R ESTR I CTE D Report No. PA- ZOa
Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared for use within the Bank and its affiliated organizations. They do not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. The report may not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views.
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Public Disclosure Authorized
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEBOU BASIN
RHARB IRRIGATION PROJECT
MOROCCO Public Disclosure Authorized
September 4, 1969 Public Disclosure Authorized
~riculture Projects Departmnent FILECOPY CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS
US$ 1.00 Moroccan Dirham (DH) 5.00 DR 1 US$ 0.20 DR 1,000,000 = US$ 200,000 Fr 1 DR .01
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES - METRIC SYSTEM
1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres 1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles 1 square kilometer (km2) 0.3886 square miles 1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches 1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet 1 cubic meter (m3) = 35.31 eubic feet 1 million eubic meter (Mm3) = 810.7 acre feet 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.039 inches 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds 1 liter (1) = 0.264 gallons US
ABBREVIATIONS
CMV - Centre de Mise en Valeur (Local Development Center) CNCA - Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole EDF - Electricite de France FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique OCE - Office de Commercialisation et Exportation ONI - Office National d'Irrigation ORMVAG- Office Regional de Mise en Valeur Agricole du Gharb (Regional Office) PERT - Program Evaluationand Review Technique UNDP - United Nations Development Programme USAID - US Agency for International Development m O R 00c c0
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEBOU BASIN
RHARB IRRIGATION PROJECT w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Table of Con.tents
SUIMA.RYAND CONCLUSIONS
I. INTRODUCTION ......
II. -ACKGROUND...... 2
III. THE PROJECT AREA . , ...... 3
The Sebou Basin ...... 3 The Rharb Plain. . 4 The Project Area. . 6 Water Supply ...... 6
IV. THE PROJECT ...... 9
A. Description. 9
Subsequent Phases of Development ...... 10
B. Proposed Works .10
Land Reorganization and Redistribution . . . . 1 Irrigation and Drainage Systems ...... Pump Stations .13 Agricultural Development ...... 13 Supporting Services ...... 14 Processing Facilities and Roads ...... 14
C. Engineering and Construction Schedule . . . . 15
D. Cost Estimate ...... 16
E. Financing ...... 17
F. Procurement ...... 17
This report was prepared by M1essrs.J. î4alone,Dumoulin, Marinet Minnig, Glazener (Consultant), Gregoire (Consultant) and van aen *Toorn (Consultant) and is based on findings of a mission which visited Morocco in January-February 1969.
. Page
Contracting ...... 18 Prefabricationof Canal and Tile Drain Elements ...... 18
G. Disbursement.19
V. ORGANIZATIONAXD MANAGEMENT...... 19
Idriss I Dam ...... 19 The Regional AgriculturalDevelopment Office . . 20 General Consultants ...... 20 lechnical Staff and Supporting Services . . . . 21 Special CoordinatingMachinery ...... 22 Accounts and Audit ...... 22 Operation and MaintenanceCost ...... 22 Water Charges and Financial Results ...... 23
VI. PRODUCTION, MARKET PROSPECTS AND FARM INCOME . . 24
A. Production ...... 24
B. Market Prospects ...... 25
C. Prices ...... 26
D. Farm Incomes ...... 27
VII. BENEFITS AND JUSTIFICATION ...... 29
VIII. CONCLUSIONSAIND RECO14MENDATIONS ...... 30
ANNEXES
1. Land Reform
2. Soils and Drainage in the Project Area
3. Water Supply anc. Requirements
4. Major Project Works
5. Agriculturai Developrment
6. Sugar Production in the Rharb Plain
7. Cost Estimate
8. Outline Terms of Reference for General Consultants .
9. Operation Maintenance Water Rates
10. Cash Flow
11. Economic Benefit-Cost Analysis
Construction Schedule
Organization Chart
MAPS
1. Rharb Irrigation Project - Sebou Basin 2. Rharb Irrigation Project - Infras,tructure 3. Rharb Irrigation Project - Irrigation and Drainage System 4. Rharb Irrigation Project - First Phase Engineering Works * 4MO R O-C C O
DEVELOPMENTOF THE SEBOU BASIN
RHARB IRRIGATION PROJECT
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
i. Agricultural production has not kept pace with Morocco's rapid population growth and, as a result, unemployment and food imports have risen rapidly. The Moroccan Government is giving priority to agricultural develop- ment, particularly irrigation, therefore under its current Five-Year Plan (1968-1972).
ii. The Sebou Basin, located northeast of Rabat in fertile country, is one of Morocco's most important underutilized land and water resources. The main constraints on increas ng production in the area are the hazards of drought and flood, and the existing land tenure, in which a few large- scale modern commercial farms, mostly foreign or ex-foreign, produce most of the income, while a large number of small traditional subsistence farms occupy most of the area. New legislation provides for land reform in the area, including the redistribution of foreign-owned land and the enlarge- ment of small, subeconomic farms. The provision of irrigation and improved drainage would remove the constraints imposed by drought and flood.
iii. The project, which would be the first-phase in the planned long- term development of the Sebou Basin, would include:
- the construction of the Idriss I Dam on the Inaouene River;
- the implernentation of land reform in a 90,000 ha area;
- the irrigation of approx-mately two-thirds of the area (the better soils);
- the improvement of rainfed farming in the remaining third;
- the improvement of roads and crop processing facilities in the area; and
- the strengtnening of the regional agricultural development organization to which the execution of the project would be entrustea.
2his same organization is responsible for the Bank-assisted Sidi Slimane agricultural development project (Loan 389-MOR), also in the Rharb Plain, which is now nearing a satisfactory completion on schedule, after experienc- ing a number of organization and management difficulties in the past. Based on its experience in Sidi Slimane, the Government made a thorough analysis, using modern techniques, of the organization and management requirements of - ii - e the new Rharb Project, and the proposals for increasing the efficiency and iMDlementation capacity of the regional agricultural development office are satisfactory. Plans exist for the second phase project to use the remaining storage capacity of the Idriss I Dam. The second ohase would be executed over o years, beginning in 1975.
iv. The proposed project costs amount to US$109.5 million, including interest during construction and contingencies. Cost data are based on de- tailed Dreliminary designs, contracts for similar work and the actual price for the civil works contract for Idriss I Dam, which has already been awarded in accordance with Bank procedures. Other contracts for major structures and for the purchase of machinery and equipment would be awarded on the ba- sis of international competitive bidding. The estimated foreign exchange component is about 35l'of total costs, excluding interest during construction. v. The project would lead to an increase in the annual net value of agricultural production in the area from the present level of DH 26 million (US$ 5 million), to full production of DI!126 million (US$ 25 million) in about 20 years. Typical net family incomes in the traditional sector would increase from DH 1,000 (US$ 200) a year to about DH 7,000 (US$ 1,400) for the 5 ha minimum future holding. Project charges and additionaL tax revenues, which would cover the entire operation and maintenance costs of the project, as well as the recovery of the full investment cost (without interest) during the project's 40-year economic life, would take about a fourth of this in- cremental income, still leaving an adequate incentive for the farmers to in- crease their productivity. The project's rate of return to the economy would be 1L,à. vi. The project is suitable for a Bank loan of US$ 46 million eauiva- lent for a term of 30 years, including a grace period of 9 years. A 30-year term would be justified in view of the prolonged rate of cost recovery under the project. The loan would cover the estimated foreign exchange component (US$ 33.5 million) and interest and commitment charges during the 8 -year construction period (US$12.5 million). The remainder of the financing (US$ 63.5 million equivalent), would be provided by the Government which would be the borrower of the proposed Bank loan.
. KINGDOM OF MOROCCO
DEVELOPHE T OF THE SEBOiJ BASIN
RHARB IRRIGATION PROJECT
I. INTRODUCTION
1.01 The Government of the King,dom of Morocco has requested a 3ank loan of Us$ 46.o million to assist in financing the construction of the Idriss I Dam and the integrated development under irrigation and improved dry farming of a 90,000 ha first-phase area in the Rharb Plain. The project is lccated in the Sebou Basin, near Morocco's Atlantic Coast, north-east of Rabat (see Map l).
1.02 The Sebou Basin is one of Morocco's most important land and water resources still remaining underutilized. A UNDP/FAO study of the basin, completed in 1968, resulted in the prepare.tion of a number of feasibility studies for investment projects; one of these concerns the development of irrigation in the Rharb Plain (200,000 ha) and the construction of the re- lated upstream storage dams, starting with Idriss I. In late 1964, as the * basin study was getting underway, the Bank made a US$ 17.5 million loan (389-MOR) for the Sidi Slimane Project, which consisted of the extension of an already existing irrigated area in the Rharb Plain and the integrated agricultural modernization and improvement of the area, together with an adjacent rainfed area. The Sidi Slimane Project, though justified on its own merits, was considered as an initial step'toward the future agricultural development of the Rharb Plain as a whole. l/
1.03 Until quite recently, the Sidi Slimane project was faced with pro- blems of organization and management which threatened to delay its comple- tion. Many of these problems were related to a series of reorganizations of the agricultural and irrigation services, which were finally completed in the course of 1967. The present system is operating much more effectively,with the result that the project is now expected to be completed by the original closing date of October 31, 1969.
1.04 This report is based on a feasibilîty report prepared by a group of experts (the Sebou Team) under the auspices of the U\IDP-FAObasin study, and on the findings of an appraisal mission which visited Morocco in January-February 1969. The mission consisted of Messrs. J.M. Malone, J.P. Dumoulin, J. Marinet, E.A. Minni.7,R. Glazener (Consultant),R. Gregoire (Consultant)and W.H. van den Toorn (Consultant).
*- 1/ See the Bank appraisal report (No. TO-432b) dated August 17, 1964, paragraph b. - 2 - 0
II. BACKGROUND
2.01 The Kingdom of Morocco has a population of about 15 million growing at an annual rate of about 3%, and a total land area of 440,000 km2, much of which is mountain, forest and arid desert. Only 4.5 million ha, about 10% of the total land area, are cultivated. Per capita GDP, about US$ 175 (1968) equivalent, is practically stagnant.
2.02 Although the agricultural sector provides the livelihood of more than two-thirds of Morocco's population, it contributes less than one-third of GDP, and has grown less rapidly than population during recent years. Modern, large-scale commercialagriculture, mostly colonial or ex-colonial, occupies less than a fifth of the cultivatedarea, but contributes about 50%Q of exports in the form of fruit, wine and vegetables,and has been growing at an annual rate of about 9%. Traditional subsistence-orientedagriculture, consistingmainly of extensive rainfed cultivationof cereals, and occupying more than four-fifthsof the cultivated area, has hardly been growing at all. The increasingpressure of rural under-employmenthas been translated into the growth of slums and unemployment in the cities, and the migration of large numbers of Moroccan laborers to Western Europe. Food deficits have been increasingalong with the necessity of using scarce foreign currency to import larger and larger quantitiesof foodstuffs.
2.03 Under the current Five Year Plan, 1968-1972, the Government hopes to devote DH 2.5 billion (US$ 500 million) almost one-third of its total capital budget, to the developmentof the agriculturalsector. The emphasis is on four main fronts: the intensificationof production through irrigation, the progressive improvementof traditional rainfed agriculture,the extension of soil conservationand the developmentof livestock. Of these, the highest priority is accorded to irrigation,which accounts for about 60',of the plan- ned investment in agriculture;this compares with only 30% for the improvement of rainfed agriculture and 10%efor soil conservationand livestock development combined. The aim is to increase the total irrigated area from about 160,000 ha to 270,000 ha by the end of 1972, i.e., roughly from 3.5% to 6$ of the total cultivatedarea.
2.o4 The reasons for the Government'salmost exclusive preoccupationwith irrigationare not hard to find. Pressed by drcurmstances (populationgrowth and drift to towns, and production stagnation),the Government,with inade- quate informationand consideringthat irrigation schemes under the Protector- ate had been successful,decided to concentratemainly on such projects while giving little attention to the rainfed areas. The success of these irrigation schemes proved misleading,because conditionshad changed in the meantime. With independence,the Governmenthad serious political and organizational problems to overcome. Land formerly entrusted to colons under the Protector- ate, amounting to 250,000 ha, was taken over. The Government made continuous and strenuous attempts to build and orgenize agriculturalservices and carried out a series of reorganizationsfrom 1960 to 1967; however, the changes also s caused instabilitywith respect to the personnel involved. All of these con- ditions, combined with the far greater difficultiesentailed in modernizing e - 3 -
the traditional farmers, induced the Governnent to make heavy investments in irrigation projects for which at least the physical vorks could be realized with relative speed. Many of these projects have been disappointing as costs have been higher and agricultural production lover than expected. Since 1967, however, benefitting from its past experience and from substantially increased external technical assistance, the Governnent has been following a sounder approach to agricultural development.
2.05 The full realization of the benefits of irrigation will require the reorganization and consolidation of tbh existing fragmented holdings into plannzd irrigation units, together with the redistribution, wherever possible, of land controlled by the Government (including land recovered, after compen- sation, from foreign owners) to permit the creation of larger, more viable, holdings in the traditional sector. Moreover, some means are necessary for the effective control of cropping natterns, planting dates, etc., to permit the optimum use of scarce water resources. Finally, it is desirable to re- cover a reasonable proportion of the costs of irrigation, both recurrent and capital, from the beneficiaries. The necessary legislative measures are com- bined in the new Agricultural Investment Code, 1/ which covers land reform procedures, controlled agricultural development and recovery of costs in irrigated areas as well as administrative and judicial procedures for the expropriation of land owned by foreigners. Guidelines for the amount of compensation to be paid and the method of payment vill be promulgated later, as required. Details are given in Annex 1.
III. THE PROJECT AREA
The Sebou Basin
3.01 The proposed project represents by far the highest priority in the development of irrigation in iMorocco and would play an important part in the long-term development of land and water resources in the Sebou Basin, one of ilorocco's most important agricultural regions, covering about 4 million ha in the north-west part of the country (see M4ap1). Although it represents only 9%0of the total land area of Morocco, the Sebou Basin contains about 3 million inhabitants, or about 20i'% of the total population, and accounts for a quarter of Morocco's agricultural production.
3.02 Modern, commercial agriculture is already relatively important in the Basin, because a large proportion of the European colonists settled there, attracted by the region's relatively abunaant rainfall (more than 500 mm an- nually) and surface water, combined with fertile soils. At one time, r:uropean farmis covered about 300,000 ha in the Sebou Basin, and the area still contains half of ?4orocco's vineyards and olive and citrus g,roves.
1/ !Code des Investissements Agricoles-, Dahir lio. 1-69-25 of Ju_y 25, 19b9, together with the related laws, decrees and regulations. 3.03 3 The average discharge of the Sebou and its tributaries,about 200 m /sec, representsmore than 40% of the total surface water resour- ces of Morocco. A very small part of the basin's annual discharge is presently used for irrigation;most of this irrigationwater is control- led by the existing El Kansera dam, built in 1935 and raIsed by 6 m in 1968 as part of the Bank-assistedSidi Slimane Prolect (Loan No. 389-MOR). The El Kansera dam, with an effective storage capacity of 294 Mm serves the existing Sidi Slimane irrigation area (30,000 ha) and is presently the only dam in the Sebou Basin. About 80% of the total discharge of the basin is wasted into the Atlantic annually by the Sebou and its tributaries. Groundwater resources are not plentiful in the basin and are already being used intensively, particularly in the Meknes-Fes Plateau, which faces an imminent shortage of water due to the rapid growth of the two main urban centers.
The Rharb Plain
3.04 The lower reaches of the Sebou and its tributaries flow through a broad, flat alluvial valley, known as the Rharb, before reaching the Atlantic near the provincial capital, Kenitra (see Map 2). The total area of the Rharb is about 457,000 ha, of which about 308,000 ha are cultivated. Of this cultivatedarea, it is estimated that about 250,000 ha are irrigable;of this area 30,000 ha are included in the Sidi Slimane Project, 11,000 ha of citrus groves, and 4,000 ha of rice are already irrigatedby pumping along 4 the banks of the rivers, and 5,000 ha are vineyards (not ordinarilyirriga- ted). The remaining 200,000 ha could only be irrigated by constructingnew diversion and storage works in the basin.
3.05 Climate. The Sebou basin has the dampest climate of any catchment area in Morocco. Temperatures in the Rharb Plain vary from a maximum of about 360 in July and August, to a minimlm of about 40 in January, when short periods of localized frost are not uncommon. The annual rainfall in most of the Plain is 500-700 mm, of which about three-fourthsoccur between October and April, and one-fourth during brief, but intense, summer thunderstorms. The variability of rainfall is pronounced, not only seasonally, but also an- nually. The hazards of drought and flood presently impose the main constraint on agriculturalproduction in the Plain.
3.o6 Topography. Of the 200,000 ha irrigable, about 40,000 ha are on the undulating fringes of the plain, where the slopes are about 5-15%. The remaining 160,000 ha are in the plain itself, where elevations rarely exceed 20 m above mean sea level and slopes are negligible, except for the slight elevation of the alluvium deposited by flooc,son the banks of the main rivers crossing the plain, the Sebou and the Leht. To either side of and in between, these two rivers are lower lying poorly-drainedareas called r_erJas,which were formerly marshland.
3.07 Flooding. These lower-lying areas of the Rharb Plain are regular- ly flooded during vinter, due to the inadequatecapacity of the bed of the e lower Sebou and the flashinessof the flows of the Ouerrha, a major tribu- tary which rises in the denuded, heavily eroded Rif. The extent of flooding e ` _ 5_
varies from year to year, but reached 100,000 ha in 1960 and 160,000 ha in 1963, the worst year on record. These floods never reach the hilly fringes of the plain, or the raised banks of the Sebou and the Beht. A system of large open drains, completed in 196) (see Map 3) has reducedlthe severity and duration of the floods considerably,although it was originally de- signed only for the removal of excess rainwater from the plain.
3.08 Soîls. The Sebou Team made a reconnaissancesoil survey of the entire Rharb Plain, on the basis of which a 63,000 ha area of high poten- tial was selected and surveyed in more detail (3 observationsper 100 na mapped at a scale of 1:20,000). The soils of the plain are formed on a clay layer of uP to 50 m thickness and regular, flat relief. They fall into two major categories:
- The dhess soils covering 65,000 ha on the raised, alluvial banks of the main streams, which are fairly vell drained, with clay contents of 10-35%; and
- The tirs topsoils covering 160,000 ha in the lover- lying areas, further from the rivers, with clay contents of 45-55%, which degenerate into clays in the lowest-lying areas (Lnjras) in the center of the plain.
The transition from one category into another is gradual and imperceptible. Soil salinity is only a minor problem, and vill be rectified after irriga- tion and improved drainage become available.
3.09 Drainage. From the economic viewpoint, the most important f'actor determining the suitability of the soils for irrigation is their relative drainability. On this basis, the Sebou Team made a classificationof the irrigable land in which Class I is suitable without restriction,Class V is suitable only for crops requiring little or no sub-soil drainage, e.g., rice, and the intermediateclasses vary according to the necessity of improving their natural drainage during winter and after irrigation. Soil permeability was measured by drilling holes at some 2,500 sites in the project area, of which the most favorable 47,150 (gross) ha have been selected for the first phase of irrigation development1/, with the following results: Land Class Gross Area (ha) I 25,650 II 5,600 III 6,050 IV 2,250 _._ Thotai 47,15C ~/ _ne gross area cf zrne first phase of irrigation development is &>out UG,O00 na, of whi4cr 47,150 ha were covered by the semi-dezaiîlesoi! surve./. - 6 -
Under the proposed project, a drainage consultant would undertake more de- tailed investigations and experiments on the Class II, III, and IV areas before establishing precise design criteria for sub-surface field drainage. These investigations need not delay the rest of the project, nor would they interfere with crop production on these soils. Detailed information on soils and drainage is contained in Annex 2.
