ume o ua muici

11 palities in southwestern Manitoba. With the RMs of Elton, Cornwallis, Oakland and Morton constituting an eastern boundary, the constituency extended southward to the Ameri- can border and westward to what would later prove to be the boundary. In 1903, the Brandon constituency was reduced substantially in size to include those portions of townships seven to 12 which lay between Manitoba's western boundary and the 17th range to the east. As of 1924, the eastern boundary of the constituency was amended so as to include only that area lying between ranges 18 and 29. In 1947, the eastern boundary was again altered when it was extended eastward to include ranges 15 to 29 inclusive. As a result, the Brandon federal constituency included (from 1903 until its disappearance in 1952) such communities as Rivers, Virden, Souris, Hartney, Reston, Elkhorn and, on occasion, Wawanesa.

12 II The Art of "Practical Politics" as Practised in Pre-war Brandon e oiicias ask, i sime ems, is o aciee a eai owe. As Caaa was a socae emocaic sociey, e oiicia a o oeae wii e amewok o e aw e a, seciicay, o wi eecio o e egisaie oy o is coice. e a o ea o "uy" e suo o e maoiy (o a uaiy i ee wee ee o moe caiaes o ose eecos wo we o e os. e woue successu oiicia a, eeoe, o ea a o acise e a o oiics moe oougy a moe skiuy a is ooes. Cio Sio, e mos oweu a e mos sigiica o ose may oiicias wo ae ee see e ao cosiuecy, oce oie a acquaiace wi a ey succic eaaio o is ow eecoa success: I a camaig e oec o a ay is o ge e uic mi sauae wi is ow iews a ieas . . . e eoy a you wa e eeco o ea o sies a us o im o ecie a you ae ig is o acica oiics . . . Ay success a I a i e wes was ue o e ac a ue a e aacks, I ee aoogie, . . . ie a oy weee I wae o a ae ee eaie o aoogie. aos mos emie M was o, owee, e soe aciioe o e a o "acica oiics." Oes uesoo e sysem as we a some, suc as e Coseaie oe oges, acise i as eeciey, aoug some moe age osees wou say as esicay. Wa, e, was e a o "acica oiics" a wy — i mos oiicias aye accoig o e same se o "ues" — i some succee wie mos i o? o eso is o e ae a o e aoe quesio, e eeseaie o wa ca e escie as e goeme ay eoye umeous oiica aaages ue oma cicum

13 saces. Oe o e icia easos wy e memes o e goeme eoye suc a susaia oiica aaage was e geea ecoomic oseiy wic caaceie e ewa yeas ui . Aoug aos ouaio a i 86 ecie sigy om eaie oas o 4,4, i ega o ea eeae o ,620 i 0, o 0,408 i 06, a o ,8 i . Cose quey, ee was a oea ouaio gai o 20. e ce uig Sios 86 aiameay em. Aoug e ciys muicia goeme a ace a coiue o ecoue su saia iacia oems ue o e oomus cyce o e eaie eio, e icease ma o agicuua a cosume goos ouce a 0 e ce icease i oca mauacuig ouciiy om $4,2 i 0 o $2,00,6 i 06. y 02 a ew wie acoy a a ou mi a ee esaise i 0, e ew Emie ewey, emoyig 35 eoe, was oee wie e Sige Mauacuig Comay, uig a same yea, aouce ei ecisio o esais a isiuio cee i ao o is amous sewig macies wic wou e ieica i sie o e aciiies cuey eisig i Wiieg. ee was, o couse, a eae oom i e cosucio iusy: o eame, ee wee eoey 20 uiigs eece i 04 aoe. e gow o ao as a aiway cee was o ee geae ecoomic a oiica sigiicace. I 0, e C ega o ea is aciiies i e ciy a a oece cos o $20,000 y 0, e ew C ououse was comee a y e e o e Sioia ea, e C was emoyig 800 me eguay wi a aiioa 400 " eas" eig egage uig e summe. e Caaia oe, meawie, a commece e cosucio o is ew comie owow saiooe, e ice Ewa, a a cos o $00,000. As ao was aso e u o a eesie ac ie sysem, ee wee a oa o 2 uk a ac ies coece o is makeisiuio cee a some 246 assege ais, us 48 eig ais, eee a eae eac week y 2. As ese saisics sugges, e Sio yeas wee esseiay gow yeas i ouaio a i ecoomic ems a oes wo wee asicay coe wi ei esoa o i ie wee icie o e eec a goeme wic esumay oie ose saisyig coiios.

4 ■—______."..

4.

,, Moioca Acies Si Cio Sio

A meme o e goeme ay a eseciay, as i e eame o Cio Sio, a imoa caie miise aso enjoyed many additional political advantages over his opposition. The government could reward its followers with government jobs and contracts as well as punish its opponents. However, , who until 1905, controlled the distribution of federal patron- age in the west for the Laurier Liberals. was well aware that this was, o may occasios, a mie essig. ee wee, eicay, a moe aicas o e weayig ewas a ee wee os a coacs aaiae a, cosequey, several disappointed eemies cou e mae o eey oiica ie who was appeased. As a eame om e socae owe ees o politics. Brandon's emayo, . W. emig, comaie a is i o oicia eecio a ee susaiay amee y e ac a ao ciy couci o wic e was e ea a eece a aicua ee ue o e ieio goos eig oee. e usuccessu aica, as a esu, a oose im i e 0 camaig. O e oe a, a same . W. emig, aig ee aoue wi a goeme coac o suy e eame o e Miiia wi oses, a emaasse a eas oiicay eagee Sio y owaig seea caoas o usaisacoy sock. oca ieas auay eece a a oy oice oes wou e immeiaey eace y ieas ae auies icoy i 86 a some ecame eemey agiae we is i o occu. e ac a a Coseaie acksmi was si ecei ig some o e Eeimea am usiess cause "a o o ( ao ieas"6 o ecae a ey wou oe agais Sio i e e eecio. Wie Sio ee agee wi is moe ai suoes i ei coeio a a oies sou auomaicay e ismisse, e i cocu i seciic isaces as i e 0 ismissa o Brandon postmaster Joseph Kavanagh for aegey " oesie aisasi." Sifton discovered — to his supporters' dismay — a such dismissals were not always easily secured should the position or contract in question fall wii aoe miises uisicio. e amiisaie sa a e ao Eeimea am, wic a ee aoie y o A. Mac oas Coseaie goeme a e ime o is esaisme i 88, wee comee, o ecoomy easos, o euce ei sa. Eage ao ieas, owee, eoe "sog Gis" ae

6 Aiaaam, GISWO OAK AKE OUEGE AGAE EKO EEAU IAY

a oies wee eig ismisse. Wie e sueiso i quesio, oe oo, was eeuay emoe, oca ieas ou a Sueiee S. A. eo a esue a e eaceme was ee "a wose oy a M. oo." eo, e icia cui i e mis o mos ao ieas, moeoe, cou o e "esuae" o esig ui 06. Wie Sio a iuay u oiica coo oe is ow eame, is iuece wi oe eames, i is case Agicuue, was ess a oe wou ae eece. oiica aoage was geeay accee as a saiiig eeme i e oiica ocess i is ewa ea oiica cou io was o. Sios oy ciics, wo ey caeuy scuiie is amiisaio o e Yuko uig is iamous go us ays, wee quick o accuse im o oiica aouiism a, o occasio, couio i cicumsaces waae i. I 8, uig e couse o e Maioa oicia eecio camaig, Si Caes ue, e aioa Coseaie eae, accuse Sio o aig emie is ome ae, ao awye A. E. i, o imo iquo iegay io e Yuko. Aoug ose cages esue i sae suis a couecages, Si Caes ie ue, Si Caes so, mae simia accusaios a a oi meeig wi Sio uig e couse o e 00 eea eecio. I aiio, e youge ue, eoe a caaciy cow o ,000 i e ao aea, cage aos M wi aig use is oiica iuece o ue e ieess o some o is eaies," a accusaio wic may ae ee agey uoue i a Sio cosisey euse may eeaies mae o ea o . . uows o e ey easo a a Maioa oiicia was is aeiaw. a may o Sios ao associaes wee a oie o uic oice uig is miisy a a ey i, o occasio, eu o assis im a camaig ime, owee, cou o e eie. ames A. Sma, eiea M a euy Miise o e Ieio as o 8 . . McGego, icese commissioe i e Yuko . . Wieea, "e successu coaco o e mas aiage" a a "M. Ega om Caioia" wee some o "Si os me,"" as e Ieeece aee em, wo eue o assis i e 00 camaig. I aiio o coecig o is oiica "I.O.U.s," Sio eoye e aaage o eig ae o secue suiae emoyme

8 BRANDO WEA CIY O E OMIIO

e OY O AO is a aa i e cee o a ic agicuua couy, o as suc a aoae osiio i e gowig iouqui O MAIOA a e uue ii miue. ie siuaio, o e sou au ieof Assiioie ie, iy ee ,soe e ee o e Wae, aos eec aiage. A oug e ciy is a

isi .ik 0E4 i as a ouaio uwas o 4,000, a as mie gea ogess uig ese yeas. e eecio o a ow ciy

a a uike o cos 00 is ow egu, o eauus ae eig mae o e eecio o a osia coaig 4,000. wo wa auas ae ee ui uig e as yea a e coa o $,000, a e Scoo ea uose eecig, uig e comig yea. a CiOgi, lit SCI00, o cos$0,000,i oe o oie o e ee iIOI48ig ouaio. e oicia Goeme ae us comee a asome ick uiig, A a aiig mime o oys, cosig $0.000., aso a 4AAE IES CEiICIO ceig $2,000. e omiio Goeme ae is seaso eee $40,000 i a ois Oioe mai osaiiii0. Mese:a Oosass a $0,000 o mommiciiumEoIk, ia•Akii ee omie akig isiuios ae eecig Iegiicao uiigs o soe a ick, sowig e coiece ou moie isiuios ae i o uue o ou couy. e eaig mecas ae ui age a eesie uiigs ee e ou soies ig. e Ciy Couci ae egiees egage eaig ae o a sysem o SAIOi20s A omoiEiakca wic ae o e ueake owi. e Amiioie ie igs om e oges o e o miios o to a wic ae ee mauacue io ume a sie o a as o e oice a eioies, e sas goig o gea way o oie e ciy wi iewoo, wic is so a $2 e co. Ecee cay /5 oaie o e mauacue o ‘2IE ICKS a coue o mies om e ciy, o wic e ae age quaiies eig mauacue a eiee o miew a i8. 0 e ousa. ouaio soes ao easiy oaie, goo all oe uiig maeia ca e ocue a easoae ices, ime eig om $• o 20 i M. eki.:20 0 0:IS O COA, ae 0,..ie wii 0{ mies o e ciy o e Souwes, a a e a o e C. . i., a e ..& M. aiways ea c,oisueig aces o ese mie, wic wi gie 55 IAiii suy o coa a ow ae, 24OW 6 00 0.4 ac, i cea ou, cea iig o emoyes, a a aua suy o aw maeia o may ioa o mauacuig, ei eeises sou e caie o i ao o successuy co ue wi e wo, eseciay i aices e ome coicIoio. a is e,oecio we wou aw ei aeio o e ecee AIWAY ACIIIES a i oi, ayig e C. . . mai ie eas a wes, is Souis aw o e Souwes e Gea owes Cea o e o, coecig wi e M. & . We ai Oiy ; a e oe aa& a Maioa o e Soueas, igig e woe oice wii easy eac o ao. IsAky4o 0EIiii wou i i o ei aaage o oic ee, IS ee u oi i e oice so aoay siuae o ei usiess. e ciy is ige y eeciciy a as a mos eicie ie eame. ao isic is usuasse o a agicuua oi o iew, i e soi is o ecee quaiy a easiy woke e wae cea a ae a

, easiy oaie—goo wes ug ocue a i e o wey ee. ee i moe a imie cuiaio i is isic a i ay oe a o e oice, a wee wea Iia oo makee a ao i as yeas a a ay oe oi i e omiio. a as ieease i aue aiy, a Iiimi:. ams iu ome cases ae wo us a ae. Goo a ca ye e oaie wii easy ..ei o e ciy a $0 ..g e ie. isaces ae gie is yea wee e is co as ai a ,eges a ai o e au. e oas ae ecee a e eiiae i mea eay. Ou Ease ues sou co..sie we e aauages c .eig i a isic ao we suie wi iauae aamos, icuig scoos, ceces, aiway Isciiies, cueie make, ecee wae o iaoe y ogessie o ieogeo ames. o ay ue iaio egaig iook Ciy o isic iima, J. O. .C.$22, Ciy Ce,a, Eicaacioi, icaiiom. Who will be glad to reply to any and all enquiries. M.OM. Maioa Acies A Sio — ea aeiseme

o key wokes ewee eecios so a ey wou e aaiae o camaig uoses weee ecessay. . Oe Smi, Sios icia cosiuecy ogaie, was aoie Immigaio Com missioe ae e 00 eea eecio wie wo esse ogaies wee ace i cage o e cesus eumeaio i Sios ow isic. Some cae, owee, a o e ake o esue a suc ieim emoyme was aoiae o eame, i was ecom mee a oe ey, aoe Sio ogaie, sou o acce emoyme wi "e iquo ogaiaio" i 02 as e iea ay oiousy i o wa o e iecy associae wi suc ieess." O e oe a, i is somewa eassuig o oe a Sio euse o ecomme . C. os o a osiio i e Moue oice, as e i o eiee a e ao aea ogaie was suiay quaiie." As a iueia goeme miise, Sio a a ecee oouiy o o someig cocee o is cosiue cy e wou, owee, e uge y a same cieia. Ceaiy ao Coseaies equey coase ei ays co iuios o ao — a ew os Oice, e Eeimea am, a e Iusia Scoo — wi Sios wic ey aege cosise soey o e cosig o e oca immigaio ses." Aoug e oiea Su oese a e egios geea ecoomic oseiy was moe imoa a Coseaie "mo umes," Sio imse was we awae o e oiica ecessiy o oie o is iig o e ee o e 04 eea eecio. As a esu, Sio isise a e 2 Maioa agoos o ei 04 summe aiig cam, wic wou ouce a esimae $,000 i eeiues, i ao, ae a i Mieosa." As e eaie ecisio o cose e o immigaio ses a cause cosieae oiica emaassme, Sio cocue a ew aciiies wee ecessay." aos couci a aso eiioe o a oca i a a amouy a Sio, o e ee o e eecio, agee: "I am ey aious o ge e wok sae o oious easos."" Goemes cou moe quicky we e cicum saces waae i. aciioes o e a o "acica oiics" ega o eae o eecios we i aace o oig ay. A gea ea o aeio was eoe uig e eeecio eio o e eaa

20 io o iss o oeia suoes a ouus.° y e auum o 0 a we i aace o e 04 eecio, Sio a egage ee uime ogaies o wok i is cosiuecy aoe: e maoiy o e commuiies wee isie a key ieas co sue, o commiees wee esaise, e ee ess Weeky was maie ee o cage o e ouus, a a aseee oes is was comie. Quaiie u emoaiy ase suoes mig cosiue e ieece ewee success a eea i a cose coes suc as a wic occue i ao uig e 8 oicia eecio we e oca iea meme, Caes Aams, was eeae aaey as a esu o is egec o e aseee oe.° Ceaiy Sio, e mase oiicia, wou ee make suc a oois eo. is isucios o ogaies o is suec wee eemey ese: "Ecose is a is o oesie oes. asoaio aagemes ae ow comee. You wi e ae o ge ayig you wa icuig secia ais. oes ca e oug om ay oi o Caaa. Ge o Wok."° Secia aeio was aso ai o seciic "commuiies" o eecos. . C. os, a oice o e Oage oge i ao,

.... Wese Caaia icoia Ie, Uiesiy o Wiieg e Sio ome, ao

2 was ie seciicay a oe sage "o wok amog ou yeow eie ies,"1 as a omie Wiieg iea escie O ageme. A eame o Immigaio oicia, a uic sea, was iece o eicae imse "o e Gaicia usiess," 22 o e 0 Gaicia oes wo esie i ao." Aoug ee wee oy 40 Iceaic oes i e cosiuecy„" oSio seakes o Iceaic esce wee oug om Wiieg a a Iceaic you was ae o e os oice sa o ee oca Co seaies, wo wee caiaiig uo e ac a e oca osa cek was uae o isiguis ewee Iceaic ames, om coecig "a e (iea ieaue a ees iee o ou ies."2 e eaie aeio wic was ai o e eic oe was aso eie i e coce eesse y iea ogaies as o e uue o a $2 oa wic a omie ao iea ( wo was ow eaig e ciy a mae o e Iceaic commui y o assis wi e cosucio o ei a. Sio was wae a ay aem o eca a oa mig "seiousy aec e oes o some 6 o ese eoe"" a a e oies "wi um a e cace o akig u e oa."" As a esu, Sio ook oe e oa imse oug e oice o is ao usiess age, . . Ao. As e a o "acica oiics" equie e eseaio o oes iewoi as iecy a equey as ossie, iey ewsaes wee iay imoa, eseciay i a eeecio eio we "e es wok" cou e oe. o a easo, oiica aies use waee meas ey a o secue a o eai suc ewsae suo. e uicious isiuio o go eme iig coacs a o goeme ai aeisig ke may sma ewsaes "i ie" u is aoe mig e isuicie o guaaee a age ewsaes suo. Ceaiy ouig coo, as i e case o Sios ucase o e Maioa ee ess, was moe esiae ee oug e esus cou si e isaoiig. Sio equey uge A. . Magu, e eio o e ee ess, o camaig moe seuousy o e iea ays ea. Ae oig a . . icasos iue was cosay aackig e iea ai oicy, e Miise o e Ieio sae ay: "You ae o ge ow io e same ace wee e oe eoe ae a ig o ey wi cu you gou away om ue you ee." Aoug oe o aos aiies,

22 e Su, was iea (wic i emaie ui is coesio o e Coseaie cause i 2 ae . . Wieea oaie soe coo y uyig ou eio ii uce oca aisas wee o aways saisie wi e esus: "e ao Su sou aso e ake i a as eeyoe is isguse wi i ue is ese maageme."" Ouig owesi o a ewsae, eeeess, i esue a usaisacoy eios Cou eeuay e ismisse as i Sios 0 ecisio o eace e isaoiig Magu wi . W. aoe. I oe isaces, as i e eame o e o Coseaie ao imes, a eeiece iiea "oiica" eio wou e imoe o e uaio o e camaig." I was aso eemey imoa a e oiica aies eoe aicua aeio o e "secia iees" ess as may oes cou o o i o ea e Egis aguage ewsaes. e ieas, eeoe, isiue ee coies o a aie o ecseakig oes i Maioa uig e 00 camaig. Sio, o e ee o e 0 oicia eecio, agee o ucase e owese, a Gema aguage ewsae, o some $,0002 a o cosie e esaisme o a Gaicia ewsae, o o wic wee osesiy o e owe y "ummy" ogaiaios.33 e wou eeoe e i e aaageous osiio o eig ae o iuece ose ewsaes wiou ei ea esi ecomig awae o ay oiica coecio. Aoug a aies (moey emiig a e o ouiy o secue ei ow ewsaes, a ay wic co siue e oicia goeme eoye e susaia aa age o eaig e oes iss. Aoug .W. aoe, e eio o e ee ess a Sios cosa oiica aiso, eeaey uge e eea goeme o ecaim is eiousy e eso siiiy o suc iss, auie eaie a e eea ieas we ey wee i oosiio a omise o acce oiciay esaise iss a ey cou o ow aao a oicy, iesecie o ay oiica aaage o e eie." e eaa io o e oes is, eeoe, was goee y e Maioa Eecios Ac wic was amee i 0 o equie esoa egisaio, e oucio y a oiis suecs o a Ceiicae o auaiaio, a a eucaioa es o a au aie oeiges wo a ee i Caaa o ess a see yeas.

2 The requirement for personal registration was particular- ly significant. Many voters would not travel to relatively distant points in order to register unless someone paid their travel costs. The Liberals, should they wish to challenge those placed on the lists by the Roblin government, would also be required to pay the required witnesses both travel costs and a witness fee. As a result, Manitoba Liberals estimated that several hundred of their Manito- ba supporters were not registered in 1903." Sifton contended, as well, that the required production of a Certificate of Naturalization was directed "against the Liberal party because three-quarters of the foreign voters (who often had lost this document) are Liber- als." Although the educational test, which was directed primarily at the Galicians, resulted in an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 pro-Liberal Manitobans being deleted from the lists throughout the province," only 12 to 15 Galicians were disfranchised by this test in Brandon itself.8 There remained one final dimension to the question of voters lists and the effort to be exerted in their preparation. Dafoe, who as noted earlier was an advocate of a federally-prepared list, advised that Manitoba Liberals should not, for very pragmatic reasons, participate in the preparation of a provincially-established voters list as "the Galicians . . . should not be registered first in a list prepared by local (Conservative) government officials. If this is done you will find that a large proportion of them will be hopelessly confused as to whom they are indebted to for the privilege of the franchise.'99 Better that the Galicians should not vote than that they should feel politically indebted to the wrong party. The political parties, during the Sifton era, utilized every legal political trick available in their struggle to gain an advantage in this world of "practical politics." Whether or not there was extensive vote-buying is more difficult to determine. Although the complaints of such vote-buying were many," the evidence presented in support was often rather circumstantial as in the reported presence in Brandon of uncommon Bank of bills which were allegedly distributed by "mysterious strangers" who frequented the Conservative committee rooms during the 1910 provincial election.4' Payment for political support could, of course, take other forms as well. During the 1899 provincial election in Brandon, there was, 24 Sio eoe, "wiskey a ee o a i e (Coseaie commiee ooms, a McIis (e Coseaie caiae a eae uicy a oewise eee imse iae o is quaiicaio."" uig e 00 eea eecio, e oies a egey omise ee goceies o suoes a a Iceaic mee ig" wie e ieas eoey isiue ee ee o esies o e "as."" Aoug o aies uouey oug oes, e ocess ise a ecome ess eiae ue o e ioucio o e sece ao. I e wo o cou oiics, cou e ay ogaie us ose wo oee o se ei oe? Oe ecique emoye i 0, accoig o ewsae accous, equie a e ay woke oie e oe wi a emake ao eoe e eee e oig saio. Ae aig cas e emake ao, e oe wou sumi e umake ao wic e a eceie a e oig saio o e ay woke wo wou, i u, ay im o is oe." e quesio o e oiica sigiicace o suc cou acices is iicu o esoe. . W. aoe, owee, was coice a e eeecio o ois Coseaie goeme i 0 was ue o oiica eaucey, e ike o wic a ee ee eceee eoe: "We i o ge 0 e ce o e oaig a oose oe. e eemy (e Coseaies oug u e ie me a ee is a os o em i e couy ow e ees a eeyoe wo was ou o e su."" As e goeme ay a e oious aaage i is sye o oiics ue o e ume o os wic ey cou oe a e as amous o moey wic ey a o isiue as esu o usiess "kickacks," e oosiio ay was a a emeous isaaage. Aoug ey cou caege e eec io esus i e cous, eecio oess wee auce imaiy as a isuace measue i e aiciaio a e oe ay wou o ikewise. o aies, eeoe, coece e eea eiece as i 04 we e eea ieas ae o caege Coseaie icoies i e oWes eioies i aiciaio a ei ooes wou coes iea successes i Maioa." Aoug o aies wou usuay agee o wiaw ei e secie oess, a ieesig aiaio o e "sawo" aose i 0 we Maioa Coseaies oee o aoi . A. oso, a omie iea, as a uge o e coiio a e ieas

2 o ei eecio oess i e oicia cosiuecies o Gie ais a ie." Uike some oicia ieas, Sio was oose: "Makig a agai i eaio o Eecio eiios as a o a aageme o e aoime o a uge sikes me as eig ecuiay oesie a oecioae."" ee wee, ee i e Sio ea, some seiice moa saas i Maioa oiics. I wou aea a e a o "acica oiics" e quie iuay cosa eicaio o e ask o uiig e ay macie, e eice wic e oiicias wou uiie i ei i o secue a o eai owe. o ue a macie, acica oiicias ai caeu aeio o may eais o maes o aoage o e maageme o iey ewsaes wic wou, i u, "eucae" e eecoae o e eaaio o aouae oes iss o e coecio o oiica iomaio y waee meas wee ecessay as emosae y Co seaie aems o ie Sios ogaies io ayig e oe o oueage" o aysosoe iia ouames, cu ooms, a asea eams a, a eas i e isace o e oiousy moe cuuay soisicae Coseaies, o ay ogaie iao a ioi ecias y ocayeowe ao Coege oessos. iay, e a o "acica oiics" icue, wee a ese a aie, e uyig o oes uig e Sio ea. Suc ay aciiy equie e eeiue o as amous o o ime a moey a, as a esu, aos M aise a eas oe oeia caiae o o ee oiics: "I o o ik i wou e wise o you o o so. I kow ee a mos eoe wa i meas o e i oiics, seakig iaciay. Weeas e so cae emocacy imie a sysem o oiica equaiy, e ask o maagig a emocacy — i.e., e acisig o e a o " acica oiics" — was, i e ewa ea, ecusiey a "ic mas game."

FOOTNOTES

. AC, C. Sio aes, m. C42, ..2,480, Sio o . S. Wiso, euay , 0.

26 2. ao aiy Su, uy 20, 0. . Wie ese saisics wee eoe i 2, oe ca assume a e igues o 1911 wou ae ee comaae. Ii., oeme , 2. 4. AC, C. Sio aes, o. , 446, . W. emig o Sio, Ai 2, 0. . As a esu, emigs aea o e eewa o a coac e uo ea eas Ii., o. 248, 02, Sio o . oe, May 2, 02. 6. Ii., o. 22, 8, Sio o o. Syey ise, May , 8. . Ieeece, euay 2, 0. 8. AC, C. Sio aes, o. , 88, A. C. ase o Sio, auay , 0. . Eacy wa asie a a aicua ue meeig is o cea. A. E. i susequey iiiae a sae sui agais ue o saemes aegey mae y e eea Coseaie eae. O e oe a, ue eie makig suc cages a e ao imes, a oCoseaie ews ae, mae o meio o suc commes. e oiea Su cage, owee, a e imes was seekig o oec e Coseaie eae. ao aiy Su, eceme 2, 8. 0. e accusaio, seciicay, was a Wm. Ogiie, wo was a eaie o Ms. Sios, e seea imoa osiios i cuig a o Go Commissioe. Sio eie a Ogiie, wo a ee a eame o Ieio emoyee o some 20 yeas eoe Sio ecame e Miise, a eceie ay secia cosieaio. Ii., Ocoe , 00. . Ieeece, Seeme 2, 00. 2. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 26, 0042, . E. A. eec o A. . Coie, euay 28, 02. . Ii., o. 22, 444, Sio o Kee Came, Augus 4, 0. 4. Ii., o. 0, 808, E. ake oeso o Sio, euay 0, 04. . Ii., o. 2, 264, Sio o o. Si . W. oe, Mac , 04.

2 6. Sios ogaie a esuae oca eiioes o eay ei eques o a ew aciiy so a e auie goeme cou ac wiou aeaig o o so ue essue. Ii., o. 0, 80, E. ake oeso o Sio, Ai , 04. . Ii., o. 26, 28, Sio o o. Si . . McMia, Seem e 24, 04. 8. Some 2,00 ouus eceie ee susciios o e ee ess uig e 00 eecio camaig. . "A o o ousie oes wee o oug i, eig eieaey e away o wok o oe caiaes wo wee suose o ee em mos." AC, C. Sio aes, o. 2, 6, Sio o . C. ase, eceme 22, 8. 20. Ii., 24, Sio o . 0. Smi, oeme 0, 8. 2. Ii., o. 2, 226, C. A. Youg o Sio, oeme , 0. 22. Ii., o. 22, , Sio o . . aki, Augus 2, 0. 2. Ii., o. 0, 206, . 0. Smi o Sio, oeme 2, 0. 24. Ii., o. , 0, . W. emig o Sio, Seeme 24, 0. 2. Ii., o. 8, 6480, . Oe Smi o (Sio?, Ocoe 2, 00. 26. Ii., o. , 0, . W. emig o Sio, Seeme 24, 0. 2. Ii. 28. Ii., o. 8, , W. W. Coy o A. . Coie, Mac 0, 00. 2. Ii., o. 2, 4, Sio o A. . Magu, Mac 4, 8. 0. Ii., o. 8, , W. W. Coy o A. . Coie, Mac 0, 00. . ao aiy Su, oeme 0, 8. 2. AC, C. Sifton aes, o. 2, 20, Sio o . W. Sio, Mac 2, 0. . Aoug a ew saes wee o e so o wo o ee Gai cias, e uk o e saes wou e egisee i e ame o some "iey" eso wo, i u, was o sig "a ase i ak a a ecaaio o us i ak a gie em o

28 my ae (. W. Sio so a ey ca e ocke u a ke secuey." Ii., o. 22, 6848, Sio o E. . Macki, Augus 20, 0. 4. AC, W. auie aes, o. 286, 86, auie o aoe, Ocoe 2, 0. . Ii., o. 286, 8, aoe o auie, Ocoe 6, 0. 6. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 2, 24, Sio o Cas. iaick, Mac 4, 0. . AC, W. auie aes, o. 86, 8, aoe o auie, Ocoe 6, 0. 8. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 4, 888, E. ake oeso o Sio, oeme 28, 0. . Ii., o. , 28, aoe o Sio, Ai , 04. 40. Aoug oiica ogaies emaie esseiay sie o is oic, a iea woke i comai o Sio aou e coiue esece o a "uiey" eace a a Iia Scoo as "i is quie useess seig ayoe ee as og as Wiso is o e so." Ii., o. 8, 642, . 0. Smi o Sio, Ocoe 8, 00. I oe wos, e esece o is uiey osee was ieeig wi e oeuyig oc ess? 4. Maioa ee ess, uy , 0. 42. AC, C. Sio aes, o. , 286, Sio o A. . Cameo, eceme 4, 8. 4. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 2, 00. 44. Ieeece, oeme , 00. 4. Wiieg aiy iue, Mac , 0. 46. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 40, 88, aoe o Sio, Augus , 0. 4. Ii., o. 26, , Sio o . M. owe, eceme , 04. 48. ese oess wee a o e aema o e 0 oi cia eecio. Ii., o. 88, , aoe o Sio, Seeme 0, 0. 4. Ii. , aoe o Sio, Ocoe 4, 0. 0. E. ake oeso eoe i auay, 04, a e a ee oee "eoug ou o i o sa u i some usiess" ( ii., o. 0, 800, E. ake oeso o Sio, auay

2 , 04, i e, oeso, wou oie e Coseaies wi useu iomaio. . E. A. eec may aso ae ee aoace i a simia mae as i was umoue, i mi 04, a e a "so ou" o e oies. Ii., o. 0, 80, E. ake oeso o Sio, ue 8, 04. . o e ieas a e Coseaies a a eams o seea occasios. us, ee e "sos age" was o ee o oiics as suggese y oe eaie wic ea "ieas ook ike Camios." ao aiy Su, Augus 2, 04. 2. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 248, 2, Sio o Geoge Wao, May 0, 02.

0 III Those who Played the "Game" and Won in Pre-War Brandon Eecio esus aea o may o eseme e weeke sos scoes. o e isieese o e skeica, e esus seem meaigess a icosequeia. o e aice, o e aisa, eecios ae a wo uo emsees, a wo wic ecies e aicias, ewas e successu a, egeuy, cosumes, o occasio, e uway. Wo e wee e oiicias wo soug e suo o e ao eecoae i e ewa ea a wy i ey o so? O wa issues i ey sa o a? Wa wee e esus a wy i some succee we oes i o? A, o eso o e isieese a o e skeic, i e "game" o oiics eay mae? e oiicias wo oug o owe i ewa ao wee emakay simia i aue. ey wee o commo iis oigi ey wee memes o e ciys usiess a oessioa commuiy wo uouey a a ese iees i is gow a eeome ey wee acie i e commuiys aciiies a ogaiaios a ey wee iaiay omie i ei oes a cuces, ee oug ee was equey ie o o isie maiesaio o ei Cisia ai i ei oiica eeaous. aos oiicias, uemoe, wee o wo saa aieies, iea o Coseaie, aoug a iea wo caime o e e wokigmas ie o a Coseaie wo equay caime o e e wokigmas ie mig emege, o occasio, ae 00. aos oiicias aso wee emakay simia i a ey i o eoe a gea ea o ime o eaiig wy ey wee waee ey wee. Cio Sio, eeeess, was iiy awae a e (as a ee is ae was a iea ee oug e i o eie is ieaism ey ceay. ug o Macoa,

31 Sios ooe i 00, was equay awae a e (as a ee is amous ae was a Coseaie ee oug e, oo, aie o iscuss is iosoica osiio i ay e. Oe is suck, eeoe, y e ac a aos oiicias, wi ae ece ios, oowe i e iosoica ooses o ei aes wo oowe i u. . . . ? e ac a aos oiicias i e ewa ea wee aw om e same ecoomic a socia eie i o esse e imoace wic ey aace o ei oiica sugges. As i some isaces o siig iay, e comeig "eams" cou ig o owe as eociousy as ee i eemy saes. Iesecie o ow ao ieas a come o e ieas o wy ao Coseaies wee Coseaies, ey aye e oiica game o kees — ui, i a ae ea, someoe o someig wou caege ei comie omiaio o e oiica ocess. A a ime, ey wou oe quie caae o ogeig aisa ieeces i e ace o a ea eemy. O e oiicias wo wee acie i ao oiics uig e ewa ea, Cio Sio was o e mos successu a e mos sigiica. e was aso eeseaie o e ecoom ic a socia eie wic ceay omiae Maioas seco ciy i a eio. Cio Sios amiy a moe o Maioa om Oaio i 86 a . W. Sio, Cios ae, was soo omiey ioe i aiway cosucio, amig a oi cia oiics. I ac, e see iey as Seake o e Maioa egisaie Assemy i 8. I 88, e ee Sio commece a age amig oeaio i e ao isic a e suse quey was eece e aeas is oicia eeseaie ae Maioas ouaies wee eee weswa. We youg Cio Sio moe o e ewyi cooae ciy o ao i 882 o commece e acice o aw wi is oe Au (wo wou ae ecome emie o Aea, e eoye e oious aaage o eogig o oe o e ew commuiys mos sociay omie amiies. As a esu, Sio easiy a quiey assume a eaesi oe i e Meois Cuc, i e emeace moeme, i sos suc as acosse a oo, a i is aes oiica aciiies. us as sos ee ei aes usieses, e 2yeao Sio successuy soo as a iea caiae i e oicia cosiuecy o o

2 Maioa Acies Seao, Ms. Kicoe, Ea Gay a ay Gay wi seceay (o gou a Kicoe Gous, ao 00.

ao agais W. A. Macoa, a youg Coseaie awye o comaae oiica omise. Cio Sio, iuay y accie o i, a emege as a successu oiicia. Aoug e iea ay wo a 888 eecio wi cosieae ease, ei caucus ecame seeey iie oe e meis o a ume o comeig aiway oosas. ose wo wee isaoie y e goemes ecisio i aou o e oe aciic assume a ey cou gai e suo o Cio Sio i ei aem o eese a ecisio, i eces say y umig o emie omas Geeway a Aoey Geea ose Mai, e oe aciics icia aocaes. e ew meme o ao o suise a agee may o is coeagues y emegig as a acie a eecie eee o emie Geeways osiio. As a esu, Sio mae a ume o sigiica eemies wii is ow iea ay, icuig o a ime e Maioa ee ess. eeeess, we e acious ose Mai esige i 8, o aos 31- yeao meme was a aua successo o e os o aoey geea. Ao McCay, a Oaio Coseaie wom may a assume wou oe ay succee o A. Macoa, a aaoe is ay i 88 o ecome e icia sokesma o e ai ecCaaia Equa igs Associaio. I a caaci y, e a aesse e iamous oage a aiie meeig a wic e camaig o aois Maioas asuoe, ua scoo sysem was esseiay auce. McCay, a Cio Sio, as Maioas ew aoeygeea, ecame aies o o ea o Maioa i e Scoos Quesio a i oiics. I ac, Sio iece McCays camaig as a Ieee i e ao cosiuecy uig e 86 eea eecio, a coes i wic oca ieas sigiicay wee o eesee. We McCay — wo, o "isuace" easos, a coese wo cosiuecies — cose o eese o Simcoe, Si o was iie o o i e ao acacy a o ee auies caie. Sio, owee, isise a e Scoos Quesio mus is e esoe o e saisaio o ao aea ieas. Ae ose coiios a ee me, e yeao ao awye eee e auie goeme as Miise o e Ieio o oeme 8, 86.1 ao, as a esu, was eesee y ieas o 4 Maioa Acies ug o Macoa was Maioa emie i 8.

Maioa Acies Geoge oso Cowe, Coseaie MA o ao was is eece i 0.

eeay a oiciay o e e ee yeas a Cio Sio a Caes Aams woke "a i a." e eceme, 8 Maioa eecio, eeoe, cosiue a es amos as muc o e eea iea ay as i i o e Geeway ieas o wom Cio Sio a ee a omie meme ui ae 86. ao ieas ega e 8 oicia camaig o oiicay secue gou. e 42yeao iea icume, Cas. Aams, a ee a acie a omie meme o e ao commuiy sice is aia i 882. is Oaioo oiicia, wo a esaise a wekow saey a aess so, a quicky emege as a commuiy eae, seig as aema, mayo (i 88 a meme o e Maioa egisaue as o 82. Aoug i was cuey umoue a e was ieig o moe o ooo,5 e icume Aams, as a goeme meme, eoye a cosieae iiia aaage. e oes is a ee eae ue e ausices o e Geeway goeme a iea ogaies wee saisie a e wok a ee ooug y oe.° e oca Coseaies, moeoe, wee eoey iie as ei caiae a ome mayo, Eekie Eas, wiew o e ee o e coes. As . S. W. McIis, a oca eis, was seece o eace im oy wo weeks eoe e oig ae, iea ogaies wee uesaay coie o e ee o e eecio: "We cosie e ee aos (i.e., o ao, ao Ciy a Sou ao sae." ee wee, owee, oeia iicuies a some i eas eae a uic issaisacio wi e eea iea goeme a wi Sio imse cou e oiicay amagig o e oicia ieas. . Oe Smi, a oicia iea ogaie, equese a Sio come wes a o uic mee igs i oe o ea wi essig eea issues io o e ucomig oicia eecio as "eoe ciicise eea (issues moe a oca, a wi o issassociae (sic em." Ceaiy e ac a Sio, as Miise o Ieio, a ee esosie o e immigaio o Eas Euoeas — e "easas i see skis coig" — was oiicay ageous o seea easos. e oca Iceaic commuiy was eoey isue y e osec o immiga oukoos "comig a emaiig ee oig wok muc ceae." e coce a e eie caace

6 o Maioa wou e aee y a wae o oeiges was o ee geae oiica sigiicace, eseciay i ao ise wee ese eas wee eieaey isie y W. G. Kig a is ewsae, e Ieee. Kig a eiousy ee o a Sio suoe a a emoyee o e Immigaio eame. Uo eaig is ae emoyme o ueemie easos," Kig esaise a ioey igoe aiy ewsae wose oua isic iesosiiiy kew iuay o imis. As a eame, e suggese a e "oukooskis," o use is em, aie wi eaiey ew cie ue o e ac a ey "ike oe ussia secs . . . imi ei ogey y kiig o e sueuous oes. Wie i is eiee a Kig eieaey aacke Sio i is iioic mae i e ai oe a e wou e "oug o" ( is askig ice o $2,000 oe o e eoia, e e esu was a e ieas, oicia as we as eea, wee eguay accuse o aouig (o Maciaeia easos ose "amee aues," "oeig scum" a "aaias" wo, as aegey ocie oes, wou eage e emocaic ocess i ei wiigess o se ei oe." Seea osees, icuig e Su, wee o e oiio a e ieas ueecey os e cosiuecy o ao Ciy i 8 y e eemey aow magi o 6 o 6 ue o e mecaics o oiics ae a as a esu o e issues. Sio a comaie, io o e eecio, o e oiica iacii y o is ome coeagues." uemoe, as e eaie, "A o o ousie (i.e., aseee oes wee o oug i, eig e ieaey e away o wok o oe caiaes wo wee suose o ee em mos. e some oe ieas wo ae eaous o Aams wee wiig o kie im ou o e way." Wee o o Sios ome aw ae, A. E. i, was "eaous o Aams" is o kow: e i, owee, sugges a e ieas cou easiy wi a yeecio wi a iee caiae sou McIiss icoy e coaee y e cous." I mus o e ogoe, owee, a Aams was a meme o a ay wic was ow om oice i 8. e Coseaies, e y e oiicay aacie ug o Mac oa, a caie 2 seas o Geeways . Accoig o W. . Moo, e ieas a ee eeae o seea easos: Gee ways aegey eaaga iacia oicies, a aiway oicy

37 wic a isaoie may i is aiue o oie moe ackage a owe aes, e issaisacio o e Oage oge wi e 8 auieGeeway Scoos Quesio comomise, a " Caaa is" eacio o e auie goemes seemigy o Eas Euoea immigaio oicy, a e oss o e ogaia ioa skis o o Cio Sio a ose Mai o eea oiics." owee, iesecie o e comiaio o causes, a o eecos y a waei magi a oe i se wi e oice. As a esu, ey coiue o e eesee o e miiseiais sie o e ouse, aei y a Coseaie. Aoug ose ewsaes wo oecas Sios oiica emise as a esu o e iea eeas i e oicia cosi uecies o ao Ciy a ao o wee o e isa oie, e eiece iicaes a Sio, ee oug e was a oweu caie miise, was i oiica iicuy o e ee o e 00 eea eecio. e ask o ouiig e oem e o Sios ome aw ae, A. E. i, a is iaeyeesse iay o woe was emakay eausie a eceeigy iumia ig as i oies e eae wi a comeesie is o oiica acos wic cou aec a icumes oiica caee. Comme cig wi e soeig oiio a Sio "cou o e eeece omoow," i aie e ciicisms: a e Miise isie ao oo iequey a a e wo oicia memes ase a Aams a isoae im om oca ieas a ese wo oiicias a aieae e geea memesi a, y oig so, a cos e iea ay ei wo seas a e ay eee e suo o a goo oca ae (oe a e Su o wic "we ee o e asame" a "some imoe agicuua imeme eeay ies o coa oi" sou e amie o Caaa ee o ais a Sio "sou coueac e eec o ukoou ( sic immigaio" y aciey soiciig Egis immigas a a aoage sou e isese oy ae cosuaio wi oca memes a a "i sou o e gie o ose wo ae oey kie us we e oouiy came" Sio, eeeess, was si egae as a mos omiae oiicia wose iuece eee ougou muc o Egis Caaa. e was, eeoe, a ime oiica age o e Coseaies wo wee aious o coai im i is ome iig, ee i ey sou ai o eea im. ey ecie, ee

8 oe, o seek ou a ame caiae o oose Sio. Wie may iea osees a aiciae ug o Macoas eey io eea oiics wee e a see iey as Si Caes ues Miise o Ieio, e Coseaies amaic a ouceme a o A.s oy suiig so wou suee e emiesi o Maioa o a omiaio i e mos iicu cosiuecy i e oice was, i e wos o oe seasoe osee, e "oiica sesaio o e imes. e ee o aiioa a ceae asoaio was o mao coce o e aiy eeoig ao aea i 00. e eea ieas wee we awae a e C a is ea moooy was si eemey uoua wi Maioas a ay ay o iiiua a was cosey associae wi e comay cou sue oiicay. We eemie Geeway eaey a mie i eay 00 a is iea goeme a susiie ceai C ac ies (suc as a om ao o Waskaa o e ee o $,0 e mie, oca ieas wee esoe: " Owig o e ae y (sic eas o M. Geeway, e ig as ee comeey kocke ou o ou ies."° We e oua oe aciic cacee is eaie as o easio io owese Maioa, osesiy ue o e eea goemes oC oicies, W. W. Coy, Sios oca ogaie, ecame ue iscouage." ouaey o e ieas, Maioas Coseaie goeme was ecoueig comaae iicuies wi is aiway oicy. e Coseaies, uig e 8 oi cia eecio, a aocae e uic owesi o aiways: ey susequey cosiee susiiig a iaey owe aoo ie eesio wic, i e wos o a iea ogaie, "ae imoe ou osecs ey maeiay."" Issues suc as ais a oiiio wee oy o mio imoace i is camaig. ug o Macoa oiousy oe o caiaie uo e aiue o e auie ieas o iouce e susaiay owe ai a ey a omise uig ei yeas i oosiio y esoay aocaig e ee ey io Caaa o a agicuua imemes. Wie is o osa uouey emaasse some iea "ee aes," is sigiicace was essee susaiay we igai Oaio oies oese a Maioas eemie i o seak o is ay.

