557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 1

River of History

A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 2 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 3

River of History

A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi

National River and Recreation Area

By John O. Anfinson

National Park Service

with contributions by

Thomas Madigan, Drew M. Forsberg

and Patrick Nunnally 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 4

Printed by St.Paul District, Corps of Engineers, 2003. 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 5

Table of Contents

List of Figures ...... 6

Acknowledgments ...... 9

Preface ...... 11

Chapter 1 ...... 21 The Geology of the MNRRA Corridor

Chapter 2...... 39 Early Native American Life in the MNRRA Corridor

Chapter 3 ...... 53 Discovery and Dispossession

Chapter 4...... 75 Transforming the River I: Commerce and Navigation Improvements, 1823-1906

Chapter 5...... 95 Transforming the River II: Commerce, Navigation Improvements and Hydroelectric Power, 1907-1963

Chapter 6...... 117 St. Anthony Falls: Timber, Flour and Electricity

Chapter 7...... 139 The Patterns of Agriculture, Commerce, Industry and Transportation

Chapter 8...... 163 Settlement and Urban Residential Development Along the River, 1841-1950

Epilogue ...... 179 Novel and Familiar Places

Selected Bibliography ...... 182

Endnotes...... 188 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 6

List of Figures

Cover FIGURE 4. Native American petroglyphs from City of St. Paul, 1853. Carver’s Cave. FIGURE 5. Zebulon Pike. Preface FIGURE 6. Stephen Long. FIGURE 7. II, Cetanwakanmani. FIGURE 1. Looking upstream at Daytons Bluff and FIGURE 8. about 1848. St. Paul. FIGURE 9. . FIGURE 2. Map of The Mississippi National River and FIGURE 10. St. Paul, 1848. Recreation Area. FIGURE 11. Red Rock and Fawn’s Leap.

FIGURE 12. Little Crow. Chapter 1 FIGURE 1. River Warren Falls.

FIGURE 2. Map of the MNRRA corridor. Chapter 4 FIGURE 1. St. Paul, 1853. FIGURE 3. Generalized bedrock stratigraphy of the upper FIGURE 2. Map of the MNRRA corridor, 1823-1906. valley. FIGURE 3. Wreck of the Quincy. FIGURE 4. Map of the preglacial bedrock valleys in the FIGURE 4. Major General Gouverneur K. Warren. Twin Cities area. FIGURE 5. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad FIGURES 5a-h. Glacial phases in . Bridge, Hastings, Minn., 1885. FIGURE 6. Advance of the Grantsburg Sublobe. FIGURE 6. Oliver Kelley.

FIGURE 7. William Windom.

Chapter 2 FIGURE 8. Pigs Eye Island before and after closing dam FIGURE 1. Native Americans fishing from a canoe construction. FIGURE 2. Clovis Point. FIGURE 9. Wing dam construction. FIGURE 3. Late Paleo-Indian point. FIGURE 10. Channel constriction at Pine Bend, FIGURE 4. Early Woodland ceramic vessel fragment. Minnesota, 1891. FIGURE 5. Reconstructed Middle Woodland vessel. FIGURE 11. Meeker Island Lock and Dam. FIGURE 6. Late Woodland ceramic types. FIGURE 7. Blue Earth Oneota vessel fragments. Chapter 5 FIGURE 8.Generalized distribution of Native American FIGURE 1. Lock and Dam No. 1 under construction. groups during the mid-1600s. FIGURE 2. Map of the MNRRA corridor, 1907-1963.

FIGURE 3. Timber raft and raftboat near Wabasha Street Chapter 3 Bridge in St. Paul, 1900. FIGURE 1. Antoine Auguelle and Father Louis Hennepin FIGURE 4. C. A. Smith Lumber Mill.

at St. Anthony Falls. FIGURE 5. Theodore Roosevelt.

FIGURE 2. St. Paul, 1853. FIGURE 6. Lower St. Anthony Falls Dam and FIGURE 3. Map of the MNRRA corridor, 1680-1854. Hydroelectric Station.

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FIGURE 7. Lock and Dam No. 1. FIGURE 5. Frank A. Johnson brickyard, 1904.