The Project Area
3.10 In planning the sequence of the development of the Rharb Plain, three major criteria were followed:
- For economic and technical reasons, it is advisable to begin with the higher areas first - the banks of the Sebou and the Beht and the coastal hills - where problems of drainage and flooding are minor or non- existent.
- Future market limitations rust be observed in de- veloping areas suitable for crops whose marketing poses special problems, such as citrus.
- Finally, the administrative and land reform measures required for successful development necessitate re- e stricting operations to existing administrative units (rural communes) and concentrating on a minimum num- ber of such units at a time.
The overall timetable devised by the Sebou Team for the development of the Rharb Plain is economically the optimum solution with regard to these criteria and the necessary economies of scale in the design and construc- tion of the irrigation and drainage systems.
Water Supply
3.11 When constructed, the 1,430 Mm3 storage of the proposed Idriss I Dam, together with the flows of the Sebou aad its tributaries, will be suf- ficient for new irrigation of about 80,000 (net) ha. D('^tailsof water re- quirements and supply are contained in Annex 3. An area of 80,000 (net) ha was selected and divided into two phases according to the criteria mentioned in paragraphh 3.10 above. The further extension of irrigation of the Rharb, which would require the construction of other major upstream storage and diversion works, vill not be discussed in detail in this report.
3.12 The first phase irrigation area, consisting of 38,300 net new ha, plus 5,000 ha already irrigated, lies between the Sebou and the Beht, just to the north of the Sidi Slimane area (see Map 3). In order to provide a coherent administrative framework for the first integrated development phase, including not only irrigation, but also land reform and the improvement of rainfed agriculture, the poject area would consist of three entire rural _ . -7
communes - Msaada, Jmaa des Haouafate and Dar Gueddari - plus a small frac- tion of a fourth, the Oul.edKhalifa section of Khenichet, a total agricul- tural area of 90,000 ha, of which about;two thirds would be irrigated in the first phase.
3.13 Populationand Land Tenure. The project area, vith some 90,000 rural inhabîtants (15,000 families),contains about 30% of the total popu- lation and agriculturalland of the Rharb. The population density is about 100 per km2 and the average area per family (6 persons) is 6 ha. Fragmentationof the smaller holdings is videspread and increasing. The present structure of land tenure is roughly as follows:
Type of Tenure Area (1000 ha) % No. of Households Average Holding (ha)
Collective (individually operated farms) 32 36 9,100 3.5 Foreign 20 22 70 285.7 Public Domain and Religious Trust (merjas) 8 9 -- Private Moroccan, 50 ha or more 18 20 130- 138.5 Private Moroccan, less than 50 ha 12 13 3,400 3.5
Landless - - 21300 0.0 Total 90 100 15,000 6.o
1/ Includes a number of land developmentcompanies, as well as individual proprietors. The figures in the table are a mission estimate of the present situation,based on a survey made by the Sebou Team in 1964.
Only a third of the area is subject to private Moroccan property rights, while two-thirds (collective, foreign farms and merjas) would be available for redistribution under the new Agricultural Investment Code. If the large-scale Moroccan-owned commercial farms and the existing citrus groves are excluded, redistribution could result in an increase in the size of the typical peasant farm in the area from 3.5 ha to 5,0 Ji ha, including the distribution of 5.0 ha to each of the landless rural j families (most of whom are presently employed on the large-scale hold- i ings). This unique situation,which is particularly favorablefor the type of land reform envisaged under the new laws, is typical of the Rharb Plain, but is not found elsewhere in Morocco-. / ,
3.14 Agriculture. The present pattern of land use in the project area is as follows: -8-
Area ('000 ha)
Annual crops (mainly cereals and pulses) 62 Perennial crops (citrus and vines) 6 (5 already irrigated) Fallow (grazing) 7 Total cultivated area 75 Merjas (used for seasonal grazing) il Other agricultural uses (house lots, etc.) 4 Total agriculturaluse 90 Non-agriculturaluse (urban areas, etc.) 2 Total project area 92
Except for the irrigated crops, inostaverage crop yields in the project area are low because of climate. Of tne cultivated area, about one-third is in the modern sector and two-thirds in the traditional sector. The estimated gross value of agriculturalproduction in the project area is about DH 70 million annually, including livestock (DX 4 million), and the net value is about DH 26 million. The modern sector accounts for more than half of the production in spite of the relatively small area which it occupies. Average net farm income per family varies from DH 80,000 in the modern sector, to only DH 800 in the traditional sector.
3.15 Supporting Services. (See Map 2). Agriculturaldevelopment in the Rharb is the responsibilityof a regional office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. The regional office, which is located in Kenitra, operates a number of local development centers, five of whose zones of operation lie wholly or partly within the project area. lach development center serves about 3,000 families,with a ratio of one field extension agent to 330 families. The developmentcenters operate about 200 tractors on a custom hire basis in the project area, and provide seed, fertilizersand pesticides on credit channeled through the regional office to the development center by the Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole (CNCA). The Agricultural Research Department of the Ministry and the National Agro- nomic Institute have two research farms, an experimental station and a number of trial plots located in or near the project area. This system of supporting services is inadequate, however, even for the present situation and must be strengthenedand intensifiedto meet the future needs of de- velopment in the project area.
3.16 Marketing. There are seven local markets in the project area han- dling a wide variety of crops and livestock, and five large citrus packing stations with a total capacity of more than 50,000 tons. 'rwosugar refin- eries and a cotton ginning factory have been built on its outskirts. The government has been interveningto an increasing extent in the marketing of agriculturalproducts, and more and more crops are being purchased under con- tract with the farmers directly by the local developmentcenters. Ricc, milk, rmeatand cereals are the only major products which still can be marketed free- ly through private channels, and even they are subject to varying degrees of e _ 9 -
price control. In the case of cereals and sugarbeet, there are guaranteed government support prices, slightly above world market prices, designed to encourage and protect domestic production and reduce imports.
3.17 Transportationfacilities in the project area are adequate for present needs. Only about 20% of road transport is nationalized,there is keen competitionamong road carriers and costs are reasonable. The network of paved roads is fairly dense, and no major new roads are required for the proJect area. With development.however, an intensificationof traffie and an increase of loads are foreseen, and the existing roads will need improve- ment and strengthening. Railway lines connect Sidi Kacem with Casableaca, Rabat and Kenitra to the south-west;Meknes, Fes and Algeria to the eEst, and Mechra Bel Ksiri, Souk el Arba and Tangier to the north.
IV. THE PROJECT
A. Description
4.oi The project for which Bank assistance is requested is the first a phase of the long-term development of agriculture and livestock production under irrigation and improved rainfed farming in the Rharb Plain. The pro- ject would include:
a. The constructionof the Idriss I Dam at Arabat on the Inaouene River;
b. Covering the total project area of 90,000 ha: Land reorganizationand redistributionin the communes of Dar Gueddari,Jmaa des Haouafate and Msaada and the Ouled Khalifa section of Khenichet;
c. Covering 60,000 ha (43,300 ha net) of the above area: Land preparation and the constructionof new irrigationand drainage systems covering a net area of 38,300 ha and the improvementof existing irrigation on 5,000 ha;
d. Covering the remaining 30,000 ha (26,700 ha net): The improvementof rainfed agriculture;
e. The constructionand equipment of a new sub-divi- sion office, two new local development centers and 20 sector offices which, together with five existing developmentcenters, would serve both the irrigated and rainfed parts of the project area; - 10-
f. The improvementof roads and cron processing facilitiesto serve the project area;
g. Experimentsand investigationsto determinedesign criteria for subsurfacedrainage; and
h. The strengthening and reorganization of the Rharb Regional Agricultural Development Office at Kenitra to manage the project with the assistance of consultantsand to plan the second phase of development (see Chapter Y).
The project, which would be executed over an eight-yearperiod, would be completed in mid-1977.
SubsequentPhases of Development
4.02 As mentioned above in paragraph 3.11, the constructionof the Idriss I Dam will permit new irrigationof about 80,000 ha, in addition to the area already irrigated in the Rharb Plain. The project would account for almost half of this potential new area, leaving the remainderto be developed in a second phase. The full exploitation of the Rharb Plain vould require a combinationof further dams, power stations and other upstream structures, costing about DH 0.8 billion (US$160million) in total. This would permit the regulation of about 60% of the total discharge of the Sebou a Basin, the generation of more than '00 Gvh annually, and the complete irri- gation of the Rharb Plain. 2---
B. Proposed Works
4.03 Details of project engineeringworks are given in Annex 4 and sum- marized below.
4.04 Idriss I Dam and Reservoir. Proceedingupstream from the Rharb Plain, the UNDP/FAO Sebou Team investigateda total of 30 possible dam sites, of which 20 were studied in detail and the three most important (Arabat, M'Jara and Dar El Arsa) vere covered by full feasibility studies. Of all the sites permitting the constructionof major reservoirs,Arabat is geologicallyby far the most favorable. Lying in a narrow gorge in the Inaouene Valley, about 25 km from Fes, the site would permit the impounding of 1,430 Mm3 with a surface of 5,700 ha at a height of 62 m (220 m abDve sea level). Seepage losses would be negligible. Aside from geological conditions,the height of the dam is limited by the location of the highway and railway linking Fes with Oujda and Algeria. Even at the 220 m level, it vill be necessary to relocate 15 km of rail and 10 1cmof highvay, at a cost of DH 35 million. To permit deferral of this expenditure as long as possible, the reservoir would not be filled immediately,but would be operated at a maximum level of 203 m until the second phase of irrigationdevelopment in the Rharb necessitated the increased storage. e - il -
4.05 After various alternatives(earth-fill, rock fill etc.) had been discarded because of the lack of suitable building materials, the Moroccan Governmentand their consultants,Flectricite de France, decided on a hollow concrete gravity dam (modifiedbuttress-type) made up of structurallyinde- pendent 15 m vertical sections which give the dam a degree of flexibility. (See Annex 4, Figire 1). The desigp makes provision for a 25 MW power plant at the foot of the dam, but, due to the direct conflict between the optimum patterns of monthly water releases for power and irrigation, and the fact that the maximum head would not be available until the road and railway had been relocated, the additional investment for pover generation would only yield a rate of return of 6% and is not justified. Although the design chosen is technically and economicallythe best one, the possibilitiesof achieving cost savings by constructingthe dam in two phases are negligible.
Land Reorganization and Red stribution
4.o6 Under the project, most of the cultivatorswould receive zetle to their new 5 ha holdings, although some would continue to work as employees on the large scale commercial farms and citrus plantations. Those receiving additionalland would repay the Governmentover a 20-year period with 40% interest. Details of the land reorganizationand redistributionmeasures to be implementedunder the project are given in Annex 1. Within each of the three communes, the work would take an average of 2-1/2 years to complete. emSWork would commence in a new commune each year, beginning with the commune having the largest proportion of redistributablelands, so that by the end of 1974, the entire project area would be finally reallocated. The detailed plans for reallocationand consolidationand the detailed design of the irri- gation field layout in each commune wo.uldbe prepared by the same engineering firms. The Moroccans have considerablepractical experience in the classical consolidationof fragmentedplots within an irrigationfield lay-out. The redistributionof land, however, has not been attempted on such a large scale (60,000ha) before. In the event that land reform runs into delays in the initial years it would probably be possible to catch up to the original sched- ule before the completion of the irrigationworks. In any case, the worst that could happen would be the abandoningof the proposed redistributionand the falling back on the well-known procedures for simple consolidation. This event would have a negligible effect on the overall economics of the project, but would result in a failure to attain the project's social and income re- distributionobjectives.
Irrigation and Drainage Systens
4.07 At present, water is Dumped from the Sebou River to irrigate the existing citrus and rice (15,000 ha in the Rharb Plain), using almost the entire available dry-season flow in average years. The constructionof the Idriss I Dam would repienish the dry season flow during critical low periods, permitting an extension of the irrigated area. Four alternative plans have been studied to use the flow in the Sebou River for irrigation in the Rharb * Plain. The solution chosen, which is economicallythe best, consists of the following raajorworks (see Map 3): -12-
a. First Phase (43,300 ha net, of which 5,000 ha alreadyirrigated) included in -roJect (See Map )
- Pump stations to-serve the part of the project area,t6'be irrigated along the Sebou (-5-,,600ha net) and to feed a small>-,4nlined supply canal and an existing drain as temporary supply lines tô the southern part of the project area -to be irrigated along the Beht; and
- Primary, secondary and tertiary distribution systems consistinglargely of prefabricated concrete sections mounted on plers (see Annex 4), for the irrigationof individualpump station sectors ranging from 500 ha to 5,700 ha in size. (Similar systems wiouldbe con- structed in subsequentphases.)
b. Second Phase (47,700 ha net, of which 6,000 ha already irrigated)not included in project.
- To supply the southern part of the second phase area, a weir to raise the water level in the Sebou River at the head of the plain, and an intake and part of a main canal (G-1) skirting the southern boundary of the plain, following the Phase I temporary supply canal and replacing it; and
- To supply the northern part, a second weir at Sidi-Allal-Tazi,at the lower end of the Sebou River, to prevent water from flowing off to sea and to maintain the level for further pumping stations on the right bank of the Sebou River.
4.o8 The field layout would be based on the "Network B" system devised by the former National Irrigation Office (ONI) and widely used in Morocco: SmalL irrigation units of 20-40 ha, each served by its own irrigation turn- out, would be divided into individualfields separatedby an irrigation ditch and a drainage ditch with a simple access road on the bank between them. Each field would be carefully levelled before the constructionof the irrigationsystem. Field drains in each irrigationunit would be connectea by tertiary and secondaryditches to the existing network, and in Class III and IV areas underground tile (or plastic) drains would be installed,but only completed after the necessary experiments and investigationshad been carried out (see Annex 2). Pump Staticns
4.09 Two temporary pump stations would be built, one of them floating on a barge in the Sebou. Fourteen permanent pump stations would be built on the highest, firmest banks of the Sebou and Beht rivers, after careful investiga- tion of each site. The maximum discharge of the largest station would be 9.4 m3 /sec. Some of the stations would have two stage lifts, the highest overall lift being 26 m. Installed power at each station ranges from as little as 30 kw to more than 1,800 kw totaling 11.6 MW. All but the Iwo largest stations, which will be supplied directly from the power transmission substation, can draw th,eir electricity from the existing 22 KV supply lines along both banks of the Sebou River and along the Beht River.
Agricultural Development (see Annex 5)
4.10 The improvement of agriculture in the project area (90,000 ha) would consist of partial irrigation (43,300 ha) of the project area, with the improvement of rain-fed farming on the remaining cultivated area (26,700 ha net). Complete irrigation of the project area would not take place until much later, due to the problems of poor drainage and flooding in the part of the project area not included in the first phase of irrigation develop- ment.
4.11 Improvement of rainfed agriculture would consist of the intro- duction of a four-year rotation (sugarbeet, cereals, oilseeds and forage), together with modern inputs and improved techniques of cultivation, including tractor mechanization. This rotation is feasible on even the heaviest tirs soils provided they are banked and provided with improved surface drainage.
4.12 The first hase of irrigation would enable the best land (the dhess and the lighter tirs , to be even more intensively developed. A number of different crops and rotations would be introduced on suitable soils. These rotations are described in Annex 5, and suzmmarized below:
Area ('000 ha) %
Sugarcane rotation 14.7 38.4 Citrus (excluding existing area) 6.3 16.3 Rice rotation 5.7 15.0 Domestic agriculture 1/ 4.2 10.9 Sugarbeet, Wheat, Cotton ana Forage: a) Five-year rotation 3.9 10.2 b) Four-year rotation 3.5 9.1 38.3 100.0
2 1/ Miainly fruits and vegetables raised on 5,000 m house lots, primarily for family consumption. - 14 - 0
4.13 Increased forage production under both improved rainfed farming and irrigation would be geared to the development of livestock axidwould compensate for the planned cultivationof part of the present grazing area (fallow and merjas). The areas still remaining uncultivatedwould be organized as improved grazing land. While the compulsory introductionof mixed farming is one of the requirementsof the new AgriculturalInvestment Code, and would also benefit crop production through maintenance of soil fer- tility, the propagation of improved stock and modern animal husbandry tech- niques would require a great effort on the part of the authorities and the farmers as well.
4.14 Livestock development,as part of the overall developmentprogram, would be pursued under various systems:
On citrus farms dairy cows would be fed with forage produced on nearby arable farms, as vell as with the by-products of agriculturalindustries, while the manure they produced would fertilize the citrus orchards. Also, village stables, 11 of which already exist in the Sidi Slimane area, would operate under the close control of the local development centers and sector offices. These stables would act as pilot units for the development of improved livestock in the project area, with the young animals being sold to individual farmers to start their own livestock production. A large number of farm stables with stock which originally came from the village stables already exist in the Sidi Slimane area and will be further developed in the future.
Supporting Services
4.15 To achieve the agriculturaldevelopment descrLbed above, it would be necessary to construct and equip a sub-divisionoffice, two additional agricul- tural development centers and 20 sector offices (roughly one for every ten villages). While some farmers already have their own machinery, and others would join machinery cooperativesand purchase machinery with loans from the CNCA, it would still be necessary for the government to provide about half of the machine hours required for the intensive cultivation of the project area. The existing development centers have some machinery, but part of it must work outside the project area and much of it is in need of replacement. To supplement this machinery, and to equiD the new development centers, 250 additional tractors with implementswould be purchased under the przject.
Processing Facilities and Roads
4.16 It would be necessary to convert the Ministry of Commerce and Industry's two existing sugarbeet factories into mixed beet-and-caneprocess- ing factories. This could be done at a relatively low cost merely by adding cane crushers and conveyors. A much better utilizationof the investment in the existing facilities would result. Additional storage would be added to the existing ginning factory at Sidi Kacem. A fruit juice factory would also be required for the project area, but the government is relying on grivate ini- tiative for its construction. In order to accommodatethe increased traffic * - 15-
resulting from the project, a number of the existing roads in the project area would be improved and strengthened. Aside from the farm access roads built within the irrigation units, however, no new roads would be required.
C. Engineering and ConstructionSchedule
4.17 Final design for the Idriss I Dam, based on the feasibility study made by the Sebou Team and Electricite de France (EDF), has been entrusted to consultants (Coyne et Bellier Cie. and SOFRELEC of France) and is virtually completed. Bids for constructionhave been received from twelve reputable internationalcontractors and a US$ 14 million contract was avarded on May 13, 1969, to Campenon-Bernardof France, the lowest bidder. In order to make the first storage water available for the dry season of 1972, constructionof the dam is beginning this year and is expected to take about four years. The partial operation of the reservoir could begin in 1972, allowing for the ir- rigation of the first new land in the Rharb beginning in July, 1972. Before the filling of the reservoir, however, geological studies would be undertaken by the consultants in the reservoir area to determine the danger of landslides occurring around the side slopes after filling, particularly near the road and the railway. Assurances vere oatained during negotiationsthat such studies * -would be begun vithin 6 months of signing a loan.