39 a-

Maioa Acies See aiway cosucio, Oc. . e oiiio issue was aso somewa couse. ug o Macoas goeme a moe quicky ae 8 o ui ei eecio ege o aois e sae o iquo y oca commecia oues a ao ieas eae a may o e ciys siae Meois commuiy (i.e., 22.6 e ce o aos ouaio wou suo e Coseaie caiae as a esu. Sio suoes, cosequey, sesse e ac a e Mac oa Ac — o oug i may ae ee — a o ye ee imemee, aegey as a esu o ous esecig is cosiu ioaiy.2 ey, i aiio, quiey caiaie uo e ac a e oca iquo iusy was ieocay oose o ay a a emeace aocaes." Iesecie o e comais o a ew mos eoe, o Sio a e goeme o wic e was a miise wee easiy eeece i 00. Wy a Sio wo o e ua seco a ao ise, wee e wo a e os, we wo o is oicia coueas, us a ew mos eoe, a ee e eae? Weeas e isaoie Ieeece e aie Sios suia i ems o e ickeess o emeace aocaes, Si Caes ues eo i aackig Sio uicy o e seg o wa oe o e a oge eegam, a e ieas cou camaig acics," e ac emais a ao oes a eeece a icume wo o uesoo e a o " acica oiics" a acise i iigey. Sio, we a acke, a ee eaie o aoogie. "e oicy o e Goeme as ee o a ogessie a I ke ig o ammeig a i, wie e eows . . . wo se ei woe ime eeig, wee wie o i e Wes a i Oaio." Sios kowege o "acica oiics," is saus as a miise, is memesi o wa wou oe o e e "wiig eam," a is coo o oca aoage mae im a ae awesome a oweu ooe. o a ioee sociey i wic asoaio was oe o e commuiys mos uge ees, aiways a oiics wee amos iecageae. e Maioa goemes ease o oe aciics ackage i 0 o 99 yeas wic i, i u, sue o Mackeie a Mas Caaia oe wi e siuaio a aes wee o e eguae was o moumea sigiicace, o ecoomicay a oiicay. e ouaiy o

4 Maioa Acies. osse Aeue, a ageeme was suc a ee Sio was euca o oose i." e iicuies wic e Caaia oe ecouee i aemig o moe e ume cos o 0 a 02 a a seious ue soage wic eeoe i ao ae i 02 ue o sowocke aiway ies, owee, e o muc uic is saisacio. . W. aoe, wo wou oe o e oe o e mos asue oiica osees ee o esie i Maioa, eiee a e . . oi (i.e., ug o Macoas successo goe me was ueae as a esu." e ecoomy o Maioa — e " Wea Ciy" icue — was eee uo e aiiy o e asoaio iusy o moe gai o make, a e Co seaies, as e Su eoye emiig is eaes, a o ye uy esoe ose oems i sie o e massie amous o uic moies eee o ea o e iaeyowe Caaia oe. Aoug Maioa ieas wee oeu a ey cou eei as a esu o e Coseaies aiway oicy, ey wee ey coscious o ei ow iicuies, wic icue e ack use eaesi o e agig Geeway. esie Sios e occuaio i 020 wi e Aaska ouay isue," e a ise is oicia coueas o commece ei eecio ea aios immeiaey a ieeey o e ays oicia eae. "ee is o use i ookig aou a waiig o Gee way o moe ecause e wo moe a se — e wi o asouey oig."" Aoug Sio i oie is ome coeagues wi eque oiica aice, e was euca o ecome oey i oe i e ucomig oicia eecio as e eae, i wou, " miu issues" (a is iouce eea issues io e oicia camaig a, uemoe, is uic aiciaio wou "si e u (ose Coseaies wo ae weak o e oi goe me."3' I ay ee, a seious caie cisis i Oawa oce Sio o ecie e as mome eeaies o assisace. We awae o e oiica seg o e goeme ay i 0 ue o e oices geea ecoomic gow, ao ieas aeme o isoae e icume McIis om is ay y amooig is oosa o a ai makig macie, aegey is oy coiuio o e egisaie eaes. ey aso sesse e ac a e a o ee aoie (as a ao

4 Maioa Acies aies om e Mea osia wak o ew ousig i e Wie ai uiig oowig e ie o 0. MA sou auomaicay e o e aimoa caie weeas A. C. ase, e iea meme o o ao om 86 ui is eea i 8 a aos mayo i 002," wou oiousy e I aiio o comaiig a ao a ee eceie is ai sae o "gooies" om e oi goeme, ao ieas accuaey oesie a e omise Agi cuua Coege wou ee maeiaie. iay, ases su oes aeme o iie ao Coseaies y asseig a e "ee cass o Coseaies" wee aseig ei suo o e iea omiee ue o ei emaassme wi e eeesie aue o e oioges oiica macie." e Coseaies, i esose, uiie ei miiseia eogaie o aouce a a aiway ac ie wou e cosuce ewee ao a eeawa a o i a e Agicuua Coege wou e ocae i e "Wea Ciy." iay a eicay, ey caime cei o aos oiicay imo a ecoomic "oom." e 0 eecio esus wee a cassic eame o e oiics o e ewa ea. e mos eie eaaio o e Coseaie icoies o i ao (y a oe o 62 a ougou e oice (wi 31 seas ou o 40 i 0 was e imoe oicia ecoomy as e goeme ay aiioay is successu uig "gow yeas." Secoy, o A. C. ase, e eeae iea caiae, a . W. aoe cage a e oioges macie a oug e "oaig a oose oe."4 I aiio, ase coee a e a os (Meois? oes ue o e oiiio quesio.35 e ac a McIiss success i o seem o equa a o is ay may we ae ee ue o is esoa weakess as a caiae, as ao ieas wee uouey coec i so aeig im. a e ee oewise, e ao MA wou ae ee aoie o e caie i 8 ( ae a i 0. o a aiey o easos, oiica aies i oosiio e o ecome acious a ao ieas wee so aece i 004. As a ae comicae u eieae eame o e mae i wic a commuiys ecoomic a oiica eie cou iie wii ise, A. C. ase — wo, as e eeae caiae, a cosieae iuece o maes o aoage — aciey oose e oose aoime o ay Cak o a mio

4 The Great Northern Railway Station, 1913 Maioa Acies

Maioa Acies aos see cas, eea osiio as Cak a aie o suo im (i.e. ase uig is usuccessu 0 camaig. is oiica isue was ee ue comicae y e aegaio a Caks egaie aiue was e esu o ases eusa o ee cei, a is eame soe, o ay Caks oeiaw." I ac, ao ieas wee aaey iie io wo acios — e ases a e Cemes — wo wee eoey a os ue o a usiess asacio i wic e ases a so some a o a Syicae o wic e Cemes wee a iega a. Susequey, e Syicae a os $20,000 o wic e Cemess sae was $6,000. As e Cemes eiee a A. C. ase a esoay a eieaey cause ei iacia osses, coic a ieess eaie. As a esu o is iea ay coic (wic ceaiy was o iosoica i aue, Sio was aise o o go iig wi ase, as e a oe oe i e as. "I you mus go ake . acou e is ousie e acios ame." Wie e Cio Sio wo ee "eaie" o "aoogie" was uikey o acce suc cosicios, e eisece o suc iisie acios was iicaie o e someimes esucie owe sugges i wic oiicias egage. Suc aciousess cou e ey amagig o a meme ike Sio i e ee o a cosey oug coes. ao Coseaies, meawie, wee ecoueig ei ow iicuies as ey seace o a caiae o suicie oiica aea a e wou, a eas, kee Sio "ie u" i e cosiuecy sou e oweu Miise o Ieio oe o e ueaae. Aoug oca ieas eae a emie oi, oe o e umoue ossiiiies, wou ae ee a omiae ooe ue o is "aiiy o ae oey e say sie o a camaig," e oe ossie caiaes ae i comaiso wi Sio. ug o Macoa a ee eiousy eece y ao oes . S. W. McIis was a uimessie oicia meme wie Aema o auy — esie eig e ciys ume ao a seco ages emoye — a, as a eeae mayoay caiae, ae isigiica oiica ceeias. e ac a e Coseaies i o ae a suiae caiae aaiae ecouage . . icaso, e eio o e Wiieg aiy iue a oe o Sios may oiica ee mies, o sa as a Ieee caiae i e ao cosi

4 uecy. Aoug e was omiae a a socae Coeio o Ieees, am eaes wee quick o asse a icaso was o a ue eeseaie o e egig ames moeme a a ies . W. Scaio, a eesie o e Gai Gowes a e ma wo cae a omiaig coeio, eaie o cue eecuie coecio o ay ki wi e ame ogaiaio." Aoug icaso i o — as e oies oe — kee Sio coie "a ome," e Miise o e Ieio i ee comee, as oe eaie, o make a ume o eecio ee aoucemes o ew goeme cosucio oecs o a o. uemoe, Sio — i a oseecio commuicaio — eee i a ague u iiguig mae o e "eemey wam coes i ao (wic a . . . a gea may eemes o seious uceaiy. e Coseaie ogaiaio as o suc ceee i comig o ay cocusio as o ow i (i.e., Sios icoy aee."" Wie oe ca oy secuae as o e aue o a "wam coes," i is eie a e oes o e ao eea cosiuecy, y eeecig Sio wi a sigy age magi, wee i se wi e aioa eecoae wic eue e auie goeme o owe i 04 wi a sma icease i memes." ao eecos a oie e maoiy o Maioas i oig miiseiais i o e 0 a 04 eecios (ee oug a a mea eecig a Coseaie oiciay a a iea eeay us as ey a i 8 a 00. Aoug oe mig we ae eece a e wo eecios o 0 a 04 wou e oowe y a eio o eaie iaciiy, e sue euio o e 0 Scoos Quesio a Sios suseque esigaio om e auie miisy amai cay isue e wies aquiiy. We oisio a ee mae o e amiisaio o a seaae oWes eioies i 8, a ua asuoe scoo sysem a ee esaise. is sysem a ee so susaiay aee, owee, a sea ae scoos wee eguae i suc a sige mae y e eay 00s a oy miima ieeces om e uic scoos eise. Wie Sio wou ae eee a e ew oices (i.e., Aea a Saskacewa e emie o eise ei ow scoo sysems, e agee wi e comomise oosa wic wou egisae e eisig seaae scoo sysem io aw. Ae

48 a aae ageeme a ee secue, Sio, e icia sokesma o Wese Caaa, a eae o e Uie Saes i seac o meica eie o is eaig imaime. uig is asece, e oose egisaio esecig seaae scoos was aee i suc a way a Sio eue immeiaey o Oawa i euay, 0, a a mao oiica cisis esue. Sios asic coce was a e oosa, wic a ee ae y e oma Caoic Miise o usice, e o ouae Caes iaick, was susiciousy ague a, as suc, uacceae: "I o o myse wi a my eeiece i cosuig a aguig causes o is ki oess o kow wa i meas a e ac a i was aw y iaick oes o a ayig o my coiece."" Uouaey, auie was o o e issuae isea, e ime Miise ee ie a e, oo, wou esig, sou e Miise o Ieio isis o oig so. uemoe, . W. aoe eae a Sios ecisio o suee e esige o is caie os — a e coo oe aoage i e wes wic was a youc o a osiio — wou iecy eei e oosiio: i wou "u ew ie io e oies a wi e couage em o soe e (eecio oess."" Aoug seea aiioa acos — i.e., Sio was weay o is uies as Miise o e Ieio e a ee eie e usice ooio a ee wee moe umous o "couio" a o "a aai" — may ae coiue o is ecisio," Cio Sio, y esigig o eu ay 2, 0, ouaiy sueee muc o e owe wic a eae im o acise e a o "acica oiics" so successu y. e 0 oicia eecio cosiue e is ossie es o e oiica sigiicace o Sios esigaio om e auie miisy a is suseque ooge aseces om e ao cosiuecy." owee, i may we e a e esus o a aicua coes wee o ey iicaie o Sios oiica iuece o ack o i i a oesso M. oey as cocue a e Maioa iea ay "ee a a cace i e sig eecio o 0."" ao ieas seece . W. emig, e ciys mayo i ece yeas, o oose e Coseaie McIis wo was seekig is i em. As e oice a ao ise a ee eaig amaicay uig ' e oi ea, oca ieas ecie — as i 0 — o coce ae o e aegaio

4 that the city had not received its fair share of the "goodies" and that the present member was personally too weak to promote the community's cause. The decision of the Roblin government to locate the much-sought Agricultural College in Tuxedo where both Roblin and Robert Rogers reportedly owned property; the allegation that only a vigilant Mayor Fleming (and an outraged Brandon Sun) had prevented the pro- Roblin government from closing the city's normal school in 190648; and the "disgraceful" service of the snow-blocked Canadian Northern, the resultant and alarming fuel shortage which had prompted Mayor Fleming to beg the Prime Minister in early 1907 to prevent "further suffering'"8 were stressed. The fact that McInnis had never been invited to join the cabinet during his eight-year term was constantly emphasized." Edward Brown, the Liberals' new provincial leader, pointedly told a Brandon audience that their city deserved representation in the cabinet while the pro-Liberal Sun repeatedly described J. W. Flem- ing as "a man of cabinet rank."" It was, according to the Liberals, a campaign to determine which man could provide the most in " concrete" terms for his city. Local Conservatives responded in a variety of ways. First of all, McInnis emphasized the monies that the Roblin government had already expended in Brandon: at the provincial asylum, at the provincial jail and at the Land Titles Office. In addition, the Hon. Robert Rogers announced, during the campaign, that the govern- ment would build two new bridges over the Assiniboine. Local Conservatives also attacked J. W. Fleming's record as a municipal politician thereupon placing the challenger upon the defensive. He was blamed for "wrecking the credit of the city more than any other alderman who ever sat on council."" McInnis supporters also attempted to blame provincial Liberal candidates for the failings of the Laurier government. The failure of the Laurier government to resolve the long-smouldering Manitoba boundary issue was particu- larly worrisome to Edward Brown, the provincial Liberal leader: " We have probably more to fear from this question (the boundary issue) than from any other."" The voters, he feared, could not (or would not) distinguish between federal and provincial Liberals. What the 1907 provincial election results, which saw McIn- nis win re-election with a slightly increased percentage of the vote, confirms initially is that Brandonites, under normal circumstances, 50 oe i se wi e oice o e aio uig e ewa ea. e ac a a aegey weak oicia Coseaie caiae wo a maoiy o e ao os i 0 ee oug e iea caiae a swe eey ua o i e 04 eea eecio suggess, as we, a oiicia aegiace was o eaiy aseae om oe ee o aoe. is eecio was oe o seea isaces, uemoe, i wic successu muicia oi icias aie i ei i o wi eecio o a ige oiica ee. . W. emig, o eame, a oe 75 e ce o e mayoay oe i ae 0 ye e wou e eeae y a uimessie ackece i e 0 oicia eecio. Wa was aicuay ieesig, owee, was emigs cocusio a is muicia eco a ee a cosieae isaaage: "Cas. Wiie o Someie a Co. wou o oe o me ecause I as a oisioa ieco o e ase . . aocae i eig u ea some o is oey. . C. Smi ecause I as Mayo isise a is so ue sou cay ou is coac o ceme wi e Ciy, a ecause e Couci gae a coac o ow a Mice . . ., we is so ue a eee o wa ou Egiee a sai was ieio goos a a owe ice.54" emig, i aiio, ame is eea o e iisie acioa isues wii e iea ay: e a ee aciey oose y e "Ceme gag ecause I am iig a aaey i ei way."55 e ay imaia Su, o e oe a, cocue a e oi goeme a oug e eecio wi auue meos a "ousas a ousas o oas."56 e eae mi0 aoime o aos S. W. McIis as oicia Seceay a, susequey, as Maioas is Miise o Eucaio ioicay was oowe amos im meiaey y is ea i oeme o a same yea. e seec io o is successo, wo wou ikewise e aoie o e caie, was mae y emie oi imse ae e a i eiewe e wo oeus — Aeme G. . Cowe a . . Waace — i Wiieg. Ae Cowe, a 4yeao meme o aos oessioa commuiy, a ee aoie oicia Seceay a Miise o Eucaio, e oca Coseaie As sociaio, as a omaiy, eose im as ei coice o e ecessay yeecio.

51 Geoge Cowe a ee o i uam Couy, Caa a Wes, i 88. Ae gauaig om e Uiesiy o ooo, Cowe moe o ao i 884 i oe o acise aw. A eou Agica, Cowe was eece aema i 888 a e see omiey eeae o 20 yeas, uig wic ime e was oose i oy wo eecios. Cowe — wo wou os umousy e escie as "e mos ousaig igue i e ie o is ciy — was eece y accamaio i ae oeme 0. o e e see a oea yeas, ao wou e ay eesee i e oi miisy.

e 08 eea eecio coes i e ao cosi uecy was sigiicay iee om ose o 00 a 04. Cio Sio was o oge a oweu caie miise: i ac, ue o is ieeces wi auie o Maioas iacia susiy a e ouay issue, Sio a oue iiiay wee e wou sa agai a, i so, wee i wou e "as a saig suoe o e Goeme."" As a esu, Sio i o eoe as muc aeio as usua o e aimoa eeecio ea aios. e ie oy oe ma, . E. McCaw o Giswo, o assis wi e egisaio o oes weeas e a a ee me so egage we i aace o e 04 eecio. uemoe, ee wee comais i 08 a e "oca (iea ogaiaio was igoe i e makig o e iss" a, as a esu, oca ieas " i o u ou ey we."" Sio, i 08, was o ucioig as e eicie "acica" oiicia a e was. e ac a Sio o oge esie i e ao cosiuecy mig ae ee moe oiicay sigiica a e Coseaies o omiae ei i cosecuie "aacue" caiae i as may eecios. Aoug . Maye ay a e comie isicio o eig aos is mayo, e aeas e M a a ome caie miise, e 6yeao Coseaie omiee eeeess, was, a Wiieg oice Magisae i 08.6' e isicio o eig e oy oca caiae eeoe eoge o Aema . . Waace, wo soo as a Ieee Co seaie. Accoig o oca umou, Waace a ee omise is ays eea omiaio i ieu o eig seece o succee e ae S. W. McIis i 0. I so, e wou ae ee ue

2 saay emiee y is ays ecisio o omiae e im o, . M. ay. Waaces omiaio mea a e Coseaie oe wou e si a Sio cou e e oy eeiciay o a iisio." e ac a e Maioa ouay issue emaie uesoe oie e oicia Coseaies wi a ecuse o ee is eea ay a e oi miisy was, as a esu, a uusuay omie a o e 08 camaig. o eame, wo oicia miises — e o. Geoge Cowe a e o. . . Agew — wee e icia seakes a e Coseaie omiaig meeig i ao wee ey aeme o make e suosey uiyig ouay quesio io e camaigs e omia issue. ei ioeme, owee, eae e Sio oces o caiaie o waee aioi seime eise i e cosiuecy. us, e oca eecos wee emie, as ey a ee i e 0 oicia eecio, a e Coseaies "a oe ao o e oicia agicuua coege"" a a e ayoges cow esoiie "eeyig o Wiieg."64 esie e eomea ecoomic gow o e auie yeas wic e ieas geeuy coase wi e "a yeas Caaa eeiece uig e Coseaies eig io o 86,"6 Maioa ieas os ie o e see cosiuecies wic ey a eiousy e." Ceaiy may osees a wae Sio a is esigaio om e caie wou eae Maioa ieas eaeess a isogaie. esie is omise a e Ga uk aciic wou ui a acie io ao uo e comeio o e mai ie, oe susecs a Sio imse, wo eaie oe o e wo emaiig iea cosiuecies y e ey aow magi o ,6 o ays ,46, suee o om is imiise oiica saus a om is ucaaceisic aiue o ogaie caeuy i aace o e eecio. eeeess, Sio a suie, ue imaiy o e uue wic a occue wii Coseaie aks. a . M. ay oe e aiioa 0 oes wic . . Waace a eceie as a Ieee Coseaie, e, ae a Cio Sio, wou ae ee e ico. e Maioa Gai Gowes a gow aiy sice is iaugua meeig i ie i 0. Wie iiiua memes o e associaio a isaye a iees i oiics as i e

53 eame o e Coeio o Ieees wic a omiae . . icaso i ao i 04, e associaio ise a coie is oiica aciiies o a o eig a ey successu essue gou. aig esuae e oi Coseaies o esais e aios is goemeowe eeoe sysem i 06, e Gai Gowes oceee o auc a eesie cam aig aocaig esaisme o a oiciayowe ua eeao sysem a a aioayowe emia eeao sysem. I 0, e ieas, wo a omiae a acie meme o e Gai Gowes as ei caiae, wo a yeecio i e ie cosiuecy i wic e ua eeao sysem was e icia issue. e oi goeme esoe y quicky imemeig a goemeowe sysem a y caig a oicia eecio, wo yeas eoe e "ue" ae. a e oi goeme wou e eeece i e 0 eecio was, i oesso M. oeys oiio, "a oegoe cocusio."" Ceaiy e ieas wee i cosieae iicuy. ey a us seece a ew a uie eae i . C. ois ei ecey aoie oicia ogaie (oe ey a esige ecey ue o "ack o cooeaio" e ouesome ouay issue emaie uesoe, o wic ei eea cou eas wou e ame a e aciousess o ao ie as, i e oiio o ome eae Ewa ow, emaie a iisie a eiiaig aco." e ac a ee was ie eiece o eesie ay suo o iea omiee S. . McKay suos e yoesis a e was, esseiay, a "saci icia am" wo, as a eaie ewcome, was a eas i e meioious osiio o eig uaace o eie o e iea acios. Oe o e ieesig eaues o e 0 camaig was e iea awaeess o e oiica sigiicace o e emegig aou moeme as emosae y e eewa o ei eaie cages a e oi goeme a assise e C i is sikeeakig aciiies." Ioicay, ao ieas wee u ae o caiaie uo a issue. E uce, a aes a aou Couci meme wom Sio a aoie ao coeso e o e aou Gaee o e ee o e 08 eea eecio, a ee seiousy iue o a eea cosucio oec. e oe ousa oas comesaio wic e a ee ai y e

4 coacig comay, owee, was wiey egae as eig iae quae. I e oiio o . W. emig, e 0 iea caiae: " is icie wi simy cose e aks o ao ay ee o ayig a ooks ike a iea" . . . "I wi mea a eas 00 oes i is ciy o us. I is aai is o coece a oce, a iea caiae mig us as we say a ome a sae is ime."" Wie e esus o is isue cao e eemie, is icia sigiicace is a a omie oca oiicia a ieiie a siae aou oe i 0 wic cou swig away om e oicia ieas ue o e eea iea goe mes aiue o saisy a oca gieace. Suc wee e come iies o oca oiics. As oe eaie, e oiica aies i e eaio ea eee eaiy uo ei ow wieyea ewsaes o as mi a aouae image o e commuiy. I e comeiie ea io o 1913 (e yea i wic e Sun secue a iua moooy we e Times cease o uis wie suseque eues, suc as e oiea ews o 4, wee o ie uaio, ews aes wee oe ouageousy oiioae a aisa i ei eioias, i ei eoig a, eseciay, i e sie a ias o ei eaies. As eac ay aiioay a is ow ouaisic " oice," o ois o iew — iesecie o e ack o oeciiy — wee aaiae. I 0, owee, e Brandon Times esee e Coseaie ay ue, i wou aea, o a isue ewee Aema . . Waace, a Times ieco a e ee Iee e Coseaie caiae o 08, a e ay ieacy o wic e o. Geoge Cowe was a omie meme. A oug e Coseaies wee us oose y o e Sun a e imes, Maioas Miise o Eucaio, esie e ieas eemie (a ae eseae aacks o is eco as a aema," was easiy eeece. I ac, Cowes icoy oe McKay y a oe o ,402 o ,0 was e ages maoiy ecoe o a ae. e eeecio o e oi goeme a ee aiciae, a ao ieas esseiay "woe o" is cosiuecy. eioicay i isoy ceai yeas emege as amaks a 1911 was suc a yea. Wie Cio Sio a eoey wae is oca associaio a e wou o sa agai, o oe eece e Sio ea o cocue i e amaic mae i

55 wic i i. ime Miise auie, ae is amous 0 Wese Caaia ou, a suey eiscoee is ays isoic iees i ee o ee ae a seciicay i a e cioca ae ageeme wi e Uie Saes. Wie ao ieas wee eige wi auies omise o ogawaie owe ais, may wee socke a agee y e ecisio o ei ogseig iea meme, Cio Sio, o oose (o easos o ecoomic aioaism is eessio o aiioa ecoomic ieaism. ei ismay a Sios aiue was com oue y is ecisio o oi e Coseaies i a eemie camaig o eea o e eciociy measue a e auie goeme o wic e a so ecey ee a a." Socke o o, e ao iea Associaio uaimousy esoe "a we" . . . "eess ou coiece i Si Wii auie a we eaiy eose e eciociy ageeme a assue im e iews eesse y ou eeseaie e o. Cio Sio o o eese e seimes o is cosiues." ee ao aea ieas soug e oouiy o succee e eiig Sio. o A. E. i, a 2yeao Giswo meca, a . W. emig, aos cue mayo, wee wa cou e escie as aiioa ieas. ie aea ame . W. Scaio, wo a see as e Gai Gowes is esie a wo a ae ogaie e Coeio o Ieees wic a omiae . . icaso i 04, owee, was imaiy a eeseaie o e egeig ames moeme. Aoug Scaio e o e is ao, e aiioa ieas coaesce o e seco ao a eece A. E. i y a aow magi. a Scaio eceie a sca ie moe oes o a is ao," e Gai Gowes wou ae succeee i cauig e oca eea iea ogaiaio i , a u ecae eoe e socae i o e ames moeme i 2. o e ou eea eecio i successio, ao aea Coseaies seece a oesie o e ei caiae. . A. M. Aikis, wose ae a ee o a caie miise i o A. Macoas is goeme a, ae, ieuea Go eo o Maioa, was a esece meme o e Wiieg ega commuiy. e ac a Aikis aie om Wiieg a a e a see as soicio o e C — aig us commie e wo mos caia sis — mea a Aikis commece is

6 camaig cayig wo "aaosses" uo is ack. As a eame o ow Aikiss saus as a C soicio cou e oiicay amagig, e Su euise e eais o a agic aiway accie wic a occue may yeas eoe. e eeae amiies a susequey sue e C o $0,000, a sum wic e Su coee wou ae ee ai a i o ee o C couse Aikis: "Me o ao We you mak e ao" . . . " ememe e Wiow amse a e Wiow Wese a e a a was aye agais em y . A. M. Aikis, o Wi ieg."75 e eomia issue i e 1911 camaig, ee eess, was e oose ecioca ae ageeme wi e U. S.A. Aoug mos ao oes, i was assume, wee i cie o suo a ee ae aageme, oca ieas wee we awae a e eisig aiway sysem a ee cosuce o aciiae a easwes ae ae a eciociy wi e U.S.A. wou ceay imiis e oume o suc ae. A eas oe iea sokesma, . W. emig, aeme o aay e eas o aos siae aiway commuiy y suggesig a "wi e usos ay aiway e ac wou esu i awig e wea om e Uie Saes oug Caaa o e way o e o couy." I iew o e ac a e oiscusse usos ay aiway emaie esseiay a oiica omise, oe susecs a suc eassuaces wee o aicuay coicig. e Co seaies — u o wi muc iiia coiece — aacke e eciociy oosa o e gous a oecie ais wee a ia a o o A.s aioa oicy wic, i u, a ouce e aios cue oseiy. ao oes wee aso wae a cose ecoomic ies wi e gia o e sou wou seiousy eage Caaas aioaiy a is uue as a oiicay ie ee aio. Aoug Coseaie ogaies wee easay su ise y e uic esose o oe oes waigs a Caaia ames wou eei ess om eciociy a ey aiciae,77 ee is a cosieae amou o eiece wic iicaes a i was Cio Sios weuicie oosiio o e ee ae oosa wic was mos sigiica i e ao cosiuecy. Oe oca iea wo was eoey yica o "se ea ue" sae "caiy a ee mus e someig ack

57 o a is a a you (Sio a suie i a e eeoe oose o oe wi you.8 A omie oca Coseaie, Aema Geoge Coema, cocue: "o my ow a, wee o e aom o i caassig, you (i.e. Sios oiio was oe o my soges agumes ecause i was e oiio o oe wo was o uig as a caiae imse i e Eecio a a a e couage o eak wi is ay o is gea quesio."" . A. M. Aikis, esie e oiica isaaage o eig o a ousie a a C soicio, wo aiy i 1911 wi 4,46 oes o A. E. is ,0. Iesecie o e ac a oes Coseaies wee wiig a oa o 4 seas oug ou e couy (a, ece, e eecio, osees, icuig Sio imse, aiue e oca esus agey o auies ome Miise o e Ieio," ee oug e a oiciay eie om oice y a ime. e aue o oiics a cage sigiicay uig e Sio ea as wiesea ewsae aeisig, esoa ca assig a "ge ou e oe" camaigs ecame iceasigy ecessay as e ciy gew i ouaio. Sio imse a aso aye a makey iee oe as e ea a uoe. Weeas is eea oiicia a aye a ey sigiica oe (o oey a as a coia i oicia oiics uig is eay miiseia yeas i Oawa, Sio ega o wiaw om uic aiciaio i oicia oiics as o 020 a ee as a aiso ae 0. I is ieesig o oe a e oca Co seaie maoiies icease i iec ooio o Sios ga ua wiawa. Sio, eeeess, coiue o omiae eea oiics i ao ee i a 1911 eecio i wic e was o a caiae. esie e oious sigiicace o is oe iiiua, oe is suck y e oiica ae wic a emege — a o ao oes eecig e caiae o wa oe o e e goeme ay. Aoug e oiica aies equey a eme o esuae oca esies o e "gooies" o e wo y eig o e wiig sie a aicuay o eig eesee i e aimoa caie, e oo a oes wee moiae y e osecs o maeia ewa — ae a aace y iosoica ees — is egeuy uaaiae. I aso aeas a e eecos i mos isaces wee oig o e ay ae a o e caiae as a iiiua.

8 As a esu, e aaey weak McIis wou e successu o seea occasios ee oug emie oi i o eem im o e "caie maeia" ui ey ae i is caee. Wi e oious eceio o e 1911 eea eecio we e ai o some ao oes i Cio Sios eaesi was suc a ey oowe is ea i swicig oiica aegiaces, ao eec os mae ei commime o e "eam" ae a o "iii ua" ayes. e coice o e caiae, eeoe, may o ae ee as sigiica i is ewa ea as i wou susequey ecome. Wee e esus o ese eecoa coess wee as sigiica as e aisas coee is iicu o eemie. Wa is eie is a e esus wee eemey imoa o e " ayes" emsees a o ei icia associaes. "o e ico go e sois." e wies i aciee a egee o owe, e owe o ewa ei suoes a, i u, o comma ei oyay. As os a coacs wee a o e ewa sysem, e eecio esus wee o ia ecoomic imoace o ose wo eee o em. e "game" o oiics was, eeoe, a ey seious oosiio i e ewa ea. I was muc, muc moe a e socia aciiy wic i wou ecome o some i moe ece imes. Wee e esus wee o ia imoace o e commuiy as a woe is ouu. o e ieas a e Coseaies wee aw om e same segme o e commui y ey eesee e same usiess a oessioa cass wii e ao commuiy a ey agee o e asic icies o gow a eeome. e usiess a o essioa cass wou e eeciey eesee a oece e gaess o wic "eam" wo. e oe memes o e ao commuiy cou, o couse, eecise ei emocaic igs — i.e., o coose ewee e iea eeseaie o e usiess a oessioa cass o e Coseaie eeseaie o e usi ess a oessioa cass. Cosequey, some a egu o susec — y e e o e ewa ea — a ey mig we ae "o ge ei ow eam".

59 FOOTNOTES . W. A. Macoa a ee "eamake" as a uue eae o Maioa Coseaies. . W. aoe, Cio Sio i ea io o is imes (ooo , 4. 2. As a esu, e Mai "oces" i e Maioa iea ay wee, eeae, iey oose o C. Sio a e ac a Sio, o Mai, was cose o e Miise o Ieio i 86 oy ae.o e iea ay coic a eise. is was e iew o a ooo Goe eioia wic was eie i e oca oiea ewsae. ao aiy Su uy 4, 00. . ee is o eiece, owee, a McCay a see as a " sai" o Sio. ai . a, "e oiica Caee o Cio Sio, 860" (Uuise .. isseaio, eame o isoy, Uiesiy o ooo, , 2. 4. Sio was susequey eece as M o ao o ecem e 4, 86 y accamaio. . is eigiiiy was caege o e gous a e o oge esie i Maioa. Aams eue a cage y eaiig a oy is amiy a moe o ooo. Ae is eea i a 8 oicia eecio, Aams i oow em o Oa io. Wiieg aiy iue, eceme 6, 8. 6. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 4, 6, C. A. Youg o Sio, May 6, 8. . Ii., o. 2, 0, . 0. Smi o Sio, oeme 2, 8. 8. Ii., , . 0. Smi o Sio, uy 2, 8. . Ii., o. , 8, Cas. Aams o Sio, May 4, 8. e Ieeece (wic was eaie eie e Iee e eoe a "oukooos a Gaicias ie eaiy o $0" as am aoues, a wage a was aoimaey ie oas eow e aeage. Ieeece, uy 2, 0. 0. Sio suoes eaie a Kig a ee ie y Sio a, ece, is ie oosiio was o e eaie i ose ems. Kig, o is a, oese a e a ee ismisse ue o is oosiio o e "Gaicia iasio" a o e ac a e a oe, wi suoig saisics, "e age o amiig suc eoe i masses." Ii., Seeme , 00.

60 . e Ieee, euay 2, 8. 2. Sio coee a Kig a eue "o ao o e uose o ackmaiig ou ay io uyig im o, u e wi e a muc oe ma a (sic e is ow eoe I ge ou o is iews." AC, C. Sio aes, o. 2, 2, Sio o G. . Wiso, Mac 2, 8. Kig, susequey, imie a e ieas a iiiae a aem o ucase e ewsae o is eio y oeig im $00 e mo " oie a e ae i e uue suoe e o. M. Sio." Ieeece, Seeme , 00. Wie o sies ae seigeousy assee ei iocece, oe susecs a . . as esis — i.e., a Sio cosiee Kigs askig ice o $2,000 o e eoia — is we oue. a, "e oiica Caee o Cio Sio, 860," . . Ieeece, oeme 20, 8. 4. "usy as I ae ee, I eue o say a I ae soke a moe meeigs (i Maioa i e as wo yeas a a o you miises u ogee." AC, C. Sio aes, o. 2, 0, Sio o . 0. Smi, Augus , 8. . Ii., o. , 6, Sio o . C. ase, eceme 22, 8. 6. Ii., o. 6, 48, A. E. i o Sio, eceme , 8. . Mciami, e cue mayo o ao, was is coice. . W. . Moo, Maioa: A isoy (ooo , 288. 8. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 8, 66, A. E. i o Sio, auay , 00. . AC, . S. Wiiso aes, oe 48, 8, . . Cameo o . S. Wiiso, Seeme , 00. Wie e Coseaie omiee was oiousy Sios icia ooe, aos M wou e seeey eaee y a i caiae sou a iiiua si e iea oe. ee was, i ac, a umou a . . icaso, e owe o e iue (a a o eemy o Sios, was masemiig e caiacies o seea Ieees o Ieee ieas wo wou eieaey ay e oe o soies. We i aeae a oe os Caoway mig u as a Ieee i ao, . Oe Smi, wo eceie is isucios iecy om e Miise, eoe: "Magu . . . is seig a ma ae os

6 a so as soo as e sows is coous wi o as you cie esies." AC, C. Sio aes, o. 8, 6424, . 0. Smi o Sio, Augus 6, 00. egeuy, is a oo cyic cie message aie o iicae wa a Sio a eise. ee eess, Caoway i o emege as a caiae i ao i 00 20. Ii., o. 8, 4, W. W. Coy o Sio, auay 28, 00. 2. "U o a week o so ago, I ik we wee gaiig gou i e cosiuecy amog e ieees a isaece ieas, u sice e assig o e C cae (i.e., o emi e cosucio o a ie wic wou aae oe aciic ack I am aai we ae os ay gou gaie a eas we ei a ie." Ii., 24 W. W. Coy o Sio, Ai 0, 00. 22. Ii., 282, W. W. Coy o Sio, uy 2, 00. 2. "Sow em (e emeace suoes ow ug o go igee a e e ie we oiiio wae eoc ig." Ii., o. 8, 640, Ia Sao o . 0. Smi, Seem e 8, 00. 24. Cas. Aams, e ememe o ao, was we awae o e oiica aaage o e gaie amog e oe me o Oaio i Macoas emeace egisaio was we ui e. Ii., o. , 624, Cas. Aams o Sio, Augus , 00. 2. Ieeece, oeme , 00. 26. AC, C. Sio aes, m. C42, ..2, 480, Sio o . S. Wiiso, euay , 0. 2. "I u u oug ay iuece I a a my isosa as sog a ig as I cou wie e (Maioa egisaue was eaig wi e suec. I was simy aae a amae y e ack o oua suo . . . ois cy i a eecio wou e oicia igs a a e Goeme ee was saig i wi e C. O e woe, I o ee a I oug o come ou agais i." Ii., m. C42, ..28, , Sio o ak owe, Ai 8, 0. 28. "e ockae aog e C (Caaia oe is ey a a ois a is is eig eaiy agais oi & Co: as i ome yeas ese ois wee we see y C emies wic ae oaiae is yea i oy imie quaiies." Ii., o. 20, 86, aoe o Sio, Ocoe 28, 02.

62 2. a oes a Sios icease ioeme i e Aaska ouay isue mea a ee was cosieay ess ime aaiae o eoe o ay ogaiaio i Maioa. a, " e oiica Caee o Cio Sio, 860," 60. 0. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 24, 2, Sio o . C. Cameo, eceme 4, 02. . Ii. 606, Sio o C. A. Youg, eceme 8, 02. 2. A. C. ase a ee o i Oaio i 84 a moe o ao i 88 a a oee is eame soe i 88. . ao aiy Su, uy 0,0. 4. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 40, 88, aoe o Sio, Augus , 0. . Ii., o. 4, 8, A. C. ase o Sio, Augus 0, 0. 6. Ii., o. 60, 2860, A. C. ase o Sio, Seeme 4, 04. . Ii., o. 6, 08, A. E. i o Sio, Augus 2, 04. 8. Ii., o. 4, 88, E. ake oeso o Sio, oeme 28, 0. . ao aiy Su, Ocoe , 04. 40. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 26, 6, Sio o A. M. eeso, oeme 2, 04. 4. e ieas, i 04, wo see o Maioas e cosiue cies, a imoeme uo 00 we ey a iume i oy ou o see. ey aso icease ei oa ume i e ouse o Commos om 133 o 8 wie e Co seaies ecie om 80 o 75 memes. eck, euum o owe, (Scaooug 68, 6, 06. 42. "ee ae wo ois a seems o me o e a iicuy i e ese a. is, i oes o seem o me a a cea a e cea auoiy wi ae e owe o eguae e seaae scoo, escie e ooks a quaiicaios o eaces . . . Aoe a seious iicuy is as o e as cause wic oies o e saig u o e ocees o e uic scoo as. is quesio was ee iscusse eoe." AC, C. Sio aes, o. 26, 202, Sio o aoe, euay 2, 0.

6 4. Ii., o. , 464, aoe o Sio, euay 26, 0. Oe suy suggess a Sios esigaio o is issue i ecouage e Coseaies o oose e eea goe mes scoo oicy moe igoousy. Maoy . uu, e oma Caoic Cuc a e owes Scoo Quesio: a Suy i CucSae eaios i Wese Caaa, 80 (ooo 4, 82. 44. a, "e oiica Caee o Cio Sio, 860," 88. 4. Wie auie ae aiousy soug Sios eey io e caie io o e 08 eea eecio, ese ego iaios aie we e ime Miise aamay euse o esucue e caie as Sio esie: "Ee e sig cage o eacig e mos age memes seems o e aaoe o e ese." AC, . S. Wiiso aes, oe 286, 24888, Sio o . S. Wiiso, Augus 2, 0. 46. Sio a ecome iuay a oesie eeseaie i a e a cose o o eesais is ome esiece i ao. is isis, uemoe, ecame moe ieque i e uue. 4. M. oey, aoe o e ee ess (ooo 68, . 48. e cisis aose we a ume o ciies iscoee a e aua oma Scoo caea i o icue ay oeig ae o e ao aciiy. esie e oesaios o e emie a is "cisis" was simy a mae o ceica eo, ieas coee a ee was a "o" o come ao sues o eo i Maious oma Scoo. Uouaey, e Maiou oma Scoo, wic a ee cosuce i e o. oe oges ow cosiuecy, a aie o aw a sigiica ume o sues a e Su suggese a oges was yig o eciy a emaassig siuaio y cosig e ao Scoo. ao aiy Su, Augus 4, 06. 4. AC, W. auie aes, o. 48, 608, . W. emig o auie, eceme 8, 06. auie i eques o Wiiam Mackeie o e Caaia oe (ii., 6, auie o W. Mackeie, eceme , 06 a Si omas Saug essy, e esie o e C (ii., 60, auie o Si omas Saugessy, eceme , 06, o aow im o

64 assue aos mayo (a auies eow iea a e "Wea Ciys" ees wou e me immeiaey. 0. ao aiy Su, euay 8, 0. . emig, imse, uaasey caime a "I ae secue as a iae ciie moe o ao a my ooe as i is oicia caaciy." Ii., euay 2, 0. 2. Wiieg aiy iue, Mac 6, 0. . AC, W. auie aes, o. 4, 4, Ewa ow o auie, eceme 26, 06. 4. AC, C. Sio aes, o. , 446, . W. emig o Sio, Ai 2, 0. . Ii. 6. ao aiy Su, Mac 8, 0. . e eame o Eucaio a ee e esosiiiy o e AoeyGeea ui 0. 8. ao aiy Su, auay 24, 24. . AC, C. Sio aes, o. 8, 46828, Sio o . C. aay, eceme 24, 0. 60. Ii., o. 8, 4844, . . McGego o Sio, uy 22, 08. 6. ay, wo a ee o i Oaio i 82, a emigae o Maioa i 88. Ae aig ee eece mayo o ao i 882 a agai i 884, ay a ee eece o e ouse o Commos o Sekik i 88. Caaia aiameay Comaio, 8. oowig is em as Miise o Ieio om 8 o 86, ay acise aw i iis Coumia ui is aoime as oice Magisae i Wiieg. 62. owee, ee is o eiece o susaiae e iues iiguig aegaio a e Sio oces a acuay egi eee e Waace caiacy. Waace eaee o sue e iue uess e ae eace e saeme. 6. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 20, 08. 64. Ii., Ocoe , 08. 6. Ii., Seeme , 08. 66. e aioa esus wee ess amagig as e ieas e om 8 o 135 seas. ue o a icease i e ume o cosiuecies, e Coseaies oa was icease om 75 o 8. eck, euum o owe, 06, .

6 6. oey, aoe o e ee ess, 6. 68. AC, W. auie aes, o. 64, 20, Ewa ow o auie, ue 4, 0. 6. e Coseaies, McKay cage, a ee e C eak is 08 sike a e ay a eceie $0,000 i eu. Maioa ee ess, uy 8, 0. 0. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 4, 4442, . W. emig o Sio, May 2, 0. . o eame, Cowe was accuse o "oesaig" e wa ewoks eame a o aouig e C y e o isio o wae a a ueaisicay ow ice. As a esu, ao a ee comee o cosuc a uecessaiy age (a eesie iaio a. 2. oiicias i o eec ay memes ecessaiy o agee o a maes o oicy u ey i ema a ay e essio o isageeme sou e mae iaey. A uic iisio o oiio wou uecessaiy assis e "eemy." As Sio was uy o, "e Coseaie ay ae o e ie o ay suc assisace om you." AC, C. Sio aes, o. , 6, . . Igam o Sio, Mac 8, . . Ii., o. 6, 62, . oke a S. A. Coe o Sio, Mac , . oe oke was a acie meme o e Gai Gowes a e wou ecome, i 2, e ogessie M o ao. 4. Scaio oe 95 oes o e is ao, A. E. i was seco wi 8, wie Mayo emig was a isa i wi 4. ao aiy Su, Augus 2, . . Ii., Seeme , . 6. Ii., Seeme , . . "So may eoe wae o ge io e a we a o cage i o a ouoo meeig. e ames ee ae quie eay o ea e oe sie o e eciociy quesio a we i is eaie o em i oes o seem a o make em ao ou iew o i." AC, . oe aes, o. , 644, Geo. eey o . S. Casais, ue 2, . 8. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 6, 628, ose . Cames o Sio, Seeme 22, . . Ii., 628, G. . Coema o Sio, Seeme 2, .

66 80. Weeas Coema escie Sios "sei sa o is mae (as oe o e mai acos i e eea o e ac" ( ii., ose Cames aise was moe ecomassig: " You iuece was e cie coiuig cause o M. Aikis age maoiy ee yeseay. ee is o oe os sie eaaio." Ii., 628, ose . Cames o Sio, Seeme 22, . Sio, imse, was moe moes we e cocue a "a goo may o my ies aoe my iew a suoe e Coseaie caiae." Ii., 628, Si o o G. . Coema, Seeme 26, .

6 I 4 8: e Ueasy Cam a ecee e Som Although no one in 1914 could foresee the awful magni- tude of the slaughter which lay ahead, the outbreak of the Great War marked the end of an era, the era of the pioneer, of steady growth and of development. For thousands of , the war meant the temporary abandonment of life-time goals, as jobs and homesteads were left behind; for others who remained in Canada, it was a time of greater economic reward as the value of labour, whether on the farms or in the factories, soared. For most, the war years were troubled years as Canadian soldiers fought in the nation's first "real" war and as the opinion-makers debated the bitterly divisive question of the extent to which the Great War was truly Canada's war. Pleas for unity and thinly-veiled allegations of treason filled the air. Those who were dissatisfied by their economic condition, as in the examples of the farmers and labour, would encounter substantial difficulties in expressing their discontent in a political atmosphere that demanded conformity of opinion and action. Although the war was being fought in the name of de- mocracy, there was but little tolerance of those who failed to express the majority view. Brandon's future had looked exceedingly bright at the end of the Sifton era. 1911 had been, in the words of Mayor J. W. Fleming, the "greatest year in Brandon's history."1 The Canadian Northern's new station and hotel, the Prince Edward, an almost completed new CPR station, the new $500,000 hospital for the insane, the fire station and the Clement block were all under construction if not yet completed. Largely as a result of the city's newly-discovered optimism, Brandon ratepayers in 1912 reversed their decision of the previous year by voting 716 to 44 in favour of

68 a muiciayowe see aiway sysem i e oious, u wa oe o e ueaisic, eecaio a e ciy wou ea e ois. Sue o y e see aiway oosa, ease iacia ieess secuaig o aos aiciae gow use e ice o aoiig ama o $400 a ace i 2.2 y , owee, cicumsaces a ee aee susa iay. As a esu o wa may eeme o e e iges aes i Wese Caaa a aeas wee escaaig a, cosequey, ciic eeues wee eciig. uemoe a o e isaoi me o may, aos ewyiauguae see aiway sysem was osig moey a a oece ae o $,000 e ca e year. Wie e 00 ciic emoyees wo a ei wages euce i mi wee amog e is o sue, e imac soo ecame wiesea. ao, as a isiuio cee a as a make ow, was eaiy eee uo is ua iea a a aea, ue o e ecie i immigaio a e aace egee o eeo me wic a aeay occue, o oge eiie e same eay is o cosume goos a i oce a. Aoug o e C a e oi goeme aeme o aeiae a gowig uemoyme oem i 4 y commecig co sucio wok i aace o e sceue ae, e oca ecoomy a ceay soue y e oueak o wa. e 4 Maioa eecio occue o wa oe o e e ey eve o e Gea Wa. owee, eie e ieaioa cisis wic was uoig o e 1913 ecessio aea o ae ee oiicay sigiica. e 4 eecio, isea, was imai y a cas ewee a oiica a ecoomic eie wo a eeoe e ay macie a acise e "a o acica oiics" i oe o esee ei owe a mie cass eomes wo emsees asie o oiica owe. e eomes oe o smas e macie y esseig is o oe segmes o e eecoae. e eom o e cii seice (so a osiios wou e awae soey o mei wou esoy muc o e aoage a, ece, e macies coo oe goeme emoyees. e ioucio o comusoy eucaio wou ea o e assimia io a e eigeig o e cie o ose oAgoSao immigas o wom e macie a eee i e as. " aig e a" wou o "ciiie" e eaiou o ose oeiges a wokigcass memes wo equee e as a

6 Maioa Acies ames Ae Maig Aikes

0 i wou, i aiio, uiy e oiica sigiicace o ose wo oeae e as. a eom wou ikewise esse e iuece o ose i owe wo cooe e ecoomic esiy o e saoo oeaos y e makig a e eoceme o iquo aws. e eacme o iec egisaio (i.e., e iiiaie, eeeum a eca wou sege e oiica iuece o e mie cass wo cou ao o egage i suc oiica aciiies a i wou ooioaey esse e egisaie coo o e macie. ia y, e ioucio o womes suage was see y may o e a eequisie o a o e aoe as i aeae as i i wou e ecessay o eacise a ew eeme i sociey i oe o eak e sageo wic e macie cuey e. Aoug e oi goeme a ee eemey (a ee eckessy esosie o ceai essue gous suc as e Gai Gowes a ei aocacy o goemeowe eeaos, ey suoy euse e equess o e aoemeioe e omes wo wee eaeig o esoy ei ey owe ase. ecogiig a imoa oiica oouiy, Maioa ieas ( ow e y . C. ois, e MA o asowe iuay aoe e eom aom as ei ow. Mos eomes, suc as eie McCug, oie e ieas as a esu, eieig a oicies suc as "a e a" — imeec oug ey aeae — wee sueio o ose o e Coseaies. e 4 eecio i ao cosiue e is a eaace i oicia oiics o iea oiicia, See (S. E. Ceme wo was caegig e oouae Geoge Cowe, aos caie miise sice is iiia yeecio icoy i 0. e 46yeao Ceme, owee, was as muc a a o e oiica a ecoomic eie as e ma wom e oe o isace. is ae a ee eece e is oicia meme o Soa ake a usse a, susequey, a ee aoie e is sei o e Wese uicia isic. As a esu, e Ceme amiy wee amogs e is o ocae i e ewyesaise ao i 882. aig ee cae o e a i 8, S. E. Ceme ega o acice wi is oe oe i a im a si eiss oay. As a youg awye, S. E. Ceme was acie i commuiy a usiess aais: e was a omie meme o is Meois Cuc e was a sog suoe o e em eace moeme e (as a is ae see o e esigious

71 . . . Wie, esie o ao Coege 2 ao Geea osia oa e a is wo oes co suce e Ceme ock, a owow amak a e, uemoe, a meoicay cime e oiica ae i wa some wou ega as e iea asio. aig see si yeas o e scoo oa, e a successuy soo o eecio o ciy couci. Ae a wo yea aemaic em, S. E. Ceme a ee eece mayo o ao i o 0 a 08. ao Coseaies, o ei a, eeoe a asic woa saegy i 4: is, o sess e eco o e o ouae Geoge Cowe a e goeme, aicuay i e sec o wa a ee oe o ao a, secoy, o eie e aious eom oosas weee ossie, i e oe a e eie ieaeom aiace wou e isceie as a esu. o eame, Cowe, a a aes a aou Couci meeig, aue e oi goemes oaou egisaio suc as e Wokmes Comesaio Ac, a Scaoig Ac, a e ai Wages Ac. e oi goeme, o so Cowe caime, a se some $,60,000 i ao sice is eecio i 0: " uig e as ou yeas, ao a go moe om e

2 provincial government than during the whole 26 years before that."' And the Conservatives promised more of the same: a new Land Titles Office, a Telephone Building, a Model School and a new Normal School. They were openly appealing to the voters to share in "the goodies" of politics by voting for the government candidate. The amount of time that Coldwell devoted to attacking the several reform proposals suggests that the Conservatives were truly worried by the Liberal-reform alliance. Brandon Conservatives, who advocated that each community should resolve the question of prohibition for itself in a local option vote, loudly criticized the residents of Winnipeg who provided most of the provincial leader- ship for the "ban the bar" movement. Why, asked Brandonite Co'dwell, did these "political parsons" (such as Dr. C. W. Gordon who is better known as the novelist Ralph Connor) come to Bran- don which was "as clean and moral a city as could be found." "Why did they not stay at home and clean up their own affairs?"' Such criticisms could be particularly effective in a community such as Brandon which was jealously protective of its own decision-making powers. The Conservatives also stood to benefit politically from the fact that many urban residents were strongly opposed to prohibi- tion as demonstrated by the fact that Brandon electors — and particularly the so-called working class sector of ward one — solidly defeated a local option measure later in 1914. Although Manitoba Liberals had allied with the women's suffrage movement (which was, to a considerable extent, a by- product of the temperance movement), Roblin's Conservatives re- mained serenely unimpressed. Coldwell's attitude, for example, was that "women's suffrage was not at present needed and when the time was ripe the Roblin government would deal with it in a fair and straight forward manner."B Premier Roblin, however, foolishly and unequivocally opposed this proposal which was, in his opinion, a threat to the "sanctity of the home." Speaking in Brandon, the Conservative leader philosophized on the role of women in society as he applauded his mother, for whom he had a "sacred memory," and his wife "who had been his loving companion and helpmate for

35 years." 9 The thought that such women should ever become a part of the unsavoury world of politics was more than he could bear: therefore, he dismissed the very notion!

