DOCSLIB.ORG

Download/2014-Ghg-Emissions-From-Oil-Sands-Tailings-Ponds-Overview- And-Modelling-Based-On-Fermentable-Sub.Pdf (Accessed on 14 May 2021)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download/2014-Ghg-Emissions-From-Oil-Sands-Tailings-Ponds-Overview- And-Modelling-Based-On-Fermentable-Sub.Pdf (Accessed on 14 May 2021) minerals Review Geochemical Stability of Oil Sands Tailings in Mine Closure Landforms Heidi L. Cossey 1, Anya E. Batycky 1 , Heather Kaminsky 2 and Ania C. Ulrich 1,* 1 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada; [email protected] (H.L.C.); [email protected] (A.E.B.) 2 Centre for Oil Sands Sustainability, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT), Edmonton, AB T5G 0Y2, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-780-492-8293 Abstract: Oil sands surface mining in Alberta has generated over a billion cubic metres of waste, known as tailings, consisting of sands, silts, clays, and process-affected water that contains toxic organic compounds and chemical constituents. All of these tailings will eventually be reclaimed and integrated into one of two types of mine closure landforms: end pit lakes (EPLs) or terrestrial landforms with a wetland feature. In EPLs, tailings deposits are capped with several metres of water while in terrestrial landforms, tailings are capped with solid materials, such as sand or overburden. Because tailings landforms are relatively new, past research has heavily focused on the geotechnical and biogeochemical characteristics of tailings in temporary storage ponds, referred to as tailings ponds. As such, the geochemical stability of tailings landforms remains largely unknown. This review discusses five mechanisms of geochemical change expected in tailings landforms: consolidation, chemical mass loading via pore water fluxes, biogeochemical cycling, polymer degradation, and surface water and groundwater interactions. Key considerations and knowledge gaps with regard Citation: Cossey, H.L.; Batycky, A.E.; Kaminsky, H.; Ulrich, A.C. to the long-term geochemical stability of tailings landforms are identified, including salt fluxes Geochemical Stability of Oil Sands and subsequent water quality, bioremediation and biogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and the Tailings in Mine Closure Landforms. biogeochemical implications of various tailings treatment methods meant to improve geotechnical Minerals 2021, 11, 830. properties of tailings, such as flocculant (polyacrylamide) and coagulant (gypsum) addition. https://doi.org/10.3390/ min11080830 Keywords: reclamation; end pit lake; consolidation; biogeochemistry; methanogenesis; sulfur cycling; polyacrylamide; salt flux Academic Editors: Benoît Plante, Thomas Pabst and David Wilson Received: 18 June 2021 1. Introduction to Oil Sands Tailings Accepted: 28 July 2021 Published: 30 July 2021 Alberta, Canada is home to the third largest oil reserve in the world [1]. Most of Alberta’s oil is unconventional oil because it is trapped within oil sands and cannot be Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral extracted using the natural pressure differential created by drilling an oil well. Oil sands with regard to jurisdictional claims in consist of sand, silt, clay, water, and a heavy oil referred to as bitumen. Surface mining published maps and institutional affil- (ex situ recovery) is used to extract oil sands reserves with less than 75 m of overburden, iations. while deeper reserves must be extracted using in situ recovery methods (not discussed here) [1,2]. Oil sands exist beneath approximately 142,200 km2 of land in Alberta and are situated in three distinct regions: Peace River, Athabasca, and Cold Lake [1]. The Athabasca region, situated in northeastern Alberta, is the only region in Alberta in which oil sands ore can be extracted through surface mining. Surface mining is advantageous where possible Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. because it results in significantly greater bitumen recovery than in situ recovery methods [3]. This article is an open access article However, surface mining also requires more land disturbance and results in large volumes distributed under the terms and of waste, known as tailings, which consist of sand, silt, clay, oil sands process-affected conditions of the Creative Commons water (OSPW), and unrecovered bitumen. Surface mining in the Athabasca oil sands has 2 3 Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// disturbed approximately 895 km of land and created over 1.3 billion m of tailings [1,4]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Tailings are temporarily stored above ground in dams referred to as tailings ponds but 4.0/). eventually must be reclaimed and integrated into mine closure landforms. Minerals 2021, 11, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080830 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2021, 11, 830 2 of 39 Alberta’s oil sands operate under a zero-effluent discharge policy [5]. Approximately 80 to 85% of OSPW generated during surface mining can be recovered and recycled back into the extraction process [6]. The remainder of the OSPW cannot be recovered because it is trapped between mineral grains in the tailings and in its place, fresh water from the Athabasca River is used in the extraction process. The water holding capacity of tailings contributes to a number of tailings management and reclamation challenges, such as physical and geochemical stability, tailings impoundment volumes, and land use requirements. Some of the other key environmental issues associated with oil sands tailings include OSPW toxicity [7–9], biogenic greenhouse gas emissions, namely methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)[10–15], and potential seepage of OSPW from tailings into underlying clay till and sand channel sediments [16]. Tailings accumulation and land use has prompted concerns from stakeholders over the permanency of tailings ponds, while toxicity and potential contamination of the surrounding environment from OSPW has raised questions over whether tailings reclamation can be achieved [17]. To date, there have been limited reclamation certificates issued for oil sands sites and none in relation to tailings. A lack of certified, reclaimed land is a representation of the time it takes for tailings to be reclaimed, and the limited knowledge that currently exists for their reclamation. The geochemical stability of tailings is intricately connected with tailings manage- ment and reclamation and is key to the long-term success of tailings landforms. Tailings geochemistry varies with each oil sands ore deposit and operator. Currently, there are four oil sands companies operating surface mines in Alberta: Suncor Energy Inc. (Sun- cor), Syncrude Canada Ltd. (Syncrude), Canadian Natural Upgrading Ltd. (CNUL) and Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. (CNRL) (CNUL and CNRL are collectively referred to as Canadian Natural), and Imperial Oil Resources Ltd. (Imperial), listed in order from oldest to newest surface mining operations. Each operator uses different tailings treatment methods and generates tailings with unique geochemical characteristics. This variability presents additional challenges to operators and regulators in predicting and assessing the long-term geochemical stability of tailings in closure landforms. Because tailings land- forms are a relatively recent development, research to date has heavily focused on the biogeochemistry and geotechnical stability of tailings in tailings ponds. As such there are significant knowledge gaps surrounding the long-term geochemical stability of tailings in closure landforms. This review focuses on five mechanisms of geochemical change that are expected to have the greatest impact on the geochemical stability of tailings in closure landforms: consolidation, chemical mass loading via pore water fluxes, biogeochemical cycling, polymer degradation, and surface water and groundwater interactions. This review identifies key considerations and knowledge gaps surrounding the geochemical stability of tailings in closure landforms to direct future research and development, reduce the long-term environmental impacts of mine closure practices, and moderate the economic and environmental liabilities associated with oil sands tailings reclamation. 1.1. Tailings Generation Bitumen is extracted from surface mined oil sands ore using the Clark Hot Water Process (HWP) patented by Dr. Karl Clark in 1929 [2]. The process has since been im- proved to achieve a recovery of greater than 90% from high grade ore containing > 10 wt% bitumen [18]. In HWP, caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and hot water are mixed with crushed oil sands ore, allowing bitumen to froth and float to the surface of primary and secondary separation vessels while solids settle to the bottom [19]. NaOH addition promotes bitumen recovery by increasing the pH of the crushed ore mixture and causing or- ganic acids that are naturally present in bitumen to become water-soluble surfactants [2,20]. This effectively reduces