4.18 The irrigation network has been subject to sa1;isfactory preliminary designs based on existing 1:20,000 scale maps, providing an adequate basis for cost estimates. Final designs would be prepared, with the help of con- sultants, in conjunctionwith the detailed plan at a scale of 1:5,000 for land reallocation,as described in para. 4.06 above. Holdings in the first of the three rural communes would not be completely reallocated until mid-1972. Con- struction work, especially land leveling and the construction of primary and secondary canals, could begin in the first irrigation sector (3,050 ha) im- mediately after the harvest in late May 1971, however, and continue through the summer. The placing of prefabricated canal sections and the completion of the tertiary roads would continue through the winter, when a further rainfed crop could be grown on the newly levelled fields. In the summer of 1972, the first sector would be irrigated and constructionwork would com- mence in the next area.
4.19 In calculating the costs and benefits of the project, an annual rate of constructionhas been assumed, increasing from 3,050 ha in 1971/72, to 4,850 ha in 1972/73, 6,250 ha ir 1973/74 and 8,400 ha in 1974/75, and thereafter. This rate, while somewbat higher than that presently being achieved on existing individualprojects in Morocco (6,000ha a year each in the Tl'adlaand Basse Moulouya areas) is feasible, particularly in view of the more favorable topography in the Rharb and the measures described below in Chapter V to increase the present implementationcapacity of the Re- . gional Office in Kenitra. 4.20 The final design of the drainage system, particularly the spacing of the subsurface tile (or plastic) field drains, vill require further field -16 -. e investigation, research and experimentation at the National Agronomic Institute's drainage experiment station within the project area (see Annex 2). A qualified drainage consultant will be required to interpret the expe- rimental results and to advise on their practical application in the project area. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that a drainage consultant acceptable to the Bank would be employed on satisfactory terms and conditions. In the meantime, the preliminary design prepared by the Sebou Team is an adequate basis for cost estimates, and much of the system (open drains, col- lectors and half of the subsurface field drains at double spacing) could be designed and built concurrently with the irrigation network. The remainder of the field drains can be installed later, independently of the rest, and without disrupting crop production, when the results of the surveys and ex- periments are obtained.
4.21 Preliminary designs for the pump stations have been prepar'ed by the Sebou Team as a basis for the cost estimates. Final designs and tender documents would have to be prepared by engineering conultants, acting in close cooperation with the suppliers of permanent equipment. Site investigation, final design, tendering and construction for each pump station would require almost three years and would be phased to coincide with the construction of the dam and the irrigation network.
D. Cost Estimate
4.22 The total cost of the project would be DH 547.3 million (US$ 109.5 million equivalent), made up as follows:
Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total 0 - DH millions - - - - US$ millions- - Forei,n< Idriss I Dam 72.2 33.5 105.7 14.4 6.7 21.1 32 First Phase Irrig. and Drainage Development (38,300 ha) 159.8 63.7 223.5 32.0 12.7 44.7 29 Imorovement of Rainfed Agriculture (26,700 ha) 17.3 6.7 24.0 3.5 1.3 4.15 28 Agricultural Management and Processing Facilities 16.9 29.1 46.o 3.4 5.8 9.2 64 Sub-total 2b6.2 133.0 399.2 53.2 26.6 79.8 33 Engineering and Suoervision1' 5.2 14.8 20.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 74 Contingencies_?J 45.9 19.7 65.6 9.8 3.3 13.1 30 Total Excluding Interest 317.3 167.5 484.8 63.5 33.5 97.0 35 Interest During Construc- tion _ _ 62.5 62.5 - 12.5 12.5 100 Grand Total3/ 317.3 230.0 547.3 63.5 46.o 109.5 42
1/ 3% of civil works. 21 20% of civil works and 10% of other items. 3/ Columns do not add up due to rounding,. e - 171-
The cost estimates are based on detailed preliminary designs prepared by the Sebou Team and on the contract awarded for the civil vorks of Idriss I Dam. Unit costs and foreign exchange percentagesare based on recent actual con- tracts for similar works in Morocco and estimates of the foreign exehange componentsof locally purchased fuel, materials, etc. In addition to eng4.- neering design contingencieson major structures,pending final design, con- tingenciesof 10% haTe been allowed on all items for price increasesand a further 10%'/has been allowed for unforeseen expenditure on most civil works items. Adequate allowanceshave been made for engineeringand supervision. Further details of project costs are given in Annex 7.
E. Financing
4.23 The amount of the proposed loan would be US$ 46.o million (DH 230.0 million equivalent). The proposed loan would cover the US$ 33.5 million es- timated foreign exchange cost of the project, which is about 35% of the total, plus US$ 12.5 million interest and commitmentcharges during construction. The remainder of the cost, about US$ 63.5 million (DH 317.3 million equ,ivalent), would be met by the Governnentout of annual budget appropriations. 'otal ex- penditure on the project would represent an average of roughly 10% of projected government investment in agriculture, or less than 5% of anticipated total public investment. It is expected, therefore, that the government will have no difficulty in making available all local currency required for the project in the full amounts and at the times needed. Expenditures on the project would occur roughly as follows:
------DH millions- - - Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
Local currency 17 28 39 49 43 56 54 31 317 Foreign exehange 8 18 20 41 31 22 20 8 168 Tiotalexcluding interest 25 46 59 90 74 78 74 39 485 Interestl/ 2 3 h 6 9 11 13 14 62 Total with interest 27 49 _63 96' 83 89 87 53 547 Bank loan disbursements (US$ millions equiv.) 2.0 4.2 4.8 9.4 8.0 6.6 6.6 4.4 46.o
1/ 7% interest and 3/4h% commitmentcharge on foreign exchange only.
P. Procurementand Contracting
4.24 All tendering for the constructionof Idriss I Dam has been carried out on the basis of internationalcompetitive bidding, in accordancewith the Bank's normal procedures. The contract for installationof electrical and mechanical equipnent will be tendered separately, following the same procedures. >- 18 -
4.25 In addition to the dam, assurances were obtained that the Govern- ment vould invite international tenders for the construction and equipment of the Dump stations and irrigation and drainage systems, the expansion of the ginning factory and the conversion of the sugar refineries. Tenders would be grouped as far as possible in lots of US$ 1 million or more, with the Bank's prior approval, so as to be of sufficient size to attract foreign bidders. Tractors, vehicles and equipment for the development centers would also be subject to international bidding with a 15% margin of preference for Moroccan manufacturers. Other project works, amounting to about 20/'O of the total cost, and individual civil works contracts costing US$ 100,000 or less, would be subject to the usual tendering procedure of the Government which, though primarily local in nature, frequently results in the award of contract to foreign firms maintaining offices or representatives in Morocco. liacivil works would be performed on direct force account.
ContractLng
4.26 Considerable experience and capacity exists in Morocco among small to medium size local contracting firms in the construction of irrigation and drainage networks. As the program of work in the Rharb Plain increases, while irrigation construction work in other parts of the country diminishes, compe- tition between capable local contractors is likely to increase. '4ostof the work would consist of the installation of prefabricated concrete sections pur- chased under separate contract (see below) and may not be of sufficient value to attract any substantial foreign interest. However, for efficient execution and supervision, the construction of one irrigation sector would not be sub- divided into more than one contract. The installation of sub-soil tile drain- age, even if the mechanical method were used, is not likely to interest eoreign contractors. For pump stations, international bidding would also be invited. Because of the dependence of important parts of these structures on elements constructed and supplied by pump manui'acturers, steel foundries, etc., the responsibility for the structure as a whole would be given to one princi- pal contractor in each instance. These structures, except for the smallest pump stations, are large enough to attract international interest.
Prefabrication of Canal and Tile Drain Elements
4.27 The capacity of the existing factory producing the prefabricated concrete sections for secondary and tertiary irrigation canals, situated 34 km from Rabat, is insufficient and another factory would be required near the project area. The factoryr in the Tadla Plain, which is becoming redundant in that area, could be moved to the Rharb Plain. Assurances were obtained that the necessary canal elements would be available in time as needed. The capacity for production of drain tiles at Kenitra is ample, even at the full construction requirement. le e - 19 - G. DWisbursement
4.28 About US$11 million equivalent of the proposed loan would cover against full documentation, the cif cost, 1/ including cDntingencies, of im- ported electrical and mechanical equipment for Idriss I Dam and the pump stations; tractors, implements, vehicles and equipment for the local de- velopment centers: additional equipment for the ginning factory and the sugar refir.ery; and the t'oreign cost of consultants' services. Disburse- ments would also be made on a percentage basis to cover the estimated foreign component of expenditure under contracts for civil works and expendi- ture by the re7îonal office on !and reform and preparation. Supervising consultants would be responsible for certifying such expenditure, totalling about US$ 80 million, includin7 contingencies, of which about US$ 22 million, or about 28%, would be covered by disbursements from the loan. Payments un- der the dam contract and other contracts approved by the Bank, made after May 13, 1969, would be eligible for reimbursement. The amount of such re- troactive financing is unlikely to exceed US$ 400-500,000 or about 1% of the loan. About US$ 13 million of the proposed loan would cover interest and commitment charges during the 8 year construction period. Savings in any category under the allocation of proceeds would be made available for overruns in any other category, including interest during construction.
V. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
5.01 The execution of the project would be primarily the responsibility of the Regional Agricultural Development Office in Kenitra, under the super- vision of the Minister of Agriculture and the technical guidance of the Ministry's Agricultural Development Departient (see organization chart). The construction, operation and maintenance of Idriss I Dam, the provision of power supply and the improvement of the road network in the project area would be the xenonsi_ility of the Ministry of Public Works; and the conversion of the sugar factory would be the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Idriss I Dam 5.02 The construction of the Idriss I Dam is being supervised by the Hydraulic Department of the Ministry of Public Works, with the assist4nce of consulting engineers (Coyne et Bellier and SOFRELEC of France). This depart- ment is experienced and competent in dan construction and has at its aisposal a team of experts on secondment from Electricite de France. The existing organizational and managerial arrangements for the construction of the dam are satisfactory and no major problems are foreseen.
1/ In the case of locally procured equipment the loan would cover Ü5';of the invoice price. It is estimated that some light vehicles and tractors, costing about US$1 million may be purchased locally afzer internationalcompetitive bidding. - 20-
The Regional Agricultural Development Office
5.03 The organization of the remainder of the project poses a more diffi- cult problem. In view of organization and management difficulties exPerienced in connection with the Sidi Slimane project, the Bank asked the Government for detailed proposals for reorganizing and strengthening the Regional Office to enable it to carry out the project efficiently. These proposals are based on a PERT 1/ analysis of all project activities, followed by the preparation of detailed programs, organization charts, staffing tables and budgets for each part of -he project organization, as well as improved machinery for coordina- tion among them. The study was made within the Agricultural Development Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, with the assistance of the new director of the Regional Office, the remaining members of the Sebou team and a firm of management and planning consultants from Paris (SODETEG). The con- tinuation of detailed programming during the execution of the project will be entrusted to a newly established Programming, Planning and Budgetting Service vithin the Regional Office (see organization chart) which is being added to the five existing services (Administration; Land Reform and On-farm Development; Construction of Irrigation and Drainage; Agricultural Operations; and Vehicles snd Equipment).
5.04 The critical problem facing the Regional Office is not technical capacity to supervise the construction work, but rather administrative capac- ity to organize all the concurrent and inter-related activities required to achieve the anticipated maximum rate of development, i.e. 9,000 ha a year from 1974 onwards. Without the help of consultants, the Regional Office is now al- ready achieving a rate of 2,000 ha a year (1968), somewhat less than the 3,000 ha rate at which the implementation of the new project is expected to begin in 1971. Working under slightly more difficult soil and topography conditions, but vith varying degrees of assistance from consulting engineers, two other Regional Offices (Tadla and Basse Moulouya) are each already achieving an annual rate of construction of 6,000 ha (1968). The director of the Regional Office of Basse Moulouya, a young dynamic builder of canals who - in two years in office - moved the USAID-financedBasse Moulouya Project from virtu- al stagnation and collapse to rapid progress, has recently been named direc- tor of the Regional Office serving the project area. This new director,with the assistance of supervising consultants and the detailed planning analysis now available, should be able to achieve the transition from the current (re- cently somewhat improved) rate of implementationof the Sidi Slimane Project to the rate proposed for the project now under consideration.
General Consultants
5.05 For the Regional Office to achieve the rate of development outlined above, it vould need to employ supervising consultantsto assist the new direc- tor in planning and supervisingthe work and in dealing with specializedcon- tractors, consultants.and financial agencies. The responsibilitieso' these consultantswould include the following: (Details are given in Annex 3).
1/ Program Evaluation and Review Technique. e - 21 -
Acting as principal advisors to the Director of the Regional Office in all phases of the Bank-assisted project;
Assisting the Director in preparing, implementing and reviewing work programs within the scope of the project;
Assisting in the selection and supervision of specialized consultants to be retained for surveys, plans and the pre- paration of final design for the var-ious project works;
Reviewing all feasibility stCdies, progress reports, proposals, designs and cost elstimates prepared by various consulting firms;
Assisting in the preparation and review of tender documents and specifications, the evaluation of bids, and contracts for the construction of project works;
Assisting the Director in the coordination of the work of consulting firms and contractors; and
w- Certifying expenditure under contracts for reimbursement.
It wroula be a condition of effectiveness of the proposed loan that satisfacto- ry general consultants would be employed by the Regional Office for the dura- tion of the project on terms and conditions acceptable to the Bank, and assu- rances were obtained that other satisfactory specialized consultants would be retained, as needed, for shorter periods for detailed preliminary soîl and topographical surveys and the preparation of tender documents and final designs for the pump stations, the temporary water supply and the primary distribution system (lined, excavated canals) and for experiments and surveys for sub-surface drainage.
Technical Staff a Sppr ting Services
5.o6 The strengthening of the Regional Office to meet the increased work load of the project will be facilitated by the fact that construction of a number of other major irrigation projects ini Morocco - Basse Moulouya, Doukkala and Tadla - will be nearing completion in the next few years and the Government will be concentrating its efforts and resources to an increasing extent on the development of the Rharb, Moroccols last remaining major under- developed irrigable area. T2hus, the Ministry of Agriculture intends to trans- fer a large number of capable, experienced engineers and agronomists from other regional offices as the demand for their services builds up in the Rharb. ¶i'hesystems analysis (see paragraph 5.03) shows that the implementation of the project would require a professional staff of about 202, of whom 139 are already in post or scheduied to arrive soon. Of the 63 vacancies remaining, 12 woula have to be filled during the remainder of 1969 and the remaining 51 as needed between 1969 and 1972. - 22-
Special Coordinating Machinery
5.07 '2he Regional Office is under the administration of an interministe- rial board, presided by the Minister of Agriculture, which meets three times - year. Low level technical coordination is provided by a regional committee, which meets monthly, chaired'by the provincial governor and made up of local officials and technicians. The Government now plans to set up a special pro- ject coordinating committee, presided by the Minister of Agriculture, and composed of the new director of the Regional Office; the directors of the Agricultural Development Department and the other departments of the Minis- try: and representatives of the Ministries of Finance, Public Works, Indus- try and Commerce, Planning and Interior. This committee, which would meet auarterly, would supervise the progress of the implementation of the project as reflected in the director's quarterly progress reports to be subnitted to the Bank, and provide the necessary horizontal coordination among all the different governiment agencies concerned. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that the special coordinating committee would be established with membership and terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank. Accounts and Audit
5.08 Assurances were obtained during negotiations that separate pro- ject accounts would be established by all the agencies concerned (the Minis- tries of Agriculture, Public Works and Industry and Commerce). These accounts would be subject to the routine annual audit and continuing scrutiny of a financial controller from the Ministry of Finance, who normally attach inspec- tors to each unit responsible for executing a project. In the case of Agri- culture, the inspector would be attached to the Regional Office, which nov has full managerial responsibility for its own staff and for the avard and execution of contracts up to an amount of US$ 100,000 equivalent each, lar- ger amounts being handled by the Agricultural Development Department in the Ministry's headquarters at Rabat. This arrangement is satisfactory, but the upper limit on the financial autaority of the Regional Office should be keDt under review and increased if experience so indicates. Operation and Maintenance Cost
5.09 Details of organization and costs of operation and maintenance are given in Annexes 5 (Agricultural Operations) and 9 (Irrigation Operation and Maintenance). At full development, operation and maintenance costs for the project area, plus the second phase irrigation area (a total of 91,000 ha irrigated, plus 26,700 ha imuroved rainfed farming), would be roughly DH 120/ha (US$ 24/ha), broken down as follows (DH thousands): A. Idriss I Dam 600 (DH 6/ha)
B. Irrigation, Drainage and Roads (91,000 ha)
Operating Costs: Staff, fuel, supplies, etc. 1,300 Electricity (DHî0.05/Kwh) 2,40U Maintenance 5,400 Sub-total 9,100 (DHI100/ha) e - 23 _
C. A icultural_Operation (11,000 ha)
Based on 91,000 ha of irrigationand 26,700 ha of improved rainfed farming. Excludes tractor cultivation,which is charged direct to farmers under their crop contracts 4,400 (DH 31/ha) D. Total 14,100 (DMI'2O/ha)
Water Charges and Financial Results
5.10 Farmers in the Sidi SlLmane irea are presently assessed vater charges of DH 0.018 per m3 , of which taey are required to pay 10p the first year, 20% the second year, etc., only reaching 100% in the tenth year after the first delivery of water. In the past, collectionof these charges was badly in arrears. Last year the Minister of the Interior agreed that farmers in default would not receive water; since then, the Regional Office has been able to collect most of the arrears and practically all of the current charges.
5.11 Under the new AgriculturalInvestment Code (see Annex 1), water charges for the entire Rharb, iacludingSidi Slimane, have been increased by 60%éto DH 0.029 per m3, phased over 5 years, rather than 10 (i.e. 20% the le first year, 40% the second year, etc.,) except in the case of tree crops. In addition to water charges, the new law provides for a betterment levy on newly irrigated land of DH 1,500 per ha, payable either in cash or in 17 annual in- stallments after three years of grace with interest at 4%. Farmers with 5 ha or less do not pay the levy, those with 5 - 20 ha pay only for land in excess of 5 ha, while those with more than 20 ha pay the full amount. Because of the farm size structure in the project area, roughly half the irrigated land would pay. The new law also provides for surface drainage charges in the rainfed farming areas of DH 23.30/ha for 20 years. Thereafter they are re- quired to pay a permanent maintenance charge of DH 5.20/ha/year. Assurances - would be obtained during nego that all water charges, taxes and assess- ments establishedby law within the project area for the provision of irriga- tion, drainage and agriculturalsupporting serviceswould be promptly and ful- ly collected, and that the level of charges would be reviewed within five years, in consultationwith the Bank. Thus, at full production,the direct revenue would be as follows (DR millions): Direct Revenue Project Area Phase II Total
Water Charges 10.6 11.7 22.3 Betterment Levy 2.4 2.5 4.9 Drainage Tax o.6 - o.6 Total 13.6 14.2 27.8 Overating Costs 6-71/ 7.4 14.1 * Operating Surplus 6.9 6.8 13.7
1/ Including Idriss I Dam. -24 -
In addition to the above direct charges, the project would yield revenue from the export duty on citrus (DH 17/ton) and a proposed 10O agriculturalincome tax. The total charges, including taxes and duties estimated at about DH 20 million, would amount to about a fourth of the incrementalnet farm income re- sulting from the project. The operating surplus plus export duties and agri- cultural income tax would be sufficientto recover the entire capital cost, without interest, over the 40-year life of the investment (see projected cash flow in Annex 10), or to cover 75% of the debt service on a 30-year Bank loan with a 9-year grace period.