73 Iesecie o e socae esouio o e Maioa Scoos Quesio i 8, may Maioas eae a e oma Caoic mioiy was eemie o ecoe some o e iieges wic ey a os. I ac, i was equey umoue, uig e oi yeas, a e emie a secey omise Aciso agei a saesuoe seaae scoos wou e ei ouce a some oi i e uue. Aoug e 2 Cowe Amemes, ame i oou o aos Miise o Eucaio wo iouce em, wee eoey esige o caiy e meaig o e ems "scoo" a "scoo oom," ois ciics eae a ese amemes wee ceey coie o assis seaae scoos i some uie mae. We ose eie eee e oi caie soy ae e assage o e Cowe Amemes o ecome e is oma Caoic meme o a Coseaie miisy sice 8, e eas o a oiagei o wee eace. Suc eas cou se Oage oge memes scuyig ack o e iea ay a ey a aey su oe ui e cocessiogaig auieGeeway Com omise o 8. e Maioa ee ess, uemoe, a iiiae a eesie iesigaio o e Maioa scoos sysem i 2. Sake y ese we uicie ouaisic equiies, oesa AgoSao Maioas ecame eey cocee aou e aue a quaiy o eucaio i oca scoos. May "oeig" cie — wo wee aiy iceasig i ume 0 — wee eoey eceiig ie o o eucaio wie ose wo i emaie icomee i Egis. ois scoo sysem was o oucig e sige, uiie commuiy a mos WASs esie. e Coseaies, a aicuay "aos" Miise o Eucaio, cie e goemes eco y way o esose: a secia scoo o ueia eaces a ee esaise i ao a e ume o scoo isecos a ee icease om ie, i 8, o 4, i 4. e Cowe Amemes i o, ey ague, ae e 8 ageeme. e mos igeious esose o iea accusaios, owee, was a aoe a a Coseaie meeig i e ois a. Wie e seakes e ae e issue o e quaiy o eucaio, someoe eoey we ousie o coec a gou o cie wo wee ayig eay. o e eig o e ow (as o 2 oCoseaie Su, a o e cie seece i is "aom same" wee ae o seak

4 Egis aequaey." Suey a was coicig oo o e eecieess o e cue scoo sysem. Wie e 4 eecio i ao may ae ocuse o issues o a ae uusua egee, e mecaics o e oiica ocess wee si o e umos imoace. Aoug ee e maie a eceeigy cuious cuua quaiy o ao oiics as Youg Coseaie meeigs eaue suc iems as "sogs y M. E. A. McGuiess, eciaios y Ms. W. . awso a comic seecios y M. ay Coseo,"" e moe imoa wok was eig oe y ai caasses wo wee acie o ea o o caiaes. e Coseaies, owee, wee eoey iie y e ac a some o ei caasses wee ai ee oas a ay wie oes eceie oy wo. I is aso ieesig o oe a oca caasses o o aies wee eoey uyig oes, as uig e Sio ea. e Coseaies wee umoue o e omisig os o memes o e "oeig commuiy"" wie e ieas, iesecie o ei oesse iees i eom, wee accuse o emoyig e waes o "a we kow woesae iquo eae om Kamsack, Saskacewa. e ieas aso accuse Cowe o egagig i e imeooue acise o issuig "ooacks" — i.e., caeuy cacuae eecio ee ooucemes o wic e oosiio cou o ey ue o ack o ime. I is isace, e meme o ao uicie a eegam (wic ieas caime was oge i wic W. . Egecome, Ga Mase o e Oage oge, eose o e Cowe Amemes a e oi goeme." e aiue o e Ga Mase wou uouey e sigiica o may oge memes a is eegam (geuie o oewise wou eassue some Oageme wo a ee iuece y eaie eos o Egecomes aaome o is ogime Coseaie coecio Wa is mos ieesig aou e o. G. . Cowes icoy (amiey wi a euce maoiy i 4 is a e ou eome e oi goeme wose maoiy was say euce o ou seas, eoe e ee eee eecios i e o wee e. Aoug e ieas aiue Cowes ic oy o e ume o goeme emoyees wo wee "oce" o wok o e Coseaie caiae a o e cou oiica acices wic a ee emoye," i mus e ememee a

75 Brandon had been represented on the government side of the house by a cabinet minister since 1907 and, according to all accounts, the city had benefitted as a result. Were these "political goodies" more attractive in 1914 than the proposals for reform, particularly when the "ban the bar" proposal was unpopular with many in this urban community? This vote would indicate so. The World War, which followed so closely upon the 1914 provincial election, introduced a totally new dimension to the lives of Manitobans. The significance of what proved to be a four-year- long struggle would be immeasurable to a large degree but the outbreak of hostilities did have an evident and immediate impact on the Brandon community. Although the war zone was far removed, Brandonites were nevertheless afraid of even a single unidentified airplane flying low over the city in the early morning!" While only a mos ii imagiaio cou ae associae a soiay aica wi e eemy, may oya iis suecs cou easiy isuaie "a eemy wii" i e ew ue "Ausia oes" wo wee, accoig o Ausiaugaia aw, eece o eu o ig o ea o ei omea. May o ese immigas, wo, ui recently, had been valued neighbours, were incarcerated in the alien internment camp established by the federal government in the Winter Fair Building. Curiously, most of ese "ageous for- eigners," who had been incarcerated during a period of high unemployment, were released in 1916 to provide much-needed assistance to local farmers in the harvesting of that year's crop. The outbreak of war immediately spurred temperance advocates to renew their efforts. A nation at war could not afford any loss in production due to the excessive consumption of alcohol. Furthermore, there was a strong possibility that Brandon would soon become a military training depot and the thought of hundreds, if not thousands, of innocent farm boys succumbing to the lure of local liquor interests was frightening. This was especially so in light of Brandon's notorious reputation — in that even the police chief was implicated in 1912 — as "the toughest little city from coast to coast.' Nevertheless, a majority of Brandon electors defeated a " local option" measure which would have prohibited the sale of all intoxicating liquors within the city." The outbreak of war had re- motivated the temperance advocates; it however, had not instantly nullified the opposition. 76 aoies wee cooe wi e as eaiy o e wa i eay , we e is oca casuaies wee eoe.2 A amos ecisey e same mome, a "oiica omse" suck a o Maioa as e ueiig o e iamous aiameay uiigs scaa wi is eiece o oeeeiues o uic moies a massie "kickacks" eig ai y e coacos o e Coseaie ay quicky e o e oi miisys esiga io. Aoug i a ee eaie umoue a ois esoa ea mig ecessiae is ow eieme, a umou o wic oi imse gae some ceece,24 e geea uic was u eae o e esigaio o e eie amiisaio. e oiica icue was suey eese. Aoug ewyisae emie . C. ois i eoey oe . . McGego, a we kow ao caema (a a cose ie o Cio Sio, e os o Miise o Agicuue, e uue ieueaGo eo u as ye iae ciie ecie.2 As a esu, ao was o o e eesee i e ois caie iesecie o e ac a may aoies aiioay coee a Maioas seco ciy esee suc eeseaio as a mae o aua oiica ig. Maioa Coseaies, meawie, commece e ea y isumouae ask o euiig ei ay i suc a mae a ey cou ese a ew, uaise image i coas o ei ow scaaie eecessos. e coice o . A. M. Aikis — aos eea Coseaie meme sice 1911 — as ei ew eae was ue, a eas i a, o e ac a e cou caim ie eious coecio wi e oi miisy. e a, e uic was iome, camaige o ea o oy a ew seec caiaes uig e 4 oicia eecio a e a o eose a o e eious goemes oicies. Aoug Aikiss esoa quaiicaios — e oCoseaie Su e quey escie im as oe o Caaas mos comee "u iss"G — a is amiys oiica eco" wee weuicie, e geaes emasis was ace uo e ac a Aikis a is ew coeagues wee "Ieee Coseaies" a a ei oi cies cosiue "e eoes aom.28 Aoug a e issues wic a ee a o e 4 eecio — i.e., "a e a," womes suage, iec egisaio a comusoy eucaio — wee "a a ace" o e

77 election, the scandal clearly predominated over all else. The Con- servatives tried in vain to divert the public's attention to other less damaging issues. For example, Aikins's professional connection with the CPR was emphasized in a political appeal to Brandon's railway community; he was described as undoubtedly the best MP the city had ever had; while the establishment of the interned enemy aliens camp and the quartering of two thousand horses in Brandon were cited as evidence of his personal political influence and of the beneficial policies of his party. The Conservatives even desperately attempted to revive the "naval issue" by reminding the voters that Aikins had supported the -proposal whereby Canada would provide the cash to pay for three dreadnoughts to assist Great Britain. According to the Sun, those three super dread- noughts, (which and T. C. Norris had opposed) " would have sufficed to storm the Dardannelles."2 Despite the fact that Aikins's personal qualifications seem- ingly out-weighed those of S. E. Clement, whose single achievement, according to Conservative critics, was the construction of the Clement Block," the Liberal candidate "swamped" the provincial leader of the so-called Independent Conservatives 1,914 to 1,213. Although the Sun bitterly assailed the temperance people for their failure to support Aikins and his promise of absolute prohibition, and while it lamented the fact that Aikins, as leader, had been forced to neglect his own constituency during the campaign, the Liberal victory throughout the province was so decisive (42 Liber- als to five Conservatives) that there could only be one explanation for the result. While the Conservatives in 1914 had weathered successfully both the impact of the 1913 recession and the combined assault of the Liberal-reform alliance, Aikins and his Independent Conservatives in 1915 had been punished for the sins of the Roblin government which had preceded them. The birth of a new government was normally marked by its own political aftermath and the Liberal victory in 1915 was no exception. Manitoba Liberals had been out of office for 16 years and it was time (irrespective of their commitment to reform) to reward the politically deserving in the traditional manner. Brandon merchant and long-serving Liberal politician, A. C. Fraser, was named police magistrate in place of W. II. Bates, a recent Con- servative appointee. J. W. Fleming, the unsuccessful Liberal stan- 78 a eae i 0 a e ma wo a os e omiaio o S. E. Ceme i , was aoie Cek o e egisaie Assemy. wo esse kow ao ieas wee ee ame o eace wo ismisse Coseaies a e oca ai, a ecisio wic cause e Su o osee sacasicay a "e isoes ae ow saey ue e cae o goo iea ukeys."3' I oa, 77 usices o e eace, eig oice magisaes a ie oice cosaes a ee eoey ismisse y e ew iea go eme as o Seeme . e ac a is iomaio oes o aea o ae geeae muc uic iees iicaes a suc iigs a iigs wee si egae as a oma a o e oiica ocess i sie o ose wo wou eom e cii seice. e eomes i eceie some ewa o ei a i e iea icoy. Aoug e . C. ois miisy ceey equie e womes suage moeme o emosae eiece o geea emae suo o ei oosa wic eoccuie e ogaies o seea mos as ey caasse e oice o e equie sigaues,2 Maioa suagees aciee e is icio o ecomig e is o e eacise oiciay i ae auay 6. Wie e cicumsaces o e wa a oie wome wi a oouiy o ay a ew a equa ecoomic oe, Maioa ieas a suoe e oosa o womes suage uig e 4 eecio a ei accessio o owe i 1915 esumay mae a eom ieiae. e wa may ae aci iae e assage o a eom: i i o cause i. Wii ao ise, a oca amak was esaise i eceme, 1915 we e is woma was eece o muicia oice. Aoug e oca Couci o Wome a aie i a eaie aem o ae a woma aoie o e oice oce we ciic auoiies a cocue a e caeakes wie cou seac ose ew wome wo a aou o e aw (i.e., some 0 i 4, ei ecisio o ee oiics a ee moe uiu. aig asceaie a emae aeayes wee eigie o eecio o e scoo oa, Ms. A. . Iwi, e wie o a ao isuace age, was eece y accamaio, as wee a ciic caiaes i a waime eecio. ee is o eiece o iicae, owee, a Ms. Iwis eecio was ecessaiy a y ouc o a wa. e ossiiiy o omiaig a woma o coes e scoo oa eecios a ee cosiee y e

79 aes a aou Couci as eay as :" e ac a Ms. Iwis icoy occue i 1915 suggess a waime coiios a ace as a caays ae a as a cause. eeeess, o e wome a e oiics o is commuiy a eee io a ew ea, amiey i a ae aicimaic asio. A seco waime, u oicewie, emeace oe was couce i Mac, 6, a e esus i ao wee susa iay iee om a ae 4 "oca oio" measue wic a ee eeae y some 00 oes. Amiey, e 6 cam aig was moe oessioay couce a eiousy: e emeace oces a commiee ooms, a camaig maage a a "ge ou e oe" eecio ay ogaiaio. I aiio, o . A. M. Aikis, e oicia Coseaie eae, a S. E. Ceme, aos iea MA, uicy suoe e oosa. ee was aso a imoa ieece i e aue o e oosa ise. Weeas e usuccessu 4 oosa a soug o oii e sae o iuay a acooic eeages, e moe moeae 6 measue oose e aoiio o e muc maige oe as wic wee equee — accoig o eaiig oiio — imaiy y "oeiges" a oe "ess esiaes." ose wo cou ao o imo iquo i quaiy om oe oices cou coiue o o so. e 6 oosa was, eeoe, a cass measue o a cosieae egee as e imaiy eas e a o sie oosiio suggess. Oe suies ae emosae a e wa ise coiue sigiicay o e oicewie suo (y a wo o oe magi o is emeace oosa as Maioas a ecome coice a ey cou o oge oeae suc ieicie uses o gai o ao e imiise ouciiy o a imaie wok oce. Oe ca oy assume a is was equay ue i ao wee e maoiy (,4 o ,20 i aou o e oosa6 was amos e eac eesa o e 4 oe. e ieas wee quie oeu i 6 aou ei uue osecs i e ao eea cosiuecy. e oca Co seaies a os e aaage o icumecy ue o Aikiss eaie ecisio o esig as aos M i oe o ee oicia oiics. . A. Cae, Saskacewas Miise o ai ways a e iea ogaie i Wese Caaa, was aicuay oimisic: "e imessio I caie away om ao . . . is a e Coseaie ogaiaio i a a o Maioa is

80 acicay so o ieces, a a ee sou e ie ou aou e eecio o e iea caiae. Uess someig ey u usua aes i seems o me a ee sou e ey ie ou aou ou cayig a eas 0 o 11 o e 15 seas oay moe."" " Someig ey uusua" i, owee, ae o e ieas i : i ac, seea igs i. owee, i was a comiaio o oes ecisio o iouce miiay cosciio a e as sage o e Waime Eecios Ac wic oay isue e wese oiica scee. Segmes o e ao commuiy a egu agiaig o o cosciio a e isaciseme o eemy aies i eay 6. Aoug e ao Ciies ecuiig eague was imaiy cocee wi e ee o e eea goeme o assume a ecuime coss as suc eeses cuey eceee e iacia caaciy o miiia oices wo aiioay a oe em," ey — as we as e Su — a eeaey eose e gowig uic ema o cosciio." oosas o isacise eemy aies a ee mae ee moe equey. e Su a eioiay aaue e 6 ecisio o e Ausaia goe me o isacise Gemao Ausaias a o equie a eecos o uego a ieacy es, a measue ceay esige o esic e oeig oe. e ao ac o e Gea Wa eeas Associaio a uge e ime miise o isacise "a esies o aie eemy aioaiy uig e eio o e wa a . . . esies o Geek aioaiy sou aso e e cue e use o acise o e eio o e wa."4° e oices a memesi o e ao Couy Oage oge ague a i was "ey uai o e ee eeme o ou ciies a e sma ume emaiig sou e ace a e o y a soi aa o oes o eemy aie i, wo . . . ae a o em secey a may o em oey eemy symaies." Co oesia oug ey may ae ee, i is eie a e oe goemes ecisio o imeme cosciio a o eac e Waime Eecios Ac was oua wi may, may aoies. e eea iea ay was seeey iie y auies eusa o oi e coaiio goeme ue o is co sciio oicy. ocosciio wese ieas wee aicua y o ewee ei eceie ee o a icease maowe suy a ei oyay o e iea ay. e ie ue i

8 favour of coalescing with the Conservatives soon after the passage of the infamous 1917 Wartime Elections Act which disfranchised those Canadian voters of enemy alien origin who had been natural- ized since 1902, the bulk of whom traditionally had voted Liberal in appreciation of the Laurier government's role in facilitating their emigration to Canada. The loss of those Liberal votes combined with the enfranchisement of the obviously pro-conscription, pro- Conservative female relatives of men overseas placed, and especial- ly in the west, western Liberals in a virtually impossible political position. Liberal prospects, in 1917, were even further threatened by a combination of a developing agrarian movement and a new working-class consciousness. The Grain Growers had been economi- cally and politically significant since their inception in 1903 and the political parties had repeatedly solicited their support with a variety of strategies. Although J. A. Calder, the party's western organizer, had advised Brandon Liberals to seek out a prominent local Grain Grower to become their candidate, the farmers had scuttled that plan by deciding to hold their own nominating convention in August, 1917. In fact, the Grain Growers convention was held in conjunction with the newly-formed Labour Representation League, an organization of politically concerned workers, union and non- union alike, whose original objective had been to ensure labour representation in the forthcoming mayoralty and aldermanic elec- tions. When the Grain Growers and Labour met in this joint convention, four names were placed in nomination. Although labour support for the Rev. A. E. Smith, the popular minister of First Methodist Church since 1913, was constant; the larger farmer vote subsequently united to elect Roderick McKenzie, a Brandon area farmer and the first secretary of the Manitoba Grain Growers, on the fourth ballot. The increasingly-active Council of Women also indirectly hurt the Liberal cause in 1917 when they organized a massive "Win the War" rally which was addresed by such non-political figures as Chief Justice Mathers and Captain Best of the YMCA Military Department. As these allegedly non-partisan rallies (as other com- munities followed Brandon's lead) constituted a call for "unity" until the "job of winning the war" was completed, the Con- servatives who were currently in power were the political benefi- ciaries. Their Liberal critics could only be the victims.

82 e maoiy o ao aea ieas, as a esu, oie wi oca Coseaies i suo o a Uiois o "Wi e Wa" caiae. Ae a seies o meeigs, o sies agee o o a oi omiaig coeio a wic ocosciio ieas a Coseaies wou e equay eesee. I sie o e o ak aou uiy, oca ieas a Coseaies caucuse sea aey a ey oceee o suo ei ow coices. esie e ac a e 80 oig eegaes (o wom oy ie o si wee wome" wo me ogee o Ocoe 2 cas 4 seaae aos uig a eig a oe a ou meeig, ey cou eac o ecisio." e Coseaie eegaes suoe Si Augusus a o, a Wiieg usiessma, ougou wie iea oes eeuay coaesce aou Uie Gai Gowes esie (a aso a Wiieg esie, . A. Cea, ae ess omie aoies suc as Mayo . Cae, e. A. E. Smi (wo was makig is seco i o a omiaio a . . McGego a oe y e waysie. As o caiae a eceie e e scie 75 e ce o e oa oe, e ogaies iay a oue e coeio. esie e waime cisis, aiioa aisa cosieaios a eaie. Oe o e uique eaues o is waime eecio i ao was e oe eeuay aye y e Gea Wa eeas Associaio. Aoug ey a eiousy euse o eose oeick McKeie, e oi aouGai Gowes caiae, o e gous a is icia suoes wee aicosci iois," a esie ei ecisio o o aiciae i e iiia " Wi e Wa" coeio as ey a ee isuce o seec ee iea a ee Coseaie eegaes, ey — i e aema o e Ocoe 2 eace — emege as a imoa comoe o e oy oiic. We e ame o . . . Wie, e esie o ao Coege, was meioe as a ossie comomise caiae, e eeas immeiaey eose a oosa a ey susequey esuae Mayo Cae (a e eigouig muicia eaes o ogaie a seco u geuie oaisa omiaig coeio. uy oea o a e eegaes eece o is seco omiaig coeio oe o e eeas, may o wom wee memes o e Gea Wa eeas Associaio. e oeme 6 "Wi e Wa" omiaig coeio

8 was esseiay a coes ewee . . . Wie a Gai Gowe oeick McKeie wo, esie e ac a e a ee omiae a ew mos eoe as a oi Gai Goweaou caiae, a ecie o seek e Uiois omiaio. Ae e oe ess cosequeia omiees a ae y e oiica way sie, ao Coeges esie gaie e o o e i ao. Aoug e oiica "e" was ceay isaoie y ese oiica eeomes i a eie aou o e ames wee ow o e iecy eesee, as o omiae E. . . isso, a coege sue a a aicosciiois, wee aaoe we . S. aeso, a Wiieg gai eae a a auie iea, was aacue io e coes. A oaisa aoie wou e oose y a eaiey weak oesie. esie e ac a Wies ea oe e aico sciiois aeso seeme (a oe o e isumouae, Uiois suoes e oig o cace. e aiciaio o Maioa emie . C. ois, is eie iea caie" a e o. Au Meige, e eceyaoie Miise o e I eio, oes a e ay oessioas i o eae is cam aig o e "amaeuis" muicia eaes wo comise Wi es oicia eecio commiee." e aea y e Wie oces o e ewyeacise wome (wo a ee somewa ee eesee a e seco omiaig meeig" was ecee igy u a iec. O e ee o e eecio, emae eecos wee o, i a o age aeiseme, a is eecio was "e ay o You ia" a a "isoy" wou uge Caaia wome y ei esose: "o You Goy, o You Same, Wic sa i e? easo o icoy."" Aoug aiUiois ieas caime a ee wee oe eecio issues suc as "e Caaia oe aiway, e oo Cooe, e ig Ieess, e ciociy, e oss ie a oe igs,"° e Su cocue: "We ae o ime o see em us ow. e oy ig a maes ow is wiigewa. oe o . Wie a you oe ig." Wee ao oes oe "ig" is a mae o ugme, u i is ceaiy eie a e oca eecos agee a "wiig e wa" was a imoa as . Wie, wi , 40 ciiia oes o ,2 a 2,2 miiay oes o 2, wo e mos oesie icoy ee ecoe i e isoy o e cosi uecy.

84 e ac a aou ee cosiee e ossiiiy o omiaig ei ow caiae i 1917 was iicaie o a ew cass cosciousess wic was emegig i ao i e ae mos o e wa. aou ues cumiae i seea sikes i 8 a, i oe isace, oca osa emoyees suoy emaie o sike ae ei aiowie sike a ee. e ac a ao usiessme immeiaey uge Oawa o ie eaceme sa a, i ecessay, o use e miiay o maiai seice suggess a e sees o uue cass coic wee we ae y 8. is was aso suggese y e agiae mae i wic ao aeme esoe o a oosa y Aema . A. G. Gaam, a ea esae age a oe o aos es kow "Sociaiss,"" o oec a aeayes om e oss o ei oey ue o oayme o aes. Aoug miiay esoe a ee so oece sice 4, Gaams oosa was im meiaey eece as a oseiki iea. e ak cous o cass coic wee ceay isie o e oio. e 48 ea a oe o e a og ouyea iea i wic oiics — wi some eceios — a esseiay " make ime." Amiey e scaaie Coseaies a ee ow om oice i 1915 a e . C. ois ieas, wi ei eome aies, a come o owe. As a esu, seea cages a ee iouce. Wome wee eacise e oe as a ee cose a Iiiaie a eeeum Ac was aoe a ey io e cii seice wou eeae e ase agey o mei as eemie y comeiie eamiaio. oi ics, eeeess, emaie muc e same. S. E. Ceme, a os ew MA (as o , esoiie e ciys usiess a oessioa commuiy as accuaey as a G. . Cowe, i o moe so. ao maes a ee comee o sae e oiica aea wi aos emaes u ey ceay i so o ei ow caeuy eguae ems. Aoug ose wo wise oy o eom e oiica sysem (i.e., i a y secuig a geae ace o emsees wii i a some easo o ee saisie wi e eeomes o e wa yeas, aou a e ames a iscoee a ei ecoomic a oiica o i ie a o imoe. I ac, ey wee, i seea ways, e ecoomic icims o e wa yeas. ey, eeeess, a ie ei ime ui e cisis i Euoe was

8 eaig is e. Ceaiy ei oiica caege i ao i 1917 a oe o e imoe as ey a ae icim o e aioic osaug o e "Wi e Wa" moeme. Aoug e ameaou aiace a, o e mome, eeae, i was eie a ey, ike ak cous o e oio, wou egi o ui u agai. I was ceay e u eoe e som.

OOOES

. ao aiy Su, auay 6, 2. 2. ao Weeky Su, euay , . . Ii., oeme 2, . 4. e C i Ocoe 4 ie a e aaiae maie uemoye a $.0 e ay o wok o "asig" (ao aiy Su, Ocoe 0, 4 wie e oi goeme aeme o ceae os i eay 1915 y auoiig some sewe cosucio a e oicia mea asyum aea o sceue. Ii., auay , . . Wiieg iue, ue 24, 0 as coaie i AM, Mai oa iogaies, 0, 20. 6. ao aiy Su, ue 20, 4. . Ii., Ai 4, 4. Ioicay, Cowe seems o ae ogo e a i was is Coseaie ay wic a imoe caiaes om Wiieg o sa i ao i eac o e 00, 04, 08 a eea eecios. 8. Ii., ue 2, 4. . Ii., ue 26, 4. 0. e "oeig o" eceage o aoies a eace 4.0 e ce o e oa ouaio y . Cesus o Caaa, , o. 2. . ao aiy Su, uy 6, 4. 2. Ii., ue 4, 4. . Maioa ee ess, uy 4, 4. 4. Ii., uy 8, 4.

86 . ao aiy Su, uy 2, 4. is, owee, is e oy eeece o e Saskacewa iea macies ioeme i e ao iig. As e Sco oces wee aegey ey acie i a camaig, ey mus ae coceae o oe cosiuecies. 6. Maioa ee ess, uy 4, 4. . Ii., uy , 4. 8. oi ame is osses o e eas o e Oage oge. Wiieg iue, uy , 4. . is was e cocusio o e ecey esaise oiea ao ews. Ii., uy , 4. 20. AC, oe oe aes, o. , 0622, . A. M. Aikis o oe, oeme 2, 4. 2. o eame, i was aege a e oice Cie, W. . oy, " a ke a osiue i e (is oice a ig a se e away o e e moigs ai." ao aiy Su, Se eme , 2. 22. e measue was eeae , o ,042. Ii., eceme 6, 4. 2. e o. Geoge Cowes so was amog e is o a o me o e ise as kie i acio: ouaey, e eo oe o e eoeous a youg Cowe was ou o e a isoe o wa. Ii., May 8, . 24. AM, Coi . Came aes, oi o Coi . Came, oeme 0, . 2. ao aiy Su, Mac , . I is ieesig o oe a ois sowe o aae iees i cosieig S. E. Ceme (wo mig ae e a e a eae a ewa y saig usuccessuy o e ay i 4 o e caie. 26. Ii., uy 6, . 2. Aikiss ae see i Macoas caie om 86 o 82 as ieuea Goeo o Maioa om 882 o 888 a, susequey, as a meme o e Caaia Seae ui is ea. Ii. 28. Ii., uy 20, . 2. Ii., Augus 4, . 0. Ii. . Ii., oeme 2, .

87 2. A seies o oicewie meeigs wee e i oe o secue e escie oa i.e., e ce o e cue eecoae. . ao aiy Su, Ocoe , . 4. ao Weeky Su, eceme 4, . . . . omso, e aess o Wa (ooo, 8, 806. 6. ao aiy Su, Mac 4, 6. . AC, Wii auie aes, o. 0, 26, . A. Cae o auie, oeme 24, 6. 8. e cos o ecuiig e is uis a ee oy wo oas e ma u is igue a ise cosieay as oices a o ae o moe isa ois o i e ecessay ou ees. ao aiy Su, Ai 24, 6. . A. E. i, a oca eegae iea, was oe o e ew aoies wo uicy oose e ocosciioiss a ee e was eae o acce e cosciio o maowe i wea wee coscie as we. Ii., Ai 4, 6. 40. e Gea Wa eeas coee a e Geek goe mes "sa i e ack oicy" was as ageous as a o e eemy aios. AC, oe oe aes, o. 66, 06, W. G. Oakey, Seceay o Gea Wa eeas, ao ac o oe, Ai 24, . 4. Ii., o. 2, 260, W. . Make a Ae ue o (?, uy 26, . 42. Aoug e oe goeme a aay geyma ee e eecoa iss y eacisig oy ose wome wo wou ikey eose cosciio (i a ey a mae eaies wo a see o wee seig oeseas, e oca Coseaie associaio cuiousy eee oy oke iia ios o suc wome o egage i ay oiics. o eame, wome wee seciicay — a wi muc uiciy — uge o ae a oca Coseaie associaio meeig oy o wiess e eecio o a a mae eegaio o e ays oicia couci. Aoug e ao associaio ami ey i make ames y eecig ei is emae ice esie, y amig 2 wome o e oca eecuie couci a y sagemaagig meeigs a wic wome moe a o e esouios, e suagees mus ae ee isaoie y e womes imie oiica oe i .

88 4. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 2, . 44. Ii., oeme , . 4. Ii., oeme , . 46. AC, oe oe aes, o. 228, 24, ug o Macoa o oe, eceme 8, . auies isi o Maioa a o ao mus ae ee ey aiu ue e cicumsaces. 4. ose same mayos a eees wo a ae e seco omiaig coeio wee esigae as Wies cam aig commiee. 48. e Su eoe a wome a "goo" eeseaio, u o umes wee oie. ao aiy Su, oeme , . 4. Ii., eceme 6, . 0. Ii. . Ii. 2. Ii., oeme 22, 8.

8 The Old Order Changeth, Yielding Place to New

e socae "o ie" oiica aies omiae Maio a oiics, ao icue, ui e oswa ea. e, wii a eio o ee yeas, e oiica scee i ao was amaicay aee, is a e oicia ee wi e eecio o a omiio aou ay (I, caiae a, a ew mos ae, a e eea ee we e ames, o e ogessies as ey wee oiciay kow, swe e cosiuecy. e is ew mos o e oswa ea wee aso make y a ucaaceisic amou o aou ues as a ume o wieyase sikes swe e ciy. Aoug e ou og yeas o ea a esucio a ee i ae 8, e amisice a seemigy uease a ew ye o ecoomic a oiica "waae" i muc o e Wese Wo, ao icue. Wee e emegece o cass o occuaioa oiics — wic wee a oe o oiica uoia o some a o e ogeae eouio o oes — wou oe o e euig emaie ye o e eemie. e oeia o a sog wokigcass moeme eise i aos siae aiway commuiy a e oos o wokig cass cosciousess eee we ack io e ewa ea as se sye "wokigmas" caiaes a aeae i muicia oi ics as eay as 0, Wii wo yeas o a ae, wokigme eoey cosiue e ages sige segme o e ao eecoae. e oiea Sun, uemoe, acceie e 0 mayoay icoy o . W. emig, a omie iea a a se ocaime "wokigmas" caiae, o e ac a e a caeuy cuiae a eeme o e commuiy.

90 e ieas, o couse, wee aious a ay emegig aou commuiy sou uie wi em i wa e ieas coee was ei "commo cause." May aouies, owee, saw ei uue i ems o a seaae ieiy a ee was some iicaio o moeme i a iecio, y 0, as si oca uios aiciae i e ciys is aou ay aae. Wokig cass cosciousess was eace susaiay we ao ai way emoyees suck e migy C i 08. eas as a esu, e oca aes a aou Couci seiousy cosiee e ossiiiy o omiaig ei ow aemaic caiaes i 1911 a agai i , u may wokigcass memes wee ieigie o sa ue o e eieaey esicie oey quaiicaios o muicia oice. e 4 aemaic caiacy, owee, o Geoge S. Mois, oe o aos ew omie sociaiss, a " e is caiae om e (wokigcass aks,"3 esue i oy 82 oes i wa ie, e ciys sou e. Seesigaio as a wokigmas caiae oiousy i o geeae wokig cass eecoa suo. e ae ays o e wa a e iiia mos o e oswa ea wee make y eeioaig ecoomic coiios, umeous sikes a a moe oouce, u o ecessaiy moe ewaig, oiica oe o aou i ao. Aoug e esaisme o e aou eeseaio eague i 1917 co siue a amak as aos aou commuiy a eee iecy io oca oiics o e is ime, a ee oaou aemaic caiaes wee eeeess eeae a yea. e sie e oouce aou ues o 8, Aema . A. G. Gaam was e oy oe o ou oaou caiaes o succee i a yeas aemaic eecios.4 Gaam, wo a ee eece iiiay i 6, was a wekow ea esae age wom e Su escie as oe o aos "soges Sociaiss." ise amog e casuaies was oe Cawo, a C egiee a a ome Coseaie, wo a ee ieiie as a "oicia", aou caiae, e is suc i aos isoy. a is oic esigaio, owee, a oiousy goe uaeciae y wa wo eecos. e ues wic a suace i 8 eace a u eceee cima uig e is si mos o 1919 we ao was couse i a seies o wiesea sikes as wokes

91 e Soo oes, ay, e, Aie, ig, 0

2 soug ige wages commesuae wi e say icease cos o iig, us uio ecogiio. e is mao sike, a o e ciic emoyees wo wee suoe y oe ue eamses i ae Ai, was immesey successu. e Ciic Emoyees Uio was ecogie wo ismisse uio eaes wee eisae a a oa o Aiaio, as soug y e uio, was esaise o esoe e issue o saaies. aos is geea sike, wic ega soy ee ae we oca eamses we ou i symay wi e Wiieg Geea Sike, was o, owee, o e esoe so easiy. Wie oca uic oiio a geeay suoe e sikig ciic emoyees i Ai, , e uic esose o e May 15 geea sike was amaicay iee as e aw a Oe eague, a ciies oy comaae o Wiiegs Commiee o Oe ousa, was quicky ome o e uose o esuig e coiue oeaio o e ciys uic uiiies a "o assis i ecessay i e eseaio o aw a oe. As is symay sike was eaiey eaceu, e eceeigy ueeu oe o e ouee aw a Oe eague was imie o soeig coa o og ous a e ciys umig saio eeeess, a os ciy couci, sogy ecouage y e oca usiess com muiy, aoe a seies o uiie measues wi esec o is ow ecey ecogie Ciic Emoyees Uio. ei ecey awae ay icease was cacee wie some sikes, wo a o eue uo comma o ei ciic osiios, wee eace. ose a i eu iscoee a ey a os ei seioiy. Wie some ieme a coaaes a e umig saio i cosequey sike — agai — o ue 2 o oes e ciys eusa o eeisae a sikes wiou eay, e oea esose o is seco socae geea sike was soaic a soie ee oug i emaie oiciay i ogess ui uy . Aoug aou a ee seeey isaoie y e esus o e wo socae geea sikes, ey mae a eemie eo i e 1919 muicia eecios.9 Wie aiway emoyee . E. Caey wo i wa ee, o o e socae oicia aes a aou Couci caiaes, Wae Soe a Caes ua, wee eeae. Moeoe, e ac a ua os o Aema Geoge Coema, a awye a a we kow Coseaie, i e

93 Ae Ewa Smi, MA, ao, 2

4 same east end ward which had re-elected Alderman Grantham, the " Socialist," the previous autumn confirms that the era of labour solidarity or of a bloc voting had not yet arrived. Why then was the Rev. A. E. Smith able to secure election to the as a DLP candidate in 1920 and, thus, become Brandon's first labour MLA? Smith, who had been born to poverty-stricken, working-class parents in in 1871 and who, at age 13, had worked in a Hamilton machine shop, began a career as a Methodist probationer at MacGregor, Manitoba, in 1890. Later as an ordained minister, he served in several prairie ministries: Prince Albert, N.W.T.; MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in Winnipeg, where he gained his first political experience by cam- paigning for A. W. Puttee; Portage la Prairie, where he cam- paigned for temperance; Nelson, B.C., where his public support of a Socialist candidate caused difficulties with his local church board; and, finally, Brandon as of 1913. Despite the fact that Smith believed his personal religious philosophy was "quie uooo" during those years,t° this 41- year-old miise was wamy eceie in Brandon. In fact, his First Methodist cogegaio successuy petitioned the Manitoba Meth- odist Conference to permit him to remain beyond the normal four- year term. As a result of his popularity and his support of Canada's war effort, Smith was one of several nominees at the "Win the War" nominating convention in 1917 and he subsequently played a significant role in Dr. H. P. Whidden's election campaign. The Methodist minister, nevertheless, remained determined that a new social order should be created in post-war Canada. In fact, he was an integral part of an attempt by the social gospel wing of the Methodist Church, led by the Rev. Salem Bland, to persuade the 1918 Methodist Conference to support a reconstruction policy which was "further to the left than that of any party of conse- quence before the emergence of the CCF in 1933."" By 1918, Rev. A. E. Smith and many oe Methodist reformers were conceding that their new social order could not be achieved within the framework of a capitalistic sociey and the popular Methodist minister joined the local Labour party im- mediately upon his return from the Hamilton conference. That decision must have particularly displeased Stephen E. Clement, Brandon's Liberal and a prominent member of Rev. Smith's con- gregation.

95 . . . Emiso, MA, ao, 2

6 While Smith's interest in socialism disturbed many of his parishioners, it was his public participation in the 1919 strikes which directly led to his dismissal. Smith, who was the Ministerial Association representative to the Brandon Trades and Labour Council, spoke at several strike meetings, o i ao a Wiieg e ee eae sike ueis a e e see aaes. e was, i is ow wos, "i e ick o e ae."" As a esu, Smis oca cuc oa aeme o a im om " ei" ui. Aoug a moio was eece o ecica gous, Smi was essue io coosig ewee is Meo is a e sikes. Ae esigig om e Meois miisy, Smith established a People's Church in Brandon whose membership was open to all Brandonites who were prepared to work towards a " better day for human society." The DLP had attempted in 1919 to establish a common front with the growing farmers' movement in the Brandon aea. A committee representing the Trades and Labour Council, the DLP membership in both Brandon and Souris, and the Brandon branch of the Manitoba Grain Growers' Association had attempted to formulate a joint educational and political program. According to what appears to have been a Royal North West Mounted Police intelligence report, the Rev. Mr. Salter, a former assistant to Rev. A. E. Smith, was the key intermediary in this attempt "to arrive at a platform agreeable to both.' Although Smith was elected as a director of the Brandon branch of the United Farmers of Manitoba, local farmers protested so vehemently against this "introduction of politics" into the UFM that Smith felt compelled to resign. The eventual decision of this very urban branch of the UFM to bypass the 1920 provincial election, in favour of the upcoming federal election, nullified any hope for a joint farmer-labour candidate for Brandon in 1920. A. E. Smith would represent the DLP alone in

1920.'4 A vital factor in that 1920 provincial election in Brandon was the number of candidates who would enter the contest. The incumbent was Stephen E. Clement, the Liberal MLA who had been elected five years before. His parliamentary record, however, was quite unremarkable and may aoies a ee isaoie by the fact that he had not ee iie o oi a ia ie circle, the cabinet, as they eiee a Maioas seco ciy 97 auomaicay waae suc eeseaio. igaieGeea ames Kikcay — a ome aema, eCie o oice, eCiy Assesso, aos mos ceeae wa eo a, cuey, a Ieee omiee — oee o sa asie i aou o ay oca iea o caie saue, i Ceme wou o e same. Ceme, uesaay ecie a a eeway coes esue. is, as may ieas a Coseaies eae, was e iea oouiy o a aou ay caiae. igaieGeea Kikcay, wose aeisemes oaye im i uiom, sesse ougou e camaig a e was a Ieee a e wou oe i e egisaue "as is ugme icae" a a e wou, we waae, suo e . C. ois miisy. Wie Kikcay oiousy oe o caiaie uo e oaisa seime wic was a iega a o e aiy eeoig ogessie moeme, e a e suoie Su eoe muc o e camaig o aackig A. E. Smis "eouioay" aue. e Su, wic eioiay cocee aous ig o iec eeseaio i e Maioa egisaue, ague a A. E. Smi was o, owee, a "oa ie" aou caiae. "oces o esucio" o "es," masqueaig i e ame o aou, a aegey seie coo o e omiaig coeio. ey a, as a esu "oise" A. E. Smi oo e oca aou ay.7 Aoug A. E. Smi igoe e isiuaio a e was "e" a esie is agy eias a e a, i ay mae, osee e ossiiiy o a eouio uig e 1919 sikes, oe susecs a mos eecos wou e moe iuece y e accusaios a ey wou e eias. a is a o e oiica ocess. Oe o e uusua eaues o e 20 oicia eecio was e aiciaio o a susaia ume o cegyme. e. owy o Ko, o eame, eace a eecioee semo wic oe o e a aioic euogy o e iis ag a a waig aou "a goess yay masqueaig ue e ame o ee com." e mos sesaioa aouceme, owee, was a o e e. ames Saage, a ie o aous i e as, wo caime e a ee oce o esig is osiio a S. Aews esy eia Cuc as a esu o is eusa o eose e DLP caiae" wose eigious eacigs, e eiee, wee "aiCis ia a aga

8 Maioa Acies oe oke, M a Miise o Immigaio a Cooiaio, 2

Wie ee wee esse issues i 20 suc as e ee o moe eeome o aua esouces, e eeia comai o ecessiey ig aaio, a e ack o assisace aaiae o eue soies, e imay issue was A. E. Smi imse a e cucia quesio was wee o o a eeway coes mig eae im o "si ow e mie." A. E. Smi i, i ac, wi wi oy a uaiy o e oes as e oe 2,00 o e 4,6 aos cas. e iea icume Ceme (wi ,40 oes a e Ieee Kikcay (wi ,24 oes a iie e maoiy ewee em. Wee Smis icoy iicae a aou a gow sigiicay as a oiica moeme was a quesio a wou ay e esoe y e 20 ciic eecios. ose 2,000 oes wo a suoe A. E. Smi wou esumay oe o aou caiaes ae a same yea i ei suo o Smi acuay cosiue a oe o aou. Aoug e DLP eose ee aemaic caiaes i 20, eea Aema Gaam, i is eas e wa, aoe emege iuma. eie A. yic, a soekeee om "e as" a e ciys is oWAS ca iae, o . . Skee — wo os o . Cawo, a aiway emoyee wom e DLP euse o eose — wee seious caeges. I wou aea as i ee was eaiey ie aou ay suo a was aseae om oe ee o oiics o aoe. aou, eeoe, cou caim oy oe mao icoy i e 20 muicia eecio a a was e aoiio o e wa sysem. wo oaou aeme, Gaam a Caey, a i iiae a camaig wic cumiae i a 2 o 2 oe i aou o aoiio. e agumes i aou o aoiio wee a e iequaiy o ua oig wou e aoise ee wou e a age ie om wic o secue ae caiaes a a oes wou oeuy ake a geae iees i muicia oiics we ey a a cace o eec e eie couci. aouies assume, as we, a ey wou e moe successu a ey wee a a mome we ey a a goo cace i oy oe o wo was. Ioicay, aou — 51 yeas ae — wou aocae e esoa io o a same wa sysem. e oigi o e ames moeme, o e ogessies as ey wee susequey cae, cou e ace o a

100 eea eecio i wic e Coseaies, agey aie y Ci o Sio, a succeee i smasig o e auie goe me a wese agaia oes o ee ae wi e Uie Saes. iscouage y e eaiaio a e ieas a Co seaies, we measue y ei acios i oice, wee eess igy simia o eac oe, Wese Caaia ames a egu o cosie e aisaiiy o ceaig ei ow ay. esuae om oig so uig e couse o e wa, u o issuae o e ecessiy o oig so, ey a se asie ei oiica amiios ui e was e. issaisie wi e Uioiss coiuig commime o igai oicies, . A. Cea, a ome Maioa iea a e Uie Gai Gowes oicia, a e a au o issie Ms i aaoig e Uioiss i aou o e "coss eces i ." Wii mos, . A. Cea a ee accee as e sokesma o e ames. e ogessie moeme a ee o a a ey mome we ousas o Uiois ieas wee eaig ei ow oiica uue. Ucomoae wi a ucoice y ei Coseaie aes, wooe y Wiiam yo Mackeie Kig, auies aicosciiois successo, u o ye wo, wese ieas mae ei ecisio. I e wos o a ome iea caiae i e ao iig, "ey see oig u e ames i e e eea eecio."" Aoug e socae Ko acio — i.e., ose ai cosciiois Maioa ieas wo a oe 0.4 e ce o e oe i e ao iig i 1917 — commie emsees o igig e ames a eey se, e maoiy o ao aea ieas wee wiig o suo e ogessies, oie a oe oke was ei caiae." oke, a 6yeao iesoe aea ame, a ee acie i e Maioa Gai Gowes sice is iceio e a ee a a o e o aos o Iusy e a see e M o iesoe as eee o 20 yeas a, sigiicay, e a ee a wekow iea. As . A. Cea ayuy eaie, oke was e "caiae wo cou ee e ecee i a cosiuecy — a aie o Scoa, a iea a a ie ousaig ma o iegiy suc as you wou auay associae wi a comiaio."" Aoug e DLP a seace wiey o a caiae, o oe — icuig eaice ige wo a eas a e isicio

0 o eig e is ao woma oose o eecio o ay oice oe a scoo oa — a cosee o u. e Ko acio cosequey omiae . C. Co, a ao ie a e esie o e ao aes a aou Couci, i e oe a e wou o e aou oe, a oe a wou emai agey uuie. ace wi e ask o coosig a successo o e ei ig . . . Wie, e Coseaies sigiicay seece a wekow ie aea ame o e ei caiae. C. E. Ies, wo a aoe e ie o Cooe o isiguis imse om aoe wi a simia suame, a emigae o e ie isic i 88 om Ega. wo ecaes ae, e a ee . W. Scaio ogaie a isoymakig is ac o e Mai oa Gai Gowes. e, ike oe oke, a see as a eee (o Waace Muiciaiy a e aso was a as esie o e Uio o Maioa Muiciaiies. Aoug e Coseaies a eieaey omiae a ame wo wou, ue oma cicumsaces, ae aeae o e suey aimoa ua oe, a comiaio o oug, ai, gassoes a we aes coiios a ouce i 2 wa eea oiicia o . aig escie as "a eie sae a o couse ey (e ames ame ei ack o oseiy o e Goeme."" ese eesse agicuua coiios, e Coseaies ig ai oicy, a e "is ime o a cage" syome a ogee ceae a amos imossie oiica siu aio o e oies. May wese Ms, as a esu, a oose a auum 2 eecio, eaig a e Coseaies a ie as comie wou wi oy ou seas "ewee e akes a e Mouais."28 e Coseaies, i acuaiy, aie o cay a sige cosiuecy o e aiies as e ames swe e ua cosi uecies wie aou a iea caiaes iie a au o ua cosiuecies ewee em. I e ao cosiuecy, oe oke swe o icoy as e wo ao ise as we as e ua os wi a oa oe o ,6 o Ies 4,06. . C. Co, wom e iea ay euse o eose," was ee a coee as e oe oy 404 oes. Aoug ao aea eecos, y oig o oe oke, a o e seco ime i wo yeas oke ei we

02 esaise ae o oig "miiseiais," ey a emaie i se wi ei eow Maioas i a e ogessies wo 2 o e oices 15 cosiuecies. uemoe, as uue ees wou emosae, ose same Maioa ogessies, uike ei Aea coeagues, wou eeuay coaesce wi Mackeie Kigs goeme. ao aea eecos a o saye ey a om ome. As oe eaie, A. E. Smis eecio as a aou MA i 20 a a o eie imac o a yeas muicia eec ios, ece i esec o e ume o DLP caiaes. is oe o e equay ue i 2 we e DLP omiae ee aemaic a ou scoo oa caiaes, i aiio o eos ig icume scoo oa caiae Geoge io, Aema . . aes a aemaic oeu e Youg. Aoug is was aous mos eesie eo o ae, e esus wee isaoi ig as e caiaes ay aie e ie. e 22 oicia eecio was, i eaiy, a coiuum o e 20 eecio i a e ae a esue oy i a usae iea mioiy goeme. e cea issue i e ao cosiuecy was wee A. E. Smi, e DLP icum e, wou agai ace a iie oosiio. As o ao ieas a Coseaies wee osig gou i 22," ey wee ae o igoe ei aiioa aisa ieeces i oe o uie ogee agais a "commo eemy." As a esu, a oi omiaig commiee ace e ames o W. I. Smae, Mayo . Cae a . . . Emiso eoe 68 oig eegaes. As i , is oi ieaCoseaie omiaig coeio e cie a a oua meme o aos usiess a o essioa cass suc as Dr . . Emiso cou mos eeciey uie e wo oiica cams." Emiso, e so o a Oaio esyeia miise, a acice meicie i uea o may yeas eoe moig o ao i 08. y e ime o is omiaio i 22, e 4yeao ysicia a eoey aciee a eaoiay ouaiy. e was, i e wos o a coemoay oiicia, "e sa o e ea — e gaes ca Go ee u ea i," a ma wo was "amos wosie o is meica seices."" ee wee seea ae isic eaues o Emisos camaig i 22. is o a, is suoes caime a Emiso,

103 as a Ieee, cou wok eeciey wi ay goeme a mig e ome ae e e oicia eecio. is was aicuay sigiica we oe ememes a aoies, y eecig Smi i 20, a ace ei cosiuecy o e oosi io sie o e egisaue o e is ime sice 886 a a ew usiess, accoig o e Su, a ee igee away y e aouies "aica" aue. "ao cao ay oge ao o e ise e aeise as a ossie sea o uuece . . . o as e uig gou o ua aica eaes."" Secoy, Emiso, i e wake o e ciys iacia cisis a e socae "eaces sike," ecie "ais oswa eeiues," sesse e ee o "sae, sae, esosie goeme" a wae a some aoies, suc as A. E. Smi, "wou . . ., oow a you ca a se eckessy."" ao, as Emisos auiece was we awae, a suee a seee iacia cisis eaie a yea we e ciys ak aouce a ey wou aace oy 8 e ce o e oa 22 a ey, as a esu o eesie a aeas i 2. Ciic auoiies, i u, a ee oce o euce e ciy uge y some $,000. A ew ciic emoyees wee ismisse mayo a couci agee o oego ei aua sies a a ciic saaies 1 wee euce y 2 /2 e ce as o Mac , 22. I aiio, e oca scoo oa, wic was esosie o is ow uge, cu eaces saaies y 2 e ce as o Ai 1 o e aace o a scoo yea. We ao eaces euse o acce a ecisio, e scoo oa ismisse a eaces as o Ai 0, 22. Aoug Smis oe i is aou isue was quie imie, i wou aea a e was ieiie uicy wi e "sikes." is associaio wou e oiicay sigiica o wo easos. is o a, e "eaces sike" was a aiue i a ew eaces wee ie o eace ose wo euse o eay o ei ome osiios a e euce saaies. Wise oiicias omay aoi associaig wi usuccessu causes as a is o goo image uiig. Secoy, a o geae imoace, e eaces wee ceay uoua wi may eecos as ey wee caegig e ogam o euce aaio a ciic ecoomy a, i successu, ey wou eage e ciys iacia saiiy. us, e DLP icume was associae wi e igeig sece o waseu seig, akucy a e euiaio. 04 Emisos suoes aso aeme o seaae e i cume om is oiica ase y cagig a e was o uy eeseaie o aos aou commuiy:" e was isea a " e," e omecaue y wic ey caegoie may aouies.3° C. . Kamieski, a o e esie, uicy eae is ow ussia eeieces a is ie waigs aou e oos o oseism wee aay esige o ige woue Smi suoes. Ee emie . C. ois aacke e ao MA i suisigy aamis ems: "M. Smi is a Sociais o e eeme ki e is oose o e ese sysem o cosiuioa goeme a eeoe cao e cosiee a goo ciie o Maioa."" is was aos is ea eeiece wi a ea camaig. Wie A. E. Smi a eaie is maimum oeia i 20 i a e oe oy a aiioa 53 oes i 22, e usioiss succeee i asy imoig uo e eious iea Coseaie oe. e ac a . Emiso was ae o ouo e comie CemeKikcay 20 oa o 2,648 y 6 oes emosaes e ouaiy o Emiso as a caiae, e eec ieess o e usiois "ea" camaig a e eiciecy o ei "ge ou e oe" ogaiaio. A. E. Smis iiia icoy i 20, wic a ee aciiae y a iie a aeae oosiio, a so uie a moiae e geea ouace a e aiSmi oe i 22 geay eceee is ow seg. I icoy, e a sow e sees o is ow eea. e oiica ae o e 22 oicia eecio was eeae i a yeas muicia eecio, a wi simia esus. We e DLP eose a u sae o aemaic caiaes icuig eea Aema Gaam, a Ciies Commiee, moiae esumay y e successu eame o e usioiss, was ogaie i esose. is gou eose ou o e icum e aeme (ecuig Gaam us Geoge Eo, wo a os y a sma magi e eious yea. I aiio, e Ciies Commiee eose Mayo ay Cae i is i o eeecio. e easos escie o e Ciies Commiee eoseme, i a cases, wee e eeiece o e caiaes a ei aocacy o ciic ecoomy. 22 oe o e a isasous yea o aou as ee o aou Aema Gaam, was eeae i is is ciywie

105 eecio, esie e ac a e oe some ,400 oes. ei MA a ee eeae, ei sae o aemaic caiaes a ee aiiae, ei oosiio o e ciy maage om o ciic amiisaio a oe o e icosequeia," a, y suc cessuy omoig e aoiio o e wa sysem, ey a oome ee ei ow Aema Gaam o eea. ose euoic ays wic a oowe e successu Ciic Emoyees Uio sike i Ai, 1919 a e wi ceeaios wic a accomaie A. E. Smis isoymakig eecio i 20 seeme so isa ow. e o oe a yiee — u, o, o suc a ie mome. e ciys iacia cisis, wic a oowe i e wake o a soaig a ae (om 2 mis i 8 o a ueceee 40 mis i 2, a esue i a eoccuaio wi e ee o euce aaio a ciic ecoomy. A. E. Smi a ee, i a, a oiica icim o is eoccuaio a, i ac, e oiica ocess as a woe suee. I o 2 a 24, e icume aeme wee eeece wi oy a miimum o iees eig eesse, o i ems o e ume o caiaes a i eecoa esose." e commuiys osessio wi e ee o ecoomic eecme a o eeae a iscouage aou caiaes o e ee a ey aaoe e oiica ie ui e seco a o e ecae. In coas o aous eciig oiica oues, e ames moeme emaie e eomia oiica oce wii Maioa o e e ew yeas a oe oke, e M o ao was a eaoiaiy sigiica oiica igue as a esu. oke, wo a ecie a iiaio o ea e ewy ome ames goeme i e oice," a succeee . A. Cea as aioa eae o e ogessies ae i 22.4' As a esu, ao was eesee i e ouse o Commos y a aioa ay eae o e is ime i is isoy. e success o oke a e ameogessies, ow ee, ceae a oiica iemma o o e ieas a e Coseaies. ow cou ey isose o is ea o ei oiica uue? e ossiiiies wee seea. Wie ime Mi ise Mackeie Kig was eemey aious o cooeae o coaesce wi e ogessies, e Maioa iea eecuie, as a esu o ei 22 oicia eecio eea y e ames, wee

06 eemie o ig e ogessies a eey oouiy. ey oose, eeoe, o omiae ome emie ois o oose oe oke i ao." Aoug e Coseaies wee mos icie o caege e ogessies i eecoa ae, ey wee eae o aao ao i a oisoke cooaio wou geeae a ume o eeay coess i wic e Coseaies cou wi y "siig u e mie."" owee, ue aaey o Mackeie Kigs esoa ieeio," a o ieas i o oose oe oke i 2 a eeway igs wee agey aoie. As e ieas a ecie o oose oke, e Co seaies omiae a 6yeao caiae wo was, i may ways, is oiica oosie. . W. eauie a emigae o e Souis aea om e Couy, Oaio, i 882. Ae aig ame a woke as a C aima, eauie a moe o e ciy wee e ecame we kow o is wa eco oeseas" a as a oua oema. Uike 2 we ey a seece a ua esie a a am eae, e Coseaies a eieaey seece a ao esie i oe o o e ciy oe. a ao oe, owee, cosiue sigy ess a 40 e ce o e oa cosiuecy eecoae. I eaiy, is oiica ama i wic ow a couy me i ae was sage wice wii 11 mos i a e esus o e 2 geea eecio wee so oiicay icocusie a a seco eecio was ecessay. I a 26 eecio, owee, e " uesaig" a a eiousy eise ewee oke a oca ieas was omaie as aos icume M was omiae seaaey u oiciay y o e ogessies a e ieas." e oe a eque aiciaio o omie ieas suc as . C. ois, emie Caes uig o Saska cewa, a ames Gaie, Saskacewas Miise o Agicu ue, i okes 26 camaig ue aese o e ee o e oiica mege. iay a symoicay, e "ew oe" yiee o "e o" we oe oke amey ecie . A. Ceas oe o camaig o is ea o e gous a ee wee o suiae ocaios aaiae a wic e ome ogessie eae cou seak. Aoug oe oke maiaie e acae o ei a ogessie, e ames wee ceay euig ome o , iea o y 26. Mackeie Kigs saegy was succeeig.