surface and interfacial tensions in the mixture and causes the ore structure to disintegrate. However, while NaOH addition is beneficial for bitumen recovery, it also produces tailings that are difficult to process. Because of the reduced interfacial tensions, NaOH addition produces water-in-bitumen emulsions and dispersion of clays [2]. The water-in-bitumen emulsions must undergo further treatment (froth treatment) to sep- Minerals 2021, 11, 830 3 of 39 arate the bitumen. The organic acids released from bitumen during the HWP are called naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs), which are a broad family of polar organic carboxylic acids, some of which are acutely and chronically toxic to a number of aquatic organisms [9,21–25]. While the bitumen froth undergoes froth treatment with a diluent to reduce bitumen viscosity and enhance separation,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Volume 2: Baseline, Section 13: Traditional Land Use September 2011 Volume 2: Baseline Studies Frontier Project Section 13: Traditional Land Use
    R1 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 T113 R19 R18 R17 R16 Devil's Gate 220 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 ! T112 Fort Chipewyan Allison Bay 219 T111 Dog Head 218 T110 Lake Claire ³ Chipewyan 201A T109 Chipewyan 201B T108 Old Fort 217 Chipewyan 201 T107 Maybelle River T106 Wildland Provincial Wood Buffalo National Park Park Alberta T105 Richardson River Dunes Wildland Athabasca Dunes Saskatchewan Provincial Park Ecological Reserve T104 Chipewyan 201F T103 Chipewyan 201G T102 T101 2888 T100 Marguerite River Wildland Provincial Park T99 1661 850 Birch Mountains T98 Wildland Provincial Namur River Park 174A 33 2215 T97 94 2137 1716 T96 1060 Fort McKay 174C Namur Lake 174B 2457 239 1714 T95 21 400 965 2172 T94 ! Fort McKay 174D 1027 Fort McKay Marguerite River 2006 Wildland Provincial 879 T93 771 Park 772 2718 2926 2214 2925 T92 587 2297 2894 T91 T90 274 Whitemud Falls T89 65 !Fort McMurray Wildland Provincial Park T88 Clearwater 175 Clearwater River T87Traditional Land Provincial Park Fort McKay First Nation Gregoire Lake Provincial Park T86 Registered Fur Grand Rapids Anzac Management Area (RFMA) Wildland Provincial ! Gipsy Lake Wildland Park Provincial Park T85 Traditional Land Use Regional Study Area Gregoire Lake 176, T84 176A & 176B Traditional Land Use Local Study Area T83 ST63 ! Municipality T82 Highway Stony Mountain Township Wildland Provincial T81 Park Watercourse T80 Waterbody Cowper Lake 194A I.R. Janvier 194 T79 Wabasca 166 Provincial Park T78 National Park 0 15 30 45 T77 KILOMETRES 1:1,500,000 UTM Zone 12 NAD 83 T76 Date: 20110815 Author: CES Checked: DC File ID: 123510543-097 (Original page size: 8.5X11) Acknowledgements: Base data: AltaLIS.
    [Show full text]
  • Acrylamide Polymerization — a Practical Approach
    electrophoresis tech note 1156 Acrylamide Polymerization — A Practical Approach Paul Menter, Bio-Rad Laboratories, 2000 Alfred Nobel Drive, Polyacrylamide Gel Polymerization Hercules, CA 94547 USA AcrylamideBis Polyacrylamide Introduction The unparalleled resolution and flexibility possible with CH2 CH + CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) has led to its CO CO CO CO CO widespread use for the separation of proteins and nucleic NH2 NH NH2 NH2 NH acids. Gel porosity can be varied over a wide range to meet CH2 CH2 specific separation requirements. Electrophoresis gels and NH NH NH NH buffers can be chosen to provide separation on the basis of CO 2 2 CO CO C O charge, size, or a combination of charge and size. CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH The key to mastering this powerful technique lies in the polymerization process itself. By understanding the important Purity of Gel-Forming Reagents parameters, and following a few simple guidelines, the novice Acrylamide can become proficient and the experienced user can optimize Gel-forming reagents include the monomers, acrylamide and bis, separations even further. as well as the initiators, usually ammonium persulfate and TEMED or, occasionally, riboflavin and TEMED. On a molar This bulletin takes a practical approach to the preparation of basis, acrylamide is by far the most abundant component in the polyacrylamide gels. Its purpose is to provide the information monomer solution. As a result, acrylamide may be the primary required to achieve reproducible, controllable polymerization. source of interfering contaminants (Dirksen and Chrambach For those users interested only in the “bare essentials,” the 1972).