VI. PRODUCTION,MARKET PROSPECTS AND FARM INCOME
A. Production
6.01 The constructionof irrigationand drainage works would slightly re- dlucethe total cultivated surface vithin the project area, but the provision of irrigation and drainage and the use of complementaryinputs would permit a much greater intensity of production through both a higher overall cropping intensity and substantiallyhigher average yields as shown below:
Cropped Area Average Yieldà/ Production (000 ha) (m ton/ ha) (000 M ton) Present Future Present Future Present Future Increase
Citrus 4.5 10.3 16.0 24.0 72 247 175 Sugarcane - 9.8 -- 78.0 -- 764 764 Sugarbeet 3.0 8.3 20.0 27.0 60 224 164 -Forage 0.5 17.0 20.0 39.0 10 663 653 Cotton 2/ 1.1 6.o 1.2 1.8 1 il 10 Rice 3/ 1.0 5.6 5.0 4.5 5 25 20
Wheat 43.7 8.3 1.0 1.8 44 15 - 29 Sunflower 1.0 6.6 0.9 1.4 1 9 8 Domestic Agriculture 9.6 4.2 Other 4.5 -- Total 68.9 76.2 Fallow 7.0 - Total CultivatedArea 75.9 70.0 Cropping Intensity 4 90% 109%
1/ Yields will vary according to soil quality and crop rotation. 2/ Yields and production are in terms of seed cotton. 3/ Yields and production are in terrms of Daddy. V îo100is equivalent to one crop per year on the entire cultivated area.
6.02 The above yield increases are based on figures from existing irrigated areas, including Sidi Slimane. They should be achievable within one rotation (4-6 years) from the time of completion of land development. The estimates of * - 25 -
ecoriomic and financial benefits of the project take account of extended develop- ment periods: each area equipped with an irrigation and drainage system would reach only 50% of the effective equivalentof full irrigation in the first year, 60% in the second, 70% in the fourth, 30% in the sixth, etc.; new citrus groves would attain full production after about 12 years. Thus full production for the project area as a whole would be reached about 20 years from now.
B. Market Prospects
o.03 Three-fourthsof the projected gross value of production in the area woula come from citrus (34% of the total), sugar (24%) and forage (i14h )). Other crops would be produced in relativelyminor quantities,and their marketing should produce no problems,particularly in the case of food crops, such as rice (5%) and sunflower (2%), which will help to fill Morocco's rapidly growing food deficit. Rainfed wheat production is nore economic in other areas of the coun- try, and would be largely replaced by other crops under the project. Market prospects for the three major crops are analyzed below.
6.o4 Citrus exports account for almost a fifth of Mlorocco'stotal export earnings. Morocco currentlyproduces about 700,000 tons of citrus annually * (2% of world supply), of which about 600,000 tons are exported,three-fourths to Western Europe (mainly France) and almost all the remainder (about 150,000 tons) to the Soviet Union. Morocco's exports of citrus have almost doubled since 1960 and production continuesto grow by about 10 - 11% annually. Recent- ly revised FAO projections for 1975 indicate a relative balance of supply and demand at slightly reduced prices. This projection discountsto some extent, however, the recent rapid increase in per capita citrus consumptionin the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, which has steadily increased from an average of 0.9 kg annually in 1959-1963,to 1.9 kg in 1967. 1/ This compares with per capita consumptionin the U.S. and Western Europe of more than 20 kg annually, or 10 times as much. Taking into account the long gestation period of citrus production the market could move from a position of relative over-supplyand downward pressure on prices in the 1970's, to one of equilibrium,or even shortage, in the 1980's when the first trees planted under the project begin to come into production. While it is impossibleto predict so far into the future, it is likely that world demand will continue to grow toward the end of the century at a rate sufficientto absorb the relatively mnuchalower pro- jected future growth of citrus production in Morocco, i.e., an average rate of less than 3% per annum from 1970 to 2000.
6.05 Sugar. Morocco's per capita sugar consumption(25 kg per annum) is one of the highest in the entire under-developedworld. Faced with the prospect of continuing heavy imports, the Moroccan Government adopted, in 1963, a policy aimed at eventual self-sufficiencyin sugar through the promotion of'local production,which reached 60,000 tons, or 17% of total
!/ FAO Committee on CommodityProblens, Study Group on Citrus fruit, Fourth Session "Review of 1975 Projections for Citrus Fruit," April 10, 1969. -26- consumption, in 1967. Assuming consumption keeps Dace with the erowth of population, Morocco vill need ten times this amount by the 1980's, when the project would be in full production. Based on the Government's proposed producer prices (DH 6 0/ton for beet EancDH 40/ton for cane) and preliminary estimates of investment and operating costs, which would be less than for factories processin7 either only beet _/ or only cane, the mixed beet-and-cane refineries planned for the Rharb could produce refined sugar at a price about 33¼'lJhigher than the long-term projected price of imported sugar (equivalent to 3.5 US cents/lb fas Cuba), thus necessitating a subsidy for local production. Most sugar producing countries are forced to protect their local sugar industries. For example, sugarbeet prices in France and Italy are equivalent to DH 80/ton and DH 100/ton, respectively. Moreover, the world free market price is influenced by dumping and does not fully re- flect world production costs. Furthermore, if one takes account of the dif- ference in net foreign exchange earnings and savings between sugar production and the next best alternative crop suited for the same soils 2/, sugar pro- duction would remain preferable from the balance of payment's viewpoint 3/ even if the cost of imported sugar were to fall to the equivalent of 2 US cents per lb fas Cuba. Finally, both cane and beet are not only excellent rotation crops, benefitting indirectly the production of the other crops in the rotation, but also produce important by-products for livestock feed.
G.06 Forage. The forage to be produced in the project area (660,000 tons), together with full utilization of by-product feeds from the other crops, esuecially sugar beet and cane tops, pulp and molasses, vould support a total of about 14,000 cattle equivalent units, or 6,500 if the forage alone is taken into account. The larger figure would result in annual net production of 42 million liters of milk and 3,260 tons of meat. By comparison, projections Of increased demand within the Sebou Basin itself show that the local riarket alone could absorb an additional 200 million liters of milk and 100,000 tons of meat annually by the end of the century.
C. Prices
6.07 In the valuation of the agricultural output of the project area, farm gate prices have been used. For citrus, a l0'e decline is assuied from 1959-1968 average export prices to take account of the necessity of increasing M^orocco's future share of the export market. T he current official price for
1/ Operating cost per ton of granulated sugar: DH 506 for the mixed factory vs DE 587 for a factory processing beet only. 2/ Sunflower for beet and the 5-year rotation for cane. 3/ Foreign exchange costs, both direct and indirect of importing or pro- ducing locally the end products of the sugar rotations compared with the converse situations for the substitute rotations. * - 27 -
sugarbeet, in effect since 1962, has been used in the farm budget and finan- cial projections in this report, together with the proposed equivalent price for the new crop, cane. This results in a cost of producing raw sugar locally which is about 33% higher than the projected cif price of imported raw sugar, which has been used for the economic analysis. Forage has been valued in terms of conversion to milk and meat at the prevailinig average meat price of DH 5/kg and a 20'/ lower price for milk, DH 0.4/liter. These and other prices are summarized below:
Prices (DH/ton) Farm Gate Casablanca Equiv. Citrus 75% exportable fruit 300 6U- - 25% triage (local consumption) 100 __ Average producer price 250 --
Sugar Cane 40 ) 6401' Beet 60 ) (raw sugar)
Forage Gross conversion value 41 (Milk and meai,) Livestock production costs 12 (purchasesoutside area) Livestock value adied 10 Gross value of forage 19 (green forage at farn,gate)
* Cotton (long staple, 34-36 mm) 1,200 3,500 (lint) (seed cotton) 460 (seed)
Rice (short grain, 13% broken) 400 700 (paddy) (milled rice)
1/ Equivalent to 5 US cents per lb, fas Cuba.
These prices are generally conservative, although a degree of uncertainty surrounds the prospects of citrus, as explained above, sugar, whieh is already subsidized, and also cotton. The small quantity of cotton which would result from the project, i.e., 4,000 tons of lint, can easily be absorbed by the world market, however. The other crops are destined for the domestic market, where the prospect of a worsening food defici-. ensures the maintenance of prices at remunerative levels.
D. Farm Incomes
6.08 Given the acreage, yield and price assumptions mentioned above, the value of production in the project area would increase as shown below: e - 28 - 0
(DH millions) Present Full Production Level 1989
Gross farm-gate value of 70 182 production On-farm cash costs of production (excl. family 44 _56 labor, water charges and taxes) Net Farm Income 26 126 i.etRevenue per hectare (net)DH347 DH 1,800
'Vhiswould mean increasingaverage farm incomes in the area to five times their present level. The resulting incomes of various kinds of typical 6 ha (gross) farms are illustrated in summary form below (and shown in detail in Annex 5):
Improved Present 1/ Dry 4-yr Irrigated Rotation Situation Rotation 4-Year 5-Year Rice Sugar and Rice 2/
Gross Income DH 2,580 DH 5,616 DH 10,091 DH 11,881 DH 13,314 DH 13,894 Prod. costs 1 905 2 372 4,171 4 895 6, s150 5,777 :et_Income DH 675 DI 3,244 DH 5,920 Di, 6986 DH 7.l64 DH 8,117 Taxes - - 324 592 699 716 812
Water Charges _ 115 3/ 307 _ 751 _ 1,734 1,595 INetIncome aiter charges4'DH 675 DH 2,805 DH_ 5,o21 DHi 5,536 DH 4,714 DH 5,710
ET 3 ha wheat, 3 ha other crops, plus communal grazing rights. 2/ To spread peak labor requirement,sugarcane outgrowerswill be given 3 ha under rice rotation and 2 ha under sugarcane rotation. 3/ Drainage tax. £4/ To the extent that a farmer was repaying the Government for additional land allocated to him, this figure would be correspondingly reduced. At present, in the absence of any decision on the value of land in the Rharb, it is impossible to say to what extent incomes would be affected.
Assuming most families in the traditionalsector presently have total net incomes (farm and non-farm) of about DH 1,000, the project would result in roughly a DH 6,000 increase before taxes and water charges, or about DH 4,500 after charges. Cost recovery (current and capital) would thus absorb roughly a fourth of incrementalnet income still leaving an adequate incentive for farmers to contribute the additional family lahor required by the more inten- sive crop rotations, which vould more than dou'slethe average annual require- ment from about 200 deys a year to 500 days a year, (i.e. practically full-time emplornent for the average farm family). Trhus,the Droposed holding size would yield most families in the traditionalsector a net income of roughly US$1000 equivalent,which is adequate,while providlingthem with full employment. e - 29 -
VII. BENEFITS & JUSTIFICATION
7.01 The Idriss I DEn, constructionof which is part of the project, would serve not only the project area but also the second phase irrigation area (48,000 ha net, of which 6,000 ha are already irrigated),as shown in Map 3. The economic analysis of the project's benefits and justificationhas taken into account both (1) allocation of part of the cost of the dam, together with the costs and benefits of the project area alone: and (2) the entire cost of the dam with the costs and benefits of the project area plus the second phase irrigation area. The dam represents only about 10% of the combined cost of the project and the second phase, and the rate of return is not very sensitive to the allocation of dam costs.
7.02 The full production of the second phase area, including the maximum yield of the new citrus groves, would not be reached until about the year 2000. At that time, the total production of the combined area 1/ would have a gross value of about DH 345 million at farm-gate prices. Practically all of the out- put would result in foreign exchange earnings or savings. Net farm income be- fore project charges and taxes would be about DH 240 million, almost five times the present level of DH 50 million.
7.03 The benefits, assumed to equal the difference betveen present and future output of the area, have been adjusted downward to take account of pro- jected long-term world prices for sugar. The incrementalnet farm-gate value of production used in the economie analysis would be decreased as followa:
(DH million) Subsidized Prices World Prices % Decrease beet DH 60/ton beet = DH 39/ton cane = DH 40/ton cane = DH 22/ton
Project Area 100 82 18 Phase II 90 85 6 Total 190 167 12
7.04 Based on an average useful economic life of 40 years for the invest- ment in the project and the adjusted prices, the rates of return to the economy under various assumptionswould be as follows:
(Cost of dam allocated between project and phase II on a per hectare basis 2/) Project Phase II Total
a) Full estimated capital cost il% 1100 11% b) Zero shadow price for unskilled construction labor 13% 13% 13%
1/ 91,Q:OO ha irrigated plus 27,000 ha rain-fed. 2/ 43% to the project and 52% to Phase II, proportional to the new irrigated area. -30 -
Sensitivity tests show that for every 10% change in either costs or benefits, 1/ the rate of return changes by about 1%. If the maximum annual rate of irriga- tion development reaches only 6,000 ha instead of 9,000 ha, the rate of return on the project would be 1% less. Takin- only the costs and benefits of irri- gation and excluding those of improved dry farming and livestock development, the rate of return would be 8-1/2%,. If the second phase were never constructed, and the entire cost of Idriss I Dam had to be borne by the project, the rate of return would be 91/2% rather than 11%'/(or, on the basis of irrigation alone, 7% rather than 8-1/2%).
7.05 This analysis does not take into account any indirect or induced benefits "upstream or downstream" from the farm itself, i.e., the domestic value added by increased farm input production or crop processing as a result of the Droject. (These indirect benefits were estimated by the Sebou Team's economists to be approximately 75% of the direct benefits). Nor does it meas- ure the social benefits of increased employment in the Moroccan context of severe population pressure and unemployment. Though not quantifiable, this fac- tor tends to enhance the project's already adequate economic justification.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
8.01 During loan negotiations, among others, assurances were obtained that: (a) Geological studies of the side slopes of Arabat Reservoir would be begun within 6 months of signing (para. 4.17);
(b) The Government would employ a drainage consultant acceptable to the Bank (para. 4.20);
(c) The Government would invite international competi- tive bidding for all major project works (para. 4.25);
(d) An adequate supply of concrete canal sections would be made available when required (para. 4.27);
(e) Satisfactory gene:al and specialized consultants would be appointed on terms and conditions ac- ceptable to the Bank (para. 5.05);
(f) A special coordinating committee would be estab- lished with membership and terms of reference satisfactory to the Bank (para. 5.07);
L/ A 10% simultaneous drop in the projected Casablanca prices of citrus, sugar, milk, meat, cotton and rice would result in roughly a 2013 re- duction ot' benefits. e - 31 -
(g) All water charges, taxes and assessmentsestablished by law within the project area for the provision of irrigation,drainage and agriculturalsupporting serviceswould be fully and promptly collected,and the level of charges would be reviewed (para. 5.11).
8.02 A conditionof effectivenessof the loan would be the employmentof the general consultants (para. 5.05).
8.03 With the indicated assurances the proposed project constitutes a suitable basis for a Bank loan of US$46 millicn, for a term of 30 years in- cluding a 9-year grace period. The term of tlieloan is justified by the pro- ject's low rate of cost recovery in the early years (para. 5.11).
ANNEX1 Page 1
MORO CCO
RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT
Land Reform
A. Agricultural Investment Code
The AgriculturalInvestment Code vas officiallypromulgated on July 25, 1969. This law vill provide the kind of legal basis for agriculturaldevelopment that the Code of Investments provides for the industrialsector. We shall considerhere only the regulationswhich affect the Rharb Plain.
1. The two main principlesof this code are:
- that government agriculturalinvestment will be con- centrated in well-definedareas;
- the first beneficiariesof this investment will be farmers established in the irrigated and drained areas. For them, land development according to plan vlll be enforced by decrees of the Ministry of Agri- culture, with penalties including expropriation if the rules are not observed.
2. For the successful application of these two principles, land tenure will have to be revised in the irrigated and drained areas. Special procedures have to be set up for the expropriation of lands owned by foreigners, after equitable compensation, and the transfer to the government of the public religious domain suitable for agriculture.
Lands which have to be expropriated for reasons of public utility will be listed in joint decrees by the Ministers of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Interior and Finance. When the decrees are published in the official bulletin, the lands vill become the government's property; the owner' rights will be extinguished by compensation; and the government vill take the expropriated lands immediately. An administrative commission (2 representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture, 2 representatives of the Ministry of Interior and 2 representatives of the Ministry of Finance, headed by a representative of the Ministry of Justice) will determine the value of compensation for expropriation. The owners will then be notified of the value placed on his property. If the owner does not agree to the proposed value of compensation, another commission with about the same compositionvill review the judgment in the two folloving weeks; this second judgment cannot be disputed. The law finallyprovides that guidelines for the amount of compensationare to be establishedlater. ANtNEX1 Page 2
A "common fund" will be set up to receive the exproDriated lands and transferred domain, as well as collectively held lands, state- owned lands and lands claimed by the government as repayment for improvement in property value through irrigation.
Using the lands added to the common fund, it will be possible to increase the number of farms and their size by reallocation of the land in the irrigated area. A definitive list of the beneficiaries of collective lands will be drawn up. These lands and small private farms will be increased by the addition of lands from the common fund to create 5 ha minimum holdings owned by the fanmers.
3. To facilitate the reallocation of lands and to speed up the process, as well as to prevent their division into smeller holdings after reallocation, the following rules will be enforced:
- in the areas where reallocation will occur, registrâtion of land and reregistration of all titles that are no longer in accordance with existing land holdings, will be done without charge;
- all current land transactions will be stopped from the time of publication of the list of beneficiaries in the official bulletin, until all the reallocations have been completed;
- after realocation of lands, the subdivision of farm units into less than 5 ha will be prohibited.
4. The irrigation equipment, both outside and inside the farm, will be supplied by the government. Outside equipment includes reservoirs and division dams, main and lateral canals and the drainage system. Inside equipment includes irrigation and drainage systems on the farms themselves, land clearing, land levelling and all the necessary work for better use of soil and water for irrigation. In addition, the cost of realiocation of land is paid for by the government. The average cost per hectare for external and internal equipment is DH 8,500; DH 3,h00, or ù0dO of the invest- ment will be recovered from the farmer. Part of this amount is recovered directly through a land improvement tax and the other part is included in the water charges.
Water charges for the Rharb Plain will be 2.90 Francs/m3 after the first five years. During the first four years 20%, hO%, 60% and 80-' of this amount will be paid. For fruit trees the full rate of water charge will be paid after 10 years and during the first 10 years iO%, 20%, etc., of full water charges will be paid (10% annual incresse).
The remaining direct participation of DH 1,500/ha will be p ,id either in cash or over 20 years, including a 3-year grece period, at h: ANNEX 1 Pare 3 interest (DH 123.20/ha/year). The owners of less than 5 ia w;-l1he excused from the direct participation charges; the ovrners of evs than 20 ha will be exonerated for the first 5 ha; the owners of mo-t than 20 ha will pay in full.
5. Lend development wlLl he mandatory for each irrigntion sector and a decree from the Ministry of Agriculture wirl srecify the cropping pattern, the methods of nroduction and irrigation and the livestock ta be raised, both for utilization of forige crops nnr protection of soil fertility.
If land develoDment is not in accordance uith the ruie. E formal notice will be sent to the farmer, followed by 2 fine if necessary, or by expropriation as the last resort, ;fter this is proposed to the government by the Ministry of Agriculture. Connen- sation will be paid, with the amount, being determined by a local administrative commission. 6. In order to encourace cocperntives, the farmers of collective lands nust be menbers of a cooperative, as stated in t;heroyal decree doted July k, 1966. 0-vmers of private lands can also be memrbers of suCh c cooperative. Cooperqtive unions mpy also be develoned. 7. In the rainfed drainage areris, drainage inside and outside the farm will be done and paid for by the government. As for the irrigated areas, L0O of the expenses will be repaid by the ovmers with reductions for smallholders. The tax for drainage will be DH 27/ha/ year, or DH 23.3/ha/year for the first 5 ha if owners have less than 20 ha. When the land is irrigated, the tax for drainage will cease.
