314 BIRDS—THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Pearson, R. (1972) The Avian Brain. London and New York: Academic Press. Pohlman, A.G. (1921) The position and functional interpretation of the elastic liga- ments in the middle-ear region of Gallus. J. Morph,, 35, 229-262. APPENDIX Portmann, A. (1961) Sensory organs: equilibration. In Biology and ComparatJM Physiology of Birds (Ed.) Marshall, A.J. Vol. II. New York and London: Academic Press. Pumphrey, R.J. (1961) Sensory organs: vision: hearing. In Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds (Ed.) Marshall, A.J. Vol. II. New York and London: Academic Press. Pycraft, W.P. (1910) A History of Birds. London: Methuen. Schwartzkopff. J. (1968) Structure and function of the ear and of the auditory brain areas in birds. In Hearing Mechanisms in Vertebrates (Ed.) de Reuck, A.V.S. 9 Knight, J. A Ciba Foundation Symposium. London: Churchiil. Schwartzkopff, J. (1973) Mechanoreception. In Avian Biology (Ed.) Farner, D.S. & King, J.R. Vol. III. 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Coereba flaveola Walls, G.L. (1942) The Vertebrate Eye. Bulletin no. 19. Michigan: Cranbrook Institute Blackbird Turdus merula of Science. Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus Wenzel, B.M. (1973) Chemoreception. In Avian Biology (Ed.) Farner, D.S. & King, J,R,- Bustard, Great Otis tar da Vol. III. New York and London: Academic Press. Wight, P.A.L., Burns, R.B., Rothwell, B. £ McKenzie, G.M. (1971) The Harderian gland Chaffinch of the domestic fowl. 1. Histology with reference to the genesis of plasma cells and Fringilla coelebs Russell bodies. J. Anat., 110, 307-315, Condor, Andean Vultur gryphus Zusi, R.L. & Bridge, D. (1981) On the slit pupil of the black skimmer (Rynchops nigtr), Coot, American Fulica americana J. Field Ormth., 52, 338-40. Cormorant, Great Phalacrocorax carbo Crossbill, Red Loxia curvirostra Crow, Common Corvus brachyrhynchos Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus Dipper, American Cinclus mexicanus Dove, Rock Columba livia Duck, Muscovy Cairina moschata Duck, Musk Biziura lobata Duck, Ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis Duck, Tufted Aythya fuligula Kagle, Steller's Sea Haliaeetus pelagicus Kagle, White-tailed Sea Haliaeetus albicilla Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae Kmrli, /dim |1 I ltuniiif1nl 1 Jivnlrr 316 BIRDS—THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION APPENDIX 317 Fulmar, Northern Fulrnarus glacialis Murre, Common Uria aalge Galah Eolophus roseicapillus Nightjar, European Caprimulgus europaeus Gannet Moms bassanus Goldcrest Regains regulus Oil-bird Steatornis caripensis Goose, Bar-headed Anser indicus Osprey Pandion haliaetus Goose, Canada Branta canadensis Ostrich Struthio catnelus Goose, Greylag Anser anser Owl, Barn Tyto alba Goose, Hawaiian Branta sandvicensis Owl, Boreal Aegolius funereus Goose, Magpie Anseranas semipatmata Owl, Little Athene noctua Goose, Spur-winged Plectropterus gambensis Owl, Long-eared Asio otus Grebe, Horned Podiceps auritus Owl, Tawny Strix aluco Grebe, Little Tachybaptus ruficollis Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus Grouse, Sage Centrocercus urophasianus Guineafowl, Helmet Numida meleagris Peafowl Pavo cristatus Gull, Herring Larus argentatus Pelican, European White Pelecanus onocrotalus Gull, Little Larus minutus Penguin, Adelie Pygoscelis adeliae Penguin, Emperor Aptenodytes forsteri Hawfinch Coccothraustes coeeothraustes Penguin, Jackass Spheniscus demersus Heron, Grey Ardea cinerea Penguin, King Aptenodytes patagonica Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin Plover, American Golden Pluvialis domimca Honeyeater, Singing Meliphaga uirescens Pochard, Common Aythya ferina Hoopoe Upupa epops Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus cupido Hummingbird, Sword-billed Ensifera enmfera Ptarmigan, Rock Lagopus mutus Hummingbird, Vervain Mellisuga minima Ptarmigan, Willow Lagopus lagopus Jackdaw Corvus monedula Quail, Japanese Coturnix japonica Jay, Blue Cyanocitta cristata Jay, Grey Perisoreus canadensis Raven Corvux corax Junglefowl, Red Gallus gallus Razorbill Alca tor da Rhea, Greater Rhea americana Kakapo Strigops habroptilus Robin, American Turdus migratorius Kestrel, American Falco sparverius Rook Corvus frugilegus Kestrel, Common Falco tinnunculus Kiwi, Brown Apteryx australis Sandgrouse, Pallas's Syrrhaptes paradoxus Kookaburra, Laughing