0 ao Coseaies i o 2 a 26 wo e ae a os e wa as e Coseaie omiee swe e ciy os i eac isace oy o iscoe a oe oke a caie e ua seco a, ece, e eecio." Wy i ao esies oe o eauie ae a o oke i ese wo eecios? is o a, e Coseaie omiee, uike is oo e, was a ao esie wo was suoe y e oey aisa ao aiy Su. Aoug oiicias cou ee quaiy e oiica aue o iey ewsaes, ey agee o ei esiaiiy. o eame, . A. Cea eaie a e Coseaies oiica iicuies i Maioa wee agey ue o e ack o suo o a age aiy ewsae." e ome ogessie eae uemoe acceie iea a iea ogessie successes i Maioa i 26 o e eu o e o o e Maioa ee ess. Maioas ome emie omo . oi aso aiue Coseaie aiues i a same 26 eecio o ewsaes: "uic meeigs ae o as oua as ey wee 2 yeas ago, oo may auomoie a easue seekes ese ays a oy eaes ca ge a auiece. ey (e oes ake ei oiics om e ewsaes.. . . I is a wase o moey a eo o u coseaie caiaes wiou a ewsae i Mai oa."" I ewsae suo was as cucia as oi a Cea coee, e oiica ias o e Su may e eai wy ao eecos oe Coseaie, eseciay i 26 we muc o Egis Caaa was eeig o ieaism. ao Co seaies us eoye a oue aaage i ese wo coess — e aaage o a oua, oca caiae a e oiica suo o wa was ow e ciys oy aiy ewsae. Aoug aos eic oes oae oy seea ue (i.e., a esimae 00 i 4, a oc oe o a ooio cou e cucia i a cosey oug coes. e Co seaies eoe cosieae aeio o wa ey oiousy cosiee was a "swig" oe i 2 as oe awoski, Ca Kosky, e aousky a Mike oowic wee ae o eauies eec io commiee. Aew oaski, seakig uicy o eauies ea, ee accuse oke o uiciy i a is oaou seeces mae wie camaigig o "e as" wee aegey coaice y saemes mae esewee i e iig." is aea o e eic oe aaey succeee as . A. Cea

08 ae osee a e "ueia o Gaicia oe i a gea may isics we amos soiy oy."" e quesio o aos seiees was aso sesse as e Su eeaey wae a iay memes suc as oke cou o oig o e iig. is same ewsae, eeeess, simuaeousy ame e oca meme o e ac a a mucesie Moue oice aacks a o ee co suce i e ciy." Aoug e "iay" agume was ay eea uig e 26 camaig we oke a ee omiae oiciay y o e ogessies a e ieas, e Su esise y accusig oke o eig "so ioe i iigues a quaeig . . . a Oawa a e as ee ee ae o cosie . . . e ieess o ao."55 e sae o a ays ogaiaio ca, i a cose coes, se e ieece ewee icoy a eea a e ao Coseaies a uegoe a susaia, a oay sigii ca, cage i oca eaesi. A ew a eusiasic geeaio o ay aciiss icuig . A. Mcei, C. C. Mice, . . McQuaie, E. C. Wieea, . . ogwo a . M. oaso a ogaie a Youg Coseaie Cu i Mac, 26, wic maiaie a eceeigy acie oiica a socia ogam ougou e summe. e weeky aces wic e Youg Coseaies e wee a ae cuious eia o ewa ai sa socia aciiy. ey wee, i aiio, sigiica eiece o a susaia a eegeic ay ogaiaio wic wou ecome oiicay eea oce e camaigig ega. iay, a i seciic eeece o e 2 esus, i mus e ememee a e maoiy o ao ciy eecos wo oe Coseaie wee ey muc i se wi Egis seakig Caaa as Au Meiges ay mae a emakae oiica ecoey, ece i Queec. I ac, e Coseaies, i 2, wo moe seas a e Mackeie Kig ieas. Uaiy o em, ei success was eaey a iaequaey ewae as Meiges 26 goeme suie o oy a ew ays. Wy e i e Coseaies, aig wo e ciy, o succee i cayig e cosiuecy? Aoug Au Meige comaie a eauie wou ae ee eece i 2 a o e ieas asey accuse e Coseaies o aig o amagamae e wo aiway comaies," e cucia aco i o

109 eecios was e ecisio o ao ieas o o oose oe oke. a e ieas oose oke, ae eauie wou ae wo e sea a e ioma ieaogessie aiace wic maiaie Mackeie Kig i oice, esie is susaia oss i seas i 2, wou ae ee esoye. Au Meige imse was aso ay esosie o e aiues o is ay i e 26 eecio. Meige isise a e cusoms scaa wic a oug ow e Mackeie Kig goeme i ae ue, 26 was e icia, i o e oy, issue. e eiece suggess, owee, a e oes gew weay o e scaa ae a eio o ime a a ey wee moe cocee wi seiees issues, suc as wo a oe wa o wom a ow ecey? Wie Mackeie Kig wou e eieaey ague we iscussig suc esse (as Meige eceie em oics wic emie Kigs auiece o iee is saemes accoig o ei wises, Au Meige was oesy, i o ooisy, oig. Meige i omise o comee e og awaie uso ay aiway a o oie e ecessay o imoemes u (a a was e u oy i e oa coss wee o o ecee a seciic sum. Wie ae eauie i o mi is eaes "ae weak sa" o e uso ay aiway, a oosa wi wic e i o agee, e Coseaie caiae seciicay ame is 26 eea o Meiges aama oosiio o aoe aouie wese issue, e Cows es ass aes Ageeme." e 26 eea eecio make e e o a ea, e ea o e ogessies, e ea o e ames eo. oe oke, e aioa eae o e ogessies, a ee eeece i 26 as a ieaogessie a, a week ae, e was aoie Mi ise o Immigaio i Mackeie Kigs iea amiisaio. ee yeas ae, e oeime ee wou e aoie o e Seae. e ames a eue o e o. e "o oe," aig o ecessiy "yiee" a ie, a, i e e, eoue e ew. O, Seae Wee is y sig? Aoug 26 make e isaeaace o e eomi a segme o e ames moeme om eea oiics, aou ae cuiousy ega o emosae sigs o oiica eueaio i a ey yea. As a eame, wo uoicia aou caiaes soo usuccessuy o e scoo oa eec

110 ios i 268 a ee Ieee aou ay (I aemaic caiaes wee omiae a eece i 2. Wy, ae seea yeas o oiica aciiy, i aou ow eew is iees i iec oiica ioeme a wy was i successu? ee ae seea ossie eaaios. e ciys ouaio, icuig esumay e sie o e wokig cass, a ecoee i ece yeas, om a 8 ow o 4,02 o a 26 oa o 6,800. e ume o ae uio ocas was eaig i iec coeaio wi gauay imoig ecoomic coiios so a ee wee 2 ae uios eesee i ao y 26. A 26 ameme wic emie ao muicia eecos o oe o u o ie aemaic caiaes, owee, oay coiue e mos o aous success a e aemaic ees. Uess ee was a u sae o ie aou caiaes, oaou oes, i e as, a ee comee o oe o, a us e eec, ia ca iaes. As a esu o e 26 ameme, aouies cou um o e caiaes o ei coice as i e 2 aemaic eecios we I aemaic caiae ay Sao, a C ocomoie egiee, ace seco wi 2,8 oes wie eow I aemaic caiae, . oy ais, a aiway couco, was a emakay cose i wi 2,26 oes. aou was aso ae o caiaie uo a ume o yeecios i e 228 ea wic a eec o eacig e oiica sigiicace o aous coe oe ue o e ac a ee was omay ess iees i suc yeecios. As a eame, Wiiam i, a C egiee a e is o e I caiaes o e eece o couci, was successu i a euay, 2 aemaic yeecio ee oug e oe oy ,68 oes, a oa wic ougy coesoe o aous coe oe i e immeiae oswa ea. 2 oe o e a amak i aous oiica isoy as e I y yeas e a caue ee aemaic seas. e eemegece o aou as a oiica oce a e muicia ee may ae coiue o e eea a same yea o Aema Geoge isae, oe o aos moe omie oiicias. isae, a emayo a a uue MA, a aiioay mae a oe aea o aous suo. e omie Saaio Amy oice, owee, aie ay i e aemaic ie o see a oe susecs a is euce suo may ae ee ue o e aeaace o moe geuie aouies a o umig.

111 e success o e I muiciay i 2 e iecy o e omaio o e Youg Ciies eague a same yea. Wie e ae oy oesse o e eeseaie o a secos o e ao commuiy, is eaesi cosise esseiay o acie Coseaies suc as . A. Mcei, o Ae a C. C. Mice. Aoug e Youg Ciies eague coee a is imay uose was o commemoae Caaas 60 aiesay, o o moe ao a o ecouage a geae iees i ciic aais, i i omiae . . ogwo, a youg usiessma a e esie o e Youg Coseaies, o oose Wiiam ai, a oca osa cek a e I omiee, we aoe aemaic yeecio occue i uy, 28. As oy oei o e eigie oes we o e os, aous coe seg was suicie o eec ai y a oe o , o 8. e I, as o mi28, e ou aemaic osiios o ciy couci. Coo o a couci ay wii aous gas. Oiousy ecouage y e esu o e euay, 2 yeecio, e I omiae e ico, Aema Wiiam i, o eese em i e 2 oicia eecio. e I aemas caiacy, a a Mayo ay Cae, wo was a se esigae acke suoe,5 wou es esumay wee o o oiica suo was aseae om oe oiica ee o aoe. . . . Emiso, e i omiee, ase is camaig o eeecio uo is eco as a Ieee wo a su oe e acke goeme i mos isaces. e oua meica aciioe aso caime a e a oe moe equey wi aou MAs a e a wi eie e ieas o e Coseaies. y emasiig ose occasios i wic e a suoe e goeme, e oe o emascuae ay Caes oacke caiacy. y emosaig is isoic aiiy wi oe aou MAs a y ocesaig a seies o accusaios o e eec a e I omiee was "Wiieg omiae," E miso ceay oe o uemie Wiiam is camaig. Wie e icume eaiy amie a e was o a gie seake,6° e ague a ao, eeeess, a eeie iecy as a esu o is eos. ai oiays o e mea osia sa a e cosucio o a ew $0,000 ai uiig wou oeuy e aue moe igy y is cosiues a oise oaoy.

2 I wou aea as i . . . Emiso uesoo is cosiues we as e wo easiy i 2 wi ,26 oes, ee emosaig suisig seg i e ciys aiioay o aou eas e. e ae 20s wee goo yeas ecoomicay a a comiaio o eaie oseiy a . Emisos eue ouaiy, eiey coiue o is . e ce gai i suo. esie e ac a Wiiam i a ecey wo a aemaic yeecio a e was oie i is camaig y wo wekow Wiieg aouies, Wiiam Ies, MA a . S. Wooswo, M a a is oaou aom was eceeigy eie" e I aema ace a ey isa seco. Ceaiy, i, wi ,288 oes, a Cae, wi 48, wee a a isaaage i a ey as muicia oiicias a aw ei suo om simia segmes o e commuiy." uemoe, i may aso ae suee om e ac a e was uicy egae as eig moe " e" a mos aou caiaes.6 Iesecie o e causes, Wiiam i a ay Cae, wose comie oa was . e ce ess a A. E. Smis i 22, a emosae, y ei aiue, a oiica suo was o eaiy aseae om oe oiica ee o aoe. Suseque eeomes iicae, i eosec, a e I a, i acuaiy, eace is muicia oiica eak i 228. o eame, Aema i was eeae i a 28 aemaic eeecio i y . . ogwo, a Youg Ciies eague caiae a a omie ao Coseaie. A oug I Aeme Sao a ais wee eeece i 2, Wiiam i agai os, o i a yeecio a i e aua auum coes. I mus e oe, owee, a is oiica seacks wee oiousy esoa i a as is eecoa suo was cosisey ess a oe I caiaes suc as Sao, ais a ai." A ieesig eaue o e oiica "oaock" wic e Youg Ciies eague cosuce o a aous aace was e omiaio o iosoicay coseaie aiwayme o oose I caiaes. o eame, . . aeso, a C icke age wo was suoe y e eague, e e ie i e 28 aemaic eecios wie A. . (Say aeso, a C engi- neer, was ecuie o oose Wiiam i i e Seeme, 2 aemaic yeecio. aesos icoy i a 2 coes

113 mea a aiway me, icuig e I memes, cosiue oea o e memesi o aos ciy couci as e ecae ee. Aoug aou i o ow seak wi a sige oice, i emaie a eemey susaia oce wii aos muici a oiics. e emegece o o aou a e ames as o gaie oiica oces a seeey eaee e oiica egemoy o e aiioa aies i e oswa ea. Iiiay, o moemes a oe eceeigy we as e DLP caue e ao oicia sea i 20 a e ogessies a easiy wo e eea cosiuecy i 2. Ioicay, e oiica acieemes o e DLP a is successo, e I, a igee ei ooes io a eecie coaiio: i e usioiss wo omiae . . . Emiso i 22 (a agai i 2, a i e Youg Ciies eague wic was ogaie i 2. e esose o e aiioa aies o e ames caiae was makey iee as e Coseaies coceae o cauig e ciy oe y omiaig a wekow ao esie wie e ieas, esie some ieeces o oiio, aiey a eme o woo oe oke ack io e oiica o. is cousi eace is cumiaio i e eeaio o aos M o e Seae ae i 2, so a e sea cou e oee o aoe oeime ogessie eae, . A. Cea. Aoug Cea wisey maiaie e acae o eig omiae seaaey y o e ogessies a e ieas, i was ceay eie a e ames "eo" i e ao cosiuecy a ee seea yeas eoe. "e o oe" a ee cooe amaicay y o aou a e ames i e eay 20s u e suemacy o e aiioa aies a ee uy esoe, ece i e aea o muicia oiics, y a ecaes e.

OOOES . ao aiy Su. eceme , 02. 2. Ii., oeme , . . Ii., eceme 0, 4.

4 4. aou, owee, a scoe aoe oewoy icoy, aei o a iee aue, eaie a yea as eas e oes a ecisiey eece a oosa wic wou ae eeme a $0,000 aiio o A. E. McKeies see a om muici a aaio o 20 yeas. esie e ac a wa oe soo aoe i oosiio o wa a ecome a ae saa eemio, ey succeee i eyig e oosa e e quie 60 e ce "yes" oe. Ii., May 28, 8. . Ii., oeme 22, 8. 6. Ii. . Ciic auoiies a ismisse e esieeec a e seceayeec o e woue uio o "ecoomic" easos 8. ao aiy Su, May 2, . . A ae oeme ecisio o couci o esoe e seioiy o a ciic emoyees wo a ouaiy eue o wok (ii., oeme 2, 1919) was oiousy esige o iie aou o e ee o e eecios. 0. A. E. Smi, A My ie (ooo 4, 42. . ica Ae, e Socia assio: eigio a Socia eom i Caaa 428 (ooo , 4. 2. Smi, A My ie, 48. . e e. M. Sae was eoe o ae sae a aou was wiig o acce e Gai Gowes aom "oie a ey wi gie em suicie guaaee a ey wi cay ou i u ei ak o ooioa eeseaio." AC, Au Meige aes, o. 2, ie , 00020, ? o Meige, eceme 2, . 4. e is ao esus wee as oows: A. E. Smi, 2 W. i, 17; . . Smi, 4 . aoomew, 4 W. We, 9; A. E. Skeee, 7; . Cae, 5; Aema . E. Caey, 4 Aema . A. G. Gaam, 3; a . Cawo, . ao aiy Su, Ai 28, 20. Smi, wo was i Cagay ogaiig aoe eoes Cuc a e ime o e omiaio, wie is acceace, ae is seco ao icoy, ee oug e assume a a aou caiae cou o wi a ao cosiuecy. Smi, A My ie, 6. . e Coseaies equey comaie a Cemes oy coiuio i is ie yeas was e owe Ac a ee a

115 iece o egisaio a equie ameme wii a yea o esue is eecieess. 6. ao aiy Su, May 8, 20. . Ii., ue 2, 20. 8. Ii., ue 28, 20. . Maioa ee ess, ue 26, 20. 20. ao aiy Su, ue 26, 20. 2. Ii., uy 6, 20. Seea osees oe ee wee ewe emae oes egisee o e 20 oicia eecio a ee a ee o e 1917 eea eecio. Wiieg Ee ig iue, ue 28, 20. Uouey, e emoioaism o e cosciio issue i 1917 a ecouage a massie egis aio a a ime. 22. e oosas emsees wee o aicuay saig. aou caiaes oose a ee uic iay, sueise aygous, aoiio o e wa sysem, ooioa ee seaio, a eig ou ay, a e muicia owesi o e ig a owe sysem. ao aiy Su, oeme , 20. 2. "Mos o em a aeay suscie o e ames Eecio u. . . . (e ames moeme is o a iee asis a e o aos o Iusy, a is commecia success i e Gai usiess oies i wi e ecessay cas o iace is ae e Guie. . . I . . . uesa a aou $6, 000.00 was coece i e ao iig." AC, M. Kig aes, J1 se., o. 62, 240, A. E. i o A. ayo, auay , 2. 24. ao aea ieas, i was umoue, wou ee e coes iecy i oke wee o e ogessie omiee. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 6, 2. 2. okes eious associaio wi e aos o Iusy may we ae ee e oy "ack mak" associae wi is caiaue. e eoey a isaoie may ames we e, ae osig e aos o Iusy omiaio i 08, a aie o suo e successu omiee. AC, C. Sio aes, o. 88, , aoe o Sio, auay , 0.

6 26. AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. , Cea o A. K. Cameo, Ocoe 6, 2. 2. AC, Au Meige aes, o. 2, ie 6, 022, o . aig o Meige, eceme , 2. 28. AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. , A. K. Cameo o Cea, Seeme 2, 2. 2. Mackeie Kig i o ee se e cusomay "ak you" ee. AC, M. Kig aes, J1 se., o. 62 28, A. E. i o Kig, eceme 8, 2. 0. "I is a o kow wo ou ies ae ow . . . may wo wee wi us as eceme ae ow wokig eie o Gi o UM." AC, Au Meige aes, o. 0, ie 0, 080, Cas. E. Ies o W. A. oys, ue 20, 22. . W. I. Smae, e maage o e oicia ai a Eiiio Associaio, wiew i aou o . . . Emiso. A oug Cae susequey aouce is ieio o sa as a Ieee, e wiew o e ee o e eecio. Mai oa ee ess, uy 0, 22. 2. Ieiew wi . . oey, Seeme 24, . . ao aiy Su, May , 22. 4. Ii., ue , 22. . o eame, . . Smi, e ma wo a ace seco o A. E. Smi a e omiaig coeio, uicy ecae a e MA i o uy eese im. Ii., ue 4, 22. 6. Aoug A. E. Smi was o ye a aowe Commuis, e was eoey egae y may as eig "e." Ieiew wi . . oey, Seeme 24, . . ao aiy Su, ue 22, 22. 8. ao eecos eose a oosa o a ciy maage om o goeme i 22 y a eaiey cose oe o , o , . e agume i aou o e oosa was a is sysem wou ouce a moe usiessike (a ecoomic om o ciic amiisaio. Aoug e commuiy was iie o e issue, e coseaie usiess commuiy was e mao ooe a e eas eusiasm was emo sae i e ciys o a eas es, e wokigcass seco. e ecisio o esais suc a sysem seems o e ue eiece o coseaie seg i 22.

117 . I 2, oe Wiiam ige i oi e icume aeme i iig omiaio aes u is weieioe ciie susequey wiew i e ace o a uic oes agais is "uecessay" a "cosy" eecio. ao aiy Su, oeme 26, 2. I 24, see aemaic caiaes i sa: owee, e 28 e ce o e eecoae wo we o e os eeece e icumes wiou muc esiaio. Ii., eceme , 24. 40. Wiieg Eeig iue, uy 20, 22. 4. Wie may osees wou susequey eess ei ese aios aou okes caaiiies, Cio Sio aaue is seecio: "I ae e geaes esec o is caace a is caaciy. I ae o ou a e is e aes ma i e ay." AC, C. Sio aes, o. 20, 62, Sio o aoe, oeme , 22. 42. AC, M. Kig aes, se., o. , 804, . C. amio o Kig, auay , 2. 4. . A. Cea esimae a e Coseaies wou wi 2 o 15 seas i Maioa i ee wee eecoee igs ougou e oice. AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. , Cea o A. K. Cameo, Augus , 2. ee wee, ow ee, oy ie eeway coess i 2 a e Co seaies i wi ou o em. e ogessies wo e i. . M. eck, euum o owe (Scaooug 68, 8. 44. "I am woeig i i wou o e we o you esoay o see M. oke a e im kow o e essue wic was oug uo you o oose im esoay, a e ee o wic we o eee ou iuece o aoi suc a se." AC, M. Kig aes, J1 seies, 024, Kig o . C. ois, oeme 2, 2. 4. e aaie e ak o Cooe. ao aiy Su, uy 2, 26. 46. okes oe associaio wi e ieas i eicay eac a ice: "Some o e Coseaie ogessies ae goig ack o e o — my giig suo o e Kig Go. (sic oies a coeie ecuse." QUA, . A. Cea aes, se. I, o 0, . oke o Cea, Augus , 26.

8 4. Ii., o 20, . oke o Cea, Augus 2, 26. 48. I 2, oke oe 4.2 e ce o e oe o wi 6,4 o , 428. I 26, e oe .8 e ce o e oe o wi 8,26 o ,0. 4. AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. , Cea o A. K. Cameo, Seeme 26, 2. 0. Ii., o. 4, Cea o A. K. Cameo, Seeme , 26. . AC, Au Meige aes, o. 44, E04(2, 084, . . oi o Meige, Seeme 6, 26. 2. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 28, 2. . AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. , Cea o A. K. Cameo, Ocoe , 2. 4. I a ee suggese a e aacks wou oie a oca cas ow o $20,000. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 6, 24. . Ii., Seeme , 26. 6. Ii., Augus 2, 26. . AC, . . ee aes, o. 4, 0662, . eauie o ee, oeme 24, 4. 8. Wiiam ey Mao, wo a eiousy ee eeae as a aemaic caiae, was a C soma. oe o ua was a C acksmi. ao aiy Su, oeme 6, 26. . Mayo Caes ciics eie, owee, a e was a "ea" meme o e acke eam. Ii., ue 2, 2. 60. " I o wase ay o you moey ow ee makig seeces, sai . Emiso. e a egee we e is we ow o e egisaue a e cou seak ee, u ae siig i o a wie, came o e cocusio a moe seakes ake emsees ou o oosiios, a i o em." Ii., May , 2. 6. is aea was aime iecy a e ciys wokigcass oe as e aocae coecie agaiig, wokmes comesa io, e ig o icke, oe ays es i see, e uic owesi o a uiiies, a uic coo oe aua esouces. Ii., ue 0, 2.

119 62. ao oes cas a eeeia ao o e is ime i 2 u e ac a . Emiso eceie a maoiy o e is eeeces mea a seco eeeces wee o e amie. eeoe, ow may Cae suoes eee i as a seco coice (o iceesa cao e eemie. 6. Ieiew wi . . oey, Seeme 24, . 64. a esoa acos wee oiousy o gea sigiicace was aso eie i e aiue o a i I omiee, usse Mummey, o o a oe comaae o e oe I ca iaes i 28.

20 VI Harry Cater: Brandon's Most Suc- cessful — But As Yet Unrecognized Municipal Politician Many of Brandon's municipal politicians and several of the community's leading families have been honoured by those who name the city's streets, schools and parks. In this manner, the names of Clement, Magnacca. Fotheringham, Patmore, Reid and Curran have been perpetuated wii e Wea Ciy. a suc iiiuas sou e so ecogie seems immesey iig a the political accomplishments of Harry William Cater, the man who served the community as mayo o a ueceee 8 og yeas and who established a Dominion-wide record by doing so,' remain uncommemorated a iuay ukow (ece o is coem oaies is unpardonable. Two very related questions immediately arise. Why was this ma so extra-ordinarily successful and why i that success not lead, in turn, to the community recognition that one would normally expect? Born in Whittingdon, Norfolk, England on December 4, 1869, young Harry Cater — having received only three years of oma eucaio — emigae o S. omas, Oaio, a age 18. In 1889, Cater moved to Brandon where, within four years, he began the wekow um mauacuig usiess i wic e e maie active until his death. In 1907, Harry Cater married Miss E. J. Heal, a union which subsequently produced two sons and three daughters. While his family was obviously an important part of his life (as evidenced by the fact that the hours spent at home were strictly "family time"), Cater's private and political worlds were apparently kept quite distinct.` 2 Caes eay commuiy ioeme was oay o ayica o is eow usiessme. e was a omie meme o e Cogegaioa Cuc is iay eies eco a Suay was esee o cuc aeace (wice, eas ee imes a ay wee e equey, as ay miise, eiee e semo. ae, e was acie o i e e Coss a e eue Soies Associaio. I aiio, is ame was equey as sociae wi e oca iea ay, a eas ui e wa yeas we is oiica aiiaio ecame oscue. iay, e, ike may o is eow usiessme, isaye a iees i muicia oiics. ay Cae, owee, iee om may oe memes o aos usiess a oessioa cass wo isaye a equay acie iees i ei commuiys oiica ie. Cae, wo a oy ou o ie emoyees, was a eaiey sma usi essma. is ecoomic ieioo, moeoe, was o eee uo e ciys gow a eeome as e make o is ims ums eee ougou e aiies. I is eie o i e aue o e commuiy ogaiaios o wic e eoge a i is esoa iaies a ay Cae was o a o aos commecia a socia eie a a ac may e eai o is oiica aiues a e suseque eacio o a eie o im. Aoug Caes oiica eco was ueceioa y mos saas i , e yea i wic e is soo o e mayoay,3 e was uique i a e assume e oe o se aoie oice o e wokig ma. o eame, e sogy ciicie e ecisio o ao couci o euce e wages o 00 ciyemoye aoues aguig a e ue o e 1913 ecessio was eig isooioaey ace uo e soues o e wokig ma. Cae, uemoe, aocae a "ai wage" cause i ciic coacs a a ieaoea ay wok week. e eomia issue i is 1913 mayoay eecio, owee, was e ac a e oca a ae a oue uig e as yea a, as a esu, ao a e iges oey a ae o ay muiciaiy i Wese Caaa.5 ao oes a o coose ewee Cae, a sma usiessma a e ooe o euce ciic wages, a Aema . . uges, a ig usiessma (wo emoye 00 me a a aocae o euce aaio. Cae eicay aie ay i e cea usiess seco a, us, os e eecio.6 22 ay Cae

2 esie e ac a e a icue is i eea i ie aems, ay Cae ee quesioe is commime o uic ie. Cae, wo soo agai i 4 agais Aema o A. MCoa, a oca meca a e caima o e iace commiee, caiaie uo e ac a aes a ee aise ( ae a euce a a oe aege iacia misees a occue. e mayo a couci a auoie a "eey" couce ciic suey, "a uge a cosy oke" wic oy Aema Cae a oigiay oose. Seea ue eecos a ee isacise ue o a cosy "miu" i e oes is a, iay, ee was a gowig isecame wi e ecey iauguae see aiway sysem wic coiue o icu a eici. e ao Su wic a oose Cae, e "wokig cass" caiae, i 1913 ow aaue e eaema as a iige woke wi "sou usiess easoig." Aoug Cae iigay eie a e was "a osse Aeue caiae," e ome oice o e wokig ma agmaicay omise o gie usiess "is ai sae." e ac a ay Cae icease is oe y 46. e ce a, y oig so, wo a ecisie icoy° emosaes ceay a e a ee accee, o e mome, y e aimoa usiess commuiy. Caes is ou yeas i e mayoay oice coicie wi e wa yeas wic coiue sigiicay o is oiica success. We Cae wae a a oicy o ciic ecoomy a eecme wou e ecessay "wie e wa ase,"" i was iicu, i o imossie, o e aioic o oose im. Oe susecs a Mayo Caes 1915 eeecio (a a o e aemaic caiaes y accamaio was a esu, a eas i a, o e wa a a eceie ee o uiy ee oug e Su aaue e accamaios o e gous a e mayo a aeme a oie goo goeme. is waime amoy, owee, was isue i 6 y wo cooesia a iisie oosas a e ciy eiee e oca YMCA o is eay e oa a a ayig Saigs ime sou e esaise. I o cases, e issues somewa iie e ciy aog cass ies aoug Mayo Caes ow sa was icosise i measue i ose ems. e YMCA oosa was suoe y e Su a e ciys mos omie usiessme u Cae a e wokig cass oose is sceme wic, i e

24 Wese Caaa icoia Ie, Uiesiy o Wiieg aos Ciy Make, e S. ea icoia Ae,, . wos o e mayo, was esige "o sae A. E. Mackeie a a ew o is (usiess ies."" O e oe a, 80 e ce o e aouig cass aegey suoe ayig Saigs ime wie oca usiessme a e mayo i o, wic e a sokes ma o e wokig cass o eouce Cae as "oe o e geaes ies o cooaio i e ciy (aoug e a ee eece y e oes o e wokig me."" e emegece o a ew wa eae issue i e ae sages o e 6 mayoay eecio camaig, owee, coeiey isace e eecos aeio om suc iisie oics. A a ease meeig, mayoay oeu Aema . . . ise was aske o iicae ow muc moey e a oae o e aioic u" a e eue Soies u? Aoug ise agiy cage a e mayo a ae someoe o ask is "coemie" quesio i a eoae aem "o eoi e wa i e ese eecio,"" e aemas eae asseio a is amiy a saciice as muc as ay oe was oay iaequae as Mayo Cae wo a ey oesie icoy."

2 Wiou ou, e cosciio cisis, e omaio o e Uiois goeme a e waime eecio wee e ici a oiica coces o mos Caaias i . is was equay ue o Mayo Cae wo ecame eaiy ioe i eea oiics a e oca ee. As a mayo i is i em, e was ieiay cosiee o e a ossie caiae o ige oice. a Cae oe oy si o e 68 oes cas o e is ao a e oca Uiois omiaig coeio suggess, owee, a e was oy a oke caiae. As a meeig aie o eac ageeme, ay Cae, as mayo o e eomia commuiy wii e eea cosiuecy o ao, susequey coee a meeig o a e mayos a eees wii e cosiuecy o a a suseque "wi e wa" omiaig coeio. I was a seco coeio wic seece . . . Wie o a o Coege o e e Uiois caiae. Mayo Cae a aye a we uicie oe i is imoa, a agey uiyig, waime eecio wic sigiicay coicie wi e aua 1917 muicia eecios. I is o suisig, eeoe, a may ao eecos cocue wi Caes asseio a muicia eecio coess wee uesiae a yea ue o e "waime cisis." As a esu, aos Mayo Cae was eaccaime i , us as e a ee i . ee wou e o suc accamaio o Cae i e as yea o e wa as coiios cage amaicay. aou ues ecame moe oouce as ao ee caies we o sike iey i miyea, esie e wises o ei aioa eecuie. A oca oosa o a e sae o a o a aeas i 8 was agiy eece as a "oseiski iea."" eaios ewee aeme a e mayo eeioae o suc a ee a e Sun cocue a "e Mayos aiue owas ciic usiess is e cie ieace ue wic e ciy sugges."" I coas o e eceig waiuce oiica u, e 8 mayoay eecio was oug wi a ucaaceisic eociy. e ac a A. . Mciami, a meme o a esaise amiy, a mao usiessma a e cue esie o e oa o ae, was eece imaiy y e usiess oe" suggess a Mayo Cae a is eca o ciic ecoomy was o oge oeae o aos usiess a oessioa cass i e imoa oswa eeeome ea."

26

ose wo a oe a e 4yeao emayo wou eie ae is eea wee seeey isaoie as e soo oce agai i 1919 agais Geoge isae, a youge coy, i may ways, o ay Cae. is "oiica oywoe,"" as e Su escie im, a ee o i Yoksie, Ega, i 88. eaig scoo a age , isae a woke as esma ui emigaig o Oaio i 04 wee e ou emoyme as a am aoue. A ew mos ae, e migae o Wese Caa a o Eow, Saskacewa o Caey a, iay, o ao. Ae aig suie eegay a ig scoo wie e woke as a caee, isae, a aoimaey 20 yeas o age, sae is ow oca caage im. Simuaeousy, e youg usiessma ecame a eceeigy acie Saaio Amy ay woke, a commi me wic coiue susaiay o e Sus image o isae as oe "wose ie om you u as ee a oe ook."" is mayoay eecio was couce amis e ae ma o e iesie aou ues wic a caaceie e is si mos o . Wie o mayoay caiaes mae a eemie aea o aou suo, e Coeeae, wic was uise y e ao aes a aou Couci i couc io wi e omiio aou ay, aacke isae as a "we isose" ma wo a uwiigy ecome e "suseie age" o e "moeye" cass." e Su, wiou quesio, aoue isae oe Cae i 1919 as e aes "ceeseaig eecies" wee egae as eig usuiae eaesi caac eisics o e aiciae oswa easio a eeome ea. Aoug Cae oe e ieiiae aou oe, isae wo e oeeome usiess oe. Wie eie caiae eoge o aos commecia eie, isae was, o e mome, e mos acceae o a oy a e, as a esu, a iume." y 2, cages i ecoomic coiios a oiica aiues a ae e way o ay Caes successu comeack i: i ac, is icoy i a mayoay eecio auce wa oe o e e seco sage (i.e., a uieue ecae as mayo i e saga o aos mos successu muicia oii cia. I was uig ese 0 yeas a Mayo Cae esaise imse as a oiica isiuio, e ma wo was seemigy

28 Aema e Youg eeuay ea ay Cae o e mayos cai.

2 ueaae. Weei ay e eaaio o is ecae o u equae success: i is oicies, i is esoa caaceisics, i is oiica skis, i e aue o e commuiy wic e goee, i e oseiy o e ea, o i a comiaio eeo? Ceaiy Caes eeae emasis o e ee o ciic ecoomy a euce aaio was oiicay oua uig wa a oe o e a oswa ecessio. aes a ise say uig isaes woyea em3° a e gow i e ciys ak oea (ue o e eciig eceage o a coecios a ecome a mae o cosieae ciic coce. e ac a Cae i susaiay ee i e ousiess cea seco o e ciy a e a i 1919 suggess a "eeome" a oe o e oo cosy. I e wos o . . oey, a suseque ooe, muc o Caes oiica aea cou e eaie y e esece i e ciy o may "eie ames (wo aoue keeig ow aes, ee was you aioa me (wo aoue keeig ow aes, a I susec ee was a ew ame ig usiessme o osse Aeue a i e same ig a e (Cae was eaae eay."31 Mayo Cae immeiaey se e oe o is ew ami isaio y eciig is $,200 saay ue o e iacia cisis. Some ciic osiios wee aoise wie oe eames su

1 ee cuacks i esoe a geea 2 /2 e ce eucio i ciic saaies was imemee a oosa o eu e see cas o e as was cosiee a e cue scoo oa uge was sase y a oa o $42,000. Aoug e ae ecoomy e o a 2 e ce eucio i eaces saaies a e 22 " eaces sike," ay Cae succeee i emaiig oiicay aoe e ay: i ac, e assume e oe o aiao ewee e eaces a e scoo oa." We e 22 muicia eecios occue, Mayo Cae — ow eoyig e eosaio o o e ao Su a a ousiess Ciies Commiee" — swe a e ciys os, ece e ciys oe eic aea wic Geoge isae caue. Aoe icia caaceisic o Caes mayoay, a oe wic coiue o is success, was is oouce eecy o oay imse as e iue o e eoe. Oe ay Cames, aig ee i a ecuig isue oe e amou o aes eie agais is am oey wic was ocae wii ciy 0 ouaies, soug o ae is oey asee o e eigouig M o Cowais. e acs wee iee cousig ( as e isue eee ack i ime o 0 u Mayo Cae ecame so coice o e meis o Camess aea a e aeae eoe a commiee o e oicia egisaue i oosi io o e ciys oicia eegaio cosisig o oca aeme a e ciy maage.4 e esus o a isue wee o as sigii ca as e eoic image wic emege o Mayo Cae saig aoe o ea o e owy iiiua a susequey is wiow agais "e oca esaisme." Muc o Caes oiica seg was ue o is uusuay sog coicios. I e wos o oe meme o is amiy: "I e a mae u is mi a ayig was ig e ee moe, you us cou ague wi im.95 Wie ee wee umeous isaces i wic e mayo eemoiy ecae uwecome couci moios ou o oe o uessy eecise is owe o eo, e coeious a igeig isue ewee e mayo a e Saaio Amy es iusaes e sigiicace o is e emiaio o maiai is osiio o e as ossie mome. I 8 couci a agee o ay $00 e mo o e Saaio Amy o ac as e ciys eie age. I 26 e ciy soicio a quesioe wee couci a e ega auoiy o make ia cia gas o suc ciic ogaiaios. Aoug e aeme wee uaimous i ei esie o coiue is aageme o a ieim asis eig ecei o e eiiie oiio o e eea oicia auoiies, Mayo Cae emoye eey acic aaiae o im o ee e ue ayme o suc us o is ogaiaio wi wic oiica ia Geoge isae was so eaiy ioe. O oe occasio, ae is eo a ee uai mousy oeue, e wiew o e secaos gaey om wee e equey ieue oceeigs.6 I oe isaces, uue meeigs wee auy aoue. We e ciy soic ios ega oiio was o i e mayos aou, Cae aeme i ai o secue a geemas ismissa. Aoug e mayo i uimaey auoie suc aymes i aiciaio o a cou uig equiig im o o so,37 Cae, wi e occasioa suo o oe o wo aeme, a successuy wae couci o is issue o oe a yea.