    [Show full text]
  • Petroleum History Society Oil Sands Oral History
    Ch F-X ang PD e -1- w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu-trac PETROLEUM HISTORY SOCIETY OIL SANDS ORAL HISTORY PROJECT TRANSCRIPT MARY CLARK SHEPPARD, DAUGHTER OF KARL ADOLPH CLARK, THE SCIENTIST WHO DEVELOPED THE HOT-WATER RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF THE OIL FROM THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS. AUTHOR OF OIL SANDS SCIENTIST: THE LETTERS OF KARL A. CLARK: 1920-1949 AND ATHABASCA OIL SANDS: FROM LABORATORY TO PRODUCTION – THE LETTERS OF KARL A. CLARK, 1950-66. Date and place of birth: Edmonton, Alberta – January 29, 1927 Date and place of interview: 10:45 a.m., May 23, 2011.in Mrs. Sheppard’s home at 905, 10135 Saskatchewan Drive Edmonton, AB Tel. 780-439-1690 110 Causeway Head Road Sheffield S17 3DW England Name of Interviewer: Adriana A. Davies, CM, PHD Name of Videographer: David Bates Consent form signed: Yes Initials of Interviewer: AAD Last name of subject: SHEPPARD AD: Mary is the third child of four born to Karl and Dora Clark. She attended the University of Alberta from 1946 to 1949 in a general Arts program. She then went to Toronto to attend the Royal Conservatory of Music, but her studies were cut short by her mother’s illness. Eventually, she ended up working for about ten years in the 1950s in the conventional oil industry. Sponsors of The Oil Sands Oral History Project include the Alberta Historical Resources Foundation, Athabasca Oil Sands Corp., Canadian Natural Resources Limited, Canadian Oil Sands Limited, Connacher Oil and Gas Limited, Imperial Oil Limited, MEG Energy Corp., Nexen Inc., Suncor Energy and Syncrude Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersion Polymerization of Anionic Polyacrylamide in an Aqueous Salt Medium
    410 Pet.Sci.(2010)7:410-415 DOI 10.1007/s12182-010-0086-9 Dispersion polymerization of anionic polyacrylamide in an aqueous salt medium Lu Jiao, Peng Bo , Li Mingyuan, Lin Meiqin and Dong Zhaoxia Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Center, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Abstract: Anionic polyacrylamide dispersions were prepared by dispersion polymerization in an aqueous salt medium, using acrylamide(AM) and acrylic acid(AA) as monomers and anionic polyelectrolytes as stabilizer. Effects of salt concentration, and molecular weight and concentration of stabilizers on the stability of the dispersions were investigated using a HAAKE rheometer and optical microscopy. The results showed that stable anionic polyacrylamide dispersions, consisting of smooth, spherical, polydisperse particles, could be obtained under the conditions of salt concentration ranging from 26 wt% to 30 wt%, concentration of stabilizers from 1.2 wt% to 1.8 wt%, and intrinsic viscosity of stabilizers from 2.98 dL·g-1 to 3.74 dL·g-1. The apparent viscosity of the stable dispersions changed very little with the shear rate, showing Newton fl uid behavior. Key words: Dispersion polymerization, aqueous salt medium, stability, micromorphology, apparent viscosity 1 Introduction chain length during polymerization. The precipitated polymers form spherical micro-particles through aggregation Polyacrylamide (PAM) is an important water-soluble and the particles are suspended in the medium by the polymer. It can be used as a flocculant for water disposal, adsorption of stabilizer. There are several advantages of strength additives for paper manufacture, oil displacement dispersion polymerization, such as no secondary pollution, agents for enhanced oil recovery, and so on (Yan, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Benefits of Approaches Used to Integrate Regional Monitoring Programs
    POLICY AND PRACTICE REVIEWS published: 07 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.666698 Challenges and Benefits of Approaches Used to Integrate Regional Monitoring Programs T. J. Arciszewski 1*, D. R. Roberts 1, K. R. Munkittrick 2 and G. J. Scrimgeour 3 1Resource Stewardship Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Calgary, AB, Canada, 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, 3Office of the Chief Scientist, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB, Canada Although challenging to develop and operate, some degree of integrated monitoring is often necessary, especially at regional scales, to address the complex questions of environmental management and regulation. The concept of integration is