Dacelo novaeguineae Scoter, White-winged Melanitta fusea Sea Eagle see Eagle Lapwing, Spur-winged Vanellus spinosus Secretary Bird Saggittarius serpentarius Loon, Common Gavia immer Shearwater, Sooty Puffinus griseus Shelduck Tadorna tadorna Macaw, Blue-and-yellow Ara ararauna Skimmer, Black Rhynchops niger Magpie, Common Pica pica Skylark Alauda arvensis Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Snipe, Painted Rostratula benghalensis Marabou Leptoptilos crumen iferux Sparrow, House Passer domesticus Meadowlark, Eastern Sturnella ma^na Sparrow, Savannah AmmodramuB sandwichensis Merganser, Hooded cucullatus Spjirrow, While luu laucophrys Mr realise i', Rod-brsaitad Sparrowhflwfa 318 BIRDS—THEIR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Starling, Common Sturnus vulgaris Starling, Wattled Creatophora cinerea Stork, Black Ciconia nigra Stork, Whale-headed Balaeniceps rex Storm Petrel, Leach's Oceanodroma leucorhoa Swallow, Barn Hirundo rustica Swan, Coscoroba Coscoroba coscoroba Swan, Mute Cygnus olor INDEX Swan, Whooper Cygnus cygnus Swift, Common Apits apus Turkey Meleagris gailopauo Note: principal page reference is indicated by italicti Woodcock, Eurasian Scolopax rusticola abdomen, 14 androgens, 151,169, 170, 203 Woodpecker, Green Picas viridis abdominal muscles, 57, 138 aneurism in turkeys, 219 abdominal sac, 132 angle of attack, 76 Woodpecker, Malaysian Grey- abnormalities of hindlimb, 71 angle of mouth, 10 breasted Hemicircus concretus abnormalities of vertebral column, 55 anisodacty! foot, 19 Woodpecker, Orange-backed Reinwardtipicus ualidus acceleration phase of testis, 170 ankle joint, 18,79,67 accessory adrenal glands, 208 annular pad of Ions, 290 Woodpecker, White-headed Picoides albolarvatus accessory brachial plexus, 268 anomalies of bill, 26 Wryneck Jynx torquilla accessory carotid body tissue, 208 anterior chamber of eye, 297 accessory genital glands, 171 antitrochanter, 65 accessory parathyroid glands, 205 antitrochanteric facet of femur, 66 accessory spleens, 234 aorta, 218 accommodation, 289 aortic bodies, 263 acetabulurn, 65 aortic plexus, 278 acoustic coupling of both ears, 308 aortic valve, 215 acoustic location, 303 apical interscalar canal, 305 acuity of taste, 312 apteria, 36 adaptations of tongue for feeding, 86 apterial muscles, 23 adaptive immunity, 225, 234 APUD system, 208, 209 adaptive radiation of birds, 5 aqueous humour, 288,297 adenohypophysis, 149,200 arachnoid granulations, 243 adrenal ganglia, 278 arachnoid mater, 237, 243 adrenal gland, 1YO, 208, 209 Archaeopteryx, 1, 19, 26, 31, 55, 62, 84 adrenal portal system, 208, 222 archistriatum, 241, 254,255 aerofoil, 75 arterial pressure, 215 afferent glnmerular arteriole, 181 arteriolae rectae, 182 aggregated lymphoid nodules, 234 arteriovenous anastomoses in skin, 27 air capillaries, 127, 138 arteriovenous shunt in lung, 141 air cell of egg, 159, 160 artery or arteries air-cooling in birds, 1 14 axial, of feather, 30 air pathways in lungs and air sacs, 139 brachial, 218 air sacculitis, 133 brachiocephalic, 218 air sac, histology, 135 carotid body, 208 air sacs, 131,139, 140 caudal mesenteric, 220 albumen formation, 153, 156 cerebral carotid, 218 albumen ligaments, 159 coeliac. 219 albumen of egg, 158 common carotid, 218 aldosterone, 209 coronary, 218 alula, 17,60,76 cranial mesenteric, 103, 220 alular patagitim, 17 cranial tibial, 220 amlm-ns miisclr, 70 digital, 218, 220 ampul In of scinirirniliiriliirl, 30!) external carotid, 219 I'xlci rial iliac, 220 amylaii, 89, in;, exleimil ..|>m M i mi, :^1H ;ui;r hirinil u Imr nl Iriniinil, 220 320 INDEX INDEX 321 artery or arteries contd. bill tip organ, 24, 259, 260 sternum, 56 central area of retina. 293 internal carotid, 52, 202,218 binocular vision, 284, 293 supra-angular, 47 centre of gravity, 67, 77 internal iliac, 221 bipolar cell, 292 supraoccipital, 46 cere, 25 intralobular, of kidney, 176,181 bird's nest soup, 89 synsacrum, 54 cerebellospinal tract, 242 ischiadic, 220 blastoderm, 157 tarsal, 67, 68 cerebellum, 248 lateral caudal, 221 blastodisc, 157 tarsometatarsus, 18, 68 bleeding poultry at slaughter, 222 feedback pathways, 247, 249, 250 metacarpal, 218 tibiotarsus, 67 flocculonodular node, 248 metatarsal, 220 blind spot, 292 ulna,59 blinking, 297 flocculus, 248 oesophagotracheobronchial, 208 vertebrae, 57,52,53 folia, 248 ovarian, 220 blood cells, 224 vomer, 45 histology, 249 ovario-oviduclal, 147, 220 blood coagulation,