131 Mayo Cae emosae a comaae sese o coic io (o suoess eeig o oes oiio i is ea iosi wi Ciy Maage A. W. Eso awkes. Wii a eaie y so eio o awkes aoime i eay 24, e mayo a ciy maage a ecome egage i a sugge o owe a ecogiio." e ieeces wee umeous. Mayo Cae, wo a ee aoie o e Maioa owe Commissio i mi24, was a eemie aocae o e oiciayowe sysem a a cosa ciic o e Ameicaowe Caaa Gas a Eecic Comay wic a ee seicig e ao commuiy. is ae comay a oee o uy a oeae e ciyowe u eiciie see aiway sysem (oie a e comays owe coac wi e ciy was eewe. Mayo Cae, owee, eemey ciicie e comays assessme o e see aiways saage aue, a assessme wic e ciy maage eiee o e geeous." e oee ia is (o oie ao wi owe a e esuig eae wee o suc a come aue a i is iicu i eosec o eemie cocusiey wic aageme wou ae ee mos aaageous o e commuiy. a e ciy was eey iie — i.e., e mayo a aou esus e Sun a may o e ciys eaig usiessme — is ceay eie. A e eques o couci, Ciy Maage awkes uicy eesse is eeece o e oca comays oosa a, y oig so, wiee e ga ewee imse a e mayo. As e ciy maage was, o occasio, eemey iiscee i is emaks, as we e uicy eee o e mayos "uy kowege"", e coic cou o e easiy esoe. Wie e mayos eque eas o aois e ey osiio o ciy maage we u uie, Cae uimaey iume i ae 28 we awkes esige o acce a osiio as ciy commissioe i Moose aw. ay Cae a agai emosae e oiica sigiicace o is uwaeig eemiaio o eseee. e seg wic Cae eoye as a esu o suc eseeace was eioce y e owes o oice. As mayo e eoye e acica aaage o eig ae o osoe o oog ecisios i i wee o is aaage. We Ciy Maage awkes esige, seea aeme uge a e osiio e immeiaey aeise. Cae — wi e assisace o e Ieee aou

2 ay aeme — succeee i eayig a ecisio ui e ciy maages o esciio was agai eae a a eiscie e o eeemie wee e uic si suoe is maageme sysem. Aoug i was agee a is eiscie e sceue o Mac, 2, e o was osoe ui e egisaue aoe ceai amemes wic wou aciiae a eeue oe eig couce a e same ime. A ue eay esue we e mayo suggese a e iisie quesio o e mos aoiae sa ie o e ciy wae woks sysem sou aso e esee o e eecos." We i was susequey agee o osoe e sa ie issue ui e egua a eecio, e mayo oose a e as ye uesoe "owe quesio" e ace o e ao. e ee, owee, o moe iomaio o e owe Com missios aes oosa ecessiae a osoeme o e e iousy aouce Augus 2 ae. e, o e coseaio o is ciics, Mayo Cae cocue, i ae 2, a e ecisio o e eaoime o a ciy maage was soey coucis esosiiiy a, ece, ee sou e o eiscie ae a. We couci e eose e ciy maage sysem y a 6 oe, Mayo Cae eoe a ecisio o e gous a e oose eeiue cou o oge e usiie. Aoug couci uiie Mayo Caes eo, a I ogaie eiio eaig e ames o 40 a oi.es wo wee i oosiio o e ciy maage sysem was esee o a suey esia couci. ee e aose a ew a imeoccuyig quesio o wee e ciy cou egay couc eiscies, a issue wic equie a eea o e egisaue. We i was eemie a aeayes aoe wee eie o oe o eiscies wic cou ea o e eeiue o us, as wee mae o a auum 0 eiscie, a oosa wic Mayo Cae aeme, is ime i ai, o osoe a e as mome o e gous a e oes wee goig o e couse y e ie quesios o e ao. Some wo yeas ae awkes esigaio a a a mome o gowig ecoomic cisis, e ciy maage oosa was iay oug eoe e eecoae i ae 0 a eece." eas Mayo Caes eayig acics a ee uecessaiy eee u ey a ceay ee suc cessu. esie e ac a Mayo Cae was equey i co ic wi aious commuiy iees gous uig is ecae, e

133 was ceay a caeuy i se wi uic oiio o mos o ose occasios." Wie e a seuousy oose e Ameica owe Caaa Gas a Eecic Comays owe oosa a, cosequey, ose usiessme, aeme a e Su wo a suoe i, e suseque oe o oca aeayes eiie a Mayo Cae i omoig wa e escie as "cea owe" was eessig e maoiy iew." Ee i e isace o e ciy maage sysem o amiisaio, Mayo Caes iceasigy co sa ciicism o a amiisaie sucue was eeuay aime y e eecoae, o waee easo, i ae 0. Wie is ueig a uequioca uic osiios may ae i uiae may o e ciys eaig ciies, aos eea mayo was ceay i acco wi e masses — i o e eie — a a was a sae ace o a oiicia o e i e iceasigy emocaic oswa ea. e iiia mos o e eessio cuiousy a ie imac uo ay Caes oiica caee. Aoug e Su was equey ciica o e ciys iacia oeas (as Cae eee o icease e ciys e ae a aise oca aes a i sie o e ewsaes aegaio a e mayo was a " icao,"" ee was ie uic esose. We Aema . . ogwo, Caes 0 mayoay ooe, ouy ocaime a e mayos ecacia eusa o ay i u e ewy esaise muicia commissioes ey was cosig e ciy eay, as e acke goeme was eucig is eie aymes o ao ooioay," may oes emaie ucoice." I sie o e emegig eessio, ciy aeayes oe o coiue oeaig e eiciague see aiway sysem" a ey quiey acquiesce o e ecisio o eesais aua saaies o couci memes, a acice wic a ee aaoe i 22." I ac, e 0 mayoay eecio i wic Mayo Cae easiy eeae Aema ogwo suggess a oig a ye cage i ao. e oes oiousy a accee Caes asseio a ao emaie "iaciay sog."° Wa, e, aee i 1931 o e Mayo Caes u eceee 0yea eco o successu mayoay eecios? e eessio a ceaiy ecome moe seious as emosae y a 2mo icease o 8 e ce i e ume o oca amiies o eie." Mayo Caes camaig agais e muicia co

4 missioes ey a ee i aiue we ao a os is case eoe e Maioa Cou o Aea a e mayos esige a uouey suee as a esu. e ciys oea iacia osiio a aso ecome muc moe ecaious. e 0 eici o $84,0 a oe o e muc age a aiciae, ue o a ecessiey oimisic esimaio o a eeues. We a o soug auoiaio o eu a oio o is ogem e wic was ue i , oicia oicias sogy ecommee e caceaio o e see aiway seice. Aoug Mayo Cae ow suoe is oosa (as e aeayes susequey i as we", e cou o oge caim, as e a us a ew mos eoe, a ao was "iaciay sou."

e ueceee iees i muicia oiics wic was eie i 1931 — o i e ac a some 600 eoe aee e ogaiaioa meeig o e aiCae ao ogess Associaio a i e ueceee ume o aos cas — was esumay a iec esose o ese cage coi ios. As a esu, E oeigam, a eaema a a omi e usiessma, easiy eeae aos eea mayo y a oe o 4,00 o 2,8. ay Caes uieue ecae i e mayos cai a iay ee. e a, i wou aea, ee eeae y e eessio. Wy, e, was e suisigy eeece us wo yeas ae? As Caes ow oe a ecie (om is 0 oa y oy . e ce, is coe suo oiousy emaie esseiay iac. We e aiCae oces omiae e cosieay weake Aema . . Youg i 1933 i ieu o Mayo oe igam wo a ecie o eie, ay Cae eemege as e eomia oiica oce y eau. e cooesia isue wi e acke goeme oe e muicia commissioes ey wic a simuae muc o e aiCae seime i 1931 a ae io e as." e ac a e eessio coiue uaae essee, o some egee, e ikeioo a Caes isca oicies wee imaiy esosie. eeoe, o a aiey o easos, ay Cae was eue o oice i 1933 i a oe a was so emiisce o e 28 mayoay coes wi e same e Youg a a sue o eecios, sou e simy comae

135 e esus, mig ee susec a aoies wee i e mis o e eessio." e mie yeas o e 0s see oiica oom o seea omie Caaia oiceoes. aos Mayo Cae was suisigy ae o escae e wa o e oes i , o e ey ee o e ciys iacia coase, o seea easos. e iscoe o e may uouae eie eciies was imaiy iece a a uouae aema wo eae e ciys eie commiee. I 4, eea Aema ames Giigs, e iae caima o e mome, iise as i a ie o see, wie Aema . Ge Ga, wo wou ae e uious oou o eacig Giigs a us ecomig esosie o e isiu io o eie assisace, wou e simiaiy uise i 6." Mayo Cae, wo a aeay secue a eucio o oe mi i e a ae, ecommee ae seee ciic sa cuacks a a eucio i sa saaies o e ee o e 1935 eecio, a oosa wic was oiicay aacie o suggig aayes i a iaciayoue yea. Oe susecs, owee, a may oes iewe e 1935 eecio as eig agey ieea ue o e ikeioo a a oiciayaoie iacia amiisao wou soo assume a e esosiiiies o oca goeme." Ue ese cicumsaces, e quesio o wee Cae o e somewa aess eAema Giigs was eece was o ie cosequece, ece o e eemey commie. Cosequey, 2,4 ewe oes we o e os i 1935 a e eea mayo was e eeiciay." e ciys iacia cisis eace a cima i eay 6. As e acke goeme cose o aoi a iacia sueiso ae a a iacia amiisao, mayo a couci coiue i oice, u wi imie seig owes. esie e ac a e mos sige isca oicies wee eoce, e ciy was comee o oego e aua sikig u ayme a o eau o e iees ayae o is ceios i ." e 1937 mayoay camaig make e e o e ay Cae ea. is ma, wo a occuie e mayos cai o a u wo o e as 6 yeas, was ieiay e oiicay accouae o aos iacia coase. e Cae o o wou ae iecy a eeciey coueaacke, eeeess, we e Su assee a is ecoomic oicies, ae a e

6 eessio, a cause e ciys iacia cisis. Isea, is 68 yeao muicia oiicia, wo a ee ucaaceisicay ase om e oice ue o iess uig ,60 auce a we uicie u uie aack o oca Commuiss wo wee aegey seekig coo o aos oca goeme." Suc oious scae acics wee o coicig. Say, may o e aiu a ee ecome oues, as emosae y e ac a Caes suo i 1937 ecie say o ,00 oes. Ioicay, Mayo Cae was eeae y e same Aema e Youg wose caeges e a so easiy ue asie i 28 a .62 ay Cae a suee eea o umeous oe occa sios u e, ee eseeig, a eeaey soo agai — ui e a ee ewae y success. I keeig wi is caace, Cae wice moe soo o oice, as a aemaic caiae i 8" a as a mayoay caiae i .64 e eea o , owee, oe o e euig: i cou o e oecome y eseeace aoe. ay Cae: e esoiicaio o e successu muici a oiicia? Ceaiy Caes ueceee ume o yeas i oice suggess a e a iscoee e omua o oiica success. As a acie commuiy meme a as a successu usiessma, Cae esoiie e yica muicia oiicia i e ewa ea. Wie is emasis o ciic ecoomy a eec me was misguie i e mis o ose wo isuaie e ciys uue i ems o gow a eeome, is eoccuaio wi ow aaio was aaue y ose may aoies — suc as e eie ames, sma usiessme a wage eaes — wo i o oesee emsees as e eeiciaies o cosy asu oe "ogess." We ay Cae camioe e cause o e wokig ma o e "ie guy" as i e Cames case, may eecos wee ae o ieiy wi is sugges agais e aege y seseig ieess, wee suc ieess wee ig usiess, e oessioa commuiy o e Su. Aoug Cae equey ause is owes o oice we e ace i a ogmaic a oe icaoia mae, e succeee i oayig ose wo oose im as memes o a same "seis" eie. I was ay Caes oiica eseeace, owee, wic isiguise im so ceay om is coemoaies a coiue susaiay o is u equae success: e a weaie eie o success o o aiue.

137 aos eea mayo was eeuay coquee y wo oces wi wic e cou o coe — e ciys iacia coase a e assage o ime. Ioicay, e memoy o is mos eaoiay muicia oiicia ow gows im as a eie wic e comae so successuy as secue is ow eege y simy igoig is emakae, u amiey cooesia, ca ee. Commemoae o o, e uaaee success o is ea oiay oiicia ca o e eie i a e, o 8 yeas, esoiie e oiica wises o a maoiy o ose ao eecos wo we o e os. o ey ay Cae is ue ewa is o ey e aiiy o e oiica ocess.

FOOTNOTES

. Wiieg ee ess, Ai , 4. 2. Ieiew wi Ms. u ese, ue 4, 8. Ms. ese is ay Caes oes auge. . Cae os is iiia aemaic coes i 02 u a suse que yeecio icoy (oe ames Giigs i 08 oie im i essece wi a eeyea em as a ca iaes wee eeece y accamaio e oowig yea. owee, Cae was oce y a ew esiece equieme o acae is wa ie sea i 1911 a, susequey, e was eeae i wa wo. Wa ie cosise o a oio o e ciy sou o icoia Aeue. Wa wo cosiue e aea yig ewee 6 a 9th sees a o o icoia Aeue. is wa, wie igy ouae (wi 684 eec os, i, i coucio wi wa ee, "ake i e eie usiess aea o e ciy, a eeoe e eaies a ayes." ao aiy Su, oeme , 2. 4. Aema . . uges, is ooe, i o ee a is oosa was ye acica. ao Weeky Su, oeme 2, . . Ii., oeme 2, .

8 6. Cae aowy wo o wa oe, e socae wokig cass aea eas o 6 see a o o icoia, a wa ie, wee e ciys aees mosy esie (ao aiy Su, eceme 8, 2. e, owee, os e ee was i e cea aea o e ciy quie ecisiey. Ii., eceme 2, . ue o ua oig wic emaie i eec ui e aoiio o e wa sysem i 22, ose wo owe oey i oy oe wa wee a a isicie isaaage. . Ii., eceme 8, 4. 8. A ew eecoa is a ee eae a cosieae e ese ue Aema Mcoas iecio. owee, e is was susequey ecae o e iai ue o a aiue o uis i suiciey i aace o oig ay. As a esu, a eious (a ouae is was o ecessiy use. Ii., eceme 8, 4. . Ii., eceme , 4. 0. Cae oe ,0 oes o Aema Mcoas 860. Ii., eceme 6, 4. . Ii., eceme , . 2. Cae, i u, was accuse o aemig "o se cass agais cass." Ii., euay 22, 6. . Ii., eceme 2, 6. 4. e aioic u was esaise i 4 o suo ou aiy ose amiies wo wee i ee as a esu o ei eawies aig eise. . ao aiy Su, eceme , 6. 6. Cae oe , oes o Aema ises 48. Ii., eceme 20, 6. . Cae, wo aie o secue omiaio as a omiio aou ay caiae i 20, i seek eecio o e Maioa egisaue o i 2 (as a seesigae ackeie a i 2 (as a Ieee a — accoig o umou — e cosiee saig o aou i e 2 eea eecio ( ii., Ocoe 2, 2 a i oosiio o . A. Cea i e 0 eea yeecio i ao as a "uoicia Coseaie." QUA, . A. Cea aes, Se. II, o 8, . A. Cea o . Wayig, auay , 0.

139 8. Cae a wo eea aeme wee eece y accamaio — . . Cua i wa wo a Muoc McKeie i wa ee. ao aiy Su, eceme , . . Ii., Seeme , 8. 20. Ii., Ai 6, 8. 2. e Su uise a age oe "oice" i wic oe "Kae" (a ay o e wo Kaise? ocaime o imse "a igs a iieges o omesea a eemio, icuig squae igs o e osiio o Mayo o e Ciy o a o." Ii., oeme 22, 8. 22. A. . "eg" Mciami was a ae wi o Cak i a mao mauacuig a ume usiess wie . o Mciami, is ae, a ee mayo o ao o ie yeas, 824 a 800. 2. Wa oe (i.e., e aiway oe oe o Cae y 20 oes o 8. Was wo a ee — aiioay iewe as e usiessmes seco — oe (i oa o Mciami y 40 oes o 28. ao aiy Su, oeme 0, 8. 24. Oe uusua eaue o e 8 muicia eecio was e ac a i occue i e mis o e iamous Sais u eiemic. Meeigs a ee ae a ose ue quaa ie wee eie ei oe. Ii., oeme 28, 8. ee oe, e ac a Mciami a a sog "ge ou e oe" ogaiaio wie Cae eoey a oe may ae ee quie cosequeia. Ii., oeme 28, 8. 2. Ii., Ocoe 2, 26. Ii. 2. e Coeeae, oeme 2, . 28. ao aiy Su, oeme 22, . 2. Cae wo e wa oe o y a oe o 24 o 06, weeas e os wa wo y 22 o 179 a wa ee y 24 o 6. Was ou a ie wee iie equay. Ii., oeme 2, . 0. e a ae i 8 — e as yea o Caes mayoay — was 2 mis i a icease o 0 mis i 1919; o 35 mis i 20 a o 40 mis i 2. Ii., Mac 22, 4.

40 . Ieiew wi . . oey, Seeme 24, . . . oey as a aema i e ae 20s was i iuay cosa coic wi Mayo Cae. 2. ao aiy Su, May , 22. . Cae a omise, uig e camaig, a "i I am eece mayo . . . you aes wi o go u." Ii., oeme 22, 22. 4. Ii., Mac 24, 26. Mayo Cae, wo a comee oy ee yeas o oma eucaio, was a eicae a kow egeae sue o muicia aw. . Ieiew wi Ms. u ese, ue 4, 8. 6. e Su wic escie is acio as a o a "eeis oy" was eeae a cosa ciic. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 2, 26. . Ii., eceme 22, 2. 8. e Su, o eame, aiue e ciys imoe iacia osiio a yea e i 24 o e ciy maage sysem o amiisaio. Ii., eceme 20, 24. . e Caaa Gas a Eecic Comay a oee $0,000 weeas Cae coee a e sysem, wic a cos $440,000, was wo $8,000. Ii., euay 2, 2. Ae seea mos eae, e oca owe comay wiew is oe a may susequey ame Mayo Cae o e ac a e see aiway sysem us emaie as a ciic iaiiy. Ii. 40. Ii., euay 2, 2. 4. Ii., May 22, 2. 42. e aeayes oe ,4 o agais is sysem o amiisaio. Ii., Ocoe 2, 0. 4. e oy uic issue i wic Cae was o e osig sie uig is ecae was a 28 emeace eeeum. ow ee, wie e commie imse woeeaey o is camaig, e maiaie a sigiicay ow oie a, as a esu, e soo o ose ess as a esu. 44. e Caaa Gas a Eecic Comays oosa was oe wemigy eeae 86 o 28. ao aiy Su, Augus 2, 2.

4 4. e oea o 2 (i.e., eoe e ciy maage sysem was isiue was $08,000 u i a ee euce susa iay eeae. owee, e oea o 2 o $2,000 was agai a icease oe e 28 oa o $260,000 (i.e., e as yea o e ciy maage sysem. Ii., Seeme , 0. 46. e oice a oue is cage uo e muiciaiies i a aae eo o "ass o" e icease costs o o age esios. Cae ague a e cosiuioaiy o is ecisio sou e eemie y e oicia goeme io o e coecio o e ey. Ii., ue 2, 2. 4. eas may eiee — as Mayo Cae coee — a immigaio was e cie cause o cue uemoyme. Ii., uy , 0. 48. e magi i aou o coiuaio was quie ecisie (i.e., , 319 o 4, i sie o a esimae oss o $,000 o 0. Ii., Seeme 24, 0. 4. Mayo Cae wou eceie $,200 e aum, e aeme $00 eac. Ii., uy 22, 0. 0. Ii., Ocoe 2, 0. . I Augus , ee wee 22 amiies o eie i ao weeas oy 28 amiies a ee so suoe i Augus, 0. Ii., Seeme , . 2. Ii., auay , . . aeayes y a oe o ,42 o 791 ecie o u e see cas "i e as." Ii., ue , . owee, is ecisio was susequey eese y couci. 4. e ciy a quiey agee o ay e ey soo ae Mayo oeigam a accee o oice. Ii., euay , 2. . I 1933 Cae oe .6 e ce o e oe as e eeae Youg ,24 o 2,4 (ii., oeme 2, 1933) weeas e a wo i 28 wi . e ce o e oa oe. Ii., oeme 28, 28. 6. Aema Ga aso ace as i a ie o see, aiig ee Giigs wo a aeme i ai o ecoe is aemaic os. Ii., oeme 20, 6.

142 . e o. E. A. Mceso, e oicia easue, e maie oeu a couci cou coe wi is gowig iacia cisis aoug a eeues wee makey owe wie eie coss coiue o acceeae. Ii., Augus , . 8. Cae oe 2,6 oes o Giigss 82. Ii., oeme 2, . . Ii., euay 2, . 60. Ii., oeme 2, . 6. Scoo oa caiae S. oki was a aowe Commuis u eow caiae . . oso was o. 62. Youg, wi 2,0 oes, oe 0.4 e ce o e oa. Cae, wi ,00 oes, was seco wie Aema . . C. uges, wi 6 oes, was i. ao aiy Su, e ceme , . 6. Cae ace see wi ,20 oes as a aemaic ca iae (wic was 0 ess a is mayoay oe i . Ii., oeme 0, 8. 64. e icume Mayo Youg easiy wo eeecio wi ,4 oes wie is icia caege ames Kikcay oe , oes. ay Cae was a weak i wi 64 oes. Ii., oeme 2, .

4 VII e Suisig Imac o e e essio Uo oicia a ee a oiics i ao

e eessio, o may, is e accou o us soms, oug, sou kices, oo uges, 8 cesause wea, a wocesaou ee. e eessio was e ea o Socia Cei e y e egeay Wiiam Aea a o e ewyome CC wic ae came o owe i Saskacewa. e eessio aso cosiue e eake o wo eea goemes, Mackeie Kigs i 0 a . . ees i . Cuiousy, e eessios imac o oicia oiics i Maioa was o ess amaic a ess eie as emie o acke maage o suie y omig a seies o coaiios. e imac o e eessio uo oiics i ao was ee moe suisig as i was e aies o e ig wic wee mos successu. A oug e ewyo CC wee ceay a ouc (i a o e eessio, ei ack o gow uig e 0s was suisig wie ei ecuso, e Ieee aou ay, acuay os oiica gou. e eessio ea ega wi a aoma amou o oiica aciiy as o a yeecio a a geea eecio wee couce i e ao cosiuecy i 0, aoug oy e ae was coese. ime Miise Mackeie Kig a e ieaey "oee" e ao cosiuecy y aoiig e o. oe oke o e Seae so a . A. Cea, e ome eae o e ogessie ay, cou eee oiics as a iea caie miise. Cea, wo was eas e mos ougu, aimie a asue oiicia o a ea, a ee o i e Couy, Oaio i 86. is amiy a moe wes o eocae ea usse i 88. aig ee egage is as a

44 eace a e as a ame, e 2yeao Cea was aoie esie a maage o e ewyome Gai Gowes Gai Comay i 06. We a comay mege wi is Aea couea, . A. Cea was eece esie o e esua Uie Gai Gowes (UGG, a osiio wic e eaie ui e was ecuie y ime Miise oe oe o ecome Miise o Agicuue i e Uiois caie i . isa oie y e Uioiss aiue o euce susaiay ei oecie ai oicy uo e was comeio, Cea a e a sma au o issie Ms o e "cosseces" a, eeuay, io e ogessie ay. o easos a emai somewa oscue, Cea a esige is osiio as aioa eae o e ogessies i ae 22 (o e eace y oe oke i oe o eu o iae ie. Cea eue o oiics as a iea caie miise i ae 2 ue ey euous cicumsaces. e Mackeie Kig goeme was ecoueig isuig ecoomic iicuies o wic . A. Cea wou ieiay e e accouae. e, as a oesie o e a o cosiuecy, wou eeiece ee aiioa iicuies. Wee e oe aies ecie o cocee e suseque mi euay yeecio o Cea ue o e uaouae wie weae o wee ey wee saig ei oiica "ammuiio" ui e geea eecio is o ceai. I ay ee, a geea eecio came quicky. As i 2, ee caiaes coese e ao iig i uy, 0. I aiio o e socae oie aies, aou mae is iiia eue io e eea aea y omiaig e is woma o seek eecio o e ouse o Commos om is cosiuecy. eaice ige, e I omiee, a ee eucae i souwese Maioa a a ao Coege io o ecomig a iiea Meois ecue. isesse y e aiue o e cuc o eso o ecoomic a socia ees, se a ecome a aciis i o A. E. Smis eoes Cuc a e oca aou ay. Aoug o oe eece a ige cou wi is eecio, o Cea a e oca Coseaies eiee a a aou caiae wou u e Coseaie cause i a se wou iie e oeS oe. I ac, e Coseaies susece a oca ieas a egieee Miss iges caiacy o a ey easo.

4 omas Aeae Cea, 4.

46 ee wee, eeeess, seea acos wic oie ao Coseaies wi a iiia aaage i 0. e aioa Coseaie ay was we eae o is camaig, imaiy as a esu o e as sums o . . ees esoa wea wic a ee eee o ogaiaioa uoses. Maioa Coseaies wee ecouage (a moiae y e Coseaie icoy i eigouig Saskacewa i 2.4 . A. Cea a aso mae may eemies uig is eesie caee a e oug a oiica aggage wi im io is coes. May ames wee ciica o Ceas eco o ae ukewam suo o e Wea oo, o is eious oosiio o e Caaia Wea oa, a o is oe i e yeao ome ak aiue. Cea, uemoe, was we awae o e ac a is saus as a aacue caiae was oiicay amagig i ao wee seea oy imos a aie i e as. I ac, e oue wee ay ousie wou cay e ao cosi uecy i a geea eecio. Aoug e o. . A. Cea was a esigious (a oeiay oweu caie miise, e, as a goeme mem e, was aso oiicay accouae o e eessio. e ac a seea ue oca aiwayme (wo omay comise eay ie e ce o e ciys aou oce wee uemoye i 0 (ue o e 2 co aiues wou suey u a Miise o aiways a Caas wo was oose y a aou caiae. eesse gai ices a e imoaio o uyee ew eaa ue wee aso ia issues i e ua oios o e cosiuecy o wic oy e iea caiae cou e ame. Aoug ae eauie swe e ciy os i 0 (as e a i o 2 a 26, e key o is eecoa success wee e susaia gais wic e mae i e moe ouous ua seco. As a esu, eauie ecisiey caie e ao cosi uecy wi 8,2 oes o Ceas 6,42. eaice ige, wi , 331 oes, aie e ie." Aoug eauie susequey aiue is icoy soey o e oiica eaesi skis o is eae (amiey i a ee o a same iiiua", a was a iomaic, u iaccuae, aaysis o e esus. eauie a caie e ciy o wo eious occasios (io o . . ees eecio as e aioa Coseaie eae oy o ose o e

4 48 incumbent Forke. That Forke's "retirement" would be significant had been forecast by a Manitoba doctor-politician who had travelled extensively throughout the province in 1929 sampling public opin- ion for the Liberal party: "We must have Mr. Forke to run in Brandon or we will most certainly lose that seat."" The fact that Forke's successor was an outsider who prophetically forecast his own defeat was obviously significant as well." Finally, the stock market crash, rising unemployment, depressed grain prices, the importation of New Zealand butter and the continued alienation of the Ukrainian vote combined, in Crerar's opinion," to cause the Liberal government's defeat in general and presumably Crerar's in particular. Brandon was experiencing severe economic problems by 1932. The numbers on relief had been rising dramatically," the city's bank over-drafts were growing at an alarming rate' while the community could only "stumble along" attempting to resolve such perpetual problems as the deficit-ridden municipally-owned street railway.' In comparison with other Canadian cities, however, Bran- don was in a relatively advantageous position. While 20 per cent of Greater Winnipeg and Regina were on relief, only 10 per cent of Brandon required such assistance" in that election year. Local Imperial Oil sales, another economic barometer, had increased since the previous year" and crop conditions looked relatively good," a vital economic factor in an agricultural market centre like Brandon. Manitoba politics had entered into a new phase in 1931, on the eve of the 1932 provincial election, when the Liberal party had agreed officially to enter into a coalition with the Progressives on the assumption that a strong, non-partisan government would be able to cope more effectively with the Depression!' "Straight" liberals who opposed the coalition and who were headed by J. E. McMurray and Fred Hamilton, however, hoped to field several candidates, including one in Brandon." Manitoba Conservatives, despite the wishes of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett,' had likewise refused Bracken's invitation to join the coalition. Buoyed up by the results of the 1930 federal election, Brandon Conservatives believed that a provincial victory lay within their grasp and, hence, they had begun preparing for the next provincial election immediately upon the completion of the federal 149 . E. Maews wo eeay o e ieas i 8.

0 uge S. E. Ceme, MA 20

eecio.24 o meeigs wee ee couce o seec eegaes o ae e oca omiaig coeio. e ac a ou me soo o a omiaio was suey a goo ome o e oca oies. Wie Geoge isae, e omie usiessmacom muiy woke, a e mos eesie eeiece i a e a see si yeas as aema a wo yeas as mayo," aos eskow Saaio Amyis wo e omiaio oy o e seco ao. e ecame, eeoe, e is aoie o sa o eecio o e Maioa egisaue as a Coseaie sice . As e Coseaies wee i owe eeay a e ie as wee memes o e oicia coaiiois goeme, e Ieee aou ay was e oy ay wic cou o, i ay way, e e accouae o e eessio. As may eiee a e eessio was a agic maiesaio o e aiue o e caiais ecoomic sysem, ose suc as aou wo eesee a aeaie wou ikey e e eeiciaies o e ecoomic cisis. e usuay eceie . A. Cea eiee "a e aou eoe wee ey u caiaes wi ey cosieay icease ei oe . . . a I sou o e suise i ey a si o see memes (as coase o ee we e eecio is oe. "28 ay Sao, wo secue e I omiaio oe e aeme oy ais a Wiiam i, a ace a sog ou i e ece aemaic eecios wi a siae 2,66 oes. aig iiiay ee eece o couci i 28 (a osiio wic e wou eai o 8 yeas, e 42yeao C ocomoie egiee was a acie sosma wo was eoe o ae "a wie oowig, o oy i aou cices, u amog e oig yous o e cosiuecy."" e ac a Sao wou cosisey ouo is eow I omiees ougou is eesie muicia caee aess o is esoa ouaiy a suos e suggesio a e was eceie o e cosieay ess aica a oe I memes.28 ai E. Ceme, e coaiiois iea, was a ome aema, a ome mayoay caiae, a a meme o oe o aos oes a mos isiguise amiies. A youge oe o uge S. E. Ceme (aos iea MA om 20, ai Ceme, a gauae amacis, a esaise Ceme amacies i 0 a, soo eeae, e a is

2

ioa Ic cs eaice ige e Ieee ao ay caiae i e eeaMa eecio o 0.

oe ega e cosucio o e Ceme ock, oe o e ciys "coesoes" o ecaes o come. . E. Ceme was aso acie, as was yica o aos oiicias, i umeous com muiy ogaiaios suc as e oa o ae, e cuc (i.e., is Meois, ow is Uie, e oicia Eiiio oa, e Goo oas Associaio, e Sooig Cu, a e Go a Couy Cu. Ceme i o eoy e uie suo o is ay, owee, ue o e iisio ewee e coaiioiss a e " saig" acio. Aoug some 0 eoe a aee a meeig o ogaie a "saig" o aicoaiiois iea cam aig i eay 2, o suc caiae a aeae." As a esu, some o ose ese, suc as Geoge ais wo caie a aicua meeig, ecouage aos eea mayo, ay Cae, o make is seco i o oicia oice wic e susequey i as a Ieee iea." e 2 eecio esus i ao wee a cuious aomay i a e Coseaies gaie ao (as i eiousy was eesee y e usiois Emiso i sie o e ac a ei ay suee susaia osses esewee i e oice. u wy a ao oes eece a oosiio meme uig a eessio ea eecio, a ea i wic e ciy cou ay ao o e ou o aou wi e goeme? is, ee was a sog aigoeme oe (esumay as a esu o e eessio i 2 as measue y e 4,22 is aos cas o e wo aicoaiioiss (i.e., isae a Sao a as coase wi e 2,6 oes accoe e wo ogoeme ieas (i.e., Ceme a Cae." isae (as a meme o e ages aicoaiio ay i e egisaue was mos ikey o eei om is aigoeme seime. Secoy, ae eau ie a caie eey ao o us wo yeas eoe a a e, uike oe Maioa Coseaie Ms, a camaige aciey a, i ime Miise ees oiio, eeciey" o isaes ea. iy, e Coseaies, accoig o a oca ogaie, a, wi e "iauae assisace o e oca ae, . . . coice e eecos a ei ieess wou e ake cae o ee y a Coseaie goeme."" a e Su ee so esuasie a some o is eaes a cocue a e Co seaies wou om e e goeme a a aoies sou, eeoe, oe "miiseiais"? oy Waso, o oe, eiee so. 4 e eec amiy Ceci eec, eea caiae eesee a ew ecosuciois ay.

Aoug oca ecoomic iicaos a ee escie as oeu o e ee o e 2 oicia eecio, coiios eeioae soo eeae. Wie ee was some seasoa uc uaio, eie assisace saisics, o i ems o e eceage o eie (i.e., 6 e ce" a cos," coiue o ise uaae. e comiaio o isig eie coss a eciig a eeues ( ue o e iaiiy o aayes o mee ei commimes" ceae suc a immese cas soage a e ciy, y , was oce o cosie e ossiiiies o akucy, euiaio o is es a e sueeig o iacia coo o e oicia goeme. o e seco cosecuie eecio, e uusuay age ume o ou caiaes wee omiae i ao i . ae eauie, e Coseaie icume a e wekow oieo o e Ceci oe, was eeig is ou eecio ( aig caie e ciy os o eac eious occasio. Aoug eauie a emaie a uisiguise ackece i Oawa, Coseaie eae . . Maio escie im a e ime o is ea as a ma o "gea esoa cam a quie aiiy."" . E. Maews, iea omiee a eauies icia ooe, was a eceeigy oua eie isuace saesma. e i a o caiae was Ceci eec, e youg 28yeao owe o a oca iig im. eec a ee omiae y e ewyome ecosucio ay ae ames ue, a omie Cao isic ame a e esie o e oicia Eiiio oa, a ecie o sa." e ou a oy oua caiae was usice aea ame, ay Woo, wo wo e ig o e e isee CC omiee i is cosiuecy. e ac a e ame Woo a ee seece oe ogime I Aema ay Sao suggess a ao aea CC, ike ei Saska cewa coueas, eceie e am commuiy o e ei mos ikey aea o oeia suo. oca Coseaies wee we awae o e ages wic ay aea as ey aoace is eessioea eecio. I ac, e oca associaio a ake e uusua se o comaiig iecy o e ime Miise i eay 4 aou e ays iaciiy." e aioa ay was eseaey so o o moey a ogaiaioa aciiy (a ee was, o couse, a iec coeaio ewee e wo.40 ee was aso eiece o a uusua egee o ay coic a a seea iee ees.

6 oa owe ea, aos is aewoma, .

ie aea Coseaies a ogaie a eas oe meeig i 4 o wic eauie, ei ow meme, was eieaey o iie." e coice o aoie . A. Mcei o succee . C. ogso as oicia Coseaie esie a ay iie e memesi o e gous a Mcei was o a esie o Wiieg a e was oo cosey associae wi . . ee" a a e was oma Caoic, wic eoey isue may Oage oge memes." e ac a ee was a "Maioa" acacy i e Seae was aso oeiay iisie as o ae eauie a eow aoie . A. Mcei wee caimas." I was e eessio ise, eeeess, wic cosiue e gaes ea o a Coseaie caiaes i 1935 as e aio wou, i a ikeioo, iec is usaio a is age a e . . ee goeme. eauie eoe, owee, a oca coiios wee o as a as esewee. Wie us was esoyig muc o e wess wea co i , e oca ay co was " ecee," oas a aey "ai." Cosequey e aea was " ee o a a yea ago we ae aiy sog as iesiie amig a ee as equa imoace wi wea."" As Cooe ae eauie was o eeae o e Seae i , e oca Coseaie associaio eoye e aaage o aig a eeiece camaige a e icume as ei caiae. Aoug e a ee aciee ay egee o aioa oiica isicio, eauie a see is cosiues iigey ougou is em a is eos a ee comimee y e eesie a aouae eoig o e oCoseaie Su. oca ieas a eice, eay i , a "e eea eecio i is cosiuecy wi e wo o os i e ciy o ao"" a a assessme oe o e quie accuae. ao a eoge o eauie i eac o e ee eious eea eecios i wic e oca oe keee a ee oose y a oaoie. e ieas, y omiaig . E. Maews, a cose o ig e icume M o is ome eioy o e accuae assumio a ey wou si eai e moe eaiy ouae ua seco. I ose a imoa ciy os, eauie ouoe is iea ooe y some 00 oes a, y oig so, secue is ow eeecio y e ey aow magi o 20 oes. ee wee seea ossie eaaios as o wy eauie was e oy Maioa Coseaie o escae e eace. eauies e

8 ious successes i ao ise a e esige a e eoye as e icume wee oiousy aaageous o im. e si eoye e suo o e oCoseaie Su, a aaage o immeasuae sigiicace. eauies "ge ou e oe" ogaia io may aso ae ee a aco as 77 e ce o e ao oe ( wee eauie was soges was oe wie oy 73 e ce o e moe umeous ua oes (wo wee mos ikey o oe Maews we o e os. ae eauie was aso eceeigy ouae a a susaia segme o e oes oe we CC i . a e cosieae suo wic eauie os o e CC caiae (wose oe eceee a o is 0 I cou ea y a woig 155 e ce goe isea o e ieas, . E. Maews wou ae ee e ico. a Ceci eec oe e ecosucio ays Maioa aeage o . e ce" (i.e. , a oa o 6 as coase wi is 6 oes a a wo is o ose 6 oes ee a e eese o e Coseaie caiae," ae eauie wou ae ee ise amog e casuaies ae a e icos o eecio ig. Wie e eessio, i wou aea, a cos eauie some 2,000 oes ( i.e., is 1935 oe o 6, coase wi is 0 oa o 8,2, e was oe o a cooas gua o 40 Coseaies wo aowy escae eea i . Cuiousy u uesaay, e 6 oicia eecio i ao was sigiicay iee i oma om a o e ece eea eecio i a e camaig ocuse amos e cusiey o e secee issue o wic o ee caiaes cou o e mos o e ciy. wo o e ee caiaes wee eea oiicias. o Geoge isae, e Coseaie icum e, a ay Sao, e CC omiee, wee eeig io ei seco oicia eecio, Sao aig soo i 2 as a I omiee. . . 0. Mciami, e ieaogessie omiee a e oy oice i is oicia eecio, was o, owee, ieeiece i ciic aais. A ao esie sice 0, oe o e ouig aes o Kiwais, a ome aema a mayoay caiae, . . 0. Mciami was a igy e sece eye, ea a oa seciais. I ac, is asesie o e Maioa Meica Associaio was a mos yica eeseaie o e usiess a oessioa cass wic so ceay omiae ao oiics ougou is isoy.

159 Wie Geoge isae, e Coseaie icume, use e oeia soga "Is ime o a cage" i oe o caiaie uo oca iscoe wi e acke goemes eceeigy uoua wo e ce wage a," e ieaogessie goe me caiae ague a "Is ime o cage i ao." e ciy a ee eesee o e wog sie (i.e., e oosiio sie o oo og a ao a suee as a esu. Mciamis eecio wou, eeoe, eei e eecos agi y," a aea i wic emie acke iiecy cocue." Mciami ecae, moeoe, a e aoe o e ee ca iaes cou esuae emie acke o eea e cooesia wage a. ay Sao, e CC omiee, isaye a ayica iees i e ousie wo we e wae o e age o wa a ug oe Wese Euoe a we e eaie ow suc a wa cou e eee y e aoiio o e oi sysem. Aoug e C emoyees camaig was aso ocay oiee i a e eea aema sesse is eco o ciic seice a as e sogy oose coucis eques o e aoime o a amiisao, "e is ses owas a icaosi i ao, Saos aea o e seiees o ao oes was ess eie a a o is wo ooes. A i was, as a esu, ess oiicay eecie. aig iume i 2 i sie o susaia Co seaie osses esewee i e oice, e icume isae was eece o wi eeecio i 6, eseciay i ig o is ays segee osiio. a e eessio u e acke goeme was eie i e osses wic i icue ( i.e., 6 seas a i e Coseaie gais (i.e., a aiioa si cosiuecies. I ao, isae, as eece, easiy wo e eecio ae e seco coices o e aseae ao a ee coue. Wie isae (wi 2,64 "is" coices o e is cou a gaie . e ce i ems o is sae o e oa oe, Mciami (wi 2,042 "is" cou coices a aie o equa e comie oa o . E. Ceme a . Cae i 2. Mciami — ike is coeagues esewee i e oice wo wee sueig, i W. . Moos wos, a "sigig eea — a suee oiicay om e mucae wage a icease. u wy i ay Sao o oy ,00 oes i 6 as a CC caiae we e a oe ,4 oes i 2 as a I

60 omiee, eseciay we mos osees eiee e CC o e e eeiciaies o e eessio? eaig i mi a a eucio i oa oes cas i 6 cou accou o oy oea o e oss, ee aea o e ee ossie eaaios o e euce CC oe. e ac a 66. e ce o ose "is" coice Sao oes (wo iicae seco coices o ei aseae ao eee isae o Mciami sogy suggess a o Sao a isae wee eceie as oes caiaes. Some ome Sao suoes, eeoe, may we ae esee Sao o isae so as o eess ei oes moe eeciey a Sao ay aie Mciami, e goeme caiae, i e ciys ee oe os may ae ee ue, as isae susequey cage, o e ac a e Mciami oces "oug" oe oes wi omises o goeme os a Sio." ee emais e sig ossiiiy a some o Saos ome suoes wee ig ee y e quesio o a commo o wi e oca Commuis ay, aoug is issue i o eceie a cosieae amou o uiciy." oca ecoomic coiios a imoe susaiay y e ime o e 8 eea yeecio wic oowe uo e ea o Cooe ae eauie. e umes o eie a ee eciig sowy u eceiy sice 6, as a e coss o a eie. o e ecise, ee wee 20.2 e ce ewe eoe o eie i uy, 8, a ee wee i uy, . Aoug e ciys ow iacia sucue a iuay coase i 1937 we ao a ee uae o mee e iees a caia es oaig $0,424.04 wic wee ayae a yea, a iacia cisis was o a eea oiica coce. e Coseaies ecouee oig u iicuies i e 8 yeecio coes, commecig wi e iicu ask o iig a suiae successo o ae eauie, ei saa eae i e as ou eea eecios. As ei ew eae, . . . Maio, ecie o sa o ay oOaio cosiuecy a as Geoge isae, e oca Coseaie MA, was ieigie ue o e eea mai coac wic is im e," e mae eeuay e somewa y eau o Geoge eauie, e ae memes 4yeao so. e ay aso ecouee ogaia ioa a iacia oems. Suggesig a ey mig e ae

6 o aise $00 ocay, ao Coseaies a usuccessuy soug a aiioa $4,40 om e eea ay as a miimum "o cay o."59 ey wee, as a esu, isaoie a eesse as e camaig ega. We you cosie a cosiuecy 6 mies y 2 mies og, coaiig 2,000 oes, a we you cosie a e wo me wo kew e ogaiaio es — . W. eauie a W. E. ayo (a ao awye wi oiica omise wo was kie i a auomoie accie — a us asse away, a we you cosie a we oy a ou weeks i wic o ogaie, o meeigs . . ., ame aeisig, a o o is wi oe ogaie, om oe commiee oom, you ca we uesa a i was amos a imossie ask." Wie ao Coseaies wee essimisic, e CC wee eceeigy oeu o e ee o is coes. yeecios oie smae aies wi a ecee oouiy i a ey ca coceae ei meage esouces o e sige cosiuecy. e CCs oicia ogaie was coie a e ay cou wi e sea ue o e aicuay eesse coase gai ices wic "ae e ames o ei ea." Aoug e Maioa CC a e I wee eoey a os ue o e aes esie o omiae seaae caiaes," wo I aeme, ay Sa o a W. . We, suoe usice aea ame ay Woo i is i o e CC omiaio so oe assumes a a issue a ee esoe ocay. Oe o e icia acos (as e esus o suseque eea eecios sugges i is 8 yeecio coes was ames Ewe Maews imse. . E. Maews, wo a ee o i ice Ewa Isa i 86, a moe o ao i 1911 wee e ecame a eceeigy wekow isuace saesma. Acie o seea yeas i commuiy ogaiaios a i ay aks, e esie o e ao eea iea associaio a come wii 20 oes o wiig e sea i . e eie isuace saesma eoey a eoe e e ee yeas o " aciey camaigig wii ao Ciy"" e, us, eoye a isic esoa aaage i 8. uemoe, Maews e soaiy was oiousy a susaia oiica asse. ose wo eca ". E." ieiay o so wi esec, amiaio a geuie oess. Maews is escie as a ma wo "kew eeyoe,"

162 wou "e ayoe," a, sigiicay, as a ma wo "a a goo wo o eeyoe e kew." . E. Maews oiousy ike e eoe wi wom e a esie o 2 yeas a ey eicay eciocae i ki. e 6yeao Maews auce is aiameay ca ee i 8 y eeaig Geoge eauie 6,80 o ,600. Woo, e CC caiae, aie e ie wi a esecae , oes. Aoug e Coseaie oe "e u" uay wee ei omise o 20 ces moe e use o wea was a aco, ao ise, o e is ime sice e Sio ea, oe iea y a magi o ,08 o 2, i 8. e oses, as oe wou eec, oee seea eaa ios o ecuses. ey a eeiece seee iicuies i a emig o eue e iea agume (wic wou e mos eecie i a yeecio a "i is ee o eec a Goeme eeseaie."" Wiou e camaig us wic ey a equese, e Coseaies cou o comee wi e ieas, eseciay i e ciys o e: "e o sie o e Ciy was ey a o us a we kew a i wou e, ecause you ae o ae moey i oe o secue oes ee. I is ouae y Ukaiias a oes. e usuccessu Geoge eauie e aie e oss o is aes sea i somewa simia ems: " Eiey ei (sic was oo muc moey a oo may os agais us sice e esus iicae a e oeig a aiway oe i e ciy o ao eemie e eea."66 e eaaio a . E. Maewss icoy was soey aiuae o iea moey a os is ucoicig, eseciay i ig o e ac a e CC, wo a eie moey o os o oe, aso mae magia gais i eecoa suo. Geoge eauie ae cocee a i was oy e ess sigiica C oe (i.e., oei o e aiway oe wic was ieocay "aiMaio."" ee wee aso eos o iea iisio" wii e Coseaie ay as e "ciy" Coseaies wee eoey akig ie o o iees i e camaig (as a esu o e coese omiaio?". e ueyig eaaio o e Coseaie eea i 8, owee, was e oi wic a ee ceae y ae eauies ea a y e ac a is so was o is aes oiica equa. Geoge eauie was aso a a isaaage as e was oosiio caiae acig a eceeigy 6 wekow a weike goeme caiae, wo was egage i is seco camaig. Aoug e eessio i o seem o aec e 8 yeecio esus sigiicay, e ewyeece iea meme was geay isue y umous o a auum 1939 geea eecio. Sou someig ae (o e wese co i wou mea a sycoogy, eas iicu o aaye, u oe a wou eess ise eiiey CC o Socia Cei . . . Coecos ae o eey oose i e a o e yea . . . ee aso uemoyme is si quie a." Was e imac o e eessio o e eae moe i a geea eecio a i a yeecio? Wee Maewss eas wee we oue o o is imossie o eemie as e oueak o osiiies i Seeme, 1939 mea a e aiciae "ees sio ea" eecio was osoe ui eay 40 we i occue isea as "e waime eecio." e oueak o wa i 1939 make e e o e eessio ea aoug e ecoomic ecoey wou e eie immeiae o uiom. e eessio ceay a a a imac uo oiics i ao, aoug o ecessaiy o e ee o i e mae wic oe mig aiciae. Aoug si (icuig Ms. oa ea, e wie o a C emoyee a aos is aewoma as o 1935) o e 0meme ciy couci wee aiway eoe," eie e I o e CC a eeie sigiicay as a esu o e eessio. e I a eake i eeessio 28 we ey a eece ei ou aema a ei memesi o couci a aeae susequey ewee wo o ee. Sigiicay, oe o e CC caiaes, oicia o eea, oe ae o ecee e ,4 "is coice" oes a ay Sao, as a I omiee, a oe i 2. As eaice ige say osee i mi, "e wok (i.e., o e CC as goe ey sae."" Oe mus cocue, eeoe, a e eessio i o coiue susaiay o e gow o e oiica "e" i ao. I ac, e eese may e ue, as e uemoye may ae ee ecouage o oe "miiseiais," o oe o os ae a o oiica icies. Wie e 0s as ee aoiaey eie e e essio ea, oe a moe aiioa oiica acos emaie

64 sigiica. e success o caiaes suc as Aema ay Sao wo cosisey ouoe oe I aemaic ca iaes Coseaie M ai W. eauie, wo wo e ciy — u o aways e cosiuecy — o ou successie occasios icuig is "miacuous" suia i 1935; a Coseaie MA Geoge isae wo oueome is ay y a oious magi i 2 a wose ay oeicay eae a is ao sea wou e os uo is eieme aese o e sigiicace o esoa aea i ao oiics. e suo o e oCo seaie Su uouey coiue o isaes 2 icoy a o ae eauies suia i 1935 u e socae owe o e ess was icaae o eecig Geoge eauie i e 8 y eecio. I mus aso e oe i cocusio a icumes i ao ae aey eeae a e oicia a eea ee, ee uig a eessio. Mus e oses, eeoe, wai ima iey o eieme o ea o ake is o? e 0s eame wou sugges so.

FOOTNOTES . e suggesio a e Coseaies a uosey aowe Cea o wi e euay yeecio y accamaio as e " was oe o aack om so may ages a i wou e a same o wase i i a yeecio" (AC, M. Kig aes, J1 se., o. 200, 42, Wm. Ieac o oma ame, ue 8, 4 is iiguig. 2. Quees Uiesiy Acies (QUA, . A. Cea aes, se. II, o 86, Cea o A. K. Cameo, ue 2, 0. . e oies wee geeay ee ogaie a ee iace ougou e couy as a esu o a oio o . . ees esoa wea eig use o assis e ay. Mai oas sae, o e is e mos o 2, was $2,.2. AC, . . ee aes, o. , 22, 4. 4. A iea osee coee a e icoy o e oies i Saskacewa (wee ey ow cosiue e mao ay i a coaiio miisy a geay oose e moae o e Maioa ay. QUA, . A. Cea aes, se. III, o , . E. . . isse o Kig, Augus 22, 2.

6 . Cea a oe UGG oicias a aegey ee esoay comesae o e saes i e ome ak wic ey a so some 15 yeas eoe. I wou aea, owee, a e emiee assessme o e iea wo comaie a " Cea is ey muc moe o a iaiiy a a asse o e ay" (AC, M. Kig aes, J1 se., o. 200, 42, Wm. Ieac o oma ame, ue 8, 4 was a eag geae esose. 6. AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. 4, Cea o A. K. Cameo, oeme 2, 2. . Cesus o Caaa, , oume . 8. Weeas e aiways a ie a "ea" 40 me ocay y May, 2, e comaies a egage oy 8 me a a coesoig ime i 0. QUA, . A. Cea aes, se. II, o 86 Cea o . . Co, ue , 0. . Ii., o 8, Cea o A. K. Cameo, uy , 0. Ceaiy oca Coseaie sokesme, suc as . Wiy Ke, caia ie o ame iscoe wi e iea ecisio o emi e imoaio o uyee ew eaa ue. ao aiy Su, uy , 0. 0. e Su susequey cocue a iges caiacy a u Cea moe a eauie. Ii., uy 2, 0. . "You wo e eecio, o me." AC, . . ee aes, o. 4, 0662, . W. eauie o ee, oeme 24, 4. 2. QUA, . A. Cea aes, se. III, o , . E. . . isse o Kig, Augus 22, 2. . AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. 4, Cea o A. K. Cameo, oeme 2, 2. 4. AC, M. Kig aes, se., o. 2, 40, Cea o A. ayo, Seeme 6, 0. . I Augus, , ee wee 22 amiies o eie i ao weeas oy 28 amiies a ee so suoe i Augus, 0. ao aiy Su, Seeme , . 6. "e oea o 2 (i.e., eoe e imemeaio o e ciy maage amiisaie sysem was $08,000 u i a ee euce susaiay eeae. owee, e oea o 2 o $2,000 was agai a icease oe e 28 oa

66 o $260,000 (i.e., e as yea o e ciy maage sysem. Ii., Seeme , 0. . aeayes y a oe o ,42 o 791 a ecie o u e see cas "i e as." Ii., ue , . owee, is ecisio was susequey eese y couci. 8. M. o, "e Gea eessio: as a ese", oua o Caaia Suies, o. I, euay, 6, 42. . AC, . . ee aes, o. 4, 0022, . W. eauie o ee, ue 6, 2. 20. "I e ao eea Cosiuecy, wee o e woe e ames ae aiy oseous, e quesio o am oucs i o ee io e quesio, ecause e isic is we see a may ae ee oug wose a muc ae imes uig e as 0 yeas a ey ae ecouagig a e ese mome." Ii., 002, . W. eauie o A. W. Meiam, ue 20, 2. 2. AC, M. Kig aes, o. 0, 6, Kig o Cea, au ay 6, 2. owee, . A. Cea, aos eM, i o oi a goeme as Kig a uge. 22. Ii., 64, Cea o Kig, Mac 8, 2. 2. AC, A. K. Cameo aes, o. 4, Cea o A. K. Cameo, auay 8, 2. 24. e Coseaies wo 11 o Maioas 17 seas i 0 icuig ao wee ai eauie wo a o e ciy os. 2. wo o e ou omiees, C. C. Mice a e Youg, wee cuey memes o ciy couci. W. E. E. ayo, wo was eimiae ae e is ao, a o eeiece i muici a oiics. owee, isae a ee ay eeae as a aemaic caiae we e a ace as i a ie o see i 2. is muicia eco, eeoe, was somewa aise. 26. QUA, . A. Cea aes, se. III, o 2, Cea o Kig, ue 6, 2. 2. Wiieg Eeig iue, ue , 2. 28. ack oey, a oca usiessma a a ome aema, eiee a Sao was ess aica a oe I mem es. Ieiew wi . . oey, Seeme 24, .