Land development will also be mandatory in the rainfed drainage areas, a decree of the Ministry of Agriculture settingup the cropping pattern and the rules for land development, with possible fines if the rules are not followed.
8. For the country as a whole, the government will establish the necessary incentives for agricultural developmnent to bplance the additional work required from the farmers, with distinctions made between modern and traditionel farms. Agricultural credit will also be made available.
B. Organization of Land Reform in the Project Aree
9. Because of the high proportion of land in the Rharb Plain, which can be placed in the common fund (100,000 ha of collective lnnd and 100,000 ha of colonization land) to the private !4oroccan lands, consisting of 100,000 ha (20,000 ha of which are smell farms which must be enlarged from the common fund), the present landl status in tlletiharb Plain is very fivorable for development. The percnntaF e of irriavJe area which can be put under goverrn.ent control iÎF very high. r F r CI Li
10. For the creation of the coxron fund, the urovin authority will have to stop land transrctions, establish the cnlend,ir and the proceedings for expropriation of foreign-owmedlends, n.nd audit any illegal sales which have been made before the promulgation of the agricultural development law. About 15'of the foreign-ovned lands are thought to h,,vebeen sold illegelly to Nloroccnns.
The beneficiaries of collective 1-nds will be listed b,y commissions set up for this purpose, with a serprptte list o. private land owners.
11. WJhen this has been done, the renil1oca,tion of land will be undertaken,the proposed target being th-t the farms of nrivste owners and beneficiariesof collectivelnnds will be large enough for land developmentunder irrigation. The existing fruit tree plantations and large Moroccan-owned commerciall farms will not be split up.
Land consolidation of the first phase area will be based on the following documents:
- lists of beneficiaries of collective land and a list of privately-owned estates;
- existing cadastral maps and the attached lists;
- drawings of the irrigationsystem at a scale of 1/20,000 establishedby the Sebou team; e
- plans of reallocationof lands and naps at c s cale of 1/20,000 establishedby the Sebou team.
12. Because of the unecual repartit,ionof common fund l,nd6s between the different cornunes. scmr enchar,esof lanri^Tl1I be mwde nrmona the three communes of Dar Gueddari, Jmni des Haouafateind Msad, and a section of Khenichet.
Land consolidationstudies will resuiltin e mep at a scale of 1/20,000,giving the limits of the differentunits for land development.
7WJhenthe irrigationstudy at scrle 'I/,C000is comnleted,the exact demarcation with stone markers in the fields will be re;lli,e-'.
Consideringthe present populationof the first phase area, it seems possible to create as many farms of 5 ha as there are familles nowi living in the project area.
Irrigationdrawings nt scale 1,"5,000,land consolidetionand land settlementof a comrunewould be done by the snme tonogranhiccon- sultant firm. The suDervisiongn -controlof works wi11 be realizedby a team of two rural engineers,one surve-yorand one operator, three lnnd tenure investigators and one irrigation engineer. ANNEX 2 Page 1 e M O R O C C O
RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT
Soils and Drainage in the Project Area
A. Distinction between Two Parts of the Drainage Problem
The removal of excess water from agricultural lands has two aspects: a means must be supplied for the evacuation of surface run- off water on the one hand and, secondly, the water which has infiltrated into the soil causing the groundwater table to rise and the pores of the soil mass to be filled, will have to be drawn down or out as well.
B. The System of Open Ditches for Surface Runoff
1. Primary and Secondary System
An extensive system of large to very large open ditches has been dug in the Rharb Plain in order to alleviate the dimages caused by stagnant surface water after inundations. The system on the right side of the Sebou River was started in 19h6 and completed in 1953, the system on the left side was completed in 1960. The effect was immediately apparent during the floods of 1960 and 1963.
The primary system (and part of the secondary), therefore, exists already in the project aréa. The dimensions of the system have been designed on the assumption of a specific runoff amounting to:
h.6 1/sec/ha for an.area of 10 ha 2.6 1/sec/ha for 100 ha 1.5 1/sec/ha for 1,000 ha
For the feasibilitystudy of the project area, a check has been made whether the existing primary and secondary ditches were deeper than 2 m. No check has been made on the water levels obtained in the ditches at the assumed design runoff. This will have to be done when the tertiary system is designed.
2. Tertiary System
The tertiary system of open ditches can only be designed after the land consolidationhas been studied and the project for the reallocation of lands is worked out.
This project of reallocationwill indicate the location of the fùture irrigation units, which are hOO m wide and between 911 and 1,190 m Page 2
long, depending on the crop rotations foreseen in the area. The location of the units will have to be worked into the system of exirting roeds and main drainage ditches, as well as into the preliminary layout of the future irrigation and drainage system.
Each irrigation unit has quarternary ditches more or less parallel to the contour lines at the bottom end of each parcel. These shallow (0.50 m) ditches end up in one tertiary ditch per irrigation unit, which runs more or less perpendicularto the contour lines. In areas where measures for subsurface drainage are unnecessarybecause of adequate natural drainage, the tertiary ditch cen be sh llow also. When, however, tile drains are needed, or will possibly be required, the tertiary drains are given a depth of 1.80 m, a bottom width of 0.50 m, and aide slopes 1 in 1. In some areas, these deep tertiary ditches at 400 m spacing will improve the drawdown of the water table satisfactorily by themselves.
3. Surface Runoff
The amount of water running off the surface during heavy showers in winter depends on the slope of the ground towards the ditch and the infiltrationcapacity of the soil. The slopes of the terrain in the project area are from 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000, or even less in the lowest, flattest areas.
Where irrigationis to be introduced,the land of the farn plots will be levelled. Consideringthe fact that in the project area only the best land will be equipped for irrigation,and that the levellingwill eliminate any local obstacles to free runoff, surface runoff will be un- hindered. The part which infiltrates into the ground will be small on the heavy clay soils, where it will have to be removed by subsurface drainage, and will be considerableonly on the permeable soils, where there should be no trouble in getting rid of excess water through underground percolation towards the tertiary ditches.
Only on the lowest and flattest parts of the project area, which will not be irrigated (for the time being), will there be a problem of excess rain water not being able to run off because of lack of slope and, therefore, slowly saturating the heavy soil to the detriment of the (winter) crops standing in the field.
There, a special way of preparing the fields is effective. It consists of making shallow ditches at 20 to 25 m intervals and banking up the soil in between tovards ridges of about 20 cm height. In this way, an artificialslope of about 1% is created to assist the surface runoff of surplus rain water. The shallow ditches are connectedwith the existing system of secondary and primary open ditches. The banks are maintainedby a special method of annual cultivation.
b. Ricefield Areas
In rice field areas, surface runoff is difficult. The level of the water contained between small dykes around the rice field will rise ANNEX 2 Page 3 during rain fall. Care must be taken to provide one place ner fie]1 basin where overflow of excess water can take place without deari:i the side slope of the tertiary ditch. Subsurface draiinageis not beneficial tô the crop.
C. Subsurface Drainage
1. Soils in the Rharb Plain
A distinctioncan be made between two major soil types occurring in the Rharb Plain:
- the soils on the alluvial banks of the Sebou and Beht Rivers. These soils are called '"dhess". These are naturally fairly well drained and cover about 65,000gross ha. They are young soils and, topographically,are higher than the level of the center of the plain. Clay contents are l0,O to 35%;
- the soils in the plain. These are called "tirs". Their clay contents are fromr h5 to 55 , with a predominance of expanding c1ay of the montmorillonite type. The degree of hydromorphy varies. These soils which involve problems of drainage cover some l6 000 gross ha.
The transition from dhess to tirs is imperceptible. The transition zone consists of heavy dhess with a clayey texture. It covers about 50,000 gross ha.
2. Classificationof Soils within the Project Area
A pedological reconnaissancesurvey (scale 1:100,000)was made of the whole Rharb Plain. A semi-detailedsurvey (scale 1:20,000)was made covering some 63,000 gross ha of the project area, of which L7,000 gross ha fall within the part to be irrigatedunder the project. Borings observationpoints of 2 m average depth were made at 3 per 100 ha.
Five soils classes were distinguished:
- ClassI : suitable for irrigationwithout restriction;
- Class II : suitable for irrigation,with some lack of drainage in the sub-soil.
- Class III : suitable for irrigation,but with difficulties of drainage over the full profilers;
- Class IV : suitable f-r irrigation,with ser-ous problPma of drainage;
- Class V : only suitible for rice requ!.ring no AI.1Ixl:'FXr P-gpe lh
The adopted classification is comparable to that of the U3 Burnou c" Reclamation (7th approximation). The signiVfcant econorjo fet,ure 'nnucnt. from the classificationis the drainage notential of the soil]. 3. Drainage Capacity of the Soils
This conclusion led to en intensiveprogrnm of ne2menbi1ity measurements in the project area. Up to the 30t'nof Alkugst, 196e, permeebilitymensurements were nide at three horizon? (1, 2 and 3 m depth) on some ;h,000sites, using the drillholemethod (Dut-hmethod). The informationobtained in this wayyer itted most of the seila with very low penmeability(factor K smaller than 0.10 m/day) to be excluded from the irrigatedpart of the project irea.
However, it is necessaryto undertakean additionalsurvey of permeabilitiesat a density of one hold per 10 ha on the marginally drainable 8,300 gross ha recognizedas soils with classificationIII or IV, and preferablyalso on the more drainable5,600 gross ha of Class Il.
If this survey is carried out, no additionaldetailed survey will be required,since any other pedologicaldetai,ls of the area can be obtained at the same time the permeabilitiesare measured.
. Designed Sub-surfaceDrainage of the FeasibilityStudy
The feasibilitystudy includes a provisionaldesign of siih- surface drainage consistingof baked clay tiledrainswith a diameterof 8 cm, placed by hand at a depth of 1.50 m with a slope of 1.5 per thousand in a bed of gravel.
The recuireddistances between the drains have been cal- culated on the followingGssumDtions:
- dischargeto be evpcuated:2 mm per day, eaualing the 30' field losses of irrigationwater in the peck month of July when the evapo-transpirationreauirements amounts to 180 mm/month, or 6 mm per day;
- depth of drains 1.50 m;
- height of water table between drains : 0.50 m above drains;
- permeability factors obtained from provisional survey.
In this way, subsurface drainage has been assumed to be necessary on 36,270 gross ha of the b3,300 net ha which ieilhe irrigatedin the project area. The drain distancesvary fron 20 to 130 m with an nver,a,7e distance of hO m, or an average of 12L0m of drain length per ha for the ANtiEX 2 Page 5 whole area. Included in this provisionaldesign are 2,300 ha with permeabilityfactor K = 0.05 m/day, requiringdrains et ll m distances, or 910 m of drain length per ha. The detailed penmeabilitysurvey mentioned above will have to establishwhether this part should be excluded from the irrigation project altogether, or perhaps limited to rice cultivation.
However, not only a more detailed survey is required. Also, experimentationon an experimentalstation should be carried out to establish the validity of the assumptionson which the provisional design has been based.
D. ExperimentalStation for Drainage
1. Plan
Agreement has been reached already on the establishmentof an experimental station on part of the "Ferme d'Application" of the Agronomie Institute in the Rharb. The farm is situated near Moghrane, between the lower Sebou and Beht Rivers, within the project area.
A plot of 18 ha, consisting of two areas of 220 X 400 m has been destined for the station. About 200 measurements of permeability on the farm have indicated the occurrence of representative soils. Further K measurements will be required.
At first, 9 ha of the station will be equippedwith subsoil tile drains, placed by hand in 30 cm wide ditches dug by machine, at varying distances,in beds of earth, sand and gravel. Some plastic drains will also be used. Piezometer tubes will allow the drawdown of the water table to be observed.
The drains will be 50 m long, they will be placed in a herring- bone pattern, ending in an open tertiary ditch which drains off towards a secondary ditch, and through the farm's drain system tovards the Sebou River. Measurements of flow through indMdual drains will be possible at the tertiary ditch.
E. Borders of the Sebou and Beht Rivers
The best soils included in the project area are those situated along the Sebou and Beht Rivers. In summer,when the water level in the rivers is low, natural drainage of infiltratedirrigation water takes place towards the river.
The width of the border regions provided with this natural out- let for percolatingwater has been estimated at 500 m along the Sebou and 300 m along the Beht River. However, the figure given for the Sebou was established for the situation after the movable weir at Tazi is built and the water in the Sebou River is raised. As long as this is not yet the case (until 1982), the effect of the Sebou River on the groundwater table in the border regions will extend over a greater width of land, estimpted at 1,000 m. ANNEX 2 Page 6
This is an additional reason for postponing the investment in subsoil drainage in areas situated in the zone between 500 and 1,000 m from the Sebou River, until such time as the drawdown of the groundwnter table in certain farms proves to have become less than satisfactory.
F. Salinity
A map of the salinity of soils in the project area has been made on the basis of 1,380 investigatedsamples and using the criteria from the AgricultuiralHandbook No. 60. It shows that over 68% of the area to be irrigated is not (or is only slightly)saline. In other parts, the deeper soil layers have an average salinity,but the surface so9is are rarely saline, even in the lowest part of the area. This proves that the rainfall tends to ensure the washing out of accumulated salts, even in these areas excluded from irrigation.
The quality of the water to be used for irrigation has been investigatedduring an extensiveprogram of sampling executed by the Water Resources Division of the Ministry of Public Works. Calculations of the salt balance under full irrigation lead to the conclusion that the normal field losses of 30% will be ample to prevent accumulation of salt. As long as the evacuation of infiltratedwater is assured, either by natural percolation or through a subsoil drainage system, no additional water is necessary for leaching and there will be no danger of an upward movement of saline groundwater caused by evaporationin summer. ANNEK 3 Page 1
MDROCCO
RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT
WlaterSupply and Requirements
A. Rainfall
1. The rains usually begin in mid-October and last until mid-April. Most of the Rharb Plain has an average annual rainfall of between 500 and,700 mm (Kenitra: -5°6 mm, Souk-el-Arba: 59lj mm, Sidi-Slimane: 464 mm). About 90% of the rainfall tqkes place in the 8 rain months. The inter-annual variations are considerable (Kenitra:max. 8bî mm (1936), min. 330 mm (1953)).
2. The rainfall in the upper reaches of the Sebou and Ouerrha Rivers reaches average yearly values of up to 1,200 mm (MiddleAtlas Rpnge, Sebou) and 1,500 mm and higher (Rif Miountains,Ouerrha).
B. Run-off
3. River flow imeasurements have been systematically made during about 30 years (1932-1963)on the Sebou and Ouerrha Rivers. Other measurements, such as those started on the Inaouene River in 1960, have been correlatedvith the longer series.
1!. The average run-off amounts to about 23% of the averege rainfall, with vide variationsbetween various sub-regions(Ouerrha: bî%, Beht: 15') and between years (Ouerrha: wet year U3%, dry year 10%).
5. J'he mean river flov for the period 1932-1°63 has been established as fOllows:
- Inaouene River (Arabat dam site) : 17.6 P3 /sec - Ouerrha River at conifluence with Sebou : 92 m3/sec - Sebou River ae same conI'luence : 70 m3 /sec - Sebou River Basin as 8 whole : 199 m3 /sec
6. The very lowest flowshave boen recorded in the year l9bU-45. The frequencyof occurrenceof a similar dry year has been estimated at about once per century.
7. The inter-armual variation is essentially similar for all of the rivers. The seasonal variations, howoever, differ significantly. The Sebou River, qvith its source in the Karstified Middle Atlas Range has a relatively regular flow T.irhereasthe Ouerrha and Beht Rivers are much more torrential. The Ouerrha River in particularis characterizedby extreme differencesbett^een summer and v-inter flow as twe1l as by the suddenoccurrence of high peak flowJs over short periods.
C. Underground WSatErResources
P 8. nTwowater tables are to be found in the alluvial plain: a shallow groundwater table v-hich is saline in places, and a deeper water table fed by infiltrated water from the border regions. The latter is knowm from the study of about 500 borings and its total discharge is estimated at 7 m3 /sec. Neither of bhese resources is suitable for agricultural. utilization. Ar>1ml3 Pa gc 2
D. Water Requirements
9. The potentialevapotranspiration in the Rharb Plainhas been estebM at 1,280 rm (usingthe methodof Turc).
10. The actualwater requirementsof variouscrops have been establisiecdby using the methodof Blaneyand Criddle:
Crop lWaterreguirements in mm per year
Rice l,I100 Citrus 710 Sugarcane 910 Cotton 660 Wheat 180 Sugarbeet 260
In thet;efigures, the averagerainfall has been deductedand a field efficiencyor 70% has been taken into account.
11. For the variouscropping patterns considered for the irrigatedareas in the Rharb Plain,the followingwater requirementsat farm gate are obtained:
Cropping Pattern Average Annual WiJter Recuirement (m) Citrus (also poplars) 710 Sugarcane 870 q Rice 1,260 5-year rotation (also domestic agriculture and vegetables) 770 4-yearrotation 80
12. Betweenthe water'requiremertatthe farm gate and at the heed of the irrigationsystempas well as at the storagereservoir, tnere is a difference causedby losses (leakages,evaporation, operational losses) and waste (spilling). For the increment of the water requirement the following asuiptions heve been made: Lossesand waste in the irrigationsystem 205- Losses during conveyance in the rivers 10% Lossesin the reservoir(evaporation) 755,0
13. For the area to be irrigated from Arabat damn (80,000 ha or nei,lX irrig-téd land plus 11,000ha existing citrus plantations) an average of 1]0,200 mxnw,ill be - requiredper year per hectareat the head of the irrigationsystem. For the final stage of developmentof the completeRharb Plain the averagerequirement i-il1 be only 9,500 m3 . The difference is due to the higher percentage of crops demanding - more water in the first stage of the development plan. Insofar as the tYster is derivedfrom storagereservoirs, the additionalpercentages of loss huve to be taken into account. A.:t:;3 Page 3
lii. The peak water requirementson which the design or the irrig-.tionF':Et;r' is based occurs in July. On the individual fanns these perk requirrcrenta,Cencndin on the crops, are as follows:
- rice 1.8 litera per sec per ha - sugarcane 1.0 " "i I I - 5-year rotation 0.89 TT " " " " - 4-year rotation 0.89 "Il - citrus 0.69 "TT
However, when large areas are served by a primary or secondary irrigation canal, certain reductions may be brought into account because not el]. the peak demands w$1l occur on all of the farms at the same time. 8uitable reductions h?1ve been adopted.
E. Time-lag Between Possible and Real Wîater Requirements
15. A very important point in the programming of the development of the project area and its extension over the complete Rharb Plain is the f1act that account has been taken of the time-lag between the possible and the real I.r er requirement. An area which is fully equipped for irrigation, in actual practics will not really be irrigated to its full potential- during a certain number of yeara in which the farmers become familiar with the system and its demands and poaBibilitieu.
16. On the basis of various information, a theoretical assunption was made that in the first year of irrigation only 50' oI' the area would be actually irrlgated:
After 2 years - 62% Il " - 72% i' .6 " -5îÇ< 8 8 7% Il 10 " -92i
Aa far as new citrus plantations are concerned, the assumption nkay clso inc!uac the-fact that during the first years the new plantation requires but little ;oeter.
17. The consequenceof this assumption is that the total water reouirements of the project area when its 38,300 ha are fully equipped for irrigation TJI11 only be equivalent to the demand of some 23,000 fully irrigated hectares. For the irrigated area of the first twro phases of development, the der.xnd of its 80,000 equipped hectares at first will be equivalent to the full requirer!ents of 67,000 ha and will only gradually increase.