FIGURE 8. First lockage, Lock and Dam No. 2, Hastings, FIGURE 6. St. Paul Roller Mill Company, St. Paul, June 27, 1930. 1881.

FIGURE 9. Lower St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam under FIGURE 7. Farmers Union Grain Terminal Association, construction. 1955.

FIGURE 10. Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock under FIGURE 8. Cattle pen, South St. Paul Stockyards, 1930.

construction. FIGURE 9. Meuller and Heinrick’s Brewery,

FIGURE 11. Early Coon Rapids Dam. , 1880.

FIGURE 10. Point Douglas Ferry, 1902. Chapter 6 FIGURE 11. Railroads at St. Paul, 1931. FIGURE 12. Mississippi River Bridge at Anoka, 1905. FIGURE 1. Reconstructing St. Anthony Falls.

FIGURE 2. Hermann J. Meyer Lithograph of St. Anthony Falls. Chapter 8 FIGURE 3. engraving of St. Anthony Falls. FIGURE 1. Minneapolis skyline over the Mississippi

FIGURE 4. Franklin Steele. River gorge.

FIGURE 5. St. Anthony Falls, 1859. FIGURE 2. Panoramic Map of Anoka.

FIGURE 6. West side platform mills at St. Anthony Falls, FIGURE 3. Village of St. Anthony, 1851.

about 1870. FIGURE 4. Hastings, 1850.

FIGURE 7. Eastman Tunnel collapse, Hennepin Island, FIGURE 5. , Minneapolis, 1880.

1870. FIGURE 6. Gathering wood at Bohemian Flats, 1887.

FIGURE 8. Map of Eastman Tunnel disaster and repair FIGURE 7. Little Italy on the Upper Levee, St. Paul.

work. FIGURE 8. East River Road, Fridley, 1945.

FIGURE 9. Flour mills along the west side canal at St. Anthony Falls, 1885. Epilogue FIGURE 10. Great Northern, Stone Arch Bridge, 1884. FIGURE 1. Wingdams below Ninninger, Minn., 1891. FIGURE 11. Diagram of first commercial hydroelectric FIGURE 2. Wingdams below Ninninger, Minn., 1891, central plant in the country, 1882. detail. FIGURE 12. William de la Barre.

FIGURE 13. , Minneapolis.

Chapter 7 FIGURE 1. Downtown St. Paul on the Mississippi River.

FIGURE 2. Mississippi River Commission Map, 1895.

FIGURE 3. Log drivers and log jam above St. Anthony Falls, 1881.

FIGURE 4. Bluff top stone quarry, St. Paul, 1885.

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Acknowledgments

he Mississippi National River and Finally, the trained and experienced archivists at the Recreation Area (MNRRA), National Park Minnesota Historical Society and the National Archives in Service, and the St. Paul District, Corps of Chicago, Illinois, and Washington, D.C., guided me through TEngineers, cooperated to make this study possible, sharing endless shelves of historic documents to the manuscript staff and funding for this work. Personnel from both agen- collections I needed. I owe a special debt to the Minnesota cies helped facilitate a seamless research, writing and publi- Historical Society, for most of the images for this report cation process. MNRRA’s superintendent, JoAnn M. Kyral, come from the society’s archives. and St. Paul District Engineers, Colonels J. M. Wonsik and Under contract, Susan and Dennis Feigenbaum, Kenneth S. Kasprisin recognized the value of this study to Feigenbaum Design Group, provided the design and layout both agencies and provided the leadership to see it through. work. Their immense talents have yielded a product that is Bob Post, the chief of Engineering and Planning for the St. aesthetically appealing and presents the many historical Paul District, in particular, made the partnership work from images with power and clarity. the Corps side.

A number of former and current employees of the St. J OHN O. ANFINSON Paul District, deserve special thanks, including Bob Whiting, David E. Berwick, Jane Carroll, Brad Johnson, and Matt Pearcy. I drew on the expertise and knowledge of Jean Schmidt, librarian, and Al Santo, map collection librarian, many, many times. Both thoroughly know their respective collections at the St. Paul District. employees also contributed to this study. Kate Hanson, manager for MNRRA’s Stewardship Team,not only made the partnership with the Corps work well, she provided substantive comments and edited the entire manuscript. Don Stevens, senior historian for the Midwest Region Office of the National Park Service reviewed early chapters and offered valuable comments. Without the research and work on the graphics for this study by Sharon Woods and Sara Dummer, the production would have taken much longer.

