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Home , Ann Swidler, Neil Smelser

Dirk M. Zorn

Contract for the General Exam, January 2001

Written exam: Tuesday, January 23, 2001 Oral exam: Thursday, January 25, 2001, 10AM (room 190)

1. List of Theory, Methods and Statistics Courses SOC 501: Classical SOC 502: Contemporary Sociological Theory SOC 503: Techniques and Methods of SOC 550: Research Seminar in Empirical Investigation SOC 504: Social Statistics SOC 530x Introduction to Methods of Network Analysis (Peter Marsden) SOC 530s Historical Methodology (audited) Survival Analysis (summer class taught by Paul Allison, University of Pennsylvania, July 2000)

WWS 507b/c: Quantitative Analysis (exempted due to intense statistical training as undergraduate student)

2. List of Substantive Courses SOC 510s: Selected Topics in : Political of Advanced Societies SOC 520p: Selected Topics in Social Institutions: SOC 520L: Religion and Culture Workshop (audited) SOC 530w: : An Introduction SOC 706: Reading Course, Sociology of Knowledge Organizational Theory (Heather Haveman, Columbia Graduate School of Business)

3. Language Requirement ITA 101 (grade: A+) ITA 102 (grade: A+)

4. Pre-Generals Papers Managing Multiple Roles: The Impact of Religion and Family on Organizational Commitment Principal Advisors: Frank Dobbin Paul DiMaggio Status: approved

1 “Room at the Top”? The Failed Institutionalization of Management Information Systems Principal Advisors: Frank Dobbin Paul DiMaggio Status: pending

5. Examination Areas Economic Sociology Faculty member: Viviana Zelizer

Sociology of Culture Faculty member: Paul DiMaggio

Sociology of Organizations Faculty member: Frank Dobbin

6. Reading Lists Enclosed

2 Reading List in Economic Sociology Classical Theory Collins, Randall. 1980. “Weber's Last Theory of Capitalism: A Systemization.” American Sociological Review 45: 925-942. Durkheim, Emile. 1984[1893]. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press. Polanyi, Karl. 1992. “The Economy as Instituted Process.” Pp. 29-52 in The Sociology of Economic Life, edited by Mark Granovetter and Richard Swedberg. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Simmel, Georg. 1978[1907]. The Philosophy of Money. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Weber, Max. 1958. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 63-206.

General Overview of Contemporary Economic Sociology Becker, Gary. 1996. “The Economic Way of Looking at Life.” Chapter 7 in Accounting for Tastes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Coleman, James S. 1994. “A Rational Choice Perspective on Economic Sociology.” Pp. 166-180 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hirsch, Paul, Stuart Michaels, and Ray Friedman. 1990. “Clean Models vs. Dirty Hands: Why Economics is Different from Sociology.” Pp. 39-56 in Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, edited by Sharon Zukin and Paul DiMaggio. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hirschman, Albert. 1986. Rival Views of Market Society. New York: Viking. Kahneman, Daniel. 1994. “New Challenges to the Rationality Assumption.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 150:18-36. Milkman, Ruth and Eleanor Townsley. 1994. “Gender and the Economy.” Pp.600-619 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by and Richard Swedberg. New York and Princeton: Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press Sen, Amartya. 1977. “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 6: 317-344. Smelser, Neil J., and Richard Swedberg. 1994. “The Sociological Perspective on the Economy.” Pp. 3-26 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. New York and Princeton: Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press. Swedberg, Richard. 1990. Economics and Sociology: Redefining Their Boundaries:

3 Conversations with Economists and Sociologists. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Interview with Albert Hirschman.] Swedberg, Richard. 1997. “ New Economic Sociology: What Has Been Accomplished, What is Ahead?” Acta Sociologica 40: 161-182. Zelizer, Viviana. Fortcoming. “Sociology of Money.”In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Economy and Culture Biggart, Nicole Woolsey. Charismatic Capitalism: Direct Selling Organizations in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. DiMaggio, Paul. 1994. “Culture and Economy.” Pp. 27-57 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg. New York and Princeton: Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press. Dobbin, Frank. 1993. “The Social Construction of the Great Depression: Industrial Policy During the 1930s in the United States, Britain and France.” Theory and Society 22: 1-56. Dobbin, Frank. 1994. “Cultural Models of Organization: The Social Construction of Rational Organizing Principles.“ in Sociology of Culture: Emerging Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Diana Crane. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Morrill, Calvin. 1991. “Conflict Management, Honor and Organizational Change.” American Journal of Sociology 97: 585-621. Saxenian, AnnaLee. 1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Zelizer, Viviana. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. New York: Basic Books. Zelizer, Viviana. 1989. “The Social Meaning of Money.” American Journal of Sociology 95: 342-377. Zelizer, Viviana. 1996. “Payments and Social Ties.” Sociological Forum 11:481-495.