18. This time-lag assumption is not to be confused with similar a surxptions concerning the gradual attainment of optimum cropping patterns -nd v-ith the normal delay required to obtain full production results.
F. Water supplies from the Unregulated Rivers
19. At present, the unregulated flow of the louer S bou River in thc ?ar:•b eb Plain in normal years is sufficient for the irrigation of the existing 1l,000 h- À.*i:,.`.i:
of rice and citrus plantations. Presumably even in the cdrioest p -1io'i, -he individual purping stations of these plantctions rea b1le to nUxi' J rSvUT' anount of water but no extension seems to be possi`ole -0 taut enc-;-, rr,i existing orchards.
20. The construction of a dam and storage reservoir ;ill incr s ';h possibilities. A careful ex-ploitation oa''he re ervoi.r il hoa e-;.-t ?os:l to use the unregulated supply of the 1b,bou River in the pla-n (îj-cluatinOth- flow oaL the Ouerriv River) as long as there ià sufi'iciznt rater, arid onl to relcase complementary water frora the reservoir u-hen the sumraer f-lou becare- uo small.
G. Idriss I Dam
21. The Idriss I Dam on the Inaouene River 211ous the flof aF this river (average 17.6 m3/sec, or 555 million m3 per ycar) to be ndded to the n?turn-' flowr et critical periods. Assun-ng a very good man.gercnt, n to o-laf ?0,000 h^ of the area to be equipped for irrigation could eventually be irrignted.
22. A study has been made on the basiL of 30 yea'rs of river flou reaurenents (1932-1963) to establish the capacity oa the resErvoir uhich is needed to runrentee at least75s OI the water requirementsof 90,000ha (733 ) duringthe uhale period, and 95% on an average over tibe whole period. It was found that, iI' the year l9bb-15 is left out oa consider.tion as being a castaJstrophicall77dry year occurring about once a centuryj,a capacity OL 1,100 im3 would bc required.
23. Estimates have been rade of the scdiment load carricd k', thle river-. The erosion in the Rif IIountaina, is heavier than in the 7I:.dflc r P*t1enge because of differences in geological formation, vegetal cover, steepness aI hills and rainfall. The estimated rates of erosion arrived At were 4,C00 t-aOn! km2 /year in the Riu to 2,000 ton/km 2 /year in the Atlas. Flor the Ina.uene Rinar catch basin an annual rate oa erosion ao' the sm.ller order u2s aSSUmed n-rie' about 1.0 mn over the area O' 3,627 Im<. Assuhing that roast o_ the sedircnts (8O0') wTould settle in the reservoir, a reserve copacity cf Thbeut 300 IMr3 for t`q loss oa reservoir volume duLring 100 years hns been taken into consideration. Ti?i gross capacity o0 the reservoir, therafore, has been taken Vi l,Lh30 :Q3.
,14. TTaling into account the fact that a large part oa the re.serv c-pac`t7 w,Till be available during the first century, it c^r. saalV be .ssur"d th.t tir Idrisa IDmenin combination with the unregulated flo.! oar the nebou ind Ouerrl Rivers will provide sufficient water for thG 80,000 ha taob necl- enuiped and the existing 11,000 ha of rice and citruis plantations in all but ,;he dri*st years. This assurption becomes the more safe Il for other rcasons (poarer production) part oa tho unregulated flou. in the bebou IRiver is diverted ji1to theldrissIrebervoir through a,weir at Ait Youb ano the htr.at. Tunnol., or i,f other provisions are taken for further regulatlon oaf the discharges of tilh 3ebou and Ouerrha Rivers for extension of the irrigntion in the R"Jharb 21cmin. ANNEX4 Page 1
MOROCCO RULARDIRRIGAiTION PROJECT
MAJOR PROJECT WORKS
A. IDRISS I
General
1. The site of the Idriss I dam and reservoir is located about 25 km to the NE of Fez. A new road of,6-7 km length is presently under constructionalong the left bank of the Inacluenelinking the main highway Fez-Taza with the damsite. Above the damsite the Inaouene falls at between 0.9 to 0.12% and at certain points the valley is up to 4-5 km wide. A dam of moderate height can therefore provide a considerablestorage. Storage volume would vary from 500 - 1400 million m 3 if the dam height increases from 40 - 60 m.
2. Although topographicallyand geologicallypossible, maximum storage is limited because the main road and railroad linking Fez with Oujda and Algeria run through the reservoir area. Both road and railroad would be flooded over too great a length if maximum storage level were increased above 220.0 m.a.s.l. At this level, storage volume would be about 1430 million mn3 , and the railway and road would have to be relocated over a length of 15 km and lOkm * respectively. At an elevation of 205.0 m.a.s.l. providing a storage volume of 700 million m 3, no reloca:ionwould be requiretl.
3. Since a storage volume over 700 million m3 would not be required for the first 10 years - until diversion of Upper Sebou flow to Arabat - it is possible to defer investmentsneeded for relocation.
Hydrology
4. The damsite is about 28 km downstream of the Touaba gauging station. Installed in 1960, the measuted flows were correlated with results obtained at other stations on the Sebou and Ouerrha which have been in operation for longer periods.
5. Relating the Touaba flows to the damsite gives for the perioa 1933-1966 an average annual flow of 17.6 m3/sec. This corresponds to an average annual run-off of 555 million m3 substantiallybelow the useful storage capacity of 1100 million m3. Unless additional flow is diverted into Arabat such a storage would not be justified. A gross capacity - allowing for siltation and flood contral - of 900 million m3 would allow full regulation of the Inaouene. Increasing gross capacity from 900 - 1430 million m3 or by about 60% requires raising the dam only 10 m. The costs to achieve this would increase by only 15-20% or about 12.5 million Dirhams (US$ 2.5 million).
6. Floods at Touaba have been estimated at: ANNEX 4 Page 2
1/100 years 1400 m3/sec; and 1/1000 years 2460 m3 /sec.
3 2 Specific floods estimated in the Upper Inaouene basin vary from 1.49 m /sec/km - 1.90 m3/sec/km2. Based on an average, the maximum probable flood would be about 5,000 - 6000 m 3/sec corresponding to 1.7 m3/sec/km2 . As a consequence spillway and outlet capacity was designed for a maximum flood of 6,000 m3 /sec.
7. With a flood retention volume of 100 million m3 the flood peak downstream would be substantially reduced. If the storage of 140 million m3 provided by the free-board of 2.5 m is also utilized the effects of even catastrophic floods can be reduced.
Geology
8. Geological investigations covered detailed surface mapping; geo- physical surveys (seismic, electric); drillings; permeability measurements; excavation of shafts and tunnels; insitu and laboratory measurements of rock deformations; and physical, chemical and mechanical analysis of rock character- istics. These investigations were carried out by geologists of the "Direction des Resources en Eau" (DRE) under the guidance of experts and consultants appointed by the Sebou Project Management.
9. Started in March 1964, the following results were obtained:
i) An extensive layer of calcerous and marly calcerous formations l of the Miocene period covers a wide area and forms the damsite. This layer "floats" on a sub-surface water reserve complex of the Pre-Rif. This complex in general, consists of marls of mediocre mechanical quality which are frequently gypsiferous and saliferous. They form part of the Trias, Creteceous and Miocene formations.
ii) In all drill-holes,shafts and exploratory tunnels, marly calcerous rocks were encountered. "Marly" denotes a lowering of mechanical resistance of core samples after soaking in water.
ei) Up to a depth of about 10 m the calcerous rock on the left bank is extremely permeabl . Suitable precautions will have to be taken to prevent kars:ic movement as a result of disintegration af marly saliferous formations close to the surface. Weathering occurs up to a depth of about 15 m in the calcerous layers. It will thereforebe necessary to provide lur a grout curtain extending to a depth of at least 50 m in addition to whicnl frac- tured zones in the foundation area will have to be consolidated by grouting.
iv) The right bank is sounder and presents no special problems so far as watertiglhtnessis concerned.
v) Although the damsite has been intensivelyinvestigated the reservoir area has not received sufficient attention. Consider- ing the mechanical properties of the marls when submerged in water, the reservoir area snould be investigated for potential ANNEX 4 Page 3
slip areas especiaLly on the left or south bank of the reservoir. Whilst such slips would not necessarilyendanger the safety of the dam, villages, roads, and the railway could he affected.
vi) Laboratory tests carried out showed that rock deformationswould not exceeciaccepted limits at mdnum fbundation pressure.
Principal Dam Characteristics
10. Taking into account geological considerationsand the availability of constructionmaterials, a hollow gravity concrete dam was selected as the most economic solution. Suitable concrete aggregates were found 7 km down- streamiof the site.
Main Features
Height above river level 65 m Crest elevation 223.0 m.a.s.l. Full Supply level 220.0 m.a.s.l. Crest length 435 m Spillway, 4 sector gates 14 m x 11 m Spillway capacity 4,600 m3 /sec Bottom outlet capacity 1,020 m3/sec Intermediateoutlet capacity 955 m3/sec Total possible fleod discharge 6,575 m3/sec e Excavation volume 970,000 m3 Concrete volume including stilling basin 500,000 m3 Hollow wall sections (thickness) 15 m
Desîgn
11. Preliminary stability calculationshave been carried out for various assumptions. Seismic disturbancesof 0.1 g (horizontalacceleration witn storage filled to normal level) have been allowed for and maximum compression stress has been calculated at 22.1 kg/km2 and tensile stress is negligible. Margin of safety is more than adequate. In addition both the gliding factor (0.747) and overturn factor (1.99) are satisfactory.
Construction
12. No diversion tunnel is required. Constructionis planned to take place in two stages:
i) the ten sections on the right bank and the four spillway and outlet sections. Constructionof these will be protected by a dyke leveled off at 172 m.a.s.l. or some 10 m above river bed; and
ii) the eigit sections on the left bank. Constructionof these will be protected by a new dyke also leveled off at 172.0 m.a.s.l. A 1/100 year flood could be evacuated through the outlets provided for in the first phase. ANNEX 4 Page 4
B. NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
General
13. The irrigated part of the project area consists of two sections, one situated on the high grounds along the Sebou River on the north of the project area, the other on the south along the banks of the Beth River.
14. Both sections are divided into sectors which are each supplied with water by individual pump stations. The northern section has 9 of these sectors ranging in size from 750 ha to 5,700 ha (includingthe existing citrus plantations)with pump stations taking the water from the Sebou River. The southern section has 5 sectors, from 500 to 4,800 ha in size, including the existing citrus plantations. A future weir at Mechra El Hajjer will divert water from the Sebou River into a concrete-linedcanal which will dominate most of the southern section and supply water to other e8ctors of the first phase of 93,000 ha net lands to be irrigated from the Arabat Dam. However, in order to postpone the investments for these important construction works, a temporary solution is proposed for the provision of water to the project area's southern section.
ProvisionalSolution
15. The provisional solution for the supply of water to the southern section of the area consists of:
- a temporary pump station on the Sebou River; - a temporary canal of 3 km length of 9 m3/sec capacity; - a temporary canal of 22 km length of 4 m3/sec capacity, following the future right-of-wayfor the permanent canal; - diversion of 5 m3/sec into an existing large drainage canal which will need some adaptation and connections; - 6 pump stations of which i can be constructed in such a way that it can be fitted into the future plans with minor alterations only.
The Sector on the Right Bank of the Sebou River
16. On the right bank of the Sebou River before it is joined by the Ouerrha River, a sector is situated within the administrativeunit of Od Khalifa of the rural commune of Khenichet, which comprises 1,950 ha to be equipped (of which 1.200 ha for citrus) and 800 ha of existing citrus planta- tions. This area is to be supplied with water from the Sebou River by one permanent pumping station.
Irrigation Networks
17. The irrigation water is conveyed to the field by a network of concrete- lined earth canals (for discharges greater than 1.5 m3/sec) or prefabricated, pre-stressed concrete canals on supports (for the smaller discharges). The latter system is well-known in Morocco and has been applied in other irrigated areas also. Its advantages are:
- longevity (at least 30 years) ANNEX 4 Page 5
- easy maintenance - watertightnessand immediate visibility of possible leakages - independence of topography - hydraulic smoothness of the canals, requiring little gradient (advantagein flat regions) - little room required for right-of-way - facility and quickness of construction.
To these general advantages are added the following three considerationswhich make this system attractive for the project area:
- the canals being some distance above the ground between supports, free passageway is g,ivento inundationwater - the clay soils in tlhelower areas often are of an expanding type and settlementsmay occur; by using a special type of supports, adjustmentswill be very easy - the canals supported above ground will not be easily damaged by roaming cattle.
Costs
18. The cost of this system for irrigation networks is high. For the project the following prices have been adopted (averages for the project area irrigation):
Primary canals: concrete-linedfor discharges larger than 1.5 m3/sec, prefabricated for smaller sizes - 520 DH/ha Secondary and tertiary canals (prefab): 1,680 DH/ha. No comparative figures are available for secondary and tertiary networks constructed as concrete-linedearth canals.
19. From an analysis of the formulas for price increase claims usually contained in building contracts in Morocco, the followîilgdistribution of price elements has been deduced (in%):
Item General Costs Salaries Cement Steel Machines Transport Fuel
Irr. Networks primary 15 40 25 15 5 sec. & tert. 15 35 10 10 10 15
Concrete-lined canal
earthworks 15 30 45 10 concrete lining 15 35 30 20
Another analysis, based on the different kinds of work, materials, machines, types of labor, required for each kind of constructionhas supplied the following approximate information. ANNEX 4 Page 6
Foreign Net Local Value Exchange Local Amorti- Skilled Minus Skilled Part Part zation Labor Labor
Irr. networks primary 20 80 5 25 50 sec. & tert. 26 74 4 24 46
Concrete-lined canal 24 76 2 21 53
Conclusions and Remarks
20. Various cost comparisonsbetween concrete-linedearth canals and prefabricated canals on supports have been made on a theoreticalbasis (for example, in the Tadla area in 1963/64). No practical comparison, however, has been made yet in Morocco between large-scaleapplication of concrete-linedearth canals and a similar area with prefabricated canals on supports. The calcula- tions show that at a certain dimension of the canal the costs are about the same but for smaller sizes the prefabs are cheaper, whilst for larger dimensions concrete-linedearthwork canals are more economical.
21. In the Basse Moulouya area, the critical size is being taken at a discharge of 1 m3/sec. For the Sebou Project it has been assumed at a discharge of 1.5 m3/sec. The real comparison of costs, however, depends on so many factors, such as topography,availability of materials, the machines and skilled labor competing contractorshave available, etc., that no generally valid conclusion can be drawn.
22. It is therefore recommended to include the possibility for alternative constructionsin tender documents for primary irrigation networks, in order that contractorsmay offer the most economic solution for each particular case.
23. It must be kept in mind, however, that concrete-linedearthen canals demand more supervision during construction. In particular, the tertiary canals which have to carry the water above the level of the terrain, have to be con- structed in fill. Adequate compaction of this fill in summer is difficult to achieve and its satisfactoryexecution is hard to supervise. Therefore, the smaller canals should consist only of prefabricatedelements.
24. The two different analyses given in paragraph 2, show that the differ- ence in net local value after subtraction of skilled labor is of the order of 53-46 = 7%. The comparison between the percentage of unskilled, or under- employed, labor to be used for either method indicates that the placing of !,refabricatedelements requires even less skill than the careful compaction of fill and the achievementof economically thin concrete linings.
25. The decisive argument for applying prefabricatedelements for the secondary and tertiary networks in the project area, however, is the speed at which the equipment of the area has to be achieved in order to obtain maximum economic benefits of the project. The advantage of designers, contractors and supervisingpersonnel being familiar with the system of prefabricated elemientswill enhance the realization of the developmentat a speed of 9,000 ha per year. ANNEX 4 Page 7
C. >1ETHODSOF WATER APPLICATION
26. For the irrigated part of the project area which is to be equipped in the first constructionyears, the application of water by flooding has been chosen and not by sprinkling. The main reason for this choice is the wish to avoid additional new technical skill to be required both during thE;first period of attaining a constructionrythm of 9,000 ha equipped per year, and secondly during the period of adaptation of the farmers to new crops and crop rotations as well as to various activities and disciplineswhich it will be required of them to become acquainted with. The water distributionby gravity and floodinR of fields from open concrete irrigation canals is well enough known in Morocco to ensure a minimum of problems as far as constructionand its being put to immedîate use are concerned.
27. An important reasoi furthermoreis the fact that in the project area the microtopographyis very regular. The advantages of sprinkler irrigation such as the ease of overcoming topographicalirregularities and the reduction of levelling requirementstherefore play a role of less significancein the project area.
28. Other reasons are the higher costs (estimatedat 15% more for the investmentsand 100% more for the costs of power for the pump stations), the frequent occurrence of winds of velocities higher than 4 m/sec, the wish to have areas in each sector reserved for free domestic agriculturalpurposes on plots of about 0.5 ha, and finally the lack of experience with high pressure sprinkler irtigation on sugarcane fields in Morocco.
29. On the other hand, sprinkler irrigation has been provisionally fore- seen for the steeper and more irregular boundary regions of the Rharb plain and the dune areas along the coast.
D. WATER DISTRIBUTION
30. From down stream upwards, the irrigation water is distributed to the land as follows:
- the irrigation unit is an area of 25 to 40 ha supplied by a tertiary canal. Within this unit water is distributed into earth canals (quaternaries)and from there onto the fields, Lnto basins. borders or furrows; - two units are supplied by one tertiary canal carrying a constant discharge of two times 30 to 40 1/sec; - several units together will form an area of between 100 and 500 ha, supplied by a secondary canal which is divided into the required number of tertiary canals; - several of these secondary groups of irrigation units together form a sector which is served by a primary canal and (in most cases in the project area) by an individual pump station.
The water distributionwill be based on a regulated schedule.
31. The regulation of the flow is achieved at the top end of tertiary and secondary canals by gates which perait a certain specified discharge to enter the canals. ANNEX 4 Page 8
32. The flow in the primary canals at the pump stations is regulated by automatic gates reacting to the down stream water level.
33. The volumes of water available in the primary canals are such that the automatic reaction of the gates causing one or more of the pumps to be restarted does not occur at too high frequencies.
E. INUNDATIONS
34. In 1960, 100,000 ha of the Rharb plain vere inundated by flooding of the Sebou River, and in 1963, the worst recorded flood occurred, inundating 180,000 ha. The maximum discharge of the Sebou River (includingthe discharge of the Ouerrha River ) at that time amounted to 7,600 m3/sec. The capacity of the riverbed in the plain decreases from 3,000 to 1,500 m3/sec lower down. At flood discharge, the water has to overflow the banks and runs through gulleys towards the low areas. Although a system of large drains has been dug in these areas since 1950, the evacuation of the water still can take more than a week.
35. The prevention of inundation can be achieved either by building dams in the rivers with flood retention capacity in their reservoirs, or by providing emergency spillways in a system of dykes along the lower Sebou River, with endyked by-pass channels to lead the water safely past developed and equipped areas.
36. Both methods have been studied. Arabat dam on the regularly flowing Inaouene River, has little influence on extreme floods. Only a dam (M'Jara) on the Ouerrha River, which has the most irregular regime, could effectively decrease the inundation hazard. On the other hand, the improvementsof the lower Sebou's riverbed and the constructionof dykes and artificial evacuation channels would cost an investment of roughly 100 million DH. In view of the estimated damage of only 3 million DH on aiiaverage per year at present, which would increase with the equipment of the plain to about 10 to 15 million Dl-per year, a solution has been chosen for the first phase of the long-term development plan which does not include measures against the inundations.