well- understood, but its practice across programs and studies can be diverse suggesting a broader examination of the existing general approaches is needed. From the literature, we suggest integration of monitoring can occur across three study components: interpretation, analysis, and design. Design can be further subdivided into partial and full integration. Respectively combining information, data, and designs, we further define these types of integration and describe their general benefits and challenges, such as Edited by: Juergen Pilz, strength of inference. We further use the Oil Sands Monitoring program in northern Alberta University of Klagenfurt, Austria as an example to clarify the practices common among integrated monitoring programs. Reviewed by: The goal of the discussion paper is to familiarize readers with the diverse practices of Costica Nitu, fi Politehnica University of Bucharest, integrated monitoring to further clarify the various con gurations used to achieve the wider Romania goals of a program. Paul Makar, Environment and Climate Change Keywords: environmental monitoring, integrated monitoring, oil sands, regional monitoring program, environmental Canada, Canada managemenent *Correspondence: T.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimizing Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment Processes for Simultaneous Carbon Redirection and Phosphorus Removal
    water Article Optimizing Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment Processes for Simultaneous Carbon Redirection and Phosphorus Removal Tianchen Dong 1, Wudneh Ayele Shewa 1, Kyle Murray 2 and Martha Dagnew 1,* 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; [email protected] (T.D.); [email protected] (W.A.S.) 2 City of London, 300 Dufferin Avenue, London, ON N6B 1Z2, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-661-2111 (ext. 87427) Received: 25 February 2019; Accepted: 13 March 2019; Published: 16 March 2019 Abstract: There has been increased interest towards maximizing wastewater energy recovery by enhancing the carbon captured through the primary treatment process such as chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT). This research was conducted to optimize the CEPT performance in terms of redirection of carbon and nutrients in both bench- and full-scale operations. In order to improve the CEPT process, the performance of ferric chloride and seven types of polymers were evaluated through jar testing. The optimal coagulant (15 mg/L ferric chloride) and flocculant (0.5 mg/L poly aluminum chloride (PACl)) combination achieved total COD, soluble COD, total suspended solids (TSS), and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies of 76, 58, 89, and 84, respectively, in a full-scale primary clarifier operation. In doing so the organic matter and phosphorus were concentrated in CEPT sludge, making them available for recovery. Furthermore, the relationship between influent characteristics and removal rates under varying operating conditions was investigated. It was found that soluble COD removal appeared to be season-dependent, and TSS removals were independent of influent TSS concentrations in all scenarios.
    [Show full text]
  • Chitosan Based Hydrogels and Their Applications for Drug Delivery in Wound Dressings: a Review T ⁎ Hamid Hamedi, Sara Moradi, Samuel M
    Carbohydrate Polymers 199 (2018) 445–460 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Carbohydrate Polymers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/carbpol Chitosan based hydrogels and their applications for drug delivery in wound dressings: A review T ⁎ Hamid Hamedi, Sara Moradi, Samuel M. Hudson, Alan E. Tonelli Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber & Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606-8301, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Advanced development of chitosan hydrogels has led to new drug delivery systems that can release their active Chitosan hydrogel ingredients in response to environmental stimuli. This review considers more recent investigation of chitosan Wound dressing hydrogel preparations and the application of these preparations for drug delivery in wound dressings. Drug delivery Applications and structural characteristics of different types of active ingredients, such as growth factors, na- Growth factor noparticles, nanostructures, and drug loaded chitosan hydrogels are summarized. Nanoparticles 1. Introduction 2012), pullulan (Li et al., 2011; Wong