9 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 10

FIGURE 1. Looking upstream at Daytons Bluff and St. Paul. Artist: Ferdinand Uebel. Minnesota Historical Society. 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 11

Preface River of History

dled with the current, they came to the great falls of the Mississippi, which Hennepin named for his patron saint, Anthony of Padua. Here they witnessed a Dakota ceremony to Oanktehi, the spirit of the falls. The Dakota pleaded for safe passage and success in their battles and headed down- n about March 19, 1680, one hundred and twen- stream. The Frenchmen and some Dakota continued down- ty Dakota warriors beached their canoes at the river well past the mouth of the St. Croix, but did not find mouth of Phalen Creek, just below downtown St. de la Salle. The party then headed back to Mille Lacs. Just OPaul. Daytons Bluff, with it large, ancient burial mounds, below the St. Croix, they met Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du loomed above them to their right. To their left rose the hills Luth (who later claimed he rescued them). In late and lowlands on which St. Paul rests today. The Dakota had September, the Frenchmen left the Dakota.1 sallied far down the Mississippi River to attack the Miami The encounter between the Dakota and the French Indians of Illinois. They returned not with Indian prisoners marked a new epoch in the history of the upper Mississippi but three Frenchmen: Michael Accault, Antoine Auguelle and and in the history of what is now the Twin Cities metropoli- Father Louis Hennepin. The captives had been traveling up tan area. For 10,000 years Native Americans had had the the Mississippi hoping to be the first Europeans to discover river to themselves. From March 1680 forward, Europeans the river’s source and the fabled Northwest Passage, the all- and then Americans would increasingly define human inter- water route to the Far East. They were part of an expedition action and the river’s physical and ecological character. The headed by the explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle. De Dakota and their predecessors left many historically impor- la Salle, however, had been called back from his base camp tant places telling of their presence. Europeans and near Peoria, Illinois, to Montreal, . The Dakota did Americans would begin adding their own places. not give the Frenchmen time to contemplate their landing Transformed though it is, the place below Daytons Bluff site, as they destroyed the Frenchmens’ canoes and hurried where Hennepin, Accault and Auguelle landed is the first of overland to their villages around Mille Lacs Lake. these and deeply historic (Figure 1). On July 1, 1680, the Dakota, taking the Frenchmen This historic resources study focuses on the archeologi- along, left their villages to hunt buffalo in southwestern cal and historic resources in that part of the Twin Cities Minnesota. Traveling in small groups, they rendezvoused at the Rum River’s mouth, at what is now Anoka. Hennepin and Auguelle received permission to continue downstream to find de la Salle, who was to have sent supplies and rein- forcements. Accault stayed with the hunters. As they pad-

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FIGURE 2. The 72-mile-long Mississippi National River and Recreation

Area extends from the confluence of the Crow and Mississippi Rivers at

Dayton and Ramsey, south to the Vermillion River bottoms in Ravenna

Township, just below Hastings.

12 Preface • RIVER OF HISTORY plan- than others. others. than

nagers, ed e ma ughly examin gned to serv to gned nformation for the MNRRA corridor and synthe- and corridor MNRRA the for nformation e historic resources study is also supposed to “syn- to study is also supposed resources e historic ithin NPS, the for study is done resources a historic ations. Each chapter of this study provides a reference of this study provides chapter ations. Each unit of the National Park system. According to NPS to According system. Park National unit of the W Th Chapter 1,Chapter the figuratively, and literally establishes

it will take many years. We have compiled an inventory compiled have We many years. it will take t “a dynamic part of our heritage” part of our “a dynamic t been, it has will lead loc

ng for its resources will follow from knowing the river’s the knowing from will follow its resources ng for

rview of a park or region and identifies and evaluates the evaluates and identifies and region of a park or rview public as a reference for the history of the region and the and region of the history the for public as a reference e significance of historical and cultural resources in the resources cultural and of historical e significance r; there are far too many. The goal is to offer general con- offer general is to goal The r; many. far are too there r as of January 1998,r as of January the from available will be which rk’s cultural resources within historic contexts.” within historic resources cultural rk’s Historic e