6 2. ao aiy Su, May 26, 2. 0. As e cou o e aseae aos wou ae iicae, Cae a . E. Ceme, e ieaogessie omiee, ceay eesee wo seaae oiica oces i a mos o Caes seco oes (i.e., 20 wee aocae o Sao, e I caiae — ae a o Ceme (i.e., 2 o isae (i.e., . Ii., ue 8, 2. . isae, wi 2,64, a a commaig ea o e "is ao" Sao, wi ,4, was seco Ceme, wi ,42, was i Cae, wi 8 oes, was as a, us, eimiae. Ii., ue 8, 2. Caes "seco coices" wee e iie — i.e., o Sao20 o Ceme2 a o isae . O e i "ao," Sao eceie 319 o Cemes " seco coices" a 4 o Caes "i coices." owee, isae — wo oe oy 22 "seco coice Ceme oes" a 40 "i coice Cae oes" — si wo y a oa o ,02 o 2,2. Ii. 2. "Wee you a eauie a oes ook o e esu was amaigy saisacoy." AC, . . ee aes, o. 6, 026, ee o . M. Si, M, uy 2, 2. . Ii., o. 4, 0684, oy Waso o . K. iayso, euay , . 4. 2,6 aoies wee eceiig eie i ue, , a icease o 224 om e eious yeas oa. Brandon Daily Sun, July 16, 9135. . e ciys eie i was eaig e $200,000 mak y e e o . Ii., eceme 4 . 6. a coecios i mi wee $0,000 ess a e co esoig oa o 4. Ii., Seeme , . . Ii., auay 4, . 8. Ii., Seeme 2, . . AC, . . ee aes, o. 4, 0688, E. E. oga o ee, May 8, 4.. 40. "I ee ay say o you a I am equey geay e esse wi e oiica siuaio o, isea o ou ay ogaiig as i sou, ou ies meey wie o me askig wa I am goig o o aou i. . . . I eaie a ee wi e o ogaiaio i Maioa uess someoe eas e eo." Ii. ee o W. . K. Mcuy, auay , 4.

68 4. Ii., 0662, ee o . W. eauie, oeme 2, 4. 42. Ii., 066884, . . aiso o o iayso, Ocoe , 4. 4. Ii., 0600, o . aig o o iayso, Ocoe 2, 4. 44. Ii., 4280, . A. Mcei o ee, uy , . 45. 00, . W. eauie o ee, Augus , . 46. ao aiy Su, auay 8, . 4. Ii., 0, . . owma o ee, Ocoe 2, Ii., 220, . . aiso o o iayso, Ocoe 8, . 48. . M. eck, euum o owe (Scaooug, 68, . 22. 4. e Coseaie caiae i oage eiee a wois o e ecosuciois oe i is cosiuecy was eCo seaie. AC, . . ee aes, o. 206, 28, W. . u o ee, Ocoe 24, . 0. W. . Moo coes a e 00 e ce icease i e oicia icome a (wic was imose o a wages a saaies eceeig $480 e aum o sige esos was a icia issue ougou e oice. Moo, Maioa A isoy, 4262. . Oe o Mciamis aeisemes ea as oows: "oe o You Ciy a e Youse. Suo e Goeme, e see a ey suo ao." ao aiy Su, uy 2, . 2. Aoug emie acke wou o uicy omise . Mciami a caie os, e i cocu a i was o i aos es ieess "o e wiou goeme eese aio." Ii., uy 4, 6. . Ii., uy , 6. 4. Moo, Maioa A isoy, 42. . I is ieesig o oe, owee, a 62.4 e ce o e Sao suoes euse o iicae ay seco coice wasoee — ose 8 oes cosiue, oe wou sumise, wa cou e cae "a coe" CC. ao aiy Su, uy 28, 6. 6. Ii., Mac , . . Wie Sao eiee e issue o a "uie o" wou ae o e esoe y e oca CC eecuie, e esoay

6 "saw o iicuy i wokig wi e commuis ay." Wiieg Eeig iue, uy , 6. 8. ogessie Coseaie (C Associaio, ie M, . M. o o W. . ake, Ocoe 8, 8. . Ii., G. eauie o . M. o, Ocoe , 8. 60. ey i ogaie 2 uic meeigs oie oe 15 miue aio oacas a "eeyig we (i.e., ao Co seaies cou o Eecio ay." Ii., ie MM4, W. . ake o . M. o, oeme 2, 8. 6. AC, CC ecos, o. 62, . . eie o M. . Cowe, Seeme , 8. 62. ao aiy Su, euay , 8. ue eiece o coic is suggese y e comai o eaice ige, e ays oicia seceay, a "e CC as o a oe ce o suo om e o aou moeme ee." AC, CC ecos, o. 6, eaice ige o . ewis, May 28, 8. owee, wo I aeme — Sao a We — aee e oca CC omiaig coeio a ey, uo eig omiae, ecie i Woos aou. ao aiy Su, Seeme 26, 8. 6. C Associaio, ie MM4, E. Wiis o . M. o, oeme 2, 8. 64. Ii., W. . ake o . M. o, oeme 2, 8. 6. Ii. 66. Ii., G. eauie o . M. o, oeme , 8. 6. "I ae ee ea ay C me comai aou . Maio u, o couse ee ae ey a o amog e C eoe." Ii., G. eauie o . M. o, oeme 2, 8. 68. AC, M. Kig aes, J1 seies, o. 248, 2206, Cea o owa ey, oeme 2, 8. a ee wee some suc iea iicuies was aso suggese y e oicia ea e, Eick Wiis, wo oe a e oicia ay a oee e seices o ei ew Ukaiia ogaie o e ao ogaiaio "u o ae ey ae o oug i aisae o acce is oe." C Associaio, ie MM4, E. Wiis o . M. o, oeme , 8. 6. Geoge eauie a ee oose y Mayo e Youg, Aema ames Kikcay, . W. M. omso, a Eko

0 awye, a Wes ea, a usice aea ame. 0. AC, M. Kig aes, se., o. 24, 2260, . E. Ma ews o Kig, ue 22, . . Wie S i 1937 ise ,08 emoyme osiios i a o, oy 4 wee eae o e aiway iusy. us, 60 e ce o e aeme wee aw om . e ce o e aou oce. owee, i sou e oe a e aiway emoyees i cosiue e ages sige emoyee gou a ey, as a gou, wee e i iges ai. ese wo easos mig e eai ei eceeigy ig oiica oie. ao aiy Su, Seeme 2, . 2. AC, CC ecos, o. 6, eaice ige o ai ewis, ue , .

171 III

4: om eessio Uo "eouio" e oueak o Wo Wa II i 1939 make e e o e eessio. I coas o e 0s, e wa yeas wee a ime o eaiey u emoyme: oy 2.2 e ce o aos aou oce emaie uemoye y ue 2, 4.1 e oswa eessio wic may a eice moeoe, i o maeiaie ee oug e eceage o uemoye ose o 4.8 e ce y May , 46.2 Aoug e oueak o Wo Wa II e o a immeiae emoay oiica uce, e 4 ea was make y wo eea eecios, wo oicia eecios a a igy sigii ca oicia yeecio i oeme, 4. Wie e eaiey age ume o waime eecios was, i ise, eaoiay, e mos oae oiica eeome o e Wo Wa II ea was e meeoic ise (a a o e CC, a oiica ay wic was agey a ouc o e eessio (a wic, sigiicay, eice aoe. ao ieas wee i a ey aaageous osiio as Caaa eee io e "suise" Mac, 40 eecio. ei omiee, . E. Maews, cuey e e sea: e was e oy caiae wo was a esie o ao ise, a ciy o some ,0003 wic aoe comise 40 e ce o e cosiuecys ouaio a e, as a goeme meme, wou eei om e ieiae iea caim a "is is o ime o emoie wi ou uie wa eo. e us go owa uie."

2 Aoug CC oicias ace e ao cosiuecy i ei "oeu" is, e CC a ee oay iacie i ao i ece mos a e ay was iosoicay i suie o e esosiiiies o waime goeme. ay Woo, e usice aea ame wo was makig is i i o eecio, cosequey a ie cace o success i ao i is 40 eea eecio. Mackeie Kigs ueece ecisio o go o e eoe caug ao Coseaies ueae. Coice iiiay a oy e oua Geoge isae cou ecaue e cosiuecy om . E. Maews, Coseaie ogaies a aage o isaes eea mai coac o e asee o a so a ey a esuae Eick Wiis, e Maioa Coseaie eae, o emi aos MA o u eeay. isae, owee, was oce o wiaw i eay 40 ue o i ea. A Eko aea awyeame, . W. omso, was eaey omiae as is eaceme. Aoug e yeao omso was o a esi e o ao, e cosiuecys ages commuiy, e Co seaies oicia ogaie emaie coie: "e ao oys ae ey eusiasic a ao wi e a sue wie."" is oimism, owee, oe o e ioue. Aoug e Coseaies maiaie a ee was a uge ee o a aay aioa Goeme o iec e aioa wa eo, e oe aies aouce a ey wou euse o aiciae i suc a coaiio. As a esu, e socae aioa Goeme issue wiee a ie. e Coseaies (o e aioa Goeme caiaes as ey esise o esciig emsees wee simiay usae i ei aems o ciicie e iaequacies o e goemes eamame oicies as ee a ee, y eecio ime, o waime es o Caaas miiay eaeess (o ack o i. e imig o e eecio, eeoe, woke o e aaage o a iea ca iaes, Maews icue. Aoug e Coseaies com aie a wea ices a agai ecie wie imeme coss a ee aowe o ise, a e goemes amiisaio o wa coacs was uusiessike, a a e goeme a oe oig o soe e uemoyme oem, e oca cam aig uoe i a ae ueciig mae.

173 e 40 eea eecio i e ao cosiuecy was a oiica ou. esie e suo oie o . W. omso y M. A. Maceso o egia a . . Sees, e ome eae o e ecosucio ay, . E. Maews ouoe is aioa Goeme ooe 8,08 o 6,68 wie ay Woo ay aie e ie. I ac, e CC omiees 2,60 oa was is ooes sowig ee. e 40 esus, o aioay a ocay, a ee ee i ou. Wiou a aicuay sog oca Coseaie caiae suc as a ae eauie o a Geoge isae, ee wee isuicie oca acos (suc as e i uece o e oCoseaie ao aiy Su o ose e aioa e. As goes Caaa, so omay goes ao." Aoug aoies a eee o eec goeme memes o mos occasios i e as, e 4 oicia eecio was a cuious aomay i a o o e wo caiaes wee goeme suoes. emie acke a ome, i eay 40, a aay coaiio i e oe a a uie goeme cou oy moe successuy o a asy imoe eeaoi cia ageeme (i e aema o e oweSiois Commissio eo a, i aiio, cou eeciey iec e oices wa eo. As a esu, 26 MAs wee eeece i 4 y accamaio wie oy 20 aicoaiioiss caiaes eee e ie i oosiio. e eea o e goeme was ee a ossiiiy. Aoug e Ieee aou ay (wic emaie isic om e CC i iey cosie coesig e ao cosiuecy as aicoaiioiss," e eecio oe o e a wo way coes ewee e icume Geoge isae, a Co seaie coaiiois, a . . 0. Mciami, e iea ogessie coaiiois wo a ee is ays saaeae i e 6 oicia eecio. Ioicay, o e Coseaies a e ieas coee a a coes cou ae ee aoie i ao i 4, i e oe ay a oy cooeae. Geoge isae a ague a e, as e icume, was eie o e coaiiois omiaio (a oy ou icumes wee, i ac, oose y ia coaiioiss a as e "i gie a oo o oiics a e i o ik ee sou e ay a is ime."4 e ieaogessies, o e oe a, caime a ey wee eae o suo ay sige coaiiois caiae wo was cose y a oi omiaig coeio." We e icume

4 isae euse o uego a es, e ieaogessies oceee o omiae ei ow coaiiois caiae. As o caiaes wee suoes o ackes coaiio miisy, e eecio ecame esseiay a esoa sugge ase uo e wo caiaes eco o seice o e ao com muiy. isaes aeisemes, o eame, emasie a e Coseaie MA a see ao "o o ie yeas, u o 35 yeas as aema, Mayo, Meme o e egisaue a as a iae ciie."6 O e oe a, ieaogessie a eisemes maiaie a Mciami, ee oug e was oy a eeae caiae, a oe moe o ao i ie yeas a isae, as e ciys MA, a i ie yeas. e iea ogessies aso ocuse o e ac a isae a o ee aoie o e caie: "ee is someig wog we a meme ae siig o ie yeas as ee asse u i e Coaiio Caie."" is cou, i ac, e a eig ciicism i e esie o ao oes o e eesee y a caie miise (so as o esue a ey eceie ei ai sae o " gooies" was as sog as i a, o occasios, aeae o e. As ee was o CC caiae i is eecio, muc o isaes aeio was iece owas e ,00 oes a Sao a oe i 6. e Coseaie coaiiois o gaie a ume o uic meeigs i "e as" o wic e ecuie o eoowic, a oe esie a a oeime muicia caiae, o seak o is ea. Wie isaes aeisemes aso sesse e cooeaio wic e a o ie aou a CC memes i "a measues o e eei o e aoig me o Maioa," is eos wee agey i ai. A cose aiiy ewee e CC a e ieas a ee aae ougou e 0s i aos o e a Mciami, as a esu, eeie e mos om e asece o a CC caiae i 4.9 esie uaouae weae coiios a eiece o oiica isiees (wic some eiee o e a aua y ouc o Wo Wa I, 6 e ce o e eigie eecoae oe i ao i 4. Aoug is eecio was a "o ee" o muc o Maioa, e esus i ao wee ieesig as e oes eeece isae i sie o e ac a e a o ee aoie o e caie. ey a ikewise eece Mciami

175 wo was wiey iewe o e caie maeia. Geoge isaes seg as a icume a is esoa ouaiy, as aese o y Coseaie eas o e oucome sou e o e e caiae, oiousy comesae o is ackece saus. Aoug uic iees i muicia oiics may we ae ee oe o e casuaies o e wa i a a miiscue 19 e ce o e eecoae oe i 4 a as ee wee o coese aemaic eecios i 42,2 e amou o uic iees geeae y Mackeie Kigs 42 cosciio eee um was i make coas. ose wo wise o ee e iea goeme o is eaie omise o o iouce cosciio wee we ogaie i ao. Aoimaey 20 ciic ogaia ios wee eesee i e aig o e camaig a i e mass meeigs wic oowe. Aoug e oucome i e ciy was ee i ou, a sigy smae eceage o aoies ( i.e., 8.6 oe o eease e Kig goeme om is ege a i so i e cosiuecy as a woe (i.e., .6 e ce. O e 8 ao oes wo oe "o," 22 (o 26. e ce wee esies o e ee oe os. Ye, 4 eecos (o 0. e ce o ose oig i ose same os suoe e eee um.22 eeoe, a suisigy ecisie maoiy o ao o es, icuig ose wo ie i e socae eic secio o e ciy, aoe e ocosciio eeeum o Ai 2, 42. e oeme, 4 oicia yeecio, wic was ecessiae y e ea o Geoge isae, was oe o e mos ieesig coess i e oiica isoy o ao ue o e sue emegece o e CC as a oce o cosequece. e wa, as ees susequey oe, a asse is mioi a eoe a egu o ook o e oswa ea a e oes wic e osecs o eace geeae. ee was, owee, a wiesea ea i 4 a a eessio wou eaea oce e wa a ee, uess sigiica goemea oicy cages occue. esie e coaiioiss eieaio o Wiso Cucis "ic um" — "is is o e ime o ose wo ae acica wa wok o o o eam o a ae ew wo,2 ose eams, mae oug ey wee y ea, esise. I eosec, 4 seeme o eog o e CC. aioa y, e Gau os ae em aea o o e ieas a Coseaies ae a yea. oiciay, e CC a aciee a

6 Maioa Acies . wig yma oso, e wiig CC caiae i e 4 yeecio.

ewou saus as is Maesys oya Oosiio we ey a wiaw om e coaiio o e gous a emie ackes esigaio (o acce e aioa eaesi o e ewyame ogessie Coseaie ay a emiae e 40 ageeme. ey a, uemoe, wo a ueceee ee o e ou oicia yeecios e o ae i 4. I aiio, e ay was esseiay uie ae a aae sow ow wi e oe ouesome I.24 e oicewie meme si oas a icease amaicay, om ,026 i Ocoe, 42 o 2,62 i ae Augus, 42 a ee e oe oma ao gou was gowig sowy, om i Augus o a 00us y mi Ocoe, 4.26 Wie o oy Siso a Saey Kowes amie a e oeme, 4 yeecio wou e a eemey iicu coes," ey eiee a ey a a goo cace. ey aso ecogie ow sigiica a icoy wou e o ei ays uue." e CC cose a oca oco a scoo oa meme, wig yma oso, o e ei caiae i 4. e 4yea o oso was a ae eaoiay iiiua. o i eay ai Ciy i 88, oso a see oeseas i e Wo Wa. e a eue o gauae om ao Coege a om e Uiesiy o Maioas Coege o Meicie. e youg gauae see as a meica missioay i e iiies om 26 o , uig wic ime e may ae eeoe a iees i e Commuism wi wic e ae symaie." Uo euig o ao, e wo eecio o e scoo oa, seig i a caaciy om 1937 o 4. As a oco, e was eemey we kow a esece wii e commuiy. I so, e was e ye o sog caiae wose oiica aea wou ee eyo aiioa ay ies. us as e eecio o A. E. Smi i 20 a e o a coaescece o e iea a Coseaie oces, e gow o e CC i 4 (suemee y e esuasieess o emie Sua Gaso, ackes successo euie ose oces wic a oug eac oe as ecey as e 4 oicia eecio. Wie i is ue a "e eea eemy uiies," emie Gaso sigiicay ecouage oca ieaogessies i o a o a oage a aiie, e wo aca cosiuecies o emi ei C aes o seec e successos o e wo ecease C

8 MAs." Ceaiy e ac a aos (C Mayo, e Youg, wose imay quaiicaio was is eesie muicia eco, was e oy iiiua omiae a e coaiiois co eio" suos Saey Kowess coeio a a o e eais a ee see i aace. is yeecio camaig was seuousy a iey oug i e ewsaes, o aio, wi ouseo maiigs" a o uic aoms, wee oiica oaes suc as emie Gaso, . C. ougas M, Saey Kowes M, a ey ic as, e ewy eece CC MA o e as, soke. e CC sesse e ee o oie os uig e ucomig emoiia io eio o e oe a oea miio me a wome wo wee i e miiay a i waime iusies. ey aso eese e eecoaes memoy o e eessio wic, ey oesie, wou eu a e e o e Wa uess ee was a aica cage i goemea oicies. I e wos o a eecioee CC aeiseme, a oe o e goeme caiae wou mea "sou kices, ea ies a iig e os o ou eue me a you. A e o aies wi ae o em wi e e oice cus, a ea gas ey use a acoue a egia."" e coaiioiss, y way o ey, sesse ei goe mes eco i e oisio o socia seices, ei ow as o oswa eausme, a e aaages o ao (as Maio as seco ciy o eig eesee y a Goeme meme." is osiie aoac aaee a eceeigy icious scae camaig. ao ciies wee wae a e "CC is a ai iis eouioay aioais Sociais ay"" a esoa ak eosis wou e coiscae a e wo comeig ca iaes esoiie "emocacy s. aioa Sociaism"" a a es wou ise asoomicay as i e "aou sowcase" o ew eaa" a a a oose amagamaio o e wo aiway comaies wou mea os seioiy a os os." Wee e eo o is coaiiois camaig o e si agumes o e ao aiy Su (wic uusigy a uequiocay e cae a Caaa wou ae ee goee y "ie o ioio o o"" a e CC ee i owe eeay i 1939) wee oo eeme o e eieae was, eas, e mai quesio aise y is ea camaig i 4.

179 esie . Mcoma, eece mayo i 4.

80 One of the characteristics of politics in Brandon since the era of the Great War had been the presence of a potential labour vote totalling some 2,000 in number. While a portion of that vote traditionally had gone to the Conservative Dinsdale,4° Dr. Johnson won the three north-end polls by a total of 573 to 1684 in 1943. Although contended that Johnson's support was centred "in the industrial districts,'2 the well-known doctor polled, in addition, a significant segment of the retired farmer vote." As a result, the CCF candidate defeated Mayor Fred Young, the PC coalitionist, by a vote of 3,722 to 3,204. Several factors appear to have contributed to these results. First of all, Dr. D. L. Johnson — who was, according to veteran MP Stanley Knowles, an able orator" — was clearly the beneficiary of the wave of pro-CCF sentiment which was attested to by the Gallup o aigs. Secoy, e CC caiae was a wekow meica aciioe and, as suc, e was, i e wos o some aoies, " ooke u o" i e commuiy. As a esu, . oso, wo was o ye ieiie as a "eemis," was oiicay moe aeaig a e CC ay wic e eesee. e oa oe saisics aso sugges a e CC ogaiaio succeee, as i equey i i yeecios when e ay was ae o coceae is esouces, i oig a eaoiaiy eay eceage o e oe. In 4, 6,206 aoies a oe i 4, 6,26 ao electors would go to the polls after a very intensive campaign; in the 1943 by-election, however, an unprecendented 6,926 Brandon residents cast their ballots and the results clearly indicate that the ieque oe was, o a occasion, a Dr. D. L. Johnson sup- porter. osos "ge ou the vote" organization, which is a vital a o ay successu campaign, had played a vital role in his success. e coaiioiss aso blamed themselves for some of their misfortune: "There is no doubt in my mind that the poorly or- ganized Conservative Association here, doubtlessly let the can- didate down and that coupled with the deliberate betrayal by the Liberal party, resulted in the election of the CCF."" The political "left" had displayed little interest in Bran- don's municipal politics during the early stages of the war. The only party candidate in the 1941 aldermanic election had been the veteran ILP alderman, Harry Spafford, while labour in 1942 had

181 coie is aciiies o e scoo oa eecios i wic Wi iam ai a ee Mcue wee caiaes." e esugece i suo o e CC wic ega i 4 a wic cumiae i . . . osos suig yeecio icoy, owee, so io icae e ao memes a ey iee ei ages co ige o muicia caiaes o ae. Wee e ie a a eece . oso wi ,00 us oes cou aso swee e ie CC aemaic (us e ou scoo oa caiaes io oice was e cucia quesio. is sue maiesaio o CC iees i muicia oiics esue i e omaio o a aegey oaisa ao Ciies Commiee. is ew coaiio o e "ig" i eceeigy we as ao Ciies Commiee caiaes wo ou o e woyea aemaic ems, oe o e oeyea ems," a e mayoay i a . . Mcoma, a omie iea usiessma, aowy eeae ak Wiiamso, a oca um mauacue a a omie ogessie Coseaie. Aoug e Ieee aou ay a, a is eak i e ae 20s, e ou seas o couci, oy wo CC ca iaes wee successu i 4, oe eig e ogseig a eeoua ay Soo." ose wo a oe o . o so i a oeme 8 yeecio imaiy as a esu o is esoa aea wee o eae o suo oe CC caiaes a e muicia ee. e aam geeae y osos y eecio icoy a esue, moeoe, i e successu coaescece o e oiica "ig." us, icoy o e CC i oicia oiics cou u, ae a eace, ei cause a e muicia ee. e eecio o . oso oe o e eemey ou esome o e oicia CC i ye aoe, a moe seious, way. . oso a ey icas, o o wom a wo y eecio icoies o e CC i 4, wee isise a ei ay sou oi oces wi e aou ogessie ay (i.e., e Commuis ay i Maioa. A oosa o aiiaio, owee, a eiousy ee eece y e CC" a a iece, iea sugge esue. I e wos o a ay oicia, e (i.e., . . . oso egas e CC as ie moe a a iea ay. e eesses a amos comee ack o coiece i o e aioa a oicia eaesi, a

82 egas e moeme as auocaic ae a emocaic. ese ae ceay is coicios a ey ae sae quie as sogy y is wie .. . . As o e osecs o is ecomig a CCe, I scacey see ay oe." As e cosiuio o e ao ui coaie a cause wic wou emi cosuaio a cooeaio wi "oe ogessie gous" (i.e., e aou ogessie ay,51 e oicia CC euse o aiy i. e esu was a ea imasse. is iea isue seiousy isue e CC ays eaaios o e 4 eea eecio. As Saey Kowes eoe o ai ewis, a meeig o e eea CC caiaes o Maioa a ee ay mae y e coic. ey (i.e., oso a icas eie ay LPP coecio o aiiy, u sai caegoicay ey oug e CC was wog i umig o sociaism ow, a a e LPP ie was eaisic, ig, ec. ey caime ee oug, siceiy, oesy, a cosciece, ec., a o wic we ack, as we y o u e ay om e o. . . . Eac ime a oe came ea ey wou aise a say, "I you u us ow we wi ae o oio, i a cosciece, u o isassociae ousees om e CC." We o em OK eey ime, u ey ke o wi ei u. ou i ey wi esig. ey wou ae ae us u em ou. We kow is a usiess, u is wose o kee em i a is cucia ime." Aoug oicia CC eaes wee aious a e oca cosiuecy ogaiaio sou ueake e ecessay isciiay ses,5a i was e oicia couci o e CC a uimaey eee e ueig . oso. Aoug e a o eecuie emaie oya o im, e oca memesi (y a oe o 6 o 26 euiae o ei eecuie a ei MA." As e maoiy o e eecuie cosequey esige i oes, e CC i ao wee iey iie o e ee o wo ey imoa geea eecios i 4. I was as i ey wee e emie "o sac eea om e aws o icoy." e ao aea CC, eeeess, succeee i ecui ig a wekow a oua ao uggis, Ae M. ow, o e ei eea caiae.55 e 2yeao ow, wose ou aiy was aese o y seea oca oiica osees," a migae om Scoa i . I commo wi may iis

8 emigas, e a eue ome amos immeiaey o ig i e Gea Wa. Ae suies i amacy a e Uiesiy o Maioa, ow a see i ao i 2 i oe o acise is oessio. ow, a ome iea, eaie a e oigi o is ewyiscoee oiica aicaism was i e oe y o is aie Scoa." ow, owee, was o o eoy e uquaiie suo o e oiica e as A. E. Smi, aos ome aou MA (om 2022 a a ma wo a i e 0s ecome a aioaykow Commuis, aouce is ie io o sa as a aou ogessie caiae, o e ey ee o e CC omiaio." As ei ay eae, o acke, i eay 44, a ecie a iiaio o sa o ao" a as e iea o a Ieee o a coaiiois caiae a ee quicky eece," oca Cs agee o e esiaiiy o seecig a ao esie "o coueac e oe a o ow a Maews wi ge om e ciy os."" Aoug Cooe A oss, M o Souis a is ays Maioa ogaie, aoue Wiy Ke," e omiaio we o e Youg, aos emayo a e coaiios usuccessu caiae i e ece oicia yeec io. Youg a ee seece oe o omso, aoe ose o 40 ame, a . . Sia o ao. e ack o ew oo suggess a ao aea Cs i o uy eiee a ey cou eea e icume Maews a is aicua ime. e 4 eea eecio was uusuay imoa i a e aue o oswa Caaa wou e agey eemie y is oucome. I was a eecio i wic e oes ooke o e uue i wic issues suc as "eaiiaio, aaio eom, agicuue, ousig, emoyme, (a socia secuiy"" wee o aioa imoace. e 66yeao . E. Maews" cosequey ague a e e ie yeas wou e as cucia o Caaa as e eious ie. e aio cou o ao o cage eaes a a cucia ime. Maews aso emasie wa e Kig goeme a oe i ose as ie yeas: e ecoomicay imoa wa as a ai ases a a come o e ao aea i suc umes a e ao M was okigy eee o as "Aio Maews" a, moe ecey, e esaisme o amiy Aow aces wic wee oiousy esige o ue away woue CC oes.

84 Aoug e CC, as a oosiio ay, sou ae ee o e oesie, e 4 camaig was o couce i a oma asio. e CC wee iciousy aacke om wo os i 4: y e ew goeme i Oaio wic was simuae ousy egage i is ow oicia eecio, a y suosey o aisa oies suc as e "uic Iomaio Seice." e ae ogaiaio, wic was oiousy weiace, sae u equiocay a "eey CC caiae is commie o comee Sae Sociaism, a Sae Sociaism ses saey . . . ue a Asoue icaosi. As a esu, e CC wee ke o e eesie ougou muc o e camaig. Aoug Ae ow i aem o geeae a iees i oca issues y eoig e " wao a caous esucio" o amy suies, icuig mei cies, wic a oowe i e wake o e eaue o e oca Aiey aiig ui y sessig is sog esoa iees i eaiiaio a y eesig e eecoaes memoies o e eessio wi oogas o e uemoye uig e e e a Kig yeas:" e CC wee oce o se muc o ei ime a ei moey i euig wa ey escie as e " sameu ies" o ei ooes." e Cs ae cuiousy ai ie aeio o oca issues, esie ei eesse eeece o a ao caiae. Aoug e Youg i sess is oosiio o aiway amagamaio — a imoa issue i ao wee 8.6 e ce o e oca wok oce wee aiway emoyees" — e ogessie Coseaies mai agume was a Maioas e emie, o acke, e e oy ay a cou wi a maoi y. Geoge ews C ay a us swe Oaio a ao Cs eaesy eoe ei eow cosiues o "OOW OAIOS EA." ao oes, owee, aie o ee a aice as . E. Maews, e iea icume, e i o e ua a ciy os. Emayo e Youg, wo com aie o ack o "ousie assisace,"" was a sog seco i e ua aea a i oa oe, ee oug e aie o Maews a ow i e same ciy wic e a eiousy see as mayo. Ae ow, esie is eoe ua ouaiy as a eeaie, ace i i e moe ouous ua os a i oea. A. E. Smis suo, i is ieesig o oe, was iie equay ewee ua a ua aoug is oa oe o 46 was

8 ae isma i ig o is eaie oiica success i 20." I cocusio, ao was ey muc i e maiseam as e cosiuecy was oe o 0 Maioa cosiuecies o eec a iea i 4 a ao esies (as isic om e iig as a woe ee oe i se wi e oice y giig e seco ages ume o oes o e CC i sie o e oaya o a ay as "icaoia" a "eouioay."7' Oe o e uusua eaues o e 4 eea eecio was e oeseas oe." e Cs a ecommee a eac oca camaig ogaiaio wie o ose oeseas oes ee i a ace o e wis eig issue a a cigaees a oca ewsaes e se. Wie e Cs wee coie a e me oeseas wee uy awae o e Mackeie Kig goemes wa eco, ey eae a e CCs wa eco was eig eeciey camouage. Wee a was ue o o ca o e eemie ecisiey. Ae ow i, owee, o 0. e ce o e oeseas oe (i.e., 733 oes wie o . E. Maews (wi 2 oes a e Youg (wi 2 oes" aie e ie. e oeseas oes wee oiousy ess cocee wi cosciio a ey wee wi e oosas o e oswa ea." e ac a ose oeseas oes wee o suece o e scae camaig iece agais e CC may e eai wy Ae ow ae ioicay i ee aoa a e i a ome. Aoug e icume . oso was seekig e eecio i e 4 oicia eecio as a Ieee CC caiae, e CC oiciay omiae ee Mcue, a sa ioay egiee a e ciywaewoks a a a scoo oa meme. I coas o e iey iie e, e Coseaies a e ieaogessie aoie a oi commiee o esa is e gou ues o coosig aoe coaiiois caiae." As eac ay was eesee y wo oig eegaes e o, 88 oig eegaes me o coose ewee Mayo . . Mcoma, a ieaogessie, a Caes oso, a eie C oa mase a e esie o e ao C Associaio. Mcoma, wo sigiicay was omiae y Cam oaso (a omie Coseaie, iume, esumay wi e as sisace o some Coseaie oes. As e Youg, a ogessie Coseaie, a os o . . . oso i e 4 yeecio, some Cs may ae quiey agee a i was e iea ogessies u.

86 oca issues wee a cea a o is oicia eecio camaig. As eie oso o Mcue wou eceie a ey symaeic eaig om e Gaso goeme, Mcoma ague a aoies mus ecogie a e aoe cou ake cae o e ciys ieess. Mcue, o e oe a, sesse e ee o eoe aos oma Scoo ue o e cue soage o quaiie eaces e ecessiy o imoe seice a e Maioa iquo Commissio e esiaiiy o moig e eaquaes o e Maioa owe Commissio om Wiieg o ao a e ee o moe ousig. e oicia CC ca iae — i aiio o eoig e accomismes o Saska cewa ewyeece CC goeme (o wic seea memes, icuig emie . C. ougas, camaige o is ea — wae e wokes a ig usiess wou, i emie, ocee o smas uios a o cu wages as e wa was oe. Wie Mcoma, e coaiiois, a Mcue, e oicia CC omi ee, camaige mos eesiey agais eac oe, o me o occasios ook "oiica sos" a . oso, e esumay weake icume. I was a ae uique eecio coes. Aoug . . Mcoma wo a 4 eecio, e iisio wii e oiica e was imaiy esosie o is success. Wie Mcoma was e is coice o ,088 ao oes, Mcue (wo was seco wi ,60 a oso (wi , 6 ogee oe ,204 is coice oes. a e CC e maie uie, ei 4 yeecio icoy mig we ae ee eeae. e seeiy o e iisieess wii e oiica e was iiy emosae y e ac a oy 6 o e ,4 oso oes gae Mcue ei seco oe wie 200 acuay eee e coaiiois Mcoma. us, 4. e ce o o sos suoes euse o eose e oicia CC caiae, ee as ei seco coice. A comiaio o aiioa iea Coseaie seg, e aaages o e eie y eig eesee y a goeme meme, a e ie iisio wii e oiica e a eeae e icume . oso." e wa, o couse, a cocue we i aace o e Ocoe, 4 oicia eecio. May a eae a e sue cessaio o miiay ucasig a e suseque emoiiaio o ues o ousas o miiay esoe wou ea o a saga ecoomy a e eu o e eessio. ose eas

8 a uee i susaia a e ise o e CC i 4 a, ioicay, a eieaey geeae ea a a CC goeme wou e "eouioay" i aue susequey coiue o is ecie. As e oswa ecoomic eausmes ega (aie a aee y e isiuio o amiy Aowace ceques, e ea o a eewe eessio gauay wae. As e age o ecoomic ecessio essee, e oiica eas wic wee osee y e oiica ig wee eace. e esu was a susaia oiica seack o a same CC ay (a ee o 8yea aemaic eea ay Sao wo was eeae i 4 wic a e e Gau os oy wo yeas eoe. 4 make e e o Wo Wa II. I aso make, o a ime, e emise o e CC wose meeoic ise a is iiay iumiae e oiica oio oy o ae suey, as i a us o aiaica ie. uig e ae sages o e wa, e CC a o e eecos wa e ae a eae u i o wa o ea — a e eessio wou eu oce e wa a ee. Aie a aee y a CC ay wic was ieay a iey iie, ei ooes o e ig a uie ogee a ayig uo e eecoaes eo o e oiica a ecoomic ueaa wic a accomaie e e asio o Euoea Commuism, ey a succeee i e suaig e oes o ki e messege — e aige o ecoomic woe.

FOOTNOTES

. Cesus o Caaa, 4, o. 6. 2. Cesus o aiie oices, 46, o. 2. . Accoig o cesus saisics, aos ouaio a e ime o e 6 eo was 6,46 wic cosiue a sig ecie om e 1931 oa o ,082. y e ime o e 4 eo, e ciys ouaio a eae agai o ,8. Cesus o Caaa, 4, o. . 4. ao aiy Su, Mac , 40.

88 . AC, CC ecos, o. 60, I . eie o ai ewis, auay , . Wie is ocume was ae , oe eiece suggess a e ae sou ae ea auay , 40. 6. C Associaio, ie MM6, . M. o o W. Mie, Ai 4, . W. Mie was e Coseaies Maioa ogaie. . Ii., ie MM, . M. o o W. Mie, Ai 4, . 8. Wiis eucay agee ae e was esuae a e ao oicia sea cou e wo y aoe caiae. Ii., ie MM4, E. Wiis o . M. o, May , . . Mayo e Youg a usice aea ame, Wes ea, wee eeae y omso a e omiaig coeio. Geoge eauie, wose ame a aso ee oose, was o cosiee y e coeio as e a eise wi e Cameo igaes a wou e uaaiae o camaig. ao aiy Su, euay , 40. 0. C Associaio, ie MM6, W. C. Mie o . M. o, eu ay 4, 40. . a ao was i e maiseam o Caaia oiics was aso eie we e esus o e secia miiay o wee eease. Wie aioa Goeme caiaes aioay eceie 0 e ce o miiay oes o e ieas 4 e ce, omso oe 8 oes (i.e., 0. e ce o Ma ewss 2 (i.e., 4.6 e ce. Woo agai aie e ie wi 0 oes. ao aiy Su, Ai 2, 40. 2. Ii., Mac , 4. . e Coseaies, o isace, oe ae i ei aeise mes a ey a o oose ay siig coaiiois su oes. Ii., Ai 2, 4. 4. Ii., Mac 2, 4. . I was aso umoue, a oe oi, a Mayo e Youg, a Coseaie, mig aso seek e coaiiois omiaio. Ii., Mac 2, 4. eas e issaisacio wi Geoge isae was o eiey coie o e ieaogessie cam. 6. Ii., Ai , 4. . Ii., Ai 6, 4. 8. Ii., Ai , 4.

189 . Ii., Ai 2, 4. Mciamis oa i 4 was amos 00 oes geae a e is ao esus i 6 wie isaes oa a icease y oy 600 oes. 20. oig occue o a "co iig ay." I aiio, as Saey Kowes oe, e wa ise cou e a mao cause o eecoa aay: "e makeu o a oicia egisaue is uimoa i may eoes mis, i is e wa aoe a maes." AC, CC ecos, o. 60, Saey Kowes o ai ewis, Ai 26, .4. 2. ee was o mayoay eecio i 42 as Mayo e Youg was eeig e seco yea o is em. 22. ao aiy Su, Ai 28, 42. 2. e Youg, e coaiiois caiae, use is Cuciia quoaio i e yeecio camaig o o aai. Ii., oem e , 4. 24. "e I si siks o couse u wee go em eae.. . . e mai ig is a we coo e I a wi is goig o cas ey gey om ow ui wee eay o e sowow." AC, CC ecos, o. 6, Aisai Sewa o ai ewis, Mac , 42. e coic ewee e CC a e I, owee, a ee ee aicuay amagig i ao ise. 2. Ii., o. 62, Miues o CC (Maioa Eecuie meeig, Seeme 2, 4. 26. Ii., o. 6, oy Siso o ai ewis, Ocoe , 4. 2. "So a as ou ow ogaiaio goes, ou caces ae oo i o seas. u i we ca ie e CC ie o ou caiaes a ge a ogaiaio ucioig, we mig make e gae." Ii., o. 8, Saey Kowes o ai ewis, Ocoe 8, 4. 28. oy Siso, wo amie a ese wo yeecios "ae o goig o e easy . . .," ague a "i we ca wi em e we ca om goemes a oe e o." Ii., o. 6, oy Siso o ai ewis, Ocoe , 4. 2. ee is a isageeme amog ao esies as o e aue o . osos oiica iosoy as o 4. Wie Cae a ie ae sogy i 1937 a oso a oes wee "e" (ao aiy Su, oeme 26, ,

0 may esies wo oe o oso as a iiiua i 4 isis a ey wee uawae o ay eeme oiica coic ios. Saey Kowes, Wiieg oCee M wo as sise wi osos camaig, as sae quie emaicay a oso was o a Commuis a e ime o e 4 y eecio. Ieiew wi Saey . Kowes M, May 2, 6. 0. AC, CC ecos, o. 8, Saey Kowes o ai ewis, Ocoe 8, 4. . Youg was omiae y . . 0. Mciami, e iea ogessie caiae i o 6 a 4, a e omi aio was secoe y . C. oaso, a uue Coseaie MA. ao aiy Su, Ocoe , 4. 2. e CC was eoey e oy ay o emoy wa was escie as a "mai oe aea.. . . Eey ao ome wee a egisee oe wes as eceie ames a cicuas." Wiieg iue, oeme 6, 4. . ao aiy Su, oeme , 4. 4. Ii., oeme , 4. . Ii., oeme , 4. 6, Ii., oeme 2, 4. . Ii., oeme , 4. 8. Ii., oeme , 4. e aem y e coaiioiss o aouse e eas o aiway emoyees aaey was usuc cessu as e aace o, wic was usuay a aiway oe, we o 2 o . oso. Ii., oeme , 4. . Ii., oeme , 4. 40. Wiieg iue, oeme 6, 4. 4. ao aiy Su, oeme , 4. 42. Wiieg iue, oeme 20, 4. 4. e sigiicace o a eie oe is iicu o eemie. owee, accoig o e 4 cesus eus, 2, esies o 8.86 e ce o aos "20 yeas a us" ouaio wee 60 yeas o age o oe. Cesus o Caaa, 4, o. 2. e comaae igue i e 46 cesus eu was 22. e ce. Cesus o aiie oices, 46, o. .

191 44. Saey Kowes ecas wig oso as eig a "ae oao . . wekow as a meica oco," a a esoay aacie oiica caiae. Ieiew wi Saey Kowes, May 2, 6. 4. AC, . acke aes, o. 4, C. . oso o acke, Mac 2, 4. C. . oso was e esie o e a o C Associaio. 46. e wo we kow aouies e e os aoug oy 0 e ce o e eecoae a esoe. ao aiy Su, eceme 2, 42. 4. e ou "woyea" icos wee . Sua Scu, a oca ysicia wo e e os W. . oeskie, a ocomoie egiee wo a ocaime is ieeece o e CC . A. Mcowe, a ismi a o oki, a oca usi essma. A. . ueski, a oca usiessma, ega wa oe o e a mos eesie ciic caee i 4 wi is oe yea em. Ii., eceme , 4. 48. Sao ace i amog ose wo wee seekig woyea ems wie W. M. Smi was eece o a oeyea em. 4. AC, CC ecos, o. 62, Miues o CC (Maioa E ecuie meeig, Seeme 2, 4. 0. Ii., o. 8, oy (Siso? o ai ewis, Ai 2, 44. . ao aiy Su, Ocoe 26, 44. 2. AC, CC ecos, o. 8, Saey Kowes o ai ewis, euay 8, 4. ewis oose a e CC sou make a eemie sa o is issue. Ii., ai ewis o Saey Kowes, euay 2, 4. . "I oe you wi e ae o succee i wiig e suo o ei oca ogaiaios so a e acio o e ake agais em wi e ake o y e o u y ei ow ak a ie." Ii., o. 6, ai ewis o o Swaies, Mac , 4. 4. ao aiy Su, May 2, 4. e oca memesi aso eece ee Mcue — e ma wo wou emege as e " oicia" CC caiae wii a ew so weeks — o eace oso o e oicia CC couci. Ii., Mac 22, 4. . e 71 oig eegaes eece. ow oe ee Mcue, a ciic emoyee, ae . . oso o eeau a ecie o sa. ay Woo, wo a soo eiousy i 40, was ow

192 emoye as a uime ogaie a a saay o $,00 e yea. AC, CC ecos, o. 62, Miues o CC (Maioa E ecuie meeig, Seeme 8, 44. 6. A ogessie Coseaie cosiuecy eo escie Ae ow i esecu ems: "A ome iea a aiy oua ue o e ac a e aes i e eigoig ua aea as a eeaie seciaiig i eocuio a Scoc eaigs." C Associaio, ie M. A omie ao C aso escie ow as "a we kow a oua ug gis." AC, . acke aes, o. 4, C. . oso o acke, Mac 2, 4. 57. Brandon Daily Sun, oeme , 44. 8. Smi was omiae o oeme , 44 a a meeig e "i a ciy esiece." Gai oaus was o e Smis oicia age. Brandon Daily Sun, oeme 8, 44. Wii ays, e ome Meois miise was oig uic mee igs i e ciy a oacasig "aio aks" oe oca saio CK wic suggess a e aou ogessie ay caiae a sigiica iacia suo. . AC, . acke aes, o. 4, Moga W. . o o acke, May , 44. 60. Brandon Daily Sun, auay 0, 4. 6. AC, . acke aes, o. 4, C. . oso o acke, Mac 2, 4. oso was e esie o e oca C Associaio a e sae a is iews wee sae y is eecuie. 62. A oss oe a some youg ieas, wo wee esum ay isecae wi e eey Maews, a ecouage Ke o sa. oss eiee a Ke cou e esuae o acce e omiaio ee oug "o Mayo Youg a o omso ae agig o e omiaio." Ii., o. , . Au oss o acke, auay 4, 44. Ke, owee, i o omay seek e omiaio. 6. C Associaio, ie M. e souce is a ogessie Co seaie cosiuecy aaysis eae io o e 4 eea eecio. 64. Maews a ecosiee is eaie ecisio o eie om oiics. Brandon Daily Sun, Mac 4, 4.

193 6. is ogaiaio, wic aeise eesiey i e 4 eea eecio camaig, was eae y oe . A. esai. Is message was iec a comeig: "Ee oug a CC caiae e you miise, o you sos eace, o a meme o e Ame oces, o a esoa ie, you simy cao oe o im (o e uess you wa o oei e eeom wic ou oys ae oug so eseaey o esee." Ii., Ai 26, 4. 66. icues o e "ee cams" comie wi e emie a oe miio Caaias wee o eie uig Kigs ami isaio cosiue e as CC aeiseme o e cam aig. Ii., ue , 4. 6. Ii., May 2, 4. e CC — o aioay a i Maio a — wee eseaey so o us i 4: "e aioa oice is i a eie iacia siuaio, eiey ue o e aiue o oices ike Maioa o cay ou ei oigaios o us." AC, CC ecos, o. 60, ai ewis o . A. Cae, oeme, 28, 4. 68. Cesus o aiie oices, 46, o. 2, 4. 6. "My eeiece i e as camaig (wic I am osiie wou ae ee wo i I a oe o wo seakes o e me." AC, . acke aes, o. 0, . . Youg o acke, Mac o ae , 4. 0. e oicia oas wee eoe o e Maews — 6,80 Youg — ,62 ow — ,24 a Smi — 4. ao aiy Su, ue 22, 4. . e ieas wo 4. e ce o e oua oe i Maio a e CC .6 e ce a e Cs 24. e ce. eck, euum o owe, 2. e esus i ao Ciy wee i e same oe u ey wee somewa cose: Maews — .08 e ce ow — 2. e ce a Youg — 28.88 e ce. 2. Oe o e ieesig eaues o e 4 camaig was e ac a e e o ki o eigie oes wo wee cuey isoes o wa wee eie o cas a ao o ea o e isoe. C Associaio, ie E6G(, . A. e o a ca iaes a cosiuecy esies, Ai , 4. . A. E. Smi, o e oe a, oe oy ou oes. ao aiy Su, ue , 4.

4 4. I sou e oe a . E. Maews a ee a sog aocae o cosciio. e a eoe e ac a a o ames wee oce, y 42, o wok 00 us aces o ei ow, ue o e ume o oca me wo a eise wie oe secios o e couy a o esoe equay. Ii., ue 2, 42. . Amiey, a sma mioiy o ao ogessie Co seaies a wae ei ow seaae caiae. e e cisio o coose a sige eeseaie was usiie wi a ae ieesig agume: "Memes e a oicia oiics ae geig i muc e same sae as muicia coucis, a a e ma es suie o ac o e eie ciy, sou e se o Wiieg." Ii., Seeme 4, 4. 6. e CC i Maioa susequey aeme o esoe e ieeces a a esumay cos em e ao cosi uecy. Wie ey icas, wo a wo eeecio as a Ieee (wiou aig o oose a oicia CC ca iae, was eamie o ay aks, a moio o eisae . wig oso was eeae y a oe o 80 o 0. AC, CC ecos, o. 62, Miues o Coeio, eceme 68, 4. eas e success o icas a e eea o o so a aece e esecie issies wiigess o com omise as we as e eegaes oeace o eious iisce ios. . Muicia eecos may ae e a aicua isase o " ay" oiicias i 4. Sao ace see C. . oso — e esie o e oca C Associaio a a usuccessu coee o e coaiioiss omiaio i 4 — was 0 wie . 0. issama — a uue Co seaie MA — was a ae isma ao aiy Su oeme 2, 4.