et al., 2011) and/or synthetic polymers like polyvinyl alcohol (Kokabi et al., 2007; Razzak, 2001; Hydrogels are three-dimensional, cross-linked networks which can Yang et al., 2008), polyacrylamide (Ezra et al., 2009; Risbud & Bhonde, absorb and retain significant amounts of water, without dissolving or 2000; Rosiak et al., 1983) and polyethylene glycol (Ajji et al., 2005; losing their three dimensional structures (Ahmed, 2015; Kashyap, 2005; Gupta et al., 2011; Lih et al., 2012) form hydrogels. Y.B. et al., 2008). The gelation and biodegradation are two key factors Hydrogels are classified into two categories: chemical or permanent affecting the fate of cells (Li et al., 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Poly(Sodium Acrylate)-Based Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials
    Poly(Sodium Acrylate)-Based Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Samaneh Khanlari Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA © Samaneh Khanlari, Ottawa, Canada, 2015 i ii Abstract Polymer-based bioadhesives for sutureless surgery provide a promising alternative to conventional suturing. In this project, a new poly(sodium acrylate)-based nanocomposite with antibacterial properties was developed. Poly(sodium acrylate), was prepared using a redox solution polymerization at room temperature; this polymer served as a basis for a nanocomposite bioadhesive material using silver nanoparticles. In-situ polymerization was chosen as a nanocomposite synthesizing method and three methods were applied to quantify the distribution and loadings of nanofiller in the polymer matrices. These included the Voronoi Diagram, Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree (EMST) method and pixel counting. Results showed that pixel counting combined with the EMST method would be most appropriate for nanocomposite morphology quantification. Real-time monitoring of the in-situ polymerization of poly(sodium acrylate)- based nanocomposite was investigated using in-line Attenuated Total Reflectance/Fourier Transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) technique. The ATR-FTIR spectroscopy method was shown to be valid in reaction conversion monitoring using a partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration method and the results were consistent with the data from off-line water removal gravimetric monitoring technique. Finally, a second, more degradable polymer (i.e., gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol)) was used to modify the degradation rate and hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite bioadhesive.
    [Show full text]
  • Bitumen Partial Upgrading 2018 Whitepaper
    Bitumen Partial Upgrading 2018 Whitepaper AM0401A Alberta Innovates Prepared By Bill Keesom, Jacobs Consultancy – Technical Lead John Gieseman, Jacobs Consultancy – Project Manager March 2018 Document Title Bitumen Partial Upgrading 2018 Whitepaper - AM0401A Study No: JC158400 Document Title: Bitumen Partial Upgrading 2018 Whitepaper - AM0401A Client Name: Alberta Innovates Date: March 2018 Study Manager: John Gieseman Approved by: Robert S. Brasier Jacobs Consultancy Inc. 525 W. Monroe, Suite 1600 Chicago, IL 60661 United States www.jacobsconsultancy.com [email protected] This study or report was prepared by Jacobs Consultancy Canada Inc., (“Jacobs”) for the sole benefit of ALBERTA INNOVATES. There are no third party beneficiaries intended, and none of Jacobs and its affiliates, Alberta Innovates or any of their respective officers, directors, partners, employees, agents shall have any liability whatsoever to third parties for any defect, deficiency, error, or omission in any statement contained in or any way related to the study or report or any related documents. Neither Jacobs nor any person acting on Jacobs’ behalf make any warranty, express or implies, or assumes any liability with respect to use or reliance on any information, technology, engineering or methods disclosed or discussed in the study or report. Any forecasts, estimates, projections, opinions or conclusions reached in the study or report are dependent upon numerous technical and economic conditions over which Jacobs has no control, and which are or may not occur. Reliance upon such opinions or conclusions by any person or entity is at the sole risk of the person relying thereon. The data, information and assumptions used to develop the report or study were obtained or derived from documents or information furnished by others.