ntext defines a site’s significance. This study cannot pro- study cannot This significance. a site’s defines ntext ch sources within park.” the sources cultural all available gather To xts in which we can place most of the corridor’s sites. corridor’s most of the place can we xts in which ze te rst purpose is clear. Understanding the river better and better river the Understanding is clear. rst purpose isciplines in desi a narrative ari vide the specific context for every historic site in corri- site the historic every for context specific the vide do te thoro more are Some contexts guidance, “A historic resource study provides a historical study provides guidance, resource historic “A ov pa co Th fi c in played have sites and places various role the and history Likewise, history, knowing river’s the history. knowing that wha it is and a legacy what realize it and for care to people more be. to will continue ea thesize all available cultural resources information from all information from resources cultural all available thesize d ners, interpreters, specialists, resource cultural interest- and ed re resources i si of all known archeological and historic sites within corri- the sites historic and archeological of all known do know to Office on a need Preservation Historic Minnesota loca- site specific protects law preservation basis. Historic tions, cultur- and planners to available generally are but they Historical Minnesota The as needed. specialists al resources for repository Office is the Preservation Historic Society’s si for the history of the region and the corridor and offers both and corridor the and region of the history the for resources. corridor’s information on the general and specific Overall, audience. a general for study is written the history, corri- the for corridor’s MNRRA of the foundation 3 cheologi- his study T 2 terpret ar in . It also extends four miles up the miles four . It also extends of such resources. resources. of such (Figure 2) (Figure ion, and enhancement of these resources for ion, resources of these enhancement and hancement hips with the river as a dynamic part of our heritage, of our part as a dynamic hips with the river our al, ethnographic, resources.” historic and ds the story of the MNRRA corridor’s significance. It significance. corridor’s MNRRA of the story ds the Congress established the Mississippi National River and Mississippi the River National established Congress “PURPOSE: Preserve, enhance, and Acknowledging the importance of the corridor’s cultur- corridor’s of the importance the Acknowledging c understanding of the the public’s “PURPOSE: Improve of its resources.” stewardship public promote and river relation- strengthen people’s and “PURPOSE: Recognize s quality of life, future generations.” for legacy our and n w Hastings urce.”And, in preser- the interest is a national There “(2) nts that tell much about our national development. development. national our about much tell nts that the Vermillion River bottoms in Ravenna Township, just in Ravenna bottoms River Vermillion the rk Service corridor extends from the confluence of the confluence the from extends corridor rk Service lo pa e

Minnesota River valley. The corridor covers some 54,000 covers corridor The valley. River Minnesota local, of stories and with places filled are that region- acres al, national, significance. international even and Park National as a unit of the (MNRRA) Area Recreation 18, (NPS) on November System 100-696). 1988 (PublicLaw so,In doing stated: Congress Mississippi River The “(1) Metropolitan within Saint the Paul-Minneapolis Corridor significant historical, a nationally represents Area recreation- al, scenic, cultural, natural, economic, scientific and reso vation, protect States.” United of the people of the benefit the be metropolitan area now included in Mississippi the National included now area metropolitan This 72-mile-long, Area. and River Recreation National Pa Ramsey, and at Dayton Mississippi and south Rivers Crow to also identifies and provides the context for many sites of local many sites for context the provides and also identifies significance, regional and and processes illustrate that sites ev ex al resources, Commission Coordinating Mississippi the River Public by Law planning commission established (a MNRRA 1998) dedicated in November sunset which 100-696 and identification, the to of its six guiding purposes three preser- vation and en 13 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 13 Page AM 7:57 8/5/03 557016_Book_r 557016_Book_r 8/5/037:57AMPage14