4 Economy and Social Structure Abolafia, Mitchel Y. Making Markets. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. Akerlof, George A. “Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 97, 4: 543-569. Barber, Bernard. 1995. “All Economies are ‘Embedded’: The Career of a Concept, and Beyond.” Social Research 62: 387-413. Burt, Ronald. 1998. “The Gender of Social Capital.” Rationality and Society 10 (1): 5-46. Callon, Michel. 1998. “Introduction: The Embeddedness of Economic Markets in Economics” pp.1-57 in The Laws of the Market edited by Michel Callon. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Granovetter, Mark. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91: 485-510. Granovetter, Mark. 1983. “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited.” Pp. 201-233 in Randall, Collins (ed.) Sociological Theory. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. Helgason, Agnar and Gísli Pálsson. 1997. “Contested Commodities: The Moral Landscape of Modernist Regimes.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3, 3: 451-471. Helleiner, Eric. 1998. “National Currencies and National Identities.” American Behavioral Scientist 41: 1409-1436. Radford, R.A. 1945. “The Economic Organisation of a P.O.W. Camp.” Economica 12: 189-201. Portes, Alejandro. 1998. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24. Smith, Charles. 1993. “Auctions: From Walras to the Real World.” Pp. 176-192 in Explorations in Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg. New York: Russell Sage. Stark, David. 1990. “Work, Worth, and Justice in a Socialist Mixed Economy.” Working Papers on Central and Eastern Europe, Center for European Studies, Harvard University, no. 5. Uzzi, Brian. 1997. “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 35-67.

Consumption Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. DiMaggio, Paul, and Hugh Louch. 1998. “Socially Embedded Consumer Transactions: For What Kinds of Purchases Do People Most Often Use Networks?” American Sociological Review 63: 619-637.

5 Frenzen, Jonathan, Hirsch, Paul M., and Philip C. Zerrillo. 1994. “Consumption, Preferences, and Changing Lifestyles.” Pp. 403-425 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Nightingale, Carl H. 1993. On the Edge. New York: Basic Books. Radin, Margaret J. 1996. Contested Commodities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ritzer, George. 1996. The McDonaldization of America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge. Schudson, Michael. 1984. Advertising, the Uneasy Persuasion: Its Dubious Impact on American Society. New York: Basic Books Veblen, Thorstein. 1934[1899]. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: The Modern Library. Wuthnow, Robert. 1996. Poor Richard’s Principle. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zelizer, Viviana. 1999. “Multiple Markets: Multiple Cultures" in Diversity and Its Discontents: Cultural Conflict and Common Ground in Contemporary American Society ed. by Neil Smelser and Jeffrey Alexander. Princeton: PU Press

6 Reading List in the Sociology of Culture Classics Berger P.L., Luckman T. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, pp. 28-79. Durkheim, Emile. 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life New York: Free Press. Marx, Karl. 1978. The German Ideology. In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. by Robert Tucker. New York: Norton. Marx, Karl. 1978. Theses on Feuerbach. In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. by Robert Tucker. New York: Norton. Weber, Max. 1992 (1930) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Routledge. Weber, Max. 1991. (1946)“The Chinese Literati.” In From : Essays in Sociology, translated and edited by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. London: Routledge. Weber, Max. 1991. (1946). “Class, Status, Party.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, translated and edited by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. London: Routledge.

Micro-Sociology of Culture DiMaggio, Paul. 1997. Culture and Cognition. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 24. Eliasoph, Nina. 1990. “Political Culture and the Presentation of a Political Self.” Theory and Society 19: 465-90. Erickson, Fred. 1975. “Gatekeeping in the Melting Pot.” Harvard Educational Revue 45: 44-70. Hochschild, Arlie. 1979. “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 85:551-75. Parsons, Talcott and Edward A. Shils. 1951. “Values, Motives and Systems of Action.” Pp. 47-275 in Toward a General Theory of Action, edited by and Edward A. Shils. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Ridgeway, Cecelia L., Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Kathy Kuipers and Dawn Robinson. 1998. “How do Status Beliefs Develop? The Role of Resources and Interactional Experience.” American Sociological Review 63: 331-50.

Culture in Organizations, Communities and Networks Bernstein, Basil. 1975. “Social Class, Language and Socialization.” In Class, Codes and Control: Theoretical Studies Towards a Sociology of Language, pp. 170-189. New York: Schocken Books.