    [Show full text]
  • Enter Filename
    MOOSA CROSSOVER PROJECT ESA 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING This section of the ESA presents a summary description of the existing biophysical and socio-economic environment potentially affected by the Project. Results of field surveys conducted in 2012 and winter 2013 have been included in this ESA report. Vegetation and wildlife reconnaissance surveys were conducted in September 2012, and additional wildlife surveys were conducted in October 2012 and March 2013. Aquatic surveys were conducted in October 2012, and winter fisheries surveys were conducted in February 2013. Methods used to determine baseline conditions for each environmental or socio-economic resource are described in the relevant subsection. The Project is located in northeast Alberta, approximately 35 km northwest of Fort McMurray. The Project footprint is located within the Northern Alberta Lowlands Physiographic Region, and crosses Crown land in the Green Area of Alberta, including two watercourses. 5.1 Study Areas The spatial boundaries or study areas considered in the description of environmental setting and assessment of potential Project effects on the environmental components include one or more of the following: Project footprint, LSA, RSA, and socio-economic study area. These study areas were used to capture the potential direct and indirect effects of the Project on each VC and their associated KI, as well as to understand the context within which the effects can occur. The LSAs and RSAs used in the effects assessment vary by environmental and socio-economic element. The LSAs were established to assess the potential, largely direct effects of the Project on the local environment. Each VC and baseline setting component is considered in defining the LSAs.
    [Show full text]
  • High Performance of Chitosan-Co-Polyacrylamide-Tio2 Crosslinked Glutaraldehyde Hydrogel As Soil Conditioner for Soybean Plant (Glycine Max)
    SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL 2020, 71(3), 194–204 https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/125847 High Performance of Chitosan-co-Polyacrylamide-TiO2 Crosslinked Glutaraldehyde Hydrogel as Soil Conditioner for Soybean Plant (Glycine max) Halimahtussaddiyah Ritonga1, Muhammad Ihram Basri1, Fransiskus S. Rembon2, La Ode Ahmad Nur Ramadhan1, Muhammad Nurdin1* 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia 2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia * Prof. Muhammad Nurdin, Ph.D, [email protected], ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6727-9283 Abstract Received: 10.01.2020 Research on hydrogels as soil conditioners has been developed based on hydrogels copolymerized Accepted: 29.07.2020 with composite materials in the form of chitosan and TiO2 to overcome low physical properties and Associated editor: J. Antonkiewicz low swelling of polyacrylamide. The aims of the study are synthesis, characterization, application of hydrogels, and determination of the physical and chemical properties of soil and the growth of soy- bean plants. Synthesis of chitosan-co-polyacrylamide-TiO2 crosslinked glutaraldehyde hydrogel was Keywords prepared by the chemical crosslinking method. The characterization of hydrogel was performed by using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). FTIR spectrum Composite shows the functional groups of chitosan co-polyacrylamide-TiO2 crosslinked glutaraldehyde which –1 –1 –1 –1 Hydrogel includes OH functional groups (3408.22 cm ), NH (1602.85 cm ), C=O (1502 cm ), CN (1600.92 cm ), –1 Soil conditioner and Ti-O (619.15 cm ). The SEM image shows the formation of pores and cavities in the hydrogel.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Using Polyacrylamide (PAM) Polymers for Control of Irrigation Run-Off on the Central Coast Michael Cahn, Irrigation A
    A Guide to Using Polyacrylamide (PAM) Polymers for Control of Irrigation Run-off on the Central Coast Michael Cahn, Irrigation and Water Resources Advisor, Monterey County Introduction Federal and state water quality regulations require that growers implement management practices to minimize impairments to surface and ground water quality. Although many farmers are currently using recommended practices such as drip irrigation, cover crops, and integrated pest management to reduce the impacts of agriculture on water quality, additional management tools could help achieve more dramatic improvements to water quality. Irrigation run-off can often be difficult to control on soils with low infiltration capacity such as poorly aggregated sandy soils, or soils susceptible to crusting. Sediments suspended in irrigation tail water carry adsorbed nutrients and some classes of pesticides such as pyrethroids. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and several classes of pesticides have been determined to impair the quality of surface water on the Central Coast. The use of practices such as retention ponds and drip irrigation can significantly control irrigation tail water, but these practices can be expensive and may not be suited for all crops and farms. Baby greens, for example, are typically irrigated with overhead sprinklers, and although many cool season vegetables can be grown with drip, almost all of these crops are established with overhead sprinklers during the first 2 to 4 weeks of stand establishment. Research studies conducted since 2003 on the Central Coast have repeatedly demonstrated that polyacrylamide (PAM), a chemical polymer can significantly reduce sediment, nutrient, and pesticide concentrations in irrigation run-off from sprinkler and furrow systems.
    [Show full text]