195 I

The Post-War Era and the Emer- gence of the Progressive Con- servative "Opposition" Party

esie e ie eicios o e CC a e eas o a ueasy ouace, ee was o eessio i e oswa ea. aks o a iceasigy maage ecoomy, a cosumes se ig see a e coiuaio o susaia eece seig (ue, iiiay, o e Co Wa a, secoy, o e Koea coic, Wo Wa II was oowe y a eio o gaua ecoomic gow. eeeess, ee wee — y 0 — ecoomic iicuies: am icomes wee "aggig," e cos o iig was isig, o age esios wee ecomig iceasigy iaequae a ousig emaie i so suy. Ye we . . . oso (aos ome CC MA a a Ieee caiae i e 4 eea eecio wae a a eessio wou soo eu a a a oe o eie "o ie" ay was "a oe o wa, e eecoae was oay uesosie. O e oe a, e ogessie Coseaie caiaes emasie ese same issues uig e a 2 yeecios a ey wee eece i o isaces. a e Cs suae e CC as "e aeaie" ay i e uics mi? e esus wou seem o iicae so. e oswa ea was oe o gaua, u imie, ecoomic imoeme i ao. e ciy eoye a sma iacia su us i 46 a eas a oe ew iusies ega oucio i ose 2 mos wie ao eaies eoey eoye ei

196 geaes yea ee i 4. is ew ou oseiy, owee, was o ye eey isiue. Oy 53 e ce o aos 4,0 esieia weigs a a eeoe, o wic oe a o wai om si o 24 mos, wie us 2 e ce wee equie wi mecaica eigeaos. Oy a simia 2 e ce o ao ouseoes owe a auomoie i mi4.4 Ee ciy seices wee o uiesay aaiae. esie e "aomises" o may yeas a e oess o Aema A. . ueskie (a "o ee" y i wose 4 eecio auce wa wou oe o e a uequae 26 cosecuie yeas as a ao aema, aos sewage sysem a o ye ee eee o e o sie o e acks. ose wo a cose o ie o e "wog" sie o e acks wee ee wae a eeig e ciy sewage sysem io ei eigouoo mig ee e ecoomicay easie ue o e iaequae gaie o e aea. o mos aoies, owee, iig coiios wee sowy imoig a uue osecs wee ecouagig y 4, e yea o wo geea eecios. e oca ousig soage aeae o ae essee aos ew a eai wae eame aciiy was i oeaio e ciys caia e a ee euce om a ig o aoimaey $2 miio i 1937 o $,000 e ciys ouaio a iay eace 20,000 a is wese Maioa aiway a agicuua make cee ow ee a aiae coecios wi e ousie wo, aks o is ew muicia aio a CA. Wi e eceio o e 4 muicia eecios i wic a ueceee 6 aemaic caiaes ie o e oou o oiig ciic eaesi, e eay yeas o e os wa eio cuiousy cosiue a eio o eaiey ie oiica iees. A o e aemaic caiaes wee eece y accama io i 46 oy see caiaes soug ie couci seas i 4 ee oug ee (ae a e aiioa wo caiaes coese e mayoay eecio. y 48 e ume o aemaic caiaes a icease o ie, eas as a e ecio o e eig oicia a eea eecios. Commecig wi e 4 muicia eecios (i wic e CC i o aiciae, e oiica "e" ecame oay iacie i osWo Wa II ao. Wee is eesa i

197 o acke

8 political behaviour was essentially a negative result of the division which had bitterly divided the CCF and their subsequent defeat in the two disappointing general elections in 1945 cannot be de- termined conclusively. To some degree, the vacuum on the left was filled ironically by the two Johnsons whose radicalism had so divided the local CCF. Although Dr. D. L. Johnson, the former MLA, had been defeated in the 1945 provincial election, Mrs. D. L. Johnson, the more extreme of the two, won election in 1947 to the school board, that haven for would-be female politicians.' Despite the fact that the Brandon area CCF had polled a significant 28.96 per cent of the vote in 1945, they decided not to contest the 1949 federal election as a result of the hospitalization of Samuel John- ston, their "unofficial" candidate." Dr. D. L. Johnson decided, therefore, to file just hours before the deadline as an Independent. Although Dr. Johnson remained "beyond the pale," L. V. Robson of Deleau, one of the rural area's most prominent CCF members, signed his nomination papers which suggested that Johnson, de- spite the 1945 split, would receive some traditional CCF support. The question, therefore, of who would represent the Liber- als and the PCs in the 1949 federal contest was a matter of considerable interest. As 's Neepawa constituency was to be merged with the Portage constituency due to redistribution, Brandon PCs offered the local nomination to their national leader, an offer which he accepted in 1947. The PC organizational strategy was to concentrate initially on their most promising constituencies and Brandon, which the PCs had lost in 1945 by only 1,245 votes, was one such target area." While election campaigns were normally of eight to 10 weeks in duration, the preliminary organizational work in the Brandon riding began in early 1948. Bracken, never- theless, was disappointed by the pace of that activity: "Off the record I can tell you that he feels that the local people have been a bit slow and they should get ahead at once with organization in the towns and with the polls in the city of Brandon, leaving the spring and summer months for organization work in the rural polls."" As a result, Bill Wilton, a 28-year-old businessman-farmer from the High Bluff-Portage area who had recently been appointed provincial organizer," became directly involved in the Brandon constituency. Wilton, who would prove to have exceptional or-

199 G. . owe, camaig maage o iea . E. Maews, 4.

200 gaiaioa aes, sueise e seecio o oe caime wo, i u, maage ee os eac" a, susequey, couce "ess" i oe o o eemie ow eeciey e o o o ogaiaio cou e oe." ackes uy, 48 esigaio as aioa C eae, eoey o easos o i ea,17 e o a seies o umous a e eea oiicia wou eie om oiics io o e e eecio. Wie acke i ae oe uicy o se asie i aou o a youge caiae," ee is o eiece o iicae a suc a cage was ee seiousy coemae. . E. Maews, e iea icume wo wou e 80 yeas o i 4, was uesaay cosieig eieme. Wee is ay wou emi im o o so, owee, eee agey o e Cs. I o acke emaie e caiae, e esie o e Maioa iea eeaio eiee a . E. Maews wou ae o sa agai. "ao wou e ceai oy i . E. Maews . . . a agais acke . . . O e oe a i acke i u e I ik we cou ake e sea wi someoe ese." As a esu, ime Miise ouis S. aue, uig is Ai, 4 isi o ao, aouce a e a ee ae "o esuae" e euca Maews o sa agai." esie . . . osos si eicios o eessio a wa, e 4 eea camaig i ao cosise imaiy o caims a couecaims as o wa Maews a acke cou o o e cosiuecy. Aoug e Su eusiasicay escie e isi o Geoge ew, e aioa C eae, as e igig o e C camaig, oca C aeisig ceay em asie o acke a is eco (i.e., as emie ae a Geoge ew a e aioa ay. acke was acceie wi saig e wea oo i 1931; wi "escuig" ao ackes i e ae 0s om "uai" comeiio a wi secuig muc eee oicia ai o a eeague ao Coege." I esose o ackes is o accomismes, Maews aeise mes emie e eecos a i was Maioas "iea" goeme wic a escue e wea oo a i was . . 0. Mciami, oe o aos mos omie ieas, wo a successuy "caie e oc" o ao ackes o e oi cia auoiies i Wiieg a a i was e ieas, e omia oce wii ackes coaiio goeme, wo e

20 see cei o a e ogessie egisaio wic a ee ouce. . E. Maews aiioay a uaasey ocaime a e ciys ece ecoomic a ouaio gow wee ue o iea oicies a o is ow eos as e aeas eeseaie. e oes, eeoe, wee uge o oe o "ig Emoyme, Socia Secuiy, Coiue oseiy a Goo Goeme,"" a is o goas wic sigiicay oee someig o eey segme o e ao commuiy. is camaig o caim a couecaim ieiay o uce a eeme o ieess i e coes. ao Cs, o eame, agiy esoe o wa ey escie as "ao iea Oice ies."" I sou e oe i assig a is C accusaio was iece a e "ao iea Oice" ae a a . E. Maews. Aoug e 80yeao Maews was eeme o e aoe eoac, G. . owe, Maews camaig maage, esumay was o. Aoug e issue o ackes oesiecy i e cosiuecy i o eceie a gea ea o uic aeio, a o ieas i suy uge oca eecos o eec "A ao Ma o ao, Ma." e "aacuis" acke, i ey, sesse is ogime coecio wi e commuiy: "I is ow oe 40 yeas sice my wok i agicuue is oug me o ao a wese Maioa. o is ciy a commuiy I ae eue o amos couess occasios, is ime i a iee caaciy om oes."" is seeay acee camaig ook a eae, u i ee, u ea e e as e Cs aeae o e commuiys ie y saig a "is ime ao a a Caie Miise ( i.e., acke as is eeseaie"2B e ieas, o e oe a, cocue y aeaig o e cosiuecys seiees i a sigy iee asio: ae aig sae emaicay a " Caaa Wi oe iea o ue 2," ey eoe ao oes o "eEec a Suoe o e Goeme"2 Wie e ieas eeaey wae oca eecos o "ewae o e ooack," aoies we o e os o ue 2 wiou ue oiica aassme. I a ee a mos iesie a weayig camaig.

202 esie e iueaie aue o e as ew ays o e camaig, oy 0. e ce o e eigie ciy oes we o e os. e 4.8 e ce esose i e ua aea was sigy age wic is ieesig as e wo oca caiaes wee o ao esies. eas is camaig o caims a coue caims, cages a couecages, a aieae some o e ucommie ciy oes." I ay ee, e ecisio was mos ecisie as e 80yeao . E. Maews eceie ,26 oes o ackes ,0. . . . oso, wi ,64 oes, oe oy .6 e ce o e oe wic was i make coas o "e es" . e ce i 4. Aoug . E. Maews oe a sigy sma e ceage o e ao oe a e i e ua oe, e wo a u wo o e ciys os a e ee ouew e ome CC MA i e o a eas e oaou os. ee ae seea eaaios o e ac a e 80yeao ackece a so easiy ue ack e ome aioa ogessie Coseaie eaes caege. Maews was e eeiece icume a icumes aey ose i ao. Maews was a oua oca esie acke, amous o o, was a "aacuis" a some osees coee a "ousies" cou ee, ue oma cicumsaces, wi i ao. e ease wi wic ouis S. aues goeme wo eeecio i 4 suggess a ay aoies wo wee icie o oe "miiseiais" wou auomaicay oe iea. ese acos ogee cosiue, i e wo o ao oiics, a iuay ueaae comiaio as oe C ogaie cocee we e escie . E. Maews as e ye o caiae "wom i was eay imossie o ea as og as e wae o u."° Ae a seuous a someimes ie eea eecio camaig, i is o suisig a e wo aiioa aies ecouee iicuy i seecig a sige coaiiois caiae o a as oicia eecio. Aoug . . Mcoma, e icume ieaogessie MA, was eoey eae o sa agai," i wou aea as i oca ieas a quiey ecie a a moe aggessie caiae wou e esiae." As a esu, ao ieas seece G. . owe o eese em a e coaiiois omiaig meeig. owe was a 4yeao scoo icia wo a ee acie i ao commuiy a iea

20 ay aciiies o ee ecaes: e was a asesie o e ao Kisme Cu e a see as oicia esie o e Maioa eaces Sociey a e was a asesie o e oca iea Associaio. owe, owee, was somewa o a co oesia igue. We e iiiay moe o ao o acce e iciasi o Aeaa scoo i Seeme, 22, owe was aaey uawae o e ac a e was iig a acacy ceae y a yeas "eaces sike." e was, as a esu, suece o cosieae ciicism." owe, moeoe, was a ogmaic a e ceeigy aisa oiicia wo a us see as . E.Maewss camaig maage i e ieyoug 4 eea eecio. e coice o owe as e ieaogessie omiee mae e seec io o a sige, coaiiois caiae ae iicu, i o uikey. e ees o e ece eea eecio camaig a ceay coiue o e iicuies o ose oicia oiicias wo wee aemig o kee e 40 coaiio iac." Some ao Cs, moeoe, wee ecomig iceasigy esess wii a coaiio. E. S. Mai comaie a e was ie o " eig e aou y e ose" wie Ms. oy Wio eceiey oe a e coaiio sou e isae as e CC wee o oge a seious age." eeeess, ee Cs — A. C. easo, a youg usiessma S. A. Magacca, owe o a oca ea esae comay a a usuccessu aemaic caiae a S. C. Mcea, e maage o e oicia eiiio — aouce ei wiigess o seek e coaiiois omiaio. ao Cs, owee, seece . "Cam" oaso," e 8yea o esie o e ao eea C Associaio a oe o aos mos ceeae success soies. A meme o a omie ioee amiy, oaso a ee o i ao ise i 8. Eucae ocay (u o eesiey, Cam oaso a may o e caaceisics o e egeay " oaio Ages" o a ea. I aiio o eig e ieiae ewsae eo, youg oaso a gaie usiess eeiece seig eaus a oca a games A age , oaso a oie e oca ie eame. ismisse uo e isucios o is ae wo eae o is saey, oaso a ue o akig a e o is aes mea usiess. oowig a iiia eio i e amiy soe, Cam oaso a sea is wigs y secuig em 204 Maioa Acies . Cam oaso, successu oicia eecio wie, 4.

20 oyme wi e egeay a us i Cagay, e usos ay Comay a aious Caaia ocaios a, iay, wi seea mao Ameica ims. oaso eue o ao i 6, i e mis o e eessio, wee e soo eesaise e amiys iees i e mea usiess. y 40, ao ackes was ogaie a a im, y e ime o is omiaio i 4, a gow o ecome oe o e ciys ages usiesses. e oi coaiiois omiaig coeio, a wic 84 eegaes, wo e ay e o, wee egisee, aie o eac ageeme as eac eegaio oe e masse i eac o ou aos o ei ow ma. As e wo eegaios aeae o e im moae a as e uiiaio o e eeeia ao wou esumay miimie e eec o a si i e coaiiois aks, e coeio (wi e ecouageme o emie . . Came wo was ese ougou ose ou ous o aoig a oe a moio y S. A. Magacca (C a . . Caig (iea wic isuce eac eegaio o omiae is ow coaiiois caiae. e 4 oicia eecio i ao, eeoe, was ae uique i e ac a wo goeme suoes — G. . owe, ieaogessie coaiiois, a . Cam oaso, C coaiiois — oose o eac oe a W. . We, e CC omiee a e sige aicoaiio caiae. Aoug owe a oaso cocue a i was i aos ieess o eec a coaiiois so a e ciy cou coiue o sae i e " gooies" o oiics," ey eicay ae comay o e quesio o wic goeme suoe was es quaiie o assis ao. Oe o e cuious ais o e emocaic sysem is a e caiae wo eas was o e a oiicia is oe eee o someoe wo oey asies o e osiio. Awae a some o e eecoae aou suc a asic isus o "oiics a oii cias," oasos suoes oaye ei ma as e cassic euca caiae wo a agee o sa oy "i esose o uic ema."" oaso, moeoe, me e eequisie o eig a goo commuiy ma: 26 yeas as a meme o e Came o Commece, 22 yeas as a meme o Kiwais, ie yeas o seice o e esigious oa o iecos o e ao Geea osia, a ee yeas as esie o e oicia

206 Eiiio oa. Cam oasos icia quaiicaio, ow ee, was e ac a e was a eemey successu usiessma wo emoye 6 aoies a wose comay coiue a aua cas ow o $4 miio o e aeas ecoomy." e sigii cace o a eeiece was mae iiy cea: "e Maioa goeme is ig usiess a . . . M. oaso is a usi essma G. . owe was i some iicuy i measue oy y a same cieia. ugig y is aciiies, e was uouey guiy o waig o e a oiicia. is is o commuiy aciiies was eie as eesie o as esigious as oasos. A, iay, G. . owe was oy a scoo eace: e was o a eemey successu usiessma a e i o emoy a age ume o aoies. e ieaogessie coaiiois, owee, was o wiou quaiicaios. G. . owe was a success i a a e a ee aoie icia o ai iigsoe scoo e i is cuss ieigey e ees o moe goemea assisace o eucaio e i ague ogicay a "aos oice wi e ea" moe eeciey i aos MA wee a meme o e omia ieaogessie caucus wii e coaiio a e ( uike is ooe i ae a uiesiy egee." eeeess, i e oiics o ao i 4, G. . owe, A was o oiica mac o . Cam oaso, weay eeeeu. ao oes eece Cam oaso, e ogessie Coseaie coaiiois, y a ey cosieae magi i 4 as e eceie ,4 "is" coices o 2. e ce o e oa. G. . owe, wo was a ae weak seco wi , oes, caie oy e oe os, e aea i wic is scoo was ocae. W. . We, e sige aigoeme caiae, aie wi ,48 oes,4 a oa susaiay owe a e aeage aouCC oe i ao. e aomay ig eceage (i.e., . o o goeme oes i is aicua eecio ca e eaie o y e ac a e eeecio o e . . Came goeme was a iua ceaiy" a i ems o a geea ecie i CC suo. As ecoomic coiios a imoe, e ossiiiy o a oswa eessio a imiise. Aoug ew oes wou ey e aiiy o segmes o e CC aom — i.e., e ee o moe iusy, cea eeciciy a e wieig o e is See ige, ee was o aicua easo o e ucommie oe o oe CC i is camaig.

20 e ea o . E. Maews, aos eea M, i 0 ecessiae a eea yeecio i . aig iuay esaie o icoy as og as e icume Maews emaie as a caiae, ao Cs wee iiiay oeu as ey ega e cucia, u oeiay iisie, ask o iig e mos sui ae caiae. A suiae caiae wou ui wo imoa quaiicaios: e (a a oou is use aisey wou ae o e ae o wi e sea a, secoy, e wou ae o e eae o acce e omiaio. As e quesio o suiaiiy was agey suecie, ee was ame oouiy o sicee ieeces o oiio wic a oca omiaig coeio, i ue couse, wou omay esoe. As yeecios ae eeme o e o eceioa sigiicace o e ay as a woe i iew o e uiciy wic ey eceie, e ays cea ogaiaio is icie o emosae a uusua iees i e oceeigs a a, i u, ca e ey isuig o e oca associaio a is esie o cosiuecy auoomy. e ays cea ogaiaio cou ieee i oe o wo ways: ey cou aem o aacue ei coice io e cosiuecy o ey cou seek, y uiiig ei ow sa a ei coo oe eecio us, o maiuae e oca associaio y emoe coo. ao Cs wee eemie o aoi a suc ias. Aoug ee wee umous i e eay weeks oowig . E. Maews ea a a "ig ame" Coseaie wou e aacue io e iig, oe aoie was aicuay isis e a "ay acke o ay ousie is ou"4 as a "Oawa o ooo" seece aacuis simy cou o wi e sea. A youg ay aciis aso wae a e oca associaio "mig e e a esuae o go ceai ways u i wou e askig o oue o aem o omiae i."" A, o e moe seciic, is eas oeeaous coesoe emasie "a i Wio, e oicia Ogaie, sou e ke as a away om e iig as ossie. e is o ike i is egio a a a wi o cosieae am i e ogaies o a eecio, coeio, o wa ae you i is cosiuecy."4 Wie eiece o cosieae iees i a ays omi aio is a osiie sig i a e ume o woue caiaes geeay eas a iec coeaio o e ikeioo o success, a

208 Ga MacEwa iea caiae, , eea yeecio.

20 seuous ig o e omiaio cou aso e eemey iisie. Aoug e ao C Associaio was eoey "e mos acie a soges" " i Maioa, i was iie io wo ia cams. A socae ee acio, wic was caegig Cam oaso a is oicia eecuie, was aegey eae y Au easo, e youg ay aciis wo a os is ays oicia omiaio o oaso i 4, a oca usiessma e Youg, wo eoey wae o u i e 1951 yeecio." is si was suiciey seee a e oy ossie esouio, i Wios mi, was o "o" o Youg a Au easo om e ay." e coic i o e ee, owee, as e osec o Mayo ak Wiiamso eig omiae was e oe o e equay ouig. I e oiio o e ousoke ack owieee, Mayo Wiiamso was "us aou e wos ossie caiae . . . (a e oae esu o is eig a caiae wou e wo C caiaes — a a os iig iig a acceae C caiae cou oiousy e a iicu ask. Aoug e ames o seea "ossies" wee uicie uig e eay sages o e camaig," a o e eiece iicaes a aos MA, Cam oaso, wou ae ee omiae i e a so agee. e ac a aos MA ecie e oouiy o seek socae ige oice a a e aouce, wii weeks, is ieio o eie om oiics is iiguig. Weeas i is aiioay assume a a oiica caee ca e caiaig, oaso emosae a e, a eas, cou eak "ee." u wy, ae oy wo yeas i oice, i e o so? Cam oaso was a usiessma wo was eemey ou o is usiess accomismes as a ai uage aeiseme ( wi is ow ooga saegicay siuae i e cee o e occasio o ao ackes 15th aiesay emosae. is oasu aeiseme was a sesaisie ocamaio o e ims success: e sa a gow om 17 i 6 o 0, e aua ayo oae $0,000. $2 miio wo o iesock a ee ucase a $4 miio a ee eee ocay i "wages, aes, suies, ec. i 15 yeas.53 Aoug ao a ai ioay ee oiicay eesee y usiessme, oaso was igge" a mos suc usiessmeoiicias a i aeas as i e, o is suise, a ou oiics o e a isaoiig a uewaig caee. oaso was a "oe" e was a ey omi

20 nent member of his own community; and, it would appear, he had found his back-bench position in the Manitoba legislature to be lacking in excitement and to be disappointing in its rewards. He had, therefore, no desire and obviously no personal need (in terms of seeking self-fulfillment) to seek so-called higher office or even to continue in the one which he currently held. The number of PCs who had indicated an interest in their party's nomination was demonstrative of a widespread belief that the opposition party could win the 1951 federal by-election. The announcement that Brandon Liberals had successfully recruited one of 's best known and most respected agricultur- alists to be their candidate suddenly dampened the Progressive Conservatives' enthusiasm. Grant MacEwan had been born in the Brandon district (within eight miles of City Hall, as his advertising reiterated) and educated in Brandon's elementary schools. Al- though MacEwan had no previous political experience, his decision to resign his position as Dean of Agriculture and Home Economics at the University of Manitoba in order to accept the Liberal nomination in Brandon was welcomed by several Canadian news- papers, several of which predicted his immediate elevation to the cabinet as Minister of Agriculture while the enthusiastic Cagay Aea even visualized him as the next Prime Minister. Certainly his agricultural qualifications — his experience as a farmer, his acclaim as a nationally recognized livestock judge, his achievement of a Master of Science in Agriculture, his status as Dean of Agriculture, and his reputation as a widely-read author who had written extensively on rural history — were exceptional. MacEwan appeared to be eminently qualified to be both the MP of a consti- tuency in which 55.04 per cent of the registered voters were rural residents and to be a Minister of Agriculture. Brandon Liberals had secured an exceedingly attractive candidate. While a number of Brandon PCs had been reportedly seeking their party's nomination in the early months of the 1950-51 winter, the local PC association was forced to postpone its March 30, 1951 nominating convention due ostensibly to the severe storms which had swept the area." In reality, the party did not yet have an acceptable candidate. Cam Donaldson, to the disappointment of many, had adamantly refused to reconsider his earlier decision not to seek the nomination. Instead, he announced — prior to the

211 esceue omiaig coeio o Ai 26, 1951 — a e wou eie om oiics i e ea uue." I e asece o a suiae caiae wo was wiig a ae o sa a i iew o e ikeioo a Ga MacEwa wou e aoie Miise o Agicuue sou e e eece, may ua aea Cs cocue a ei ay sou o coes e yeecio." e ciy Cs a aicuay ose wo a aoue wiawig om Maio as coaiio goeme wee eemie, owee, o oose MacEwa. ey eiee a ee was a suiae caiae i e oig, i e cou e esuae o u. e coice o e ciy Cs, Cam oaso icue, was Wae Geoge isae wo, i eosec, aeas o ae ee e "ea eec" caiae o a aicua yeecio. e so o a ome Coseaie MA, e yeao assisa oesso a ao Coege a gow u i e wo o ao oiics. e a, om a eay age, oie is ae i is may commuiy aciiies, icuig e wok o e Saaio Amy, a Wae, ee as a you, was eceeigy wekow o e esies o e ao aea. esie is eemio as a Saaio Amy caai om miiay seice, Wae isae a see oeseas as a CA ige io. ue eas o is amiys omiece, isaes waime eeieces wee eguay eoe. As a eame, e ao aiy Su eoe (wi oo aace i ae auay, 4 a ig ieuea Wae "iy" isae a ecey so ow is ou Gema ae, ee oug is ow Mosquio ig ige was ise i ames." aos mos ceeae Wo Wa II "eo" emaie, owee, a uma iaia a ea as e eoey wise o eu o is Saaio Amy "see wok" ae e wa. oowig gauae suies i socioogy a oiica sciece a e Uiesiies o ooo a Cicago, isae eue o e ciy wee e a ee o i 6 a o e coege om wic e a gauae i . Emoye as a assisa oesso, isae a aie esosi iiies as a ecue, as a uic eaios oice a as a ecuie. isae, i a ae ucio, aee eesiey ougou souwese Maioa, icuig a oio wic cosiue e ua segme o e ao eea cosiuecy.

22 Suece o cosieae essue om ose ao Cs wo wee eemie a e yeecio sou o go uco ese, a esia Wae isae — o e ay o e omiaio — acquiesce a, as a esu o a ecisio (o e omiaio was ucoese, e was omy ie y a oiicayeous ao Coege. Aoug isae a ee eece y is emoye, e ew C caiae eoye oe immese oiica aaage i wa cou e escie as e eee isae amiy. Wie a amiy ooga is a mus i oiica aeisig a e Su i cay suc a oo (icuig Gua, e is o as a "ews" iem, Wae isaes amiy was moe sigii ca a mos. ame i is aes oou a ceay ou o e oowig i is ooses, Wae isae was e eie eeiciay o is ioee aes aeae euaio. Maie o a youg woma wo a sog ies i e oe segme o e cosiuecy a was wekow i ao a e suou ig aea ue o e wok wi e YWCA, eoe (Gusa isae oe o e as acie a as eecie a camaige as e usa. e isaes — usa a oiousy ega wie — aee ogee, ey aee e may uic meeigs a wic eac soke ogee, a ey, o umeous occasios, musicay eeaie ogee. e ogessie Coseaies, oay o Ga MacEwas eeua ismay, a omiae wa wou oe o e a ey omiae isae eam. Ga MacEwa aso iscoee a e, esie is im essie agicuua quaiicaios, caie "a aaoss o is ack." e iea omiee was a aacue caiae a a o is quaiicaios isaoiigy seeme o ae i sigiicace as a esu. As Wae isae sae o is omiaio ig, ao — as a ack as a yeao cou ememe — a aways ee eesee "y me wose oos wee ee i e commuiy."" Accoig o e amoisig wos o Eick Wiis, e oicia C eae, ao sou "ag is ea i same i i is o ae o ouce a caiae o is ow a as o imo oe om 40 mies away."6° Wiis ae ioicay e mie ao eecos a ey, us wo yeas eoe, a eece a simia agicuua ee i o acke, wo aso was a ome ea o Agicuue a e Uiesiy o Maioa a wose euaio as a agicuua eseace geay e

2 ceee MacEwas, o e ey easo a e i o ie wii e cosiuecy Ceaiy e Cs i a a ey cou o kee e esiecy issue aie ougou e camaig:5' ey oiousy eaie a aacue caiaes isoicay a ee ieceie wii is cosiuecy. Oe o e ieesig eaues o e 1951 yeecio was e sugge o eemie wic ay wou eie e issues i e camaig. e ieas ie usuccessuy o ague a ay oicies wee o e umos sigiicace. I aiio o eseig ei ow "osiie aom" o oose amemes o e o age esio ogamme," a "ay as you go uge," e eesio o Caaas oeig makes a "agicuua oseiy, ey aacke ei ogessie Coseaie ooes o ei aiue o ese ay aeaies. e o. Sua Gaso, Caaas Miise o usice a Maioas ome emie, escie e Cs as a ay wo, o 15 og yeas, a ee uae o eeo a oicy: "ey caege ou wea oicy . . . Wa is ei oicy? . . . o ey wa o aois e wea oa? o ey wa o cace e wea ageeme?" MacEwa imse aye uo e same eme. Coceig ae coesceigy a is oo e was "a ie youg ma," e ome ea o Agicuue comaie, owee, a e cou o "igue ou wa e oosiio . . . soo o."" e Cs, i ey, camy a suc cessuy assee a "e oosiio i a yeecio is o cae o o om a aom as a goeme cao e u ou o oice i oe yeecio."6 e Cs, eeeess, i ocaim, i ey geea ems, wa ey "soo o." As e oi wos o oe aeiseme ocaime, "WAE ISAE SAS O UE EMOCACY. I ac, "EMOCACY o IC AOSI" was a eomia eme uig oe sage o is yeecio camaig. Caiaiig uo e weuicie saemes o e iamous C. . owe — "Wo is ee o so us" a "was a miio oas," isae a comay caaceie e iea goeme as a "icaosi" wic goee y oes i couci." oes wee uge o "a e goeme o is seses . . . e e goeme eaie a ey ae si e seas, o e mases o e eoe."° Aoug e o. Sua Gaso, o oe, aee e cage a ee was a "iciie

24 icaosi" i Caaa as "iicuous,"7' e Cs esise i oayig e goeme as "icaoia" i aue. Aeaig o is egeay "ie Caaias" o emosae a ey cou o "e use aou," o ieeake, i oe o ee we aee (a eas eceeigy sigiica meeigs uig e yeecio camaig, uge ee ao aea ieas o oe o isae. oca ieas cou saey oes (y oig o isae agais o iaequae am icomes a goeme y oe i couci as e iea goemes maoiy was o eagee. e ieas, sou isae e eece, wou "si e as umeous as e gais o sa i e ocea, a some o em amos as eecie." e seco mao emasis o C aacks o e iea goeme was ecoomic i aue. aig aske eoicay wee "$$$ GOW O EES?," isae aeisig ocuse o seea "acs." e goemes uge a is a aes wee e iges i eace ime isoy e cos o iig a soae o is iges ee sice Coeeaio a e Caaia oa a suk o is owes oi i isoy.74 ao aea oes wee aso ace wi e igeig sece o a ee moe seious ecie: " Wa ae you goig o o we you oa os o 40 ces? Ae you a you Cie goig o go ugy o e?" ee wee oe imoa ecoomic issues as we: e ece "iea ego iae" ieaioa wea ageeme — as Souis M Cooe A oss sesse ougou e ua aeas — was cosig ames 37 ces i os eeue o eac use so78 Caaias a ee u y a ecey esaise saes a" a e ieas a waseuy se $4,200 o e ucase a emoeig o e ime Miises esiece. Oe o e iea saegies i is coes was o oay isae as a Geoge ew caiae as ome Oaio emies wee ee oua i Maioa. e Cs, owee, succeee i eseig ei caiae o is ow iiiua meis a as a aigoeme caiae, ae a as Geoge ew ogessie Coseaie. e eae o e eea Cs i o isi ao uig e yeecio is icue was o icue i ay aeisemes, a, accoig o uise eos, e Cs aey ee meioe ei eae uig e camaig. e Cs a succeee i oayig e yeecio i "ai a Goia"

2 ems, a o e "oca oy" wo was oesig i e ame o " emocacy" e eaaga, icaoia oicies o a ease macie wic was sameuy eesee ocay y ("Ei o Eis" a aacue caiae. a oca oy was aso, o couse, a wekow Wo Wa II ige io a a aaogy was suey o os uo e ao aea eecos we isaes eecioee message was eiee o iuay a o e cosiuecy ia meas o a ow eu uic aess sysem aace o a ouassege Siso aica. Aacig e aeio o ueecig owsok a ames aike wi a siig eiio o maia music, e oes wee suece o e as eas o e camaig. Aoug ee wee eos o sae oses a agy ames, e oey o e ecique cou o e iscoue. e messageeaig ai ca comee is ouey y swigig oe Kisme Saium wee a age (a esosie cow wee aiy wiessig ei omeow ao Geys asea eam eea e isiig Emwoo Gas 6.7g a icoy o e oca eam oe o e a ome o wa wou asie o ue 2, .

Wae isae wi wie eoe a so Gua as icue i e ao Su.

26 e isae eam wo a yeecio wi a suisig 6. e ce o e oe as e so o aos ome MA swe o e ciy, ece o e o e, a e aiioay iea ua os, wee e a ee ay assise y eea Souis M Cooe A oss. Wy a ao aea esies oe o a oosiio meme we ey kew u we a oy goeme memes cou oie e "gooies" o oiics? e Cs, is o a, a omiae a aicuay sog oca caiae. ey a aso caeuy uue a gowig oe issaisacio wi e eea goeme. e Cs, moeoe, a ceey a suc cessuy comie ose wo acos as ey emosae o ao aea oes a ey cou oe "o" o iea oicies oy y oig "yes" o Wae isae. Coie eas i a ewyiscoee oswa sese o secuiy, u isaoie a e maeia ewas wee o ye geae, aoies a seie is uique oouiy "o seak o e aio." aee y e aeio — e "eyes o Oawa ae o e oes o e ao cosiuecy" — ao aea eecos, i , soo u i coce wi ose o ee oe cosiuecies wee e ieas suee yeecio eeas o ue 2 a wee coue, aei i a egaie mae. Wae isae was emakay simia o is eecesso . E. Maews i a u age a oiica aiiaio. o wee wekow memes o e usiess a oessioa cass o eceie ei imay ucio as oiicias o e oe o seice o ei cosiues, a oe wic eae, i eu, e oiica gaiue o may eecos, iesecie o cass o wee geea y weike y ose wo kew em a, iay, o caeuy oie ei ooes wi ew, i ay, oouiies o aack. Oce suc me as Maews a isae wee eece o oice wi is accuig aaages o saus a uiciy, ey as icum es oe o e iuay iicie. I e wos o ay woke e Ea, isae was "a eame o a ma wo ca e eece so og as e was o u i ao. So a as I ca see e is (i aou e same osiio as is eecesso . E. Maews wom i eay was imossie o ea so og as e wae o u. isae is youg a suec o oiay cae os a sea wic wi oay emai Coseaie o a og ime." Cou ee a oe e moe accuae?

2 Reg Lissaman

218 Cam oaso a ee eece i 4 as a C coai iois. I ae 0, e a aouce a e wou esig is sea i e egisaue sou is ay ecie o wiaw om e coaiio. Aoug e a iicae oigiay a e wou seek eeecio i a esuig yeecio as a "saig" ogessie Coseaie,° oaso a ecie isea o eie a e e o e 1951 sessio i oe o eoe moe ime o ao ackes a o is wok wi e oicia Eiiio oa." Cosequey, a auay 2, 2 yeecio was ecessiae, a oewoy yeecio i a aiioa aisa iaies eaeae i e oicia ao iig. . 0. (eg issama, e 4yeao usiessma wo was seece o e e ew ogessie Coseaie caiae, a ee o i ao wee e a susequey esie, ece o a eio o a suy a e Cicago ecica Coege a o a ew mos o emoyme wi e Caaia ak o Commece a Gaiew, Maioa. issama e oie e amiys og esaise cosucio im wic a, accoig o C aeise mes, a ayo i ecess o $60,000 y . Cuiousy escie y is aeisemes as a "ee ike," issama a ee a egua coiuig auo o oua Sciece Moy uig e eessio,82 a caim wic o oe ao oiicia was ee ae o make. Aoug issama a may o e usua commui y aiiaios suc as memesi i is ais Cuc, e Came o Commece, e Iusia Commissio a a oge, is ao usiessma oes o seem o ae ee eceeigy acie i suc ogaiaios. e a, i is ue, soo o aemaic eecio i 4 u e uue MA a iise a eceeigy isma (ou o 2 i a coes. y way o coas, 4yeao Ae Mcai, e iea caiae, was a cosieay moe omie meme o e ao commuiy, ee oug e a o (as C aeise mes cosay eieaee omay esie wii e ciy ise. o a aise i e isic, e gauae o ao Coegiae Isiue a see oeseas wi e oya yig Cos uig e Gea Wa. e a e eue o e amiy amig eeises wic a ee egu y is ae ae i 88. Ieaioay kow as a eee o Yoksie swie, esie o e oicia Eiiio oa, iceesie o e

2 Wae isae, C icume sice .

220 Wie ai oa, ieco o e Maioa iesock Associaio, Ae Mcai was oe o e aeas mos emie agicuuaiss. Aoug Mcai a moe is amiy o e ciy some wo yeas eoe a esie e ac a e was a ieco o e ao Geea osia, meme o e ao Wea Kigs eecuie a meme o e oca Came o Commece, e emaie, as is omiaio aes iicae, a ame wo cuey ie i e ciy. is, i e mis o is ogessie Coseaie ooes, was a seious weakess as e 2 yeecio was "o e soe uose o secuig eeseaio o e Ciy o ao o a eeseaie o ua ao.84 So muc o e ecoomic uio o ow a couy. So muc o e isoy o ao as e "Wea Ciy." e i caiae i e 2 yeecio was 6yeao ay Sao, a wekow a weike C ocomoie egi ee wo a eiousy a usuccessuy soug eecio o e Maioa egisaue as a Ieee aou ay omiee i 2. e CC omiee was es kow o aoies, owee, as e ome aema wo a see o 8 cosecuie yeas, om 28 ui 4. ee was oy oe issue i e auay, 2 yeecio, aoug ee wee seea aiaios o a eme. a e . . Came coaiiois goeme goee Maioa successuy a a ao eeie as a esu? Wou aos ieess e ue eace y coiuig o a moe umeous a us, esumay, moe eecie oosiio o y eecig, as e Mcai aeisemes so ay sae, "A Ma Wo Ca Co iue o Goeme oicy, o us Ciicie I." Aoug ay Sao, wo was ceay e weake o e ee caiaes, aeme o iscuss oe socia issues, eseciay i ig o CC acieemes i Saskacewa,86 e cou o ie e eecos aeio om e quesio o commuiy seiees. e issue i 2 a ecome oe o eie susaiig e coaiio o eiocig e icia oosiio, e oe wic e Cs eec iey caime o emsees. e ac a e Cs a, ui 0, ee a ay o ose goeme aiues wic ey ow so eemey eouce a a i a ee e CC wo a iiiay wiaw om e coaiio i 4 a wo a ee

22 oe ee is ciics o may yeas was ioicay os uo e eecoae. Coeiey ogeig o e mome a ao a ee w ogessie Coseaie sea sice 4, age issama aeisemes oy ocaime: "I Is ime o A Cage." Maioa a e "ooes eucaioa sysem i Caaa" e Came miisy a oie a "ay" $2,00 o aos ceeae oicia Eiiio a ao Coege — wese Maioas "oy Coege" — a eceie a "saaio" ga o $22,00, weeas e Uiesiy o Maioa a eceie $,000,000." e "ese oicia goeme" a aso " COSE YOU OMA SCOO"" (aoug e C a eiseme aie o oe a aos oma Scoo a ee cose i 42 ue o eciig eomes a a a ime we a o e oiica aies a ee memes o e coaiio". issama, moeoe, aocae e imemeaio o a eaces aiig ogam a ao Coege." o ose oes o wom eucaio as a issue was o o e iges ioiy, ee was aiioa eiece o uogieae goeme egec. "i is ' Key ciy o ao mei a isi uig (e ece oya ou? . . . o — we wee ogoe ike — E EE OGE EE AS." ee issamas suoes ae sai moe? Ae Mcai, assise y emie . . Came a e o. o ue, e oicia easue, gamey esoe wi " Aswes o e Oosiios Saemes." ey caegoicay e ie a aos yo suy was eagee ue o e mismaageme o e Maioa owe Commissio. ey o ese a oicia iacia ai o ao scoos was ou imes as gea as i was ie yeas ago a Maioa a e owes oicia aes a e owes gasoie aes i Caaa. A — iesecie o e C cages a e Came goeme was acig i a "icaoia" mae, ike a "oe ay sysem" ei " COSE OOS"" — e coaiioiss eaie a a goe mes a caucus meeigs a a ey wee ay a ea o emocacy. emie . . Came, seakig i ao, oe a e "mai ak i e ogessie Coseaie aom i e cue camaig was e same agume use i e ece eea yeecio — e ee o a sog oosiio."" Ceaiy

222 ee wee may simiaiies i e wo C camaigs, o e eas o wic was e mao oe aye i is camaig y e ecey eece ogessie Coseaie M (a is wie eoe wo, as a "ousewie,"" mae aio oacass o ea o issama. isae oie issama i o is oeig a cocuig aio aesses. I ac, e ia oacas eaue e ew Ms "is a imessios o . o. Wiso Cuci"" ome uig e cue isi o iais amous wa eae o Oawa. e Cs a successuy eeae a ousie uig e 1951 eea y eecio ey wee ceay moeig is oicia yeecio camaig o a successu eame, eseciay i e emasis a oy issama uy quaiie as a "ao ma." iay, ee was a eiie — u uimessie — a em y e Cs o caiaie uo e aiOawa seime wic a eece Wae isae us see mos eoe. issma aeisemes, i sie o e ac a is was a oi cia yeecio, icue iemie eeeces o eea oiics as i oe comai a oy . e ce o e eea goe mes eece coacs wee gie o Maioas" a i aoe eeece o e aogace o "e iea icaos a Oawa."" e as issama aeiseme, moeoe, emie ao oes: "o oge You oice i Eecig eg issama Wi e ea I Oawa." Aoug oy 55 e ce o e eigie eecoae ae a agig ia o go o e os o auay 2, 2, e ai goeme message wic ey eesse was umisakay cea as eg issama a a commaig ea o e is ao wi 2, 40 oes o Ae Mcais 2,224 a ay Saos ,08. us, 6.6 e ce o ose oig (i.e., o issama o Sao a suoe a aigoeme caiae. Aoug e as maoiy o CC oes ume o Sao, 6. e ce o e mioiy wo i iicae a seco eeece oe o issama, e oe oosiio caiae. As a esu, issama wo wi , 22 oes o Mcais 2,6. As i , ao oes a eieaey oe o sege e oosiio i a yeecio i wic e goe mes maae was o eagee. ey, i ae ucaac eisicay eia asio, a sue e oouiy o e eesee o e miiseiais sie o e ouse. ey a, o

22 e seco yeecio i a ow, oe "o" o e goeme y oig "yes" o e C caiae. eg issama, ike Wae isae, a ee swe io oice y a wae o oes uig e uique cicumsaces o a yeecio we i was ossie "o sa e goemes as" wiou eageig e goeme ise. Oce i oice, eg issama, ee oug e esoay was eie a Wae isae o a . E. Maews, wou oe eemey iicu o isoge. As some wise eso oce sai, " ossessio (o e sea is iees o e eecio." We e os4 ea ega, ao was eesee o eeay a oiciay y "miiseiais" ieas, a oug . . Mcoma, e ieaogessie coaiiois MA, a ee eece wi C suo. y 2 ao was ee see o eeay a oiciay y aigoeme ogessie Coseaies. I e 4 oicia eecio, e ieas a Cs a coaesce ogee i e ace o wo CC caiaes. y e 2 oicia yeecio, e CC, e icims o e oswa ecoomic ecoey a o e Co Wa wee o oge a ea a, as a esu, e oicewie coaiio a esseiay ae aa. As e CC a imiise i seg, e ig wig a gow i coiece ui i eace e oi we i cou agai ao o iie io is aious comoes. As a cosequece, e ogessie Coseaies wiew om e coaiio a aiioa ay iaies wee eewe. I e eay 40s, e CC a cosiue a seious ea o as a oosi io ay a as a aeaie ecoomic sysem. y e 0s, e CC o oge eaee eie o e socae "o ie" aies o e eaiig caiaisic ecoomic sysem. e ogessie Coseaies aiy suae e CC as e icia oosi io ay, o oiciay a eeay, a, o e comie eie o o o e aiioa aies, e caiais sysem we esseiay ucaege. e "game" o ao oiics a ee as i a egu: e ciys usiess a oessioa cass, iesecie o e ay wic ey aoue a e mome, emaie imy i coo. ey a agai coice e eecoae a e ai ioa aies cou aequaey accommoae e commuiys may iege iees gous a ey cou asce cass ieeces a ey cou "see" a memes o e cosiue cy a, as a cosequece, a "ieas esus Coseaies" was "e oy game i ow"

224 OOOES . ao aiy Su, auay 2, 4. 2. Ii., eceme , 4. . Ii., Seeme 8, 48. 4. Ii., Seeme , 4. . Ii., euay 8, 4. 6. Ii., ue 4, 4. . Ii., auay 4, 4. e emaiig sum wou oeuy e ai y e e o . 8. e ciys ouaio i 4 was 20,04. Ii., May 2, 4. Wie e oa ouaio a icease, e aea "o o e acks" a suee a sig o i ouaio. . eas e eu o eace ime "omacy" a e ecisio o o ee e iacia sueisos em eyo 4 ( ii., oeme 28, 4 e o is eewa o iees i muicia goeme. 0. Ms. . . oig, a ao Womes Ciic Associaio ca iae, was ikewise successu i a yeas scoo oa eecio. Ii., Ocoe 2, 4. . oso, a C aima a e seceay o e ao CC Associaio, a o ye ee omiae a e ime o is auomoie accie u e oca eecuie i o eiee ee was suicie ime eie o ocae a suiae e aceme caiae o o couc a oe camaig. Ii., ue , 4. 2. e seas wic wee eesee y C memes wou e e o ose Ms. C Associaio, ie MMa, . A. e o W. . (sic Wio, auay , 4. . Ii., ie M, . A. e o W. K. Wio, euay 6, 48. e was e ays aioa ieco wie Wio was Mai oa ogaie. 4. Ii., ie MMa, Ca C. Mie o . A. e, eceme 20, 46. . Ii., ie M, W. K. Wio o acke, Mac , 48. 6. A easo, a youg ay aciis, was o ogaie o 2 o e ee a eey C suoe i a o was o e coace.

22 . e Su, owee, suggese ae sogy a oosiio om e o gua a seeey iee is aems o ea e ay i a ogessie iecio. ao aiy Su, uy 0, 48. e imicaio o is a oe eioias was a acke was eig oce ou. 8. Ii., Ocoe 2, 48. . AC, aioa iea eeaio aes, o. 6, Iig Kei o . E. Ki, Mac , 4. 20. ao aiy Su, Ai 2, 4. Aoug G. . owe, e ome esie o e Maioa ieaogessie As sociaio a, susequey, e ays oicia caiae i 4, was omiae i aiio o Maews, e i o sa. Ii., May 6, 4. 2. Ii., ue , 4. 22. Ii., ue 4, 4. 2. Ii., ue 20, 4. 24. Ii., ue 2, 4. 2. AC, . acke aes, o. 08, acke o a eecos, (o ae, 4. I is aso ieesig o oe a e Youg, ackes camaig maage, eiee a e suo o o ieeake "i oe o moe meeigs i ao . . . wou e cosieae i geig some ea ua su o." Ii., o. 0, . . Youg o acke, Mac (o ae, 4. ieeake, owee, i o camaig i is cosiuecy ui e 1951 yeecio we, i is oiio, e mae a imoa coiuio. 26. ao aiy Su, ue 4, 4. 2. Ii., ue 2, 4. 28. Ii. is was ceaiy ue i Maioa wee iea caiaes wo 2 seas, e CC wee icoious i ee wie e Cs wee imie o oe eeseaie. e a ioa esus wee aso comaae as e ieas, wi 193 seas, wo ei mos ecisie icoy ee. e Cs wi 4 seas wee a ey isa seco wie e CC aie ay wi memes. eck, euum o owe, 22. 2. "Ay acke o ay Ousie is ou." C Associaio, ie M M2, . . Guy o W. . Ki, eceme , 0. 0. Ii., ie M, . . Ea o W. . Ki, Augus , .

226 31. Brandon Daily Sun, Ocoe , 4. 2. Mcoma eoey a ee i oo ea o some ime. Ieiew wi oe Ceme, Augus , . . Ieiew wi Ms. G. . owe, Augus 2, . 4. Acuay e coaiio, ow eae y emie . . Came wi C ay eae Eick Wiis seig as euy e mie, a isaye sigs o iea issesio o seea mos io o e 4 eecio. Youg ieas i Maio a wee uicy ucomoae i e coaiio a iea ogessie MA, Emo eoaie, a ecie o si as a "saig iea" wie ee ogessie Coseaie MAs a a Ieee oke wi e coaiio goe me uig e eeecio 4 egisaie sessio. e " oosiio" Cs e comie, i mi4, wi e Ie ee iea eoaie o om e Maioa emoca ic Moeme, a ogaiaio wic was eicae o oi ig e oes wi a osociais aeaie o e goe me. 35. Brandon Daily Sun, Ocoe 2, 4. 6. Ae See Magacca a ecie o sa, A easo was eimiae o e is ao. oaso wo e omiaio o e seco ao oe S. C. Mcea. . G. . owes aeisemes oy ouie e coice a was esee o ao eecos: "Wi i (ao oe ise io e wieess o oosiio o wi i uy oe ao . ao as a ig sake i e Goeme o Maioa. Gas o Socia Seices a Eucaio i ao ecee auay $00,000.00. 4 oe o ao Mea osia $866,80.00 wi a aiioa caia ouay o oie a ea 08 es $0,000.00. Gas o oicia Eiiio, Wie ai, iesock Sows a oicuue $,4.8. ese igues ae ecusie o yo, eeoes, Goo oas, ai, Agicuue Couses i oma Scoo." Brandon Daily Sun, Ocoe 2, 4. 8. Ii., oeme , 4. . Ii., oeme 2, 4. 40. Ii. 4. Ii.