7 DiMaggio, Paul and John Mohr. 1985. “Cultural Capital, Educational Attainment, and Marital Selection.” American Journal of Sociology 90: 1231-61. Dobbin, Frank. 1994. “Cultural Models of Organization: The Social Construction of Rational Organizing Principles.” In The Sociology of Culture: Emerging Theoretical Perspectives, ed. D Crane, pp. 117-42. Cambridge: Blackwell. Erickson, Bonnie. 1996. “Culture, Class, and Connections.” American Journal of Sociology 102: 217-51. Morrill, Calvin. 1991. “Conflict Management, Honor and Organizational Change.” American Journal of Sociology 97: 585-621. Swidler, Ann. 1979. Organization Without Authority: Dilemmas of Social Control in Free Schools. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wacquant, Loïc J.D. 1995. “The Pugilistic Point of View: How Boxers Think and Feel about their Trade.” Theory and Society 24: 489-535. Willis, Paul. 1977. Learning to Labor: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. New York: Columbia University Press.

Cultural Production Bourdieu, Pierre. 1993. “The Field of Cultural Production.” Pp. 29-73 in The Field of Cultural Production. N.Y.: Columbia Univ. Press. Gieryn, Thomas F. 1983. “Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non- Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists.” American Sociological Review 48: 781-95. Griswold, Wendy. 1981. “American Character and the American Novel.” American Journal of Sociology 86: 740-65. Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Peterson, Richard A. and David Berger. 1975. “Cycles in Symbolic Production: The Case of Popular Music.” American Sociological Review 40, 2: 158-173. Peterson, Richard A. 1994. “Culture Studies through the Production Perspective: Progress and Prospects.” In The Sociology of Culture: Emerging Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Diane Crane. London: Basil Blackwell.

Cultural Consumption Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 260-317 and 372-96. Griswold W. 1987. “The Fabrication of Meaning: Literary Interpretation in the United States, Great Britain, and the West Indies.” American Journal of Sociology 92: 1077-1117

8 Lamont, Michèle and Anette Lareau. 1988. “Cultural Capital: Allusions, Gaps and Glissandos in Recent Theoretical Development.” Sociological Theory, Vol.6, (fall): 153-168 Peterson, Richard A. and Roger M. Kern. 1996. “Changing Highbrow Taste: From Snob to Omnivore.” American Sociological Review 61: 900-907. Press, Andrea L. 1994. The Sociology of Cultural Reception: Notes toward an Emerging Paradigm. Pp. 221-245 in Sociology of Culture: Emerging Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Diana Crane. London: Basil Blackwell. Aschaffenburg, Karen and Ineke Maas. 1997. “Cultural and Educational Careers: The Dynamics of Social Reproduction.” American Sociological Review 62: 573-587.

The Macro-Analysis of Culture Binder, Amy. 1993. “Constructing Racial Rhetoric: Media Depictions of Harm in Heavy Metal and Rap Music," American Sociological Review 58: 753-67. Dobbin, Frank. 1994. Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age. N.Y.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Gamson, William A. and Andre Modigliani. 1989. “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A constructionist Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 95:1-37. Hilgartner, Stephen and Charles L. Bosk. 1988. “The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model.” American Journal of Sociology 94: 53-78. Lamont, Michèle, 1992. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Meyer, John W.,Boli, John, Thomas, George M. and Francisco Ramirez. 1997. “World Society and the Nation-State.” American Journal of Sociology 103: 144-81. Mohr, John W. 1994. Soldiers, Mothers, Tramps and others: Discourse Roles in the 1907 Charity Directory. Poetics 22: 327-58.

Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives Emirbayer, Mustafa and Jeff Goodwin. 1994. “Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 1411-54. Friedland, Roger and Robert Alford. 1991. “Bringing Society Back in: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” Pp. 223-62 In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Griswold, Wendy. 1987. “A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture.” Sociological Methodology 17: 1-35. Hannerz, Ulf. 1989. “Culture Between Center and Periphery: Toward a Macroanthropology.” Ethnos 54: 200-16.

9 Jepperson Ronald and . “What Properties of Culture should we Measure?” Poetics 22:359-71. Mohr, John. 1998. “Measuring Meaning Structures.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 345-70 Swidler, Ann. 1986. Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51: 273-86.

10 Reading List in Sociology of Organizations Classical and Overview Scott, W. Richard. 1987. Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1959. Bureaucratic and Craft Administration of Production: A Comparative Study. Administrative Science Quarterly 4: 168-187. Weber, Max. “Bureaucracy.” Part 2, chapter 7 in Gerth and Mills (eds.), From Max Weber, pp. 196-244.

Natural Models of Organization Gouldner, Alvin W. 1954. Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: Free Press, chapters 1-8. Selznick, Philip. 1957. Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press. Zald, Mayer N., and Patricia Denton. 1963. “From Evangelism to General Service: The Transformation of the YMCA.” Administrative Science Quarterly 8: 214-234.

Carnegie School Cohen, Michael D., James G. March and Johan P. Olsen. 1972. “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice” Administrative Science Quarterly 17, 1: 1-25. Cyert, Richard M., and James G. March. 1992 [1963]. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, chapters 3, 6, and 7. March, James G., and Herbert A. Simon. 1993 [1958]. Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, chapters 1-4.