RIVER OF HISTORY: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area W and widespread Hopewell Culture (belonging to the Middle mounds contained associated artifacts withthe well-known the corridor. Excavated the nineteenth in the century, Daytons occupy settings Bluff in oneofthe mostdramatic beforeMississippi Europeans arrived. The mounds burial on the MNRRA corridor that provide along the oflife glimpses American history. Important archeological sites exist within to spreadsplain across the valley floor. Below the fallsdown the riverbanks. line bluffs Nosprawling flood-imposing Ramsey. Here the used prairie to runupto the river. No re dr T do oc lay lo fragments surviving ofthe broad floodplain are eco- Here, RiverMississippi Valley below the Minnesota River’s mouth. Warren ap a floodplain. Below St.Paul get the bluffs higher and spread allowing room crowdthe little bluffs for the against river, in the entire river. This stretch isknown asthe gorge. Here ot e followed later bythrough and the British region, American French furtraders spread quicklyHennepin’s 1680, in visit Europeans and Americans entered the region. After Father te wroteConsulting Chapters 1and 2oncontract. present (B.P.)). The Institute for Minnesota Archaeology h hpea Dakota and other tribes tothe focus Chippewa, onthe we there isenough totheir say earliest they presence remains, xplorers and furtraders. Traders introduced gunsand his chapter explains why River the Mississippi has three ms in the MNRRAms in corridor would change as dramatically ach runsfrom St. Anthony Falls north to Dayton and gi

her ood am c a r’s geologic history has closely defined itshumanhistory. St. Paul, the Mississippi enters the Mississippi itsmostconfined reach on St. Paul, re er upying the MNRRAupying corridor. While evidence little of rt, hinting atthe force hinting created by the glacial River rt, c

lyrc. nsm lcsaogtecrio,geologically rich. Insomeplaces along the corridor, ,mlin fyasod lay exposed to see and touch. ofyears millions old, s, stels lcesrtetd NativeAs the last glaciersAmericans retreated, began Native American River’s and the Mississippi life ecosys- her atically different reaches the corridor. in The upper

la goo nd as itsculpted the Minnesota River Valley and the e. Chapter 2reviews over 12,000years ofNative ds that upset the balance of power. They induced

r,which dated 2,000to 1,500years before theEra, and international events and processes. the events ofthisera (1680-1851)represent national 3, the Dakota out ofthe MNRRA corridor. Covered Chapter in the Americans forced mostof 1815.Inonly36years, ty in wo the decimation ofmanyspecies. The changes moststriking fundamental ways their traditional economies and spurring lentv oriras Congress authorized thealternative 4 to railroads, co merce. Responding to anational movement for railroad rate to Th pioneersthe swiftly movedTreaties in. of1837and 1851, numbers. As the Dakota and Chippewa lost their lands in co itsignaled anew era. Now tradersIn doing so, and settlers pad en from the river’s itwas not banks. While thiswork helped, begin to improvements. this studydevotes two chapters (4and 5)to navigation Riverthe Mississippi more than anyforce since the glaciers, these projects would physically and ecologically transform reg projects the tie Twin Cities and the MNRRA corridor to large r improvements to provide competition and hopefully reduce settlers demanded navigation and throughout the region, Fo tion improvements before success. withlittle the Civil War, be ozeo adnhs en ihee on soitcouldnozzle onagarden tightened hosebeing down, thefocused like the river’s current channel, into asingle projected into the river from the shoreline. andThey brush, made ofrock dams. and dams closing wing The dams, wing ch ailroad rates. Their successful to efforts navigation win

uld enter the region much more quickly greater and in av ntrol and regional to efforts make the river acompetitive annel 1878. the in Corps usedTo achieve thisdepth, lwn h a,asrailroads expandedllowing the war, across the river ou h eto h ol,and they began for calling naviga-the rest ofthe world, e Mississippi was the settlers’ primary highway primary from and wase Mississippi the settlers’ uld come after the Americans established their sovereign- ional and national events. For thisreason and because dle up the Mississippi Riverdle upthe Mississippi from St.Louis to St.Paul. er gh In 1823the In 1866Congress authorized the Corps ofEngineers , muskrat and other fur

to rdig remodredging,

make the Mississippi areliablemake highway the Mississippi for com- Virg inia ving snagsving and clearing trees back beca be me the steamboat first to aring nml,changing in animals, 1 / 2 -foot 14 Preface • RIVER OF HISTORY it repre- history of history lers To sett 5 amines the the amines ex nation’s leading lumber s above St. Anthony Falls (RM Falls Anthony St. s above le mi 2 / 1 Chapter 5 looks briefly at this history, 5 looks as Chapter ng center. Chapter 6 Chapter ng center. 4 houses, were storehouses shops and carpenters