37. As far as the irrigated part of the project area is concerned, the following precautions to be taken will guarantee that a minimum of damage will occur should another catastrophicflood take place during the initial phase of the long-term plan:
- the pump stations are located on high places on the banks which even in 1963 were not inundated; - the primary canals run along the highest ridges in the terrain, perpendicular to the river and parallel to the overflowing discharges through the lowest places in the banks; - the secondary and tertiary canals which may cross the streams of overflowingwater, are made of concrete elements supported at 6.82 m intervals but spanning the gaps high enough above the ground to allow the water i'reepassage; - the only element of the eq-xipmentwhich may suffer damage is the network of open drains which may be partly silted up. The re- excavation of drains is therefore one of the items of the estimated * increased yearly damages caused by severe inundations; _ 4223.00 200
CONTROLLED SPILLWAY _____ = 4 GATES 14.0 x 11.0 / . /0O
S 15 m ÂX 3 ~~~~~~~~~AVAILABLE; STORA:GE CAPA CITY
162.00 k,E
5% _
I '0~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 ARBj A
I ~~~~~~ a '0~~~~PW C-.L.-L- 111CR S~~~~~~~~~1S 42V1.11 I~~~~~~Fî~~~~
- POWERINSAnE ' .EVEL005201
120EVLO .TL O551 ETF
ANNEX5
MOi(CCO RHARBIRRIGATION P70OJECT
AGRICULTURALDVVETJ?[EN'r
1. Different cropping patterns for irrigated areas have been proposed, a.ccordingto the different types of soils (see Annex 2), and between the re- alloca.tionof lands and the beginning of irrigations a four-yea,rcropping pattern for improved dry farming.
2. On dhess soils thŽee different cropping patterns will be developed: sugarcane, citrus and truck gardening. On heavy dhess and tirs soils, 5-year cropping patterns, 4-yea.rcropping patterns and paddy rice cropping patterns will be grown. Domestic agriculturewill be developed either on dhess or on tirs soils, depending on the location of the villages. The improved dry farrmingwill precede irrigation either on dhess or tirs soils, except for the first phase irrigation area, which will be immediately devoted to irrigation. Im)roved dry farming will be practiced on tir soils after banks have been pre- pared (see Annex 2). Poplar trees will be grown on the Mamora. sands in the southern part of the plain. On the sandy and hilly soils near the coa.st the five-yea.r cropping pattern will be grown with potatoes instead of sugarbeet.
3. The calendar of the proposed cropping patterns is given in Table 1. The projected yields, costs of production and returns for the crops are given in Table 2. The net revenue per hectare of each cropping pattern is given in Table 3, with and without the added value due to livestock production. Examples of typical farm budgets of families producing the various cropping patterns over 5 net hecta.res are given in Table 4.
LivestockDevelopment and Fora.geProduction Costs
4. Introductionof livestock production in the program of development of the irrigated areas is perhaps one of the most important innovations intro- duced by the Agricultural Development Law, and teclrnicallya necessity to maintain the fertility of soils and a high production level. In the Rharb Plain it is expected that production will be:
- 217 mnillion lite of milk at O.b DH/kg and lh,500 tons of meat at 5 DH/kg.
- 970 tons of mutton at 6.5 DH/kg and lh5 tons of wool at >4.7 DH/kg. o ANNEX5 Page 2
- ilorses,mules and donkeys will be used for draft animnalsand ultimately low-grademeat. The evaluation of the labor of these draft animals has been consideredequivalent to the same work done by tractors; 3.2 million hours at 16 DH/hour. - The Rharb Plain will produce 3.5 million tons of green forage, 69% of which will be consumed by bovines, 7% by sheep and 24% by horses, mules and donkeys. - The total expenses for stables and productionof forage have been split oetween these 3 kinds of animals with the same percentages; 69%, 7% and 24%.
Expenses (M DH) Value of Veteri- Forage Production (M DU) Concen- narians, Culti- Milk Meat Wool Labor trates etc. Stables vation
Bovines 86.8 72.5 - - 46.9 6.4 13.2 26.3 Sheep - 6.3 0.8 - 1.1 0.3 1.3 2.7 Horses, Mules, Donkeys - 2.1 - 51.2 9.5 1.9 4.6 9.1
86.8 80.9 0.8 51.2 57.5 8.6 19.1 38.1
- - - -1 abor (Man Days) - - - Production Purchases Net Added Livestock _ Value In Value In Forage and In M DH M DH M DH Crops Traction Total
Bovines 159 93 66 2.5 3.5 6.0 Sheep 7 5 2 0.2 0.1 0.3 Horses, Mules 53 25 28 0.9 4.3 5.2 Donkeys 219 123 96 3.6 7.9 11.5
The net added value produced by livestock is 96 M DH. With the assumption that productivityis the samnein the different activities,the working day will be paid at the rate of 96/11.5 = 8.4 DH. Thirty-onepercent of the time (3.6/11.5)is spent to prodice forage, and the added value is 31/100 x 96 = 29.9 M DH. In such cases tihevalue of forage produced is 29.9 +38.1 = 68 M DH and the average price per ton of forage produced is 68/3.5 = 19 DH. Consider- ing only the cost of productionexcluding remunerationof labor, the average cost per ton of forage is 38.1/3.5 = 11 DH.
5. The Sebou team has considered that the gross value that can be attributed to forage consumed by livestock is 41 DLIper ton, with Frisians producing 3,000 liters of milk per year. The expenses are 12 DH per ton of forage for concentrates, stable!s, veterinarians etc., and 11 DH per ton as cost of production. Without irrigation the value of forage for local improved livestock is only 37 DIIper ton of forage produced for concentrates, stables, veterinariansetc., and Il DII per ton as cost of production. ANNEX 5 Page 3
Organizationand Management of AUriculturalServices
6. To realize the proposed program of developmenta very competent and dynamic agriculturalmanagement is aecessary. The propcsed targets for the project area are three agricultura]development centers (CMV) for two communes, each CMV including four sectors an( each sector including 10 villages as an average, with an extension agent for each village (comprisingabout 50 families). Ten CMV will be under the control of a subdivision.
The project area has already 5 CMV which belong totally or partially to it.
% Within Project Area CMV 240 - Tiluli Only the headquartersof CHV 240, 210 and 212 are in the project area. There is no sector and each extension agent has to work with 330 families. It is necessary to set up a subdivision,2 CMVs and 20 sectors with 180 extension agents. Such infrastructurewill be realized in four years before the beginning of irrigation. For the lands outside the project area (second phase) the investmentwill be 1 developmentcenter and 48e,tors for each 10,000 ha which represents an expense of 148 DH per hectare. The operation costs per year for the project area will te 3,810,000 DH as detailed in Table 5, which represent an expense of 37 DlHper hectare per year. The five existing CMVs have 157 Caterpillartractors and 197 wheeled tractors. Consideringthat these tractors have also to work outside the project area and that they are more or less worn out, it is advisable not to rely on them. Some farmers have their own tractors and farm machinery and some others will be grouped in cooperativeswith tractors bought with loans from the agriculturalcredit. Thus it is enough to equip CMVs with the necessary tractors and farm macliineryfor half of the area. On the basis of 1 tractor for 80 ha, to meet requirementsit is necessary to buy 125 Caterpillar tractors at 75,000 DH each (50,000 DH + 25,000 DH for farm machinery) and 125 wheeled tractors at 35,000 DH each (23,000 DH + 12,000 DH for farm machinery); the total investment cost will be 13.75mfionDH.CWswill collect O & M expenses including provision for replacement from the farmers utilizing their services. ANNEX LYable 1 M O R O C C_O Rharb IrrigationProject Calendar of Proposed Cropping Patterns Jan/Feb/Mar Apr/lNlay/June July/Aug/sept, p Dc.c/Nov/Lo Sugarcane - cane cane C cropping cane cane first harvest cane pattern cane cane second harves', ''e (6 years) cane cane third 1-arvez cane cane cane fourth harvent; berse ri berseem cotton cotton coton Paddy rice - rice rice becse-Fm cropping berseem rice rice bcrs-e:m pattern berseem rice rice oe,3en (5 years) berseem rice rice berseem berseem cotton cotton cotton 5-year - sucgarbeeb cropping sugarbeet sugarbeet - or pot,ato pattern or potato or potato ½bersee-m plus) wheat (5 years) wheat wheat , cabbage ) } berseem plus) Sugarbeet ½berseem plus)cotton cotton '-cabbage ) or potatoes ½ cabbage )cotton cotton cotton ;- 1/3 berseen 1/3 berseem cotton 1/3 berseem 2/3 vetchoatL 2/3 Sudan grass - 2/3 vetchoat 4-year - - suarbeet cropping sugarbeet sugarbeet - wheat pattern wheat wheat _ - berseem- (4 years) ½ berseem cotton cot-,ton l cabbage là cabbage 1/3 berseem 1/3 berseein cotton 1/3 berseem 2/3 vetchoat 2/3 Sudan grass - 2/3 vetchoat Truck - - - potatoes gardening potatoes potatoes onions onlons cropping berseem berseem toriatoes tormtoes (3 years) Inproved - sugarbcct dry farming sugarbeet sugarbeet - whcat (h years) wheat wheat - sunflower sunflower sunfloweer berseemn berseem berseem MOROCCO ANNEX 5 Table 2 RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT Projected Yields, Costs of Production,and Returns for the Different Crops Farm- Expenses in Dirhams Per Hectare Added ..rerage Yields in Tons/ilectare Gate Gross Income Animals Agr caltiiral 'fale LI Dess Tir Merja Improved Pr cc in Diliams 'tElired Tr-iwtors Laber Total DirnÀns"Ha ;iLS3 Soi.s Soils Dry _armrng Peir Pt3rH a Seeds Fertilizer Pesticides Sugarcan,' 3,20 438 35 %8 k 853 2.267 jLt L ,î30 82 152 84 iL 1,53ll 30 1,37) Sugarbeet 3) 60 L,8 J 82 152 84 69 1,5wM 82 152 84 1-5 !497 1,00 1,o00 2,400 16 140 215 -. 75 /o 516 1,884 70 516 1,6,!4 Cotbton 1.5 1,2c0 2,160 16 140 215 75 1.5 1,200 1,8LJO 16 140 215 75 7) 516 1,284 1,072 Paddy Rice 4.5 4ùo 1,8U0 78 153 30 427 728 1,604 Potatoes 15 200 3, (X) 1,020 132 50 125 67 1,396 86 2>47 633 Wheat 2.2 40o 880 78 83 1.6 400 64o 72 8B d4 236 404 1,099 45 41 1,845 90 26 630 746 721 Berseem 30 41 1,230 120 O 389 509 4o 37 1,480 90 26 521 637 843 176 524 Sunflower 14 500 700 30 26 75 45 1,089 Sadan Grass 50 41 2,050 90 98 75 698 961 40 41 1,640 90 98 75 578 841 799 682 921 924 Cabbage Forage 45 41 1,845 10 229 328 Vetch 20 41 820 90 76 326 492 Oat 2,932 Tomatoes 30 120 3,600 50 162 200 125 131 668 2,553 2,447 Onions 20 250 5,000 2,000 250 100 125 78 Domestie 3,502 Agricaltare 26.2 4,508 410 132 148 316 1,006 Citrus (at full production) 24 250 6,00 - >498 400 952 1,850 4,150 M O 1 0 C C O Table 3' REM IROA?IoI PK>JECT 'e*Net Revenue in MrXa-M p_r Hectare of Cropping Pattern A. Wlth added value due to liveatock production Groos income E&pennes Net income Sugarcane cropping pattern 2,753 768 1,985 Paddy rice croppingpattern 2,784 1,094 1,690 5-year croppingpattern (sugarbeet) 2,376 765 1,611 5-year croppingpattern (potatoes) 2,610 936 1,674 4-year cropping pattern 2,166 783 1,383 Truck gardeningcropping pattern 4,705 1,848 2,857 Domestic agriculture(per farm) 29254 503 1,751 Improveddry farmiD 1,080 386 694 Improved dry farming in Jerja 946 506 440 Poplar trees 32,400 after 15 years 1,049 2,090 Citrus Year 6 625 696 Year 12 5,500 1,850 Years 13 to 36 6,000 1,850 B. Without added value due to livestock production (forage at 11 DH/T) Cropping pattern Net income Sugarcane cropping pattern 1,626 Paddy rice cropping pattern 1,113 5-year cropping pattern (sugarbeet 1,185 5-year cropping pattern (potatoes) 1,202 4-year cropping pattern 886 Truck gardening cropping pattern 2,539 Domestic agriculture 1,659 Improved dry farming 483 Improveddry farming in %rja 303 Poplar trees No change Citrus growing No change ANNEX5 Table h _ N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OR O 000 11R1ARBIRRIGATION PROJECT Typisal ?arm Budgets I R R I 11G T E D F A R M S Iproed Dry Fareing 5-yaar Rotation 4-yea Roaton Rose Rotation Sogarsane & Risce Rotation wit>,4-yea Rottion rss aea oSha Grensar Ro ha Ornss aRea t na Orons area ô ho Grnss area ha Net area 5 ha area 5 ha N et areeNet U.6 ha et re 5 ha Net area 5.2 ha ……Aras (ha) x y-Laid s P'rofits.. (tons) pricse (DH) = Grors Yalue (DO) ------...... Sugarbeet 1 ha x 35T x 60DH - 2,100 1.25 h- x 30T x 60DH - 2,250 1.30 ha x 25T x 60DM - 1,950 Wheat i x 2.2 o 4O - 880 1.25 x 2.2 x 400 = 1,100 1.30 x 1.6 x hOO . 832 Hersees, 0.83 x 45 a 4i - 1,538 1.42 x 45 x 41 - 2,605 3.80 ha s 30 Tf 41 DH - 4,674 0.33 ha o 40 T x 41 DM - 541 1.30 x 37 - 1,924 Cotton 2 x 2x1,200 - 4,800 1.25 x 2 x 1,200 - 3,00C 1 x 1.5 T x 1,200 - l,ôOO 0.33 x 2 x 1,200 - 791 Cabbage forage 0.5 x 45 x 41 923, 0.25 x 04 41 - 461 Vetch ost o.66 x 20 x 41 - 547 0.83 x 20 x 41 - 675 Sadan grasa 0.66 x h40xh - 1,093 Rice 3.80 ha x 4.5 T x 400 DH - 6,840 2.40 x 4.5 4hoo - 4,410 Sogarcane 1.32 x 78 x 40 - 4,120 berseer 2.4 x 30 5 41 = 2,952 Cotton 0.6 s 1.5 o 1,200 - 1,080 Sanflower 1.30 s 1.4 s 500 - 910 Barley Chisk-p.a. Beans Grossa Return 11,881Dg 10,091DM 13.3140H 13,89D40H 5,616DH oExpsea bbildings 280 280 280 280 280 Pare oqaipoont 195 195 255 255 195 Trsetors 428 326 1,811 1,624 230 Work anieala 590 545 180 144 408 Seads 359 382 654 442 357 Fertilisers 737 577 873 1,328 336 Peeticidas 514 374 329 335 109 Water or drainage sharges 751 307 1,734 1,595 115 Hired labor 580 400 400 361 Livestock expenses 112 j.21.02 1,368 1,008 572 Total ESxpenes 5.64 4.478Dg 7.8840N 7,3720M 2.487DN NET RETJdN 6,235DH 5,613DH 5,430DH 6,522DM 3.1295D Days of Family Labor 550 days 550 day 4o40 days 460 daye 270 days Days of Hired Labor 145 days 100 days 100 daya 90 days Cropping Intensity 133% 125% 180% 148% 100% M O R O C O AiiJIE. 5 Table 5 RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT Operation Costs of CMV's (DH OO's) Operation Costs Per Year For the ProjectArea Subdivision CMV Sect or a. Maintenance Costs Buildings (1%) 6 1.75 2.1 Sheds (1%) - 0.3 0.3 Office equipment (10%) 2 1 0.5 Repair shop equipment (5%) 10 1.5 0.5 Cars (7 years) iL 6.7 1 Bicycles (3 years) - - 3 b. OperationCosts Technicians (detailedbelow) 217 134 75 Manpower and extension agents 10 20 25 Other operation costs 2 30 20 309 195.25 125.4 Technicians Chief of subdivision, CMV, sector 20 17 12.8 Assistant chief (sub-division 2, CMV1) 16 12.6 - Bookkeeper - 22.5 6.7 Clerks 21 - Agronomists and technicians (subdivision3, aMV 2, sector 1) 42 23 7.9 .Statistician/Economist il - Agent 12 Purchasing agent il - Chief mechanic il - Mechanic (Subd. 4, ClMV1, sector 1) 24 7.5 5.4 Assistant Mechanic (CMV 2) - 9.0 - Instructors(Sector 4) - - 25.2 Other charges (30%) 51 31 17 217 134.6 75.0 ANNEX 6 ?a,ge 1 iMOROCCO RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT SUGARPRODUCTION IN THE RHARBPLAIN Introduction of Sugarcane in the Rharb Plain 1. Sugarcane production is well known in the south of Spain near Malaga; the ecological conditions being about the same in the Rharb Plain, the Sebou project proposes to introduce this crop in the troject area. rrhe'Plr-t introductionof sugarcane in the Rharb Plain was made in May 1965 with two plots, one at Sidi Allal Tazi (ex ferme Brisson) and the other at Mechra Bel Ksiri. Three varieties were introduced: PC 44/101, NCO 310, and CO 290, with the last one being quickly eliminated. The plot of Mechra Bel Ksiri was abandoned in 1968 upon the arrival of the new farm manager. In Sidi Allal Tazi the experiments continue and will be developed. In 1968 about ten new plots were planted, of which the mission visited Ferme Perron (2 plots of 0.25 ha each planted in 5/2/68 with CP 41/101 and NCO 310) Ferme Rollin (2.75 ha of NCO 310 planted on 9/13/68) and a plot of a Moroccan farmer northeast of Souk El Arba (1 ha planted 4/25/68). The yields, when recorded, are between 60T and 120T per hectare and the sugar extract percentage is normal or higher than normal. The best data are given for the experiments done in Larache 70 km outside the project area near the ocean. e--; ______Sugarcane Ton/ha 1965 1966 1967 1968 Average Yield per Hectare CP 44/101 97.4 126.0 86.2 78.7 97.1 NCO 310 92.9 87.5 52.4 70.2 75.7 CO 290 75.1 (12.1 69.6 63.5 72.2 TU 1376 84.8 84.1 52.5 65.9 71.8 POJ 2725 101.2 112.9 56.7 70.7 85.4 Average yield per year 90.3 98.5 63.4 69.8 80.5 Preliminary conclusionsare that sugarcane cultivation is possible, the yields acceptable, and the sugar percentage normal or above normal. 2. Neverthelessmany points have to be clarified and an important experi-- mental program has to be developed. This prograi must be establisaed,taking into account the fact that sugarcane and sugarbeet production will be processed in the same factories, part of their processing equipment being the same. The harvest times have to be staggered for better utilization of the ractories. 3. The most critical point for sugarcane production is temperature. "Theoreticallyonly a few lioursof temperaturebelo' zero centigrade are enough to compromise the crop. Ir,Malaga the -,rosts occur during clear weather without wind between 5 and 8 Xc-during the months of January and February. They can cause the partial or total destruction of the top of the stem and decrease tne saccharose content of the cane...In Louisiana where the problem o" frost is much more serious than in Spain, the crop is harvested ,,afore winter, ANNEX 6 Page 2 so when the frosts occur the developmentof the plant has not yet started, and if it has started, mowing the young stems after the frosts is sufficient."1 / An important climatologicalstudy of the Sebou Basin has been done by N. E. Gerbier, member of the Sebou project team. It appears that near the coast and along the Sebou River (Souk El Tleta and Mechra Bel Ksiri) the number of frosty days is low (less than 0.5 per month) but more important between Kenitra Sidi-Yahya-du-Rharband Sidi Slimane. It is between Mechra Bel Ksiri and downstream of Allal Tazi that the conditions are the best and perhaps the proposed area devoted to sugarcane would have to be moved slightly to the west. Two sugar factorieshave been built, one in Mechra Bel Ksiri and the other west of Allal Tazi. Their location seems suitable and a third one will be built in the future. 