22 42. Oe o e uusua eaues o is 4 coes was e ac a e ieas aeme, eas uwisey, o caiaie uo G. . owes eucaioa quaiicaios. Ii., oeme 8, 4. 4. Ii., oeme , 4. 44. ee wee 8 seas i wic e coaiioiss wee o oose y aicoaiioiss wie e CC, e icia oosiio, iee oy 2 caiaes i oa i 4. 4. C Associaio, ie MM2, . . Guy o W. . Ki, ecem e , 0. 46. Ii., ie My, ack owieee o W. . Ki, oeme 28, 0. 4. Ii. 48. Ii. 4. Ii., ie MM2a, W. K. Wio o o. Geoge ew, oem e 0, 0. 0. Ii. . Ii., ie M•y, ack owieee o W. . Ki, oeme 8, 0. 2. Accoig o umou, seea ao aea me icuig Mayo ak Wiiamso, oesso Wae isae, Wi iam easo, a oca awye a a ece camaig maage, eee Wes ea a o omso, e Eko aea awye wo a soo usuccessuy i 40, wee ieese i e ogessie Coseaie omiaio i . Ii., W. K. Wio o o. Geoge ew, oeme 0, 0. . ao aiy Su, Ai 2, . 4. ao ieas aeise e oMacEwa commes o e wo Wiieg aiies, e Cagay Aea a e acoue aiy oice. Ii., May 2, . . Ii., Mac 0, . 6. Ii., Ai 8, . . Ieiew wi Wae isae, Augus 26, 8. 8. ao aiy Su, auay 2, 4. . Ii., Ai 2, . 60. Ii. 6. Oe o isaes aeisemes sae: "A ao Ma

228 wi a oe i is cosiuecy is e ma o eese you." Ii., ue 20, . 62. As e o. au Mai, Miise o ea, eaie o some 400 aoies, a Caaias oe 0 yeas o age wou eceie $40 a mo wiou a meas es a e same esio wou e ai o e 66 age gou sou ey equie suc assisace. Ii. 6. Ii., ue , . 64. Ii., ue , . 6. Ii., ue 20, . 66. Ii., ue 8, . 6. Ii., ue , . 68. Ii., ue 6, .. 6. Ii. 0. Ii., ue 2, . . Ii., ue , . 2. ieeakes oe i e yeecio camaig was uou ey o immese sigiicace i a e ew caaciy cows i eac o is aeaaces. e egee o wic is assisace coiue o isaes icoy was susequey a oi o coeio as e uue ime Miise was agee y wa e eceie o e isaes iaequae aeciaio. . ao aiy Su, ue 2, . 4. Ii., ue 4, . . Ii., ue , . 6. Ii. . ieeake eice a e ew saes a wou cos eac amiy $8 e yea. Ii., ue 2, . 8. Ii., ue 22, . . C Associaio, ie M, . . Ea o W. . Ki, Augus , . 80. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 4, 0. 8. Ii., Ai 0, . 82. Ii., auay , 2. 8. Oe issama aeiseme sesse e ee o eec a sou usiessma "wo o oy IS OW u aways as

22 ee a esie o ao Ciy oe." Ii., auay 8, 2. 84. Ii. 8. Ii., auay 4, 2. 86. Sao sesse aicuay is ays oosas o "go eme sosoe auomoie isuace a cos o owe" a "comee ea a osia cae o eeyoe a a ice you ca ao o ay" wic, e sae, wee o "eams" as ey wee i eec i Saskacewa. e CC caiae equay emasie suc oca issues as icease iacia ai o ao Coege, e eoeig o e oma Scoo o mee e ees o e 600 "emi" eaces i e oice, ouig e asCaaa igway oug ao, a e oisio o ceae eeciciy comie wi e ocaio o ew iusies i e "Wea Ciy." Ii., auay , 2. 8 uemoe, wo C caie miises a a au o C MAs coiue o suo e coaiio, esie e 0 ecisio o ei ay o wiaw. 88. ao aiy Su, auay 2, 2. 8. Ii. 0. is oi ieesigy was aise y S. C. Mcea, a ogessie Coseaie wo a usuccessuy soug is ays omiaio i 4, a wo, as geea maage o e oicia eiiio oa, was cosey associae wi esie Ae Mcai. Ii., auay 6, 2. . Ii., auay 8, 2. 2. Ii., auay , 2. . A eequae age aeiseme eie "AO OE E OO" aacke emie Cames agume a i was imoa o eec a goeme meme as e esseia ecisios wee mae i caucus eoe maes wee iouce o e egisaie assemy. e Cs somewa yseicay esoe: "Is o is caucus coo com aae o a ICAOSI Is i o a "OE AY SYSEM?" Ii., auay 8, 2. 4. Oe issama aeiseme sae: "We ae si a e mocacy a oec o e usiess o e oice eig couce ei COSE OOS (Go. Caucus. Oy a 20 Goeme UMEICAY SOG u MEAY a MOAY WEAK oeae is way." Ii., auay , 2. . Ii., auay , 2. 6. ee wee a seies o suc aiy aio oacass wic wee mae y ay aciiss. Ii., auay , 2. . Ii., auay 6, 2. 8. Ii., auay 0, 2. . Ii., auay 8, 2. 00. Ii., auay , 2.

2 Brandon's Politics and Politicians in Retrospect

aos oiics A oiicias is a accou o ose wo oie eaesi a eee auoiy om e ae 80s ui e eay 0s as Maioas seco ciy gew om a uceus o ,000 o a sumeoois o some 20,000 esies. aos oiics A oiicias, eeoe, is a accou o e ciys gow, iemie oug i may ae ee i is a eamiaio o e oiica sigiicace o e ciys usiess a oessioa cass wic aye a eemie oe ougou e eio i quesio a i is a eaaio o e cagig eaiosi o a cass o ose wii e commuiy wo, o occasio, eaee ei eemiece. aos oiics a oiicias, i so, is e suy o owe i is a eamiaio o e oigi o owe a a aaysis o e cagig mae i wic a owe is eecise. o comee e aue o a, o a imie ee, e uiqueess o oiics i ao, oe mus is aeciae e sigiicace o is eaiosi o Wiieg a, o a esse egee, is wese Maioa eigous. aos sokesme emae o eque occasios e secia ecogiio (suc as eesea io i e caie o wic ey eiee ey wee eie as esies o Maioas seco ciy. ey comaie, us as equey, a ei sae o e oiica "gooies," wic wee isiue y e goeme ocae i Wiieg, was iae quae.

22 Aoug aos oiica eaes i o seak o meooia cees a o ieas, i is aae a ey uesoo a oo ceay e aue o e ieeaiosi wic eise ewee ao a Wiieg. ao was a o a age oiica woe (i.e., e oice o e aio a, as suc, i was oiousy ey eee uo ose wo mae ecisios i e ame o a age oiica oy. A ew a eeoig commuiy suc as ao was eseciay i ee o e os a coacs — wee ey e isiue i e om o immiga io ses, a agicuua coege o a oice aacks — wic a aisa goeme cou isiue o e aoue. oiics a oiica ecisios, eeoe, wee o ia imoace o may o ose wo ie i is sma a, as ye, eee ciy. ose wo wee a oo coscious o e egee o a os eeecy o isa goemes ioicay emosae ie awaeess o e ees a asiaios o ose wo esie wii aos ow "suiea." ose wo omoe e gow o is sma aiie ciy as a commecia cee, wee i e as a make ow, a woesae isiuio eo o a mauac uig commuiy, eiie ie symay o e smae make cees wii aos aig aea wic, uouey, wee as eaee y aos gow as was e "Wea Ciy" y Wiiegs. ose ouage aoies wo ouy oese e ieeece o "Wiieg asos," o cie e eame o e oiiio camaig, cosisey omiae a eece ao uaies o seak o ea o e eie ao eea cosi uecy, icuig a 60 e ce o e eecoae wic was ua. e mos oae eaue, owee, o oiics wii e ao commuiy ui e osWo Wa I ea was e iuay ucaege omiaio y e ciys usiess a o essioa cass. Comise o me o acieeme a us o coiece, memes o e ciys commecia eie wee eguay eece o oice a e muicia, oicia a eea ees om e 880s ui e ae sages o e Gea Wa. As successu a, ece, esece memes o e usiess a oessioa cass, me suc as . Maye ay, Cio Sio a G. . Cowe easiy aciee o socia a oiica omiece. A ace o oiics y ei awaeess a e gow a eeo

2 me o ei aoe commuiy was i ei ow ecoomic ieess a suoe y e eecoae o e assumio i a a a aoies wou e e eeiciaies o suc gow a eeome, aos commecia eie easiy ieie e mae o oiica eaesi. Wie ee wee amiey cagig imesios o e ao commuiy i wic e usiess a oessioa cass cosiue u a mioiy, is cass caiaie uo is omi aio o e wo oiica aies a, ece, is coo o ao age o esuae oes, suc as e ewyaie oeige, mem es o e wokig cass o e sma usiessma, o e meis o e aiioa oiica aies. As os wee scace a e esie o e accee was sog, may o e aoe wee wiigy cooe io a oiica sysem i wic ey wou, cosciousy o oewise, emai suseie o aos WAS usiess a oessioa cass. is emaie cuiousy ue ee ae e emegece o a aou o CC ay wic ikewise eee a wecomig a. Ieiicaio wi, o memesi i, ose " ew" aies, owee, i o oie access o e ciys ecoom ic a socia esaisme a a ieece may eai e coiue oiica omiace o e aiioa aies a e weakesses o ei caeges. Aoug e memes o e usiess a oessioa cass iie emsees y aiio o y cace io oosig oiica cams, e ieece i oiica iosoy ewee ose socae aeaies was ay isceie. e simiaiy i e aue o e cass wic omiae o e ieas a e Coseaies a i e ogem eeome goas wic ey esouse esue a susaia a ia egee o coiuiy a saiiy i a eay ioee ea. As e oiica aies wee ae, ia e uicious use o aoage, o icooae may isaae segmes o sociey io e aiioa ay sucue ui e 20s, e iea a Coseaie oiica macies oie e usiess a oessioa cass wi e aimoa eices y wic ey wee ae o coiue o eguae e sociey i wic ey wee oy a mioiy. e emegece i e 20s o aou a e ames moeme cosiue a iec caege o e wo aiioa

24 oiica aies. Aoug aous mos sigiica seg wou oe o e a e aemaic ee wi e eecio o a ou Ieee aou ay aema i 28 makig e eak i a sugge, A. E. Smis icoy o ea o e omiio aou ay i e 20 oicia eecio was aous mos amaic oiica accomisme, io o Wo Wa II. I is oewoy, owee, a a "amak" o aou a ee aciee y a ome Meois miise, a omie meme o e ciys oessioa commuiy wose suo uouey ascee cass ies o a susaia egee. I mus aso e oe, i assig, a e CC caiae wo aciee e seco " eakoug" i ao oicia oiics i 4 was a meica oco, aoe meme o a wiey esece oessio. e aiiy o asce cass ies, o meiae e i eeces ewee iege commuiy gous was, i ac, a ia caaceisic o mos o ose oiicias wo see successuy i e osWo Wa I ea. e "oom" yeas — e eeome ea wic oesaw a uimie uue o e ciy a is esies — a ee. Goe wee e eay ays o uimie easio. o oge i omoes isuaie aos see aiway sysem coecig e ciy wi is summe eso commuiy a ake Cemei. isca coseaism came i o ogue a ay Cae, wi is eca o ciic ecoomy a euce aaio, ecame e oiica sokesma o a u e commecia eie. Ee aos aou commuiy, wic amiey eeiece i icuy i acig i a mooiic asio, ou ay Cae, sma usiessma oug e was, o e moe acceae a e aious caeges wom e commecia eie esee i oosiio o im. e ciys susaia a eaig eie commuiy au ay aaue Caes isca coseaism as ey cou o oe see emsees as eeiig i ay mae om e gow a eeome scemes o e commecia eie. e success o oii cias suc as ay Cae a, o a esse egee, Geoge isae was ue o ei aiiy o accommoae e ayig goas a aues o mos o e seea isaae segmes o e ao commuiy. e emegece o aou a e ames moeme i e 20s oce e usiess a oessioa cass o eeamie is saegies. us as e ieas a e Coseaies o occa

2 sio eieaey omiae a usiessma, suc as Geoge isae o . E. Maews, wose aea ceay ascee e ecoomic a socia cass om wic e oigiae, so i e usiess a oessioa cass ceey suo aiwayme, suc as Aeme A. . aeso a . . aeso, wi wom ey wee iosoicay comaie. y oig so, e usiess a oessioa cass eeciey iie e aouig cass y esu ig a i soke wi wo (ae a oe iosoica "oices." e memes o aos usiess a oessioa cass aso accee e ecessiy o seak i coce we ey cou o oge ao e uuy o a iie iewoi. e ise o aou e iecy o e omaio o aegey oaisa Ciies Commiees i muicia oiics a o a "usio" o ieas a Coseaies i oicia oiics. Cosequey, aous ic oies wee equey o ie uaio, eseciay a e oicia ee. I sou, owee, e ememee, as a somewa coaic ig ossci, a e CC wou oay ae eaie e ao oicia cosiuecy i 4, a i o ee o e ieoogica isue wic e o e eusio o . . . oso om e ay. ee is a ue a ae cuious imesio o a os usiess a oessioa cass a a was e eemiece o Oaioo WASs wii a oiica eaesi gou. As o ao a e egio wee agey ouae y as ae Oaioias i e 19th ceuy, i was o e aiciae a e ciys iiia oiica eaesi wou e oie imai y y e Sios a e Aikis me o susace a o ac comisme i Oaio wo, aig emigae, wee accee as me o susace a oiica omiece i Maioa. y e 40s, owee, e oosiio aies cuiousy a oay e ieaey ega o emasie e ac a ei caiaes wee ocay o. Awae eas a ao a aciee a ew sese o mauiy y e 40s, a eseciay i e os4 ea, e oosiios ogaies eieaey ecouage ao eecos o ey e goeme, o eea a oicia, y eecig a oosiio meme. I ac, e isay o suc oiica eiace was seciicay aaue as eiece o a ewou mauiy. Simuaeousy, owee, ao eecos wee esee wi a

26 seies o "aie so" caiaes, e is suc i aos oicia a eea oiics. Oe susecs a ose wo egi eee oca oiics wee usig a ei emasis o ei caiaes oca oigi wou isac, o some egee, om e ac a ose aie sos, i eece, wou si o e eaiey oweess oosiio sie. e is Maioao (i.e., ai Ciy oiicia o succee i ao oiics was . . . oso wo i o aem o caiaie uo is oca oigi, esumay as is CC iosoy was suiciey uique i ise. e aoo successos o oso wee Coseaies a, Cam oaso, Wae isae a eg issama, a ei camaigs, o ay ig egees, ey eieaey emasie ei oca oigi a ei coiuig esiecy. us as aioaism, i eoy, is a uiyig oce wic eea oiicias aem o ioke i imes o cisis, so oo cou e issues o oca oigi a esiece cosiue, i eoy, a ayig cy wi wic a aoies, iesecie o ecoomic a socia caace, cou ieiy. I is mae, a o suc easos, e issues o oigi, iace a esiece wee oiicay imoa. Quesios o oigi, iace a esiecy wee o, owee, e icia cieia wic eemie eecoa success o assue ogeiy i oice. ose wo succeee i ao oiics wee ose wo iscoee e meas o saisy e ieess o a oa secum o e eecoae wic eee we eyo a segme o wic ey, as caiaes, eoge. e meas, owee, y wic ey ascee ose ieeces aie wi e assig yeas a, as a esu, e a o "acica oiics" ise cage. aoage (i.e., e saig o oseiy i e e4 ea (as i e eames o Cio Sio wo oee immigaio ses i 04 a G. . Cowe wo oie a ew cou ouse i 0 ke oe e oo o oiica success. Soy, eeae, e aioic a, ece, uiyig aea o a " Wi e Wa" camaig was suicie o eec . . Wie i . e emegece o aou a e ames moeme i e wo ecaes oowig e Gea Wa comee ose wo asie o owe o aus susaiay o moiy ei oicies (as i e ioucio o O Age esios, o aao aiioa aisa ieeces (as i e eame o e usioiss a ee o 2 suo ose suc as e aesos wo ecoomicay a sociay emaie "eyo e ae." y e 40s, as a esu o a gowig a come ueaucacy, ose (suc as . E. Maews a Wae isae wo iigey a siceey see ei cosi ues y iseig e mysey o ueaucaic goeme eae e gaiue o e eecoae a, i oig so, iscoee e key o oiica success i os4 ao. e ciys usiess a oessioa cass a iuiiey kow a ose wo cooe e oiica ocess eecise a egee o owe, owe wic cou ue o ie ei ecoom ic a socia goas. ey uesoo, moeoe, a oiica suc cess a o e eae i, uike wea, cou o e ieie o auomaicay eaie. ey, moe a ay oe secia iees gou, ecogie a ey wou ae o maiai a uceasig iees i a commime o e a o "acica oiics." As a iiguig u cocuig eame, successu eeeeu Cam oaso, wo was i may ways a aacoism, a ee eme o es e "oiica waes" iecy. We a oe o e a uewaig eeiece, oaso eaiy a wisey e ue o is ea oe, o e usiess wo. owee, e, as was yica o is cass, ook e ecessay ecauioay measues o esue a e eea ogessie Coseaie omiaio, wic e ecie i , we o e caiae o is coice. e Cam oasos o aos usiess a oessioa cass u esoo a e uose o oiics was o aciee owe ey a eae, owee, a owe cou e eecise iiecy as we as iecy. e Cam oasos a aso ecogie a, i oe o eai ei eomia oe i e oiica ocess, ey wou ae o accommoae o occasio e asiaios o some o e isaae segmes o e commuiy. ey uesoo, eeoe, o e aue a e imiaios o "acica oiics." A ey wee emiey successu as a esu.

28 Aei

239 Appendix One 04

ward wa wa wa four ee 0 oe

f-1 i --r m i

•i I _

. • ••

. -r1 1 1 a —11LAL. . _i • 240 Appendix Two

241 Appendix Three

wa wa ou wo oa

iI(Ie, E_ • IOE00EE LEE ME E IO EIEICIOIE

. i.2 ill i i .E IIEEI 7

•

■■• I i i II

T I ii I 1L.

i 242 Appendix Four Brandon Mayoralty Election Resultsl 1899 Dr. John McDiarmid (L) * Accamaio 1900 A. C. Fraser (L) 46 John Hanbury (C) 44 1901 A. C. Fraser (L)* Accamaio 1902 J. W. Fleming (L) 20 Fred Nation (C) 46 February, 1903 Robert Hall (L) 46 (by-election) John Hanbury (C) 2 1903 Robert Hall (L)* Accamaio 1904 . W. Fleming (L) Accamaio 1905 J. W. Fleming (L) * 955 Dr. John McDiarmid (L) 319 1906 S. E. Clement (L) 48 Dr W. L. Harcourt (L) 86 1907 S. E. Clement (L)* 0 . . Eas (C) 468 1908 H. L. Adolph (L) 884 S. C. Doran (C) 64 1909 H. L. Adolph (L)* Accamaio 1910 J. W. Fleming (L) 82 . . Waace (C) 8 R. D. Evans (C) 0 1911 J. W. Fleming (L)* Accamaio 1912 J. W. Fleming (L)* ,228 J. H. Hughes 68 1913 J. H. Hughes ,24 H. W. Cater ,08 1914 H. W. Cater ,0 J. A. McDonald 860 1915 H. W. Cater* Accamaio

24 1916 H. W. Cater* , J. F. Fisher 48 1917 H. W. Cater* Accamaio 1918 A. R. McDiarmid (L) 6 H. W. Cater* 755 1919 Geoge isae (C) ,068 H. W. Cater 995 1920 George Dinsdale (C)* Accamaio 1921 H. W. Cater , Geoge isae (C)* ,68 1922 H. W. Cater* 2,0 George Dinsdale (C) , 1923 H. W. Cater* Accamaio 1924 H. W. Cater* Accamaio 1925 H. W. Cater* Accaiaio 1926 H. W. Cater* 2,08 Dr. H. 0. McDiarmid (L) ,464 1927 H. W. Cater* 2,006 D. E. Clement (L) ,8 February, 1928 H. W. Cater* 2,8 (by-election) H. L. Patmore 8 1928 H. W. Cater* 2,26 F. H. Young (C) ,68 1929 H. W. Cater* Accamaio 1930 H. W. Cater* 2,40 F. R. Longworth (C) ,2 1931 Ed Fotheringham 4,0 H. W. Cater* 2,8 1932 Ed Fotheringham* Accamaio 1933 H. W. Cater ,24 F. H. Young (C) 2,4 1935 H. W. Cater* 2,6 James Giddings 82 1937 F. H. Young (C) 2,0 H. W. Cater* ,00 Dr. P. C. Hughes 6 1939 F. H. Young (C)* ,4 James Kirkcaldy (C) , H. W. Cater 64 244 1941 F. H. Young (C)* Accamaio 1943 L. H. McDorman (L) 2,4 Frank Williamson (PC) 2,6 1945 Frank Williamson (PC) 2,4 F. H. Young (PC) 2,046 1947 Frank Williamson (PC) * ,0 F. H. Young (PC) ,0 James Kirkcaldy (PC) 4 1949 Frank Williamson (PC) Accamaio 1951 James Creighton (L) ,8 Frank Williamson (PC)* 2,2 . oiica aiiaio o caiae ieiie wee kow — e.g., iea ( Coseaie (C a ogessie Coseaie ( C. Aso, e icume caiae, weee suc eiss, is ieiie y a aseisk — i.e., . 2. Mayoay eecio esus cie ae ose oie y e oca ewsae o e ay. . emig susequey esige we i was iscoee a e a ukowigy coaee e eguaios. 4. ese eecios esus wee ecae iai ue o a mio coaeio o e Muicia Ac. . e mayo, as o , was ow eece o a woyea em.

24 Appendix Five oicia Eecio esus i ao (Ciy Cosiuecy

January 15, 1896 C. Aams (2 0 A. Kelly (C) 402 December 7, 1899 Dr. S. W. McInnis (C) 6 C. Adams (L) * 6 July 20, 1903 Dr. S. W. McInnis (C)* 6 A. C. Fraser (L) 2 March 7, 1907 Dr. S. W. McInnis (C)* ,20 J. W. Fleming (L) ,08 November 19, 1907 G. R. Coldwell (C) Accamaio (yeecio July 11, 1910 G. R. Coldwell (C)* ,402 S. H. McKay (L) ,0 July 10, 1914 G. R. Coldwell (C)* ,8 S. E. Clement (L) ,4 September 16, 1915 S. E. Clement (L) ,4 J. A. M. Aikins (Ind C) ,2 June 29, 1920 A. E. Smith (DLP) 2,00 S. E. Clement (L)* ,40 J. Kirkcaldy (Ind) ,24 July 18, 1922 Dr. J. H. Edmison (Ind) ,28 A. E. Smith (DLP)* 2,060 June 28, 1927 Dr. J. H. Edmison (Ind)* ,26 W. Hill (ILP) ,288 H. W. Cater (Ind) 48 is Seco i June 16, 1932 G. Dinsdale (C) 2,64 2,8 ,02 H. Spafford (ILP) ,4 ,824 2,2 . E. Clement (L-P) ,42 , H. W. Cater (Ind) 8 is Secos July 27, 1936 G. Dinsdale (C)* 2,64 2,4 . . 0. Mciami (L-P) 2,042 2,204 H. Spafford (CCF) ,00

246 April 22, 1941 G Dinsdale (C coal)* ,28 . . 0. Mciami ( coal) 2,2 oeme 8, 4 . . . oso (CCF) ,22 (by-election) . . Youg (C coa ,204 is Seco October 15, 1945 . . Mcoma ( coal) ,088 ,288 P. McDuffe (00) ,60 2,046 . . . oso (I CCF)* ,4 oeme 0, 4 . C. oaso (C coal) ,4 G. R. Rowe (L coal) , W. R. Webb (CCF) ,48 is Seco January 21, 1952 Reg Lissaman (PC) 2,40 ,22 (by-election) Alex McPhail (L) 2,224 2,6 ay Sao (CC ,08 . e icume caiae, i ay, is ieiie wi a aseisk — i.e.,. 2. oiica aiiaio ieiie as oows: Coseaie (C ogessie Coseaie (C iea ( iea ogessie ( Ieee (I omiio aou ay ( DLP); Ieee aou ay (I Ieee Co seaie (I C Ieee CC (I CC Goeme ( G ieaogessie coaiiois ( coa Oicia Oosi io (00 Coseaie coaiiois (C coa ogessie Co seaie coaiiois (C coa a CC. . e oe oas ae ose oie y e seea eea eiios o e Caaia aiameay Guie. Aoug oca ewsae eos occasioay uise oas a aie y a ew oes, ay isceacies ae isuicie o ae — i ay mae — e asic cocusios o e suy. 4. e seco a i cou oas ae ose uise i e oca ewsae. ao aiy Su, ue 8, 2. e Caai a aiameay Guie i o oie ese oas.

24 . e seco cou oa is a uise y e oca ewsae. ao aiy Su, Ocoe 8, 4. e Caaia aia meay Guie i o, i is isace, oie "seco cou" oas.

248 Appendix Six eea Eecio esus o ao Cosiuecy oeme 2, 86 C. Sio2 (3 Accamaio (yeecio oeme , 00 C. Sio ( ,0 . . Macoa (C 4,42 oeme , 04 C. Sio ( ,62 . icaso ( 2,804 C. Ocoe 26, 08 I Sio ( ,6 . M. ay (C ,46 . . Waace (I 0 . Seeme 2, C A. M. Aikis (C 4,46 A. E. i ( ,0 Cii Miiay oa eceme , . . . Wie, (U ,40 2,2 ,46 . S. aeso ( . 1,237 2 ,2 eceme 6, 2 oke ( ,6 C. E. Ies (C 4,06 . C. Co ( 404 Ocoe 2, 2 . oke ( 6,4 . W. eauie (C ,428 Seeme 4, 26 . oke ( 8,26 euay , 0 . W. eauie (C ,0 (yeecio . A. Cea ( Accamaio uy 28, 0 . W. eauie (C 8,2 . A. Cea ( 6,4 . ige (a . , Ocoe 4, W. eauie (C 6, . E. Maews ( 6,68 . Woo (CC ,6 C. eec ( 6 oeme 4, 8 . E. Maews ( 6,80 (yeecio G. eauie (C . ,600 Woo (CC . E. , Mac 26, 40 Maews ( 8,08 . W. omso (G 6,68 . Woo (CC 2,60

24 June 11, 1945 J. E. Matthews (L)* 6,80 F. H. Young (PC) ,62 A. Brown (CCF) ,24 A. E. Smith (Lab-P) 4 June 27, 1949 J. E. Matthews (L) * ,26 J. Bracken (PC) ,0 D. L. Johnson (Ind) ,64 June 25, 1951 Walter Dinsdale (PC) ,24 (by-election) Grant MacEwan (L) 8, . e eea cosiuecy o ao was esaise ue e eisiuio Ac o 82. I was aee i 0, 24 a 4. e cosiuecy isaeae i 2 ue o eisiu io. 2. e icume caiae, i ay, is ieiie wi a aseisk — i.e.,. . oiica aiiaio ieiie as oows: Coseaie (C ogessie Coseaie (C iea ( Ieee ( I Ieee Coseaie (I C Uiois (U " auie" iea ( ogessie ( ieaogessie ( L-P); aou (a ecosuciois ( aioa Goe me (G aouogessie (a a CC. 4. e oe oas ae ose oie y e seea eea eiios o e Caaia aiameay Guie. Aoug oca ewsaes occasioay uise oas a aie sigy, ay isceacies ae isuicie o ae — i ay mae — e asic cocusios o e esis.

20 iiogay

It was indeed fortunate that Brandon was represented on different occasions by politicians of considerable prominence. As a result, the sources available for this study were unusually extensive during certain time periods. However, the amount of information available on Brandon's many politicians varied considerably in accordance with their national significance and this discrepancy is inevitably reflected in the final product. Those who have observed and particularly those who have participated in the community's political life have a more intimate knowledge of certain past events than the historian can ever hope to achieve. Many such as Walter and Lenore Dinsdale, Stanley H. Knowles, John G. Diefenbaker, William Pearson, A. I. Cristall, Mrs. G. R. Rowe, Fred McGuinness, Robert Clement, Jack Donnelly, E. R. McGill, Stephen A. Magnacca, Mr. and Mrs. Alex McPhail, Lawrence Stuckey and A. D. Burneskie have been most helpful, both in the course of formal interviews and informal conversations. Manuscript Collections Ottawa, Ontario. Public Archives of Canada (PAC). Richard Bed- ford Bennett Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. Robert L. Borden Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. John Bracken Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. A. K. Cameron Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. CCF Records. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. William Lyon Mackenzie King Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. Wilfrid Laurier Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. National Liberal Federation Papers, vol. 597, 613, 657, 658, 801, 802, 808. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. Clifford Sifton Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. John S. Willison Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. PAC. James Shaver Woodsworth Papers. Ottawa, Ontario. Progressive Conservative Association Papers. Winnipeg, Manitoba. Public (PAM). James A. M. Aikins Papers.

251 Wiieg, Maioa. AM. Coi . Came aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. Wiiam Sao Eas aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. Sua Sicai Gaso aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. os. Geeway aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. Wiiam Ies aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. . A. C. Maig aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. oias Cawo ois aes. Wiieg, Maioa. AM. omo . oi aes. ewsaes ao aiy Su, Seeme , 8 auay 0, 2. ao Su, May 20, 66. e Wese Su (ao, eceme 0, 8. Ieeece (ao, oeme 0, 88Ai 2, 0. Maioa. ee ess, uy 6, 0 uy 8, 4 Augus 2 Seeme 0, ue uy 6, 20 uy 22, 22 ue 20uy 8, 2 uy 0, 2. Wiieg. iue, oeme 8eceme 0, 8 uy 0, 0 euay 2Mac 26, 0 May .uy 8, 0 ue 22uy 24, 4 Seeme 22, 1915; ue 22uy 0, 20 ue 2uy 2, 22 ue uy , 2 ue 0, 2 uy 6Augus 6, 6 Ai 0, 4 oeme 20, 4 Ocoe 220, 4 oem e 22, 4. . Wie e "ames" o iiiua ewsaes wee aee sigy o occasios, e "ame" cie is a y wic e ewsae was mos geeay kow. 2. e ao Weeky Su, a coesaio o e weeks aiy eiios, was ea i ose ew isaces we e aiy eiio was uaaiae. Goeme ocumes a Geea eeeces Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Maioa, 88886. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, 80. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, 0. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o aiie oices, 06. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, . Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o aiie oices, 6. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, 2.

22 Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, . Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o aiie oices, 6. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, 4. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o aiie oices, 46. Oawa, Oaio. Cesus o Caaa, . Oawa, Oaio. Caaia aiameay Comaio, 8. Oawa, Oaio. Caaia aiameay Guie. Caaia Aua eiew, . ooo, 2. eesos Maioa a owes eioies iecoy, 8. eesos iecoy ( ao. Uuise Essays a eses a, ai . "e oiica Caee o Cio Sio, 860." . isseaio, Uiesiy o ooo, . Igis, Aeae I. "Some oiica acos I e emise o e oi Goeme, ." MA esis, Uiesiy o Maioa, 68. Oikow, ioe. "A Suey o e eom Moeme i Maioa 0 o 20." MA esis, Uiesiy o Maioa, . iie, Eugee. "e. A. E. Smi." em ae, Uiesiy o Maioa, . omso, o . "e oiiio Quesio I Maioa 8228." MA esis, Uiesiy o Maioa, 6. uicaios Ae, ica. e Socia assio. ooo, . eck. . Muay. euum o owe. Scaooug, 68. eo, iee. e as Sike. ooo, . Cook, amsay. e oiics o o W. aoe a e ee ess. ooo, 6. Cuica, au. iess a oiicias: Maioa Scoos a e Eecio o 86. ooo, 4. aoe, o W. Cio Sio i eaiosi o is imes. ooo, . oey, M. S. aoe o e ee ess. ooo, 68. oey, M. S. e Goeme o Maioa. ooo, 6. ackso, ames A. e Ceeia isoy o Maioa. ooo, 0.

2 Kaaag, Mai. e Assiioie asi. Suey, 66. uu, Maoy . e oma Caoic Cuc a e owes Scoo Quesio: a suy i cucsae eaios i Wese Caaa, 80. ooo, 4. Meise, o. e Caaia Geea Eecio o . ooo, 62. Moiso, ai . e oiics o e Yuko eioy, 880. ooo, 68. Moo, Wiiam . Maioa: a isoy. ooo, . Moo, Wiiam . e ogessie ay i Caaa. ooo, 0. Smi, A. E. A My ie. ooo, 4. Soe, C. G. a Gae, . oa. ao Coege: A isoy, 86. ao, 6. oe, eecam. A osema a e Wes. ooo, 2. Youg, Wae . e Aaomy o a ay: e aioa CC, 26. ooo, 6. Aices o, M. "e Gea eessio: as a ese," oua o Caaia Suies, oume I, euay, 6. eysy, . "om Cegyma o Commuis: e aicaiaio o Ae Ewa Smi," oua o Caaia Suies, oume III, o. 4. Wisema, . "e Caace a Saegy o e Maioa CC, 4," aiie oum, oume 4, o. .

24 Ie

Aea, Wiiam 44. Aams os. a aess Co. . Aaa, Caes ,68, 60 a 6. Aam Soe Soe 2, 0. Ao, . . 22. Agew, . . . Ae, o 2. Aike, . A. M. 68, 6, 0, a 8, 80, 8, 26. Aie Ieme Cam 6, 8. Ausia oes 6.

ai, Wiiam 2 a , 82. aousky, e 08. aoomew, . . aes, W. . 8. eauie, . W. 00, 4 a 48, 4, 6, 8 nd . 6 a 62, 6, 4. ecuie, Geoge 6. 6, 6, 8. eo, oesso S. A. 4, 8. ee, . 8. 44, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8. eie, ose es, Caai 82. isso, E. . . 84. ooski, Aew 08. oe, oe , e, 44. oeskie, W. . 2. oueee, ack 20. acke, o 2, 4, , 44, 4, 60, 4, 8, 84 a 8, 8 a , 2020, 2, 226. ao esciio o cosiuecy, ., , 2 eic ackgou, , 08 iacia cises 04, 06, 6, 6, 6 icooaio as a ciy, 2 make cee . aiway ow, .4, 8, 0, 6, 4, , 2 oiics: eea 8, 4, 8, 4, 48, 2.4, 6, 80.84, 0, 00, 0, 0 a 0, 26, 44, 4, 4, 6.8, 664, 2.4, 8.86, .20, 208.2 muicia, , 6, , , , 00, 0, .4, 2 a 22, 24, 2, 6, 8 a 82, oicia, 8, , 6.8, 4, 4, 4 a 0, .4, 6, a 8, 0, •00, 0.06, 2., 4, 24, 6, 2, 46, 8, 86.88, 20, 206 a 20, 2.224 ouaio, , 2, 6, , 4, 86, , 2, 88, 22, 22 eigious ackgou, sigiica ees, 68, 6, 2 a , 6 a , a 80, 84, 4, 64, 6, sikes, , , , 04. 26, 0, 204. ao Ciies ecuiig eague 8. ao Coege , 8 a 84, 26, 4, 8, 20, 22 a 2, 222, 20. ao Couci o Wome , 82. ao Eecic ig Co. 4, 6. ao ie Saio 68. ao Geea osia , 4, , 206, 22, ao Mea osia 44, 46, 68, 2. ao ackes 20, 206, 20, 2_ ao Sociaisis 8, , . . ao See aiway Sysem 40, 6, 24, 2, 4 a , 4, 2.

2 ao Su 20, 2, a 8, 4, 0 a , , , 4, , 8, 84, 0 a , 8, 04, 08 a 0, 24, 26, 28, 0, 2, 4, 6 a , 4, 8 a , 6, 4, , 20, 22. ao imes 2, . ao aes a aou Couci 2, 80, , , , 02, 28. ige, eaice 0, 4, 4, , 0. ige, Wiiam 8. oaus, Gai . ow, Ae M. 8, 8, 86, 24. ow, Ewa 0, 4. ua, oe o . umeskie, A. . 2, . uows, . . 8.

Coe, . A. 80, 82. Cagay Aea 2. Came, . . 206, 20, 22 a 222, 22, 20. Caaia Commowea eeaio (CC , 44, 6, 64, 288, 02, 4 a , , , 20, 206 a 20, 22, 22 a 224, 242. Caaia oe aiway (C 6, 4, 4, 4, 0, 62, 64, 84. Caaia aciic aiway (C a 2, 6, 80, 4, , 4, 6, 62, 64, 66, 68 a 6, 8, . Coey, . E. , 00, . Cae, ay Wiiam 8, 0, 0, 2 a , , , 2, 4, 60, 0, 2. Ceci oe 6. Cames, ay 0, . Cisie, E. 0. Cisies ook Soe 2, 0. Ciy Maage, 06, , 24, 42, 66. Cak, o 40. Cak, May 4, 46. Cass Sucue usiess a oessioa cass, a 2, a 8, a 2, , 8, , 0, 4, 122-126, 159, 8, 20, 20, 2, 2, 224, 2228i cass coic, 8, 24 a 2, 28, 2, mie cass, 0, wokig oss, , 82, 0 a , , 222. Ceme ocic 68, 2, 8, 4. Ceme, ai E. 2, 4, 60. Ceme amacies 2. Ceme, oe , 22. Ceme, See (S. E. a 2, 880, 8, 8, , , a 6, a 2. Cemes, e 4, , , 2. Cawe Amemes 4 a . Cawe, G . , , 66, , 8, 2, 2. Coema, Geoge , . Commuis ay (aou ogessie ay , 6, 8, 8284, 88. Coeeae, e 2. Cosciio 8, 8, 26, 6. Coeio o Ieees 48, 6. Coy, W. W. . Coseo, ay . Co, . C. 02. Caig, . . 206. Cawo, oe , 00, . Cea, . A. 8, 0, 0608, 4, I 8, 4446, 2, 66. Cows es ass aes Ageeme 0. Cua, . . 2, 40.

26 coe, . W. — 2, 2, 4, 4, 4. ay, . Maye — , , 2 a , 6, 2. ais, . oy — , , 2. e owese — 2. ieeake, o — 2, 226, 22. isae, Geoge — , 2 a 28, 2, 4, 6, 6, 6, 8, 0 a 0, 2. isae, eoe (ee Gusa — 2, 26, 22. isae, Wae Geoge — 222, 220, 22, 228, 26, 28. isaes Caage a Soage — 28. oig, Ms. . . — 22. omiio Eeimea am — 4, 6, 20. omiio aou ay ( — 0, , a 8, 00 a 0, 00, , 28, 2. oaso, "Ca" — 86, , 20420, 20 a 2, 2, 22, 26, 28. oaso, . M. — 0. oey, . . — 0, 4. oukoo — 68, 60. ougas, . C. — , 8. ew, Geoge — 8, 20, 2. uig, emie Caes — 0. umo, Caes — .

Ea, e — 2. Egecome, W. . — . Emso, . . . — 6, 00, 24, , , 4. Emie ewey — 4. Eo, Geoge — 0. Eas, Eecia — 6, 8, 6.

ames Moeme — 6, 82, , 00, 0, 06, 0, 4, 6, 24 a 2, 2. awkes, A. W. Eso — 2. ise, . . . — 2. io, Geoge — 0. iaick, Caes — 4. "as, e — 00, 08, . emig, . W. — 6, 4, , 6, 66, 0, 0. oke, oe — 66, , 0 a 02, 06.0, 4, 6, 8, 44, 4. oeig♦iam, E — 2, . ase, A. C. — 8, , 8, 4 a 46, 6, 8. uce, E — 4. usioiss — 0, 4, 4, 2. Gaicia — 2224, 28, 60, 0. Gaie, ames — 0. Geso, Soo — 8, , 8, 24. Giigs, ames — 6. Goo, . C. W. (Coo, a — . Ga uk aciic aiway — . Ga, . Ge — 6. Gaam, A. G. — 8, , , 00, 0, . Gea o Wes Cea aiway — . Gea Wa eeas Associaio — 8, 8. Geewoy, omas — 4, , , 8, 4.

aig, o , — 02. aes, . . — 0. amio, e — 4. auy, o — 4, 0, 4. ais, Geoge — 4. ea, Miss E. . — 2.

2 i, A. E. 6, 8, 88. i, Wiiam , , , 2. ogso, . C. 8. oowic, Mike 06. owe, C. . 24.

usos ay aiway , 0. uges, . . 22.

Iceaic oe 22, 6. Ieeece (Ieee 8, , 4. Ieee Coseaies , 8. Ieee aou ay (I 4, 2 a , 44 a 4, 2 a , 6, 4, 8, 8 a 82, 0, 22, 2. Iwi, Ms. A. . ,80. Ies, C. E. 02.

Ies, Wiiam .

awoski, oe 0. oso, . wig yma a 8, 88, 86 a 8, 02, a 6, , 20, 20, 26 a 2. oso, Ms. . . . oso, Caes 86, . oso, Samue .

Kamieski, C. . 0. Kaaag, ose 6. Key, Aew . Ke, Wiy 66, 84, . Kig, W. G. . Kig, Wiiam yo Mackeie 0 a 02, 06 a 0, 0 a 0, 44 a 4, , 6, 8486. Kikcay, igaieGeea ames 8, , 0. Ko acio 0, 02. Kowes, Saey 8, , 8, 8, 02. Kosky, Ca 08.

aou Gaee 4. aou moeme 4 a , 82, 8, 0, , , , 8, 00, 0 a 06, 06, 22, 26, 28, 2, 4, 2, 0, , 8, 242. aou eeseaio eague (ao ac 82, . ogei, Aciso 4. a ao 2. auieGeeway Scoos Quesio (6 8, 4. auie ieas 6, , 84. auie, Wii 6, 2, 4, 6, 64, 8, 8, ow a Oe eague . eec, Ceci , 6, . eecs iig 6. eoowic, o . ewis, ai 8. ieaogessies 0, 0, , 60, 4 a , 8, 86, 20 a 204, 224. ieaeom Aiace 0., 8. issoma, . 0. (eg , 28 a 2, 222224, 22 a 20, 2. ogwo, . . 0, 2, , 4. owy, e. 8.

28 aiameay uiigs Scaa , 8. aeso, . S. 84. aeso, A. . iSay , 26. aeso, . . , 26. amae, ey . 4, 2. easo, Au C. 204, 20, 22, 22 easo, Wiiam 228. ea, We 0, 8, 228. eoes Cuc , 4. i, k E. 8, 2, , 8. oiics mecaics a: ewsaes, 22 a 2, 08,

4 ay ogaiaio, 0 ay macie, 26, 6,

oiica aoage, 620, 6, 8 a , 2 acica oiics, , 20, 2 a 26, 4, 4, 6,

2 a 28 oaacks, , 202 oe uyig, 24 a 2, , 6 oes is, 2, 24, 6, oas, a 2. oua Sciece Moy 2. os, . C. 20, 2. eooie, Emo 22. ice Ewa oe 4, 68. ogessies 66, 0, 8, 000, 060, 4, 44 a 4, 4. oiiio see emeace, osiuio . uce, ii 2. uee, A. W. .

awso, W. . . ecioca ae Ageeme wi U.S. 6, . ecosucio ay 6, , 6, 4. ei 2. icas, ey , 82, 8, . icaso, . . 22, 4, 48, 6, 6. oi, . 2, 4, 4, 4, 04, , 6, , , 06. Robson, H. A. 2. oso, . U. 2, . oges, oe , 4, 0. oss, Cooe A 84, , 2, 2. osse, Geea . . 2. owe, G. . 200, 202204, 206 a 20, 226228.

Sae, e. M. . Saage, e. ames . Scaio, . W. 48, 6, 02. Scu, . Sewa 2. Sia, . . 84. Sio, Au , 2. Sio, Cio .. 606, , 2, 26 a 2 oiica aoage, 6.20 Sios me, 820 acica oiics, 2028 Sio ea. 4 eiOc io, .2, eciociy, .. Sao, . W. 2. Sige Mauacuig Co. 4, Skee, . . 00, . &ue, W. I. 0, Sma, ames A. 8 a , , g. Smi, A. E. 82 a 8, 4 a , , 0.06, , , , 8, 84 a 8, a 4, 2 Smi, . C. . Smith, J. Obed 8, 6, 6. Smi, . . , . Smi, W. M. 2. Sou ao Cosiuecy 6.

259 Macoa, ug o — , , a 8, 4. Macoa, o A. — 6, 4. Macoa, W A. — 4, 60. MocEwa, Ga — 20, 224. Mackeie, A. E — 2. Maceso, M. A. — 4. Magacco, S. A. — 2, 204, 206, 22. Magu, A. . — 22. Maio, . . — 6, 6. Maioa ouay Issue — 0, 2, . Maioa Eecios Ac — 2. Maioa ee ess — 2, 22, 4, 4, 0. Maioa Goi Gowes — , 4, 6, , 82, , 02. Manitoba Schools Question 4, 48, 4, 4. Maee, Wiiam ey — . Mai, E. S. — 204. Mai, o. au — 22 Mai, ose — 4, 8, 60. Moes, Cie usice — 82. Maews, . E. — 0, 6, 0 a , 6264, 2.4, 8486, , 200.204, 208, 2, 224, 28. McCay, Ao — 4, 60. McCaw, . E. — 2 McCug, eie — . Mciami, A. . — 26, 40. Mciami, . . 0. — , 60, 6, 4, , 0, . Mciomi, o — 8, 40. Mcoa, o A. — 24. Mcoma, esie — 80, 82, 86, 8, 20, 224, 22. Mcowe, A — 2. Mcue, ee — 82, 86, 8, 2. McGego, . . — 8, , 8. McGuiess, E. A. — 4. McIis, . S. W. — 6, , 4, 4, 4, 4, . McKay, S. . — 4, , 66. McKeie, Muoc — 40. McKeie, oeick — 82, 8, C McKeies See Co. — 2. Mcea, S. C. — 204, 22, 20. McMuay, . E. — 4. Mcei, . A. — 0, 2, 8. Mcai, Ae — 2, 2222, 20. McOuaie, . . — 0. Meige, Au — 84, 0, 0. Mice, C C. — 0, 2, 6. Mois, Geoge S. — 0. Mummey, usse — 20.

ao, Si Augusus — 8. ois, . C. — 4, , ., 84 a 8, 8, 0, 0. o ao Cosiuecy — , 4, 6, 8, 4. oe aciic aiway — , 6, 4, , 4.

Ogiie, Wiiam — 2. Oage oge — 2 a 22, 8, 4 a , 8, 8, 8.

260 Soo, ay 2, , 2,4, 6, , 60, 6, 62, 64, , 8 a 82, 88, 2, , 22, 22, 20. Sees, . . 4. SiMso, oy 8, 0 S. aue, ouis 20, 20. Soe, Wae . "Saig" ieas 4, 4.

ayo, W. E. 62, 6. emeace moeme 2, , 4, 4, 6, , , 68, 80, 8, , 4, 2. ea, oa owe , 64. ese, u 8. omso, . W. 0, , 4, 84, 8, , 22. esai, . A. 4. iue 22, 4. oe a oe 6. ue, Si Caes , 8, 4, 2. ue, Si Caes ie 8. ue, ames 6. ue, o (o. 222.

Uioiss 8 a 84, 0, 26, 44. Uie ames o Maioa (ao ac . Uie Gai Gowes (UGG 66, 8, 0, 4.

Waace, . , . Wa ime Eecios Ac a 82, 26, Wos Sysem , , , , 00, 06, 8 a _ Waso, oy 4. We, W. . , 62, 206, 20. Wea Ciy , 4, 4, 6, 2, 22, 20, 2. Wii, . . . 284, , 02, 26, 2. Wiie, Cas. . Wieea, Cas. 2. Wieeo, E. C. 0. Wieea, . . 8, 2. Wiiamso, ak 82, 20, 228. Wiis, Eick , 8, 8, 2, 22. Wiso, aki a Co. 2, 0. Wio, i , 208, 20. Wio, Ms. oy 204. "Wi e Wa" omiaig Coeio 8, , 26. Womes Moeme , , , , 8, 8, 88, 8, 6, 4, . Woo, ay 6, 62, 6, , 4, 2. Wooswoi, . S. .

Youg Ciies eague 24. Youg Coseaies , 0, 2. Youg, e . 0, 2, , , 6, 0, , , 8486, 8, , 4, 226. Youg, e 20.

yic, A. 00.

26 e Auo . ea Cak is associae oesso o isoy, a o Uiesiy. is iees i e oiics o e Ciy o ao ega we e woe "oiics i ao Ciy — 84", as e esis o e ocoae awae im i 6 y e Uiesiy o Aea. AOS OIICS A OIICIAS is a e ise esio o a esis. . Cak was o a aiso, Saskacewa. e ook is ig scoo a Wawoa, Saskacewa, a uegauae egees i A a Eucaio a e Uiesiy o Saskacewa. I 6 e wo is M.A. om e Uiesiy o Oego. e is a eque coiuo o aes o eae socie ies. I ogess a is mome is e suy o eay eeimea ams. . Cak a is wie aaa ie i ao, Maio a, a ae wo cie.

26 "i is 111 1114 A

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