Contingency Theory Lawrence, Paul D., and Jay W. Lorsch. 1967. “Differentiation and integration in complex organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly 12: 1-47. Lawrence, Paul D., and Jay W. Lorsch. 1967. Organizations and Environments: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, chapters 1-6, 8. Thompson, James D. 1967. Organizations in Action: Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, chapters 1-7.

Transaction Cost Economics and Its Critics Williamson, Oliver E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Anti-Trust Implication. New York: Free Press, chapters 1, 2, 5-8.

11 Granovetter, Mark S. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91: 481-510. Powell, Walter W. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” In B. Staw and L. Cummings, (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 295-336. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Resource Dependence Emerson, Richard M. 1962. “Power-Dependence Relations.” American Sociological Review 27: 31-41. Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Gerald R. Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row, chapters 2, 3, 5- 9. Lincoln, James R., Michael L. Gerlach, and Christina L. Ahmadjian. 1996. “Keiretsu Networks and Corporate Performance in Japan.” American Sociological Review 61: 67-88.

Social Networks Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, chapters 1-3. Davis, Gerald F. 1991. “Agents Without Principles? The Spread of the Poison Pill Through the Intercorporate Network.” Administrative Science Quarterly 36: 583- 613. Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360-1380. Uzzi, Brian. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.” American Sociological Review 61: 674-698.

New Institutionalism Abrahamson, Eric. 1991. “Managerial Fads and Fashions: The Diffusion and Rejection of Innovations.” Academy of Management Review 16: 586-612. Davis, Gerald F., Kristina A. Diekmann, and Catherine H. Tinsley. 1994. “The Decline and Fall of the Conglomerate Firm in the 1980s: The Deinstitutionalization of an Organizational Form.” American Sociological Review 59: 547-570. DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48: 147-160.

12 Dobbin, Frank R., John R. Sutton, John W. Meyer, and W. Richard Scott. 1993. “Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets.” American Journal of Sociology 99: 396-427. Edelman, Lauren B. 1992. “Legal Ambiguity and Symbolic Structures: Organizational Mediation of Civil Rights Law.” American Sociological Review 97: 1531-1576. Fligstein, Neil. 1985. “The Spread of the Multidivisional Form Among Large Firms, 1919-1979.” American Sociological Review 50: 377-391. Meyer, John W., and Brian Rowan. 1977. “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology 83: 340-363. Scott, W. Richard. 1995. Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, chapters 2-4, 6. Tolbert, Pamela S., and Lynne G. Zucker. 1983. “Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880- 1935.” Administrative Science Quarterly 28: 22-39. Zucker, Lynne G. 1977. “The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence.” American Sociological Review 42: 726-743.

Organizational Ecology Aldrich, Howard E. 1999. Organizations Evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, chapters 2, 3, 7. Carroll, Glenn R. 1985. “Concentration and Specialization: Dynamics of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 90: 1262-1283. Carroll, Glenn R., and Michael T. Hannan. 2000. The Demography of Corporations and Industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, chapters 2, 3. Hannan, Michael T., and John Freeman. 1977. “The Population Ecology of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 83: 929-964. Hannan, Michael T., and John Freeman. 1984. “Structural Inertia and Organizational Change.” American Sociological Review 49: 149-164. Haveman, Heather A. 1992. “Between a Rock and a Hard place: Organizational Change and Performance under Conditions of Fundamental Environmental Transformation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 48-75. Haveman, Heather A., and Hayagreeva Rao. 1997. “Structuring a Theory of Moral Sentiments: Institutional and Organizational Coevolution in the Early Thrift Industry.” American Journal of Sociology 102: 1606-1651. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In J. March (ed.), Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand-McNally, pp. 142-193. Swaminathan, Anand. 1995. “The Proliferation of Specialist Organizations in the American Wine Industry, 1941-1990.” Administrative Science Quarterly 40: 653- 680.

13 Organizational Demography Carroll, Glenn R., and J. Richard Harrison. 1998. “Organizational Demography and Culture: Insights from a Formal Model and Simulation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 43: 637-667. Hambrick, Donald C., Theresa Seung Cho, and Ming-Jer Chen. 1996. “The Influence of Top Management Team Heterogeneity on Firms’ Competitive Moves.” Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 659-684. Haveman, Heather A. 1995. “The Demographic Metabolism of Organizations: Industry Dynamics, Turnover, and Tenure Distributions.” Administrative Science Quarterly 40: 586-618. Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1983. “Organizational Demography.” In L. Cummings and B. Staw, (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 5: 299-357. Ryder, Norman B. 1965. “The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of .” American Sociological Review 30: 843-861. Williams, Katherine Y., and Charles A. O’Reilly. 1998. “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research.” In B. Staw and L. Cummings, (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 20: 77-140.

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