make Minneapolis into the the Minneapolis into make ew opment from flour and timber milling making timber brick and flour to from opment St. Anthony Falls anchors the MNRRA corridor’s MNRRA the anchors Anthony Falls St. Chapter 7 outlines the MNRRA corridor’s economic corridor’s MNRRA outlines 7 the Chapter only at not important milling timber and were Flour l me a “landmark in wilderness.” “landmark the me a s ago through its heyday as a timber and flour milling flour and as a timber its heyday through s ago ,n rview of significant events and developments. developments. and of significant events rview rkers, theater, a movie and hall dance added company the ll. tional significance. The only large cataract on the cataract only large The significance. tional e ve ople to the river. Unlike Chapter 6, Unlike Chapter river. the on eco- to ople focused which rridor’s multi-modal transportation system and how that how and system transportation multi-modal rridor’s ar nter to rival any back East. In this role, any back rival to nter Anthony St. es pproximately 16 pproximately built.” of 1,000 prediction the exceeded and city met As the wo billiard parlor. 853.9). To build the dam, the build To 853.9). Mississippi Power Northern the a camp,Company established on the “little city,” a out, laid were “Streets in bank 1913. east Mississippi’s a store, clubhouse, hospital, office buildings, school, dormito- ri a sented a different kind of power, a power that when cap- when that kind of power, a different a power sented of a milling foundation economic the become would tured ce would we na Mississippi of spirituality River, a place Anthony was St. it explorers early To Americans. Native to power and beca and flour milli flour and 12,000 over its birth in St. Paul from Falls Anthony St. ye 1930. after its abandonment hub to de of the development the It also surveys brewing. beer and co area’s of the Mississippi relation the the and changed system pe Anthony Falls, at St. at nomic 7 looks development Chapter and Dayton industry from of business and growth the histo- economic corridor’s MNRRA The Hastings. to Ramsey in in depth any covered be to varied and broad ry is far too an provide is to purpose of this chapter The one chapter. ov falls;the millsduring had corridor in the most communities the not milling timber and were Flour years. earliest their At significant businesses. nationally and only regionally arious rminals the v the where te where movements for for movements e history of these projects. of these e history e the falls, ov ab amines th amines amines the the amines ex e most dramatic physical and ecological changes in changes ecological and e most dramatic physical not be hemmed in by the bluffs of the gorge. The bluffs gorge. the of the in by hemmed be not Th Navigation boosters did not stop with these projects. with these stop did not boosters Navigation nsely constricted reaches on the upper Mississippi. upper on the reaches constricted nsely cting all available water to the main channel. By 1906 main channel. the to water cting all available r between Hastings and St. Paul became one of the most one of the became Hastings St. Paul and r between ically altered the river’s landscape and ecosystems from ecosystems and landscape river’s the altered ically vigation projects and the effect these projects had on had projects these effect the and vigation projects annel project. Under this project the Corps added more added Corps the this project Under project. annel annel constriction (as the Engineers called this work) had this work) Engineers called (as the constriction annel Anthony St. up to appearance and flow river’s the ange hile Lock and Dam 1 allowed boats and barges to reach St. reach to barges and boats Dam and 1 allowed Lock hile te re ve alls. Chapter 4 alls. Chapter gain responded to the calls for navigation improvement. In improvement. navigation for calls the to gain responded the Mississippi River occurred from St. Anthony Falls down- Anthony Falls St. from occurred Mississippithe River interests, Private stream. however, built one important in 1914, Completed falls. the above structure Coon the segments physically and history Rapids Dam a unique has mile (RM) 866.3, dam lies at river The corridor. upper the na river. the In 1907, 6-foot the authorize to Congress convinced they ch wing closing dams and dams, dams, height of old the raised The channel. the some wing into dams farther extended and ri Anthony Falls, long had boosters Minneapolis navigation the boats get to hoped would this Under dream. city’s the fulfilled Project Harbor Upper Lock Anthony Falls project, St. Lower the finished Corps the in Lock Anthony Falls St. Dam Upper and in the 1956 and 5 ex 1963. Chapter in So naviga- Still, river. the from traffic away drew railroads dams. Congress and locks more for pushed tion boosters a 1917, the 1 near Dam and No. Lock completed Corps the border,Minneapolis-St. Paul in and 1930, com- Corps the dams perma- These 2 at Hastings. Dam and No. Lock pleted character. ecological and physical river’s the changed nently W scour away sandbars. Closing dams blocked side channels, side sandbars. Closing dams blocked away scour di ch rad By 1907, Louis. St. to St. Paul the completed had Corps the on Lock work begun Dam had and and Lock Island Meeker dams,These 1. Dam St. Paul,and No. above both would ch F 15 557016_Book_r 8/5/03 7:57 AM Page 15 Page AM 7:57 8/5/03 557016_Book_r 557016_Book_r 8/5/037:57AMPage16

RIVER OF HISTORY: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area upon which subsequent developments make more sense. en to necessary. You do not need to read thisstudyfrom beginning most readers. We butsomeis have tried to soften the jargon, present tohistory, manyterms and unfamiliar information M upon depending ers, ry draws onallthese stories. how they related to the river. Sothe corridor’s urbanhisto- de improvements and economic activities allplayed arole in e ter in M c whe th aspects ofeconomic history are discussed Chapter in 7. ca na w and to cast the detriment animal ofthe river’s ecosystems, do provide analternative to railroads asaway to keep rates Shippers depended uponthe river to or haul to their grain transportation and power and to carry their wastes away. where the ri ya W f in andMinneapolis St.Paul. and trading Grain the stockyards le rssc sCri,Pae,Sit ror uay and Cudahy, Armour, Peavey, Swift, irms such asCargil, muiy vr iefotnihoho,along the every riverfrontommunity, neighborhood, xploration xploration ve ast three nationally recognized beers had their start in astes into the Mississippi. And brewers used the valley’s RAsgooy n hpe ,onNativeNRRA’s American pre- geology, and Chapter 2, NRRA corridor. Urbanhistory the MNRRA in corridor is ve timately tied to the history presented preceding in chap-

e ilson. r te n Tesokad,to the ofpeople chagrin wn. downstreamThe stockyards, tu St. Paul alsoattracted or yielded nationally recognized s. Geology the and Native geography, American presence, s rwn,and other industries depended uponthe brewing, ds, MNRRA corridor. It r, rmining wher rmining n and why. Itisnot and cannot be ahistory ofevery rns into to the bluffs store their beer. All ofthese r d. However, the early chapters provide afoundation Th Some chapters thisstudyare more in complex than oth- Chapter 8focuses onthe process ofurbangrowth in lu n ubrmlig ri hpig the stock- shipping, grain Flour and lumber milling, al sandstone caves or excavated their own tunnels and at least initially. The river’s geologic history defined eut fti td efimCnrs’decision to e results ofthisstudyreaffirm Congress’ se businesses n al iiayojcie,navigation objectives, and early military on oae,hwfs hyge,and how fastthey grew, e towns located, your your located. use Millers ex akrud Catr1 on background. Chapter 1, amines what to wns began d theriver for where, ea and will helpbothm and will im produced jointly Engineers thisstudy. The fulfills study Corps of ParkNational Service and theSt.Paul District, and desires shaped the region and reshaped the river. si drea or steel. regional and national trendsThey embody the local, ar t da Area. From the glacial River Warren to the latest lock and es ly cannot forg c ant they define whoweant they define ar m rm what and what we we have painful- to celebrate, ome from, nc ta oeta rhooia riat,wo,concrete or wood, e more than archeological artifacts,

r ,thisarea harbors places withstories sorich and impor- m, portant historic preservation requirements for bothagencies ev yErpa n mrcnsts and existing structures ly European and American sites, blish the Mississippi National River the Mississippi blish and Recreation e the region’s and about beginnings how thosedreams ms and desires people the Midwest in have harbored e T nts that gave birthto them. They tell stories about the he Mississippi River National and Recreation Area, e t. The remnants ofNati anage t e asapeople, he MississippiRiv ve where we have Americ er

better. an vil lages, 16