4. In the Sebou team's Report the proposed period of harvest was between August and October, but now the agronomist of the Sebou Team thinks that October and November would be a better period, even with worse conditions of transportationto the factories due to the rains. The sugarcane specialists of the National Agronomic Research Institute (INRA) favor harvesting sugarcane in April ard May or even June. A program of experimentationhas to be established considering the two crops together to optimize the periods of harvest for sugarcane and sugarbeet, even if these periods are not the best for yields and sugar content. Therefore, the best economic solution will be a compromise. 5. According to the soils the proposed choice is the best, but consider- ing the adaptabilityof sugarcane to a large range of soils, it will be possible in the future to grow sugarcane not only on dhess soils but also on tirs which are more clayey. Experimentationhas to be done to confirm this assumption, and if it is confirmed it will be possible, under certain conditions, to develop sugarcane on soils proposed for the five-year cropping pattern and even for rice production with about the same amounts of water. From an economic point of view, the feasibilityo` the project would be increased. Svgarbeet Cultivation 6. Sugarbeet cultivationwas introduced in Morocco a few years ago and this introductionhas been successful. Neverthelessdifferent points have to be clarified such as best period for planting and harvesting; the relationship between harvesting period, yields and sugar content percentage. It seems that sugarbeet must be harvested betweea'April 15 and July 15, but perhaps it is possible to extend this harvesting period a little, even if the yield or the sugar content percentage are not et their peak; it is a question of optimum use of the sugar factories. 1/ Sugarcane Cultivation in Spain, by M. Lazzaoui, July 1967 ANNEX 6 Page 3 SugarcaneProduction Versus SugarbeetProduction 7. The water requireimentsare muc.hmore important for sugarcane (9,100m 3/ha producing 7.8 T of sugar) than for sugarbeet (2,600 n.3/ha pro- ducing 4.9 T of sugar) and the questionable point is to know whether it is not preferable to replace sugarcane cultivationby sugarbeet cultivatïon. But it is not possible to disassociatesugarcane and sugarbeet from their cropping patterns and one hectare of su-arcane cropping pattern with 8,700 m3 /ha will produce 5.2 T of sugar against 0.98 T of sugar with 7,700 m3/ha if we consider the five-yearcropping pattern with sugarbeet. The other produce will be 330 kg of seed cotton and 6.6 £ of forage per hectare with t-lebu8de cane cropping pattern against 800 kg of seed cotton, 440 kg of wheat and 21 T of forage with the five-year cropping pattern. If we replace sugarcane cropping pattern by five-year cropping we shall have to increase threefold the livestockproduction which is already very important in the proposed program of devalopment. 8. The most intensive cropping patteraipossible with sugarbeet without important risks of diseases due to nematodes would be a three-yearcropping pattern producing 1.62 T of beet sugar per hectare, with water requirements varying between 4,000 m3/ha to 6,000 m3/ha according to the importancegiven to forage crops. 9. As sugar consumptionin Morocco is one of the highest in the world (25 kg per capita per year with imports of sugar reaching 250,000 T in 1968); as production of sugarcaneand sugarbeetwill permit, with better utilization of sugar factories,decreasing the cost of production for sugar; and as the quantitiesof water availalblewith Arabat Dam are much more than sufficient to satisfy the water requirementsof the proposed area, it would not be realistic to forego sugarcane for sugarbeet. It will always be possible in 10 or 15 years if the other proposed dams are not built to decrease the area devoted to sugarcane for increasing sugarbeet cultivation. However, it is likely that experimentationwill show that sugarcane production can be developed on a bigger area than is proposed today and that sugarcane production which is easier than sugarbeet production will be favored by the farmers. The fact that some farmers already have started to grow sugarcane at their own expense so that they will be sure to have enough cuttings when the cane crushers will be set up in the existing sugar factories is one of the raostencouraging factors. Sugarcane and Sugarbeet 3xperimentation 10. As already specified experimentationbotS for sugarcane and sugar- beet is necessary to optimize sugar production in the project area. Experi- mentation will be done in the INRA station and in differentplots scatteredOverzhe project area. To be well adapted to the problems of the Rharb Plain the program will have to be establishedjointly between bhe directors of ORMVAC-arD ¾A Such experimentationwill necessitate tne followinginvestment and 0 & M expenses during the next 6 years: ANEEX 6 Page 4 Amount Local Foreign (DH) Currency Currency Equipment 1 tractor with farm machinery 100,000 20,000 80,000 1 Landrover 20,000 - 20,000 Handtools, etc. 10,000 5,000 5,000 Total, equipment 130,000 25,000 105,000 Operational Expenses 1 Sugarcane specialist, consultant 1 month 15,000 5,000 10,000 Travel for consultant 5,000 1,000 4,000 1 Agronomist (expatriate) @4,000 DH per month 48,000 24,000 24,000 2 Technical agents @ 1,000 DH per month each 24,000 24,000 - Hired labor 4,000 days @4DH/day 16,000 16,000 - Fertilizers and pesticides 10,000 5,000 5,000 Tractor and farm machinery 12,000 6,000 6,000 Miscellaneous 10,000 5,000 5,000 Total Per year 140,000 86,000 54,000 For 6 years 840,000 516,000 324,000 * e e M-OROCCO RhARB IRRIGATION PROJECT Cost Estimate Dirhams (millions) US Dollars (million1)/ , Idriss I Dam Local Currency Foreign Exchange Total CoEt Local Currency Foreign Exchange Total Cost Foreign Exchange 31 Preparatory2/Works 7.9 3.6 11.5 1.6 0.7 2.3 *Civil 2/rks- 62.9 22.8 85.7 12.6 4.6 17.1 27 Electrical and Mechanical Equipment 1.4 7.1 8-5 0.3 1.4 1.7 83 32 Total 72.2 33.5 105.7 14.4 6.7 21.1 Firet Phase Irrigation Levelopment (38,300 ha net) sLand Consolidation and Reallocation 6.2 1.8 8.0 1.2 0.4 1.6 22 Land Preparation (mainly levelling) 20.4 11.7 32.1 4.1 2.3 6.4 36 Pump Stations: * Civil Works and Buildings 10.9 2.1 13.0 2.2 0.4 2.6 16 Pumps, motors, switchgear, etc. 4.7 9.8 14.5 0.9 2.0 2.9 68 *Primary Irrigation Canals 17.6 4.8 22.4 3.5 1.0 4.5 22 21 *Secondary and Tertiary Irrigation Canals 50.6 13.7 64.3 10.1 2.7 12.9 36 *Surface Drains 12.2 6.9 19.1 2.4 1.4 3.8 *Sub-surface Drains 25.4 8.7 34.1 5.1 1.7 6.8 26 Roads 10.4 3.4 13.8 2.1 0.7 2.8 25 Electricity Supply 1.4 0.8 2.2 0-3 0.2 0.24 36 Total 159.8 63.7 223.5 32.0 12.7 44.7 29 Improvement of Rainfed Agriculture (26,700 ha net) *Land Consolidation and Reallocation 4.7 1.3 6.0 0.9 0.3 1.2 22 Land Preparation (mainly banking) 1.9 1.1 3.0 0.4 0.2 o.6 36 *Surface Drains 3.2 1.8 5.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 36 Roada 7.5 2 5 10.0 1.5 0.5 2.0 25 Total 17.3 6.7 24.0 3.5 1.3 4.8 28 Agricultural Management and Processing Facilities Subdivision, Development Centers and Block Offices 5.0 1.3 6.3 1.0 0.3 1.3 26 80 Tractors and Implements 2.8 11.0 13.8 0.6 2.2 2.8 - 89 Vehicles and Equipment 0.1 0.8 o.9 - 3/ 0.2 0.2 Improvement of Existing Crop Processing Facilities 8.0 15.0 23.0 1.6 3.0 4.6 66 Feasibility Studies for Sugar, etc. 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.2 0.2 o.4 50 Total 16.9 29.1 46.0 3.4 5.8 9.2 64 Total Cost, Excluding Engineering and Con- tingencies 266.2 133.0 399.2 53.2 26.6 79.8 33 Engineering and Supervision (8% of items marked*) 5.2 14.8 20.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 74 Contingencies (20% of items marked *, 10% of others) 45-9 19.7 65.6 9.2 3 13.1 30 Total Project Cost 317.3 167.5 484.8 63.5 33.5 97.0 35 Interest and Other Charges during Construction-/ - 62.5 62.5 - 12.5 12.5 100 Total Cost, Including Interest during Construc- 42 tion 317.3 230.0 547.3 63.5 46.o 109.5 1/ Totals do not add due to rounding 2/ The contract price of DH 70.2 million is 18% below the engineering cost estimate and is likely to be exceeded. The engineering cost estimate is used in this report. 3/ Less than US$50,000 7% interest and 3/4% commitment charge on foreign exchange. ANNEX 8 page -l M O R O C C O RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT Outline Terms of Reference for General Consultants Planning and Programming - overall planning and review of progress of Bank-financed project - preparing documents and information requested by Bank Soil Survey and Land Classification a) preparing terms of reference for the two operations; b) control of work done by consultants; c) review of data and final reports and interpretation of results (cropping patterns, productivity, agricultural plan, including economic and engineering factors). Equipment a) Pump Stations 1) preparing terms of reference for consultants to carry out field surveys for pump station location and supervising them; reviewing their reoort; 2) preparing terms of reference for feasibility studies ("avant-projets") for pump stations, including civil works and electro-mechanical engineering, to be carried out by specialized consultants; supervision and review of specialized consultants' work and final reports; 3) supervising the preparation of final designs, cost estimates and relevant specifications by the specialized consultants; I8) supervising preparation of calls for bids; 5) supervising construction and pumping tests up to final commissioning of the stations. ANNFX8 Page 2 b) IrrigationNetwork 1) TemporaryWater Supply (by unlined canails); 2) Primary Canals; 3) Secondary Canals; I) Tertiary Canals. For all the above operations,supervision of the following tasks: - preparing feasibility8tudies; - final designs, cost estimates and specifications; - preparation of calls for bids; - construction. c) Drainage Network 1) preparing terms of reference for experimental station and supervising of tests, and review of final report made by specialized consultants; 2) supervising the preparation of feasibility studies, final designs, cost estimates, specifications and calls for bids, and the con- struction of the drainage network. Land Preparation - overall supervision of works -involved, including land clearing and levelling. . ANNEX 9 Page 1 M OROCCO RRHARBTRRIGITION PROJECT OPERATION-MAINTENANCE-WATERRATES Operationand Maintenanceof Idriss I 1. The Ministry of Public Works through the Departmentof Water Resourceswould be responsiblefor the operationand maintenance of the dam as well as its construction. Operatingand maintenancecosts for rhe dam and reservoirhave been estimated at 0.5% of total investments,excluding road and railroad relocation,or about 600,000 Dirhams/annum(US$120,000). Given the present salary scales in Morocco these provisionsare adequate and correspond to past experience. Depreciationrates adopted are as follows: Life Dam 80 years 1.25% Electro-mechanicalequipment of dam 35 years 2.9 % Operation of IrrigationSystem 2. In the Sidi Slimane area (30,000irrigated ha) the following organizationhas been set up by theoeMVAGto operate the irrigationsystem. - the area is subdividedinto 10 sectors of 3,000 ha each; = in each sector, 4 men operate the gates at the heads of the secondary and the tertiary canals (in the primary canal also if required in a certain sector); = in each sector, there is a flying brigade of 2 to 3 labourersto execute repairs; - in Sidi Slimane a group of 5 to 6 masons is stationed for repairs requiringmasonry work; - one supervisordirects the water distributionand one man supervises the repair brigades; - the administrationis done by 2 elerks and i typist; - there is one cashier to collect water payments which are paid by the farmers at the office. 3. Apparently the operationworks sattsfactorily. Farmers who lay behind with payment for water can be and are being cut off from water supply. Also, debts for water can be and are being subtractedfrom money due for pro- ducts sold cooperativelythrough the Office de Commercialisationet d'Exportation. 4 According to the Director'oftheQ9MVAG, not only were the water charges of the current year paid to a large percentage (actual figure was not obtained)but also the outstandingdebts from former years were being recovered satisfactorily. x _ XNNEX 9 Page 2 Operation in Project Area 5. No details of manpower required for the operation of the irrigation system have been worked out for the project area. However, an organization similar to the one in Sidi Slimane will have to be established in a centrally located office. One additionalmechanical engineer with an assist- ant will be required for the supervisionof the pump stations. Maintenance of the Irrigationand Drainage Systems 6. In the Slimane area no separate personnel is required for maintenance because the distributionof water can be interruptedduring the four rainy months per year and the cleaning of all irrigation canals can be achieved by the operation personnel and repair brigades. 7. Maintenance of the quaternary irrigation and drainage canals and ditches is done by the farmers. 8. For the regular cleaning of the surface water drainage ditches in the Rharb Plain at present 30,000 mandays of work are paid for at 2DH per day crganized by the Promotion Nationale (NationalEmployment bureau). Costs of Operation and Maintenance for Irrigation 9. The costs of operationand maintenance in the Sidi Slimane area are said to amount to 20 DH/ha/year. 10. For the project area the following costs have been assumed: Operation - personnel for weir and intake of canal Si: i DH/ha/year; -- pump stations: 8DH/ia/year; - water distribution:primary, secondary and tertiary canals: 5DH/ha/year. Total operation costs: 14 DH per ha per year. Energy of Pump Stations il. The electricityrequired for pumping is needed in Summer when the supply capacity is relatively abundant. The productionprice is estimated at 0.02 DH/Kwh to which has been added the cost of distribution,estimated atO.03 DH/Kwh. The feasibilityreport contains a graphical representation of the growth of energy demand due to the gradual increase of irrigation in the project area, and in the first phase of developmentbased on the construction of the Arabat dam. At full development,the 93,000 newly equipped ha plus the 11,000 ha of existing citrus orchards will require some 48 GWH, at a cost of DH 2.4 million/year. i4aintenance 12. The following table containe: - the assumed lifetime of various parts of the equipment, - the assumed percentage of investment costs representingannual main- tenance costsi. AMNEX9 Page 3 - allocation of these costs to: materials (MY, specialised: labour (Sp), and unskilled labour (U.L.) Table 1. Earcentage of Maixitenancecosts and allocation Maintenance of Investment costs Item Lifetime In % M. Sp. U.L. Pump station building 50 1 05 o.5 - pumps, etc. 15 4 3 1 - Hydr. str. weirs 50 1 0.5 0.5 - Hydr. str. gates 35 2 3 1 - Canal 50 0.5 - 0.25 0.25 Primary irr. canals 50 0.5 - 0.25 0.25 Sec., Fert. rrr.canals 50 0.5 - - 0.25 Sprinkler materials 15 2 2 - - Ilighreservoirs 50 1 0.5 0.5 - Sub-soii drainage 30 2 0.2 - 1.8 Electricity supply 30 1.5 0.75 0.75 - Roads 50 3 1.5 - 1.5 13. The following table, Taule 2, contains the resulting operation and maintenance costs on the basis of the proposed calendar of constructionand assuming the maintenance to become due already in the first year after completion of each part of the work. 14. In the year 1984, 93,000 ha are assumed to be equipped for the first irrigation campaign. Because of the time-lag between possible and real irrigation, only the equivaient of 67,000 ha will be irrigated. -f construction and equipment is continued at a rate of 9,000 ha per year, in 1987 the equiva- lent of 93,000 ha will be newly irrigated. If constructionis stopped, the full irrigation of the 93,000 ha will only be achieved about the year 2002. 15. In Table 3 the allocation of operation and maintenance costs te materials (local and imported), to specialised labour and unskillcd laboilr is given. Water rates 16. The rates to be charged for the irrigation water will be fixed yv. the "Code des investissementsagricoles". For the Rharb Plain the water rate will amount to 0.029 DH/m3. 17. The full rate will not be charged immediately,but a phased increase over 5 years (20%7per year) is proposed, wii*han exception for tree- plantations (citrus and poplars) which will be charged at an increase of l 01 during 10 years. The present water charges in the Sidi Slimane area amounts to: ANNEX 9 Page 4 lst year: 0.002 DH/m3 6th year: 0.012 DH/m3 2nd 0.004 7th 0.0135 3rd 0.006 8th 0.0150 4th 0.008 9th 0.0165 5th 0.010 10th 0.018 for fodder crops only 50% of the prices is charged. 18. For the new project area, the total water consumption at the head of the irrigation system, when all 38,300 newly equipped ha are fully irrigated 3 as well as the 5,000 existing ha of citrus, will amount to 450 8Mm . For the first developmentphase (93,000 ha new equipment+ 11,000 ha existing citrus) the total consumption in 1984 is estimated at 796 Mm3 which will gradually increase (as the irrigation is gradually applied for 100%) to a total of 1067 Mm3. It is assumed that 20% of these volumes are lost in the irrigation system and only 80% arrives at the farm gate. 19. According to Table 2, the total costs for operation and maintenance 3 in the year 1984 amount to DH8,760.000. A water rate of DH 0.014 m at farm gate would cover these costs. When the 93,000 ha are fully utilized, the 9,560,000 DH annual 0 and M costs would be recoveredwith a rate of DH 0.011 mi. e ANNE 9 MDROCCO Y&=ble 2 R2ItDB JRiO(ATION PROJECT Operation and Mintenence cotse. r he a I n t e n a n c e Yvlr ,rer1ri-n Electxiciry Putrp stations HYcr. Structures Irrigation Dreinage Electri Totale C03ts 0.05 LH/Xwh buildings punps Weirs r3nal by grqvity sprnk. high sub-soil -City ROl's Miantenance 0 + m 114 P`41ba etc. constr. Gates 21 pri.c. sec.tert. lers res. supply * 50 Y 15 50 3 5° 50 C0 15 50 30 30 so rmnded timeï off JMain- te 1% 4i 1 2 o.5' o.s 0. 2 1 2 1.5 3 nance 1972 107; 28 50 1i 514 5 19 2 91 170 1974 84 100 32 117 17 60 4 9 239 500 1975 168 200 59 255 42 113 7 17 553 900 1976 ?914 300 94 368 ?9 200 120 B 156 1025 1600 1977 1n4r 450 1214 514 101 281. 280 32 277 1612 2500 1978 5146 600 130 582 122 361 460 32 415 2102 3300 1979 672 800 154 615 149 432 640 81 423 2494 400o 1980 798 10oo 183 784 263 ho 17 178 508 820 lo8 531 3432 5300 1981 924 1300 196 883 263 40 17 212 581 47 15 1o00 110 639 4003 6200 1V82 1050 1350 204 949 412 80 25 240 649 65 20 1200 119 741 4710 7100 1983 1176 1550 208 991 412 80 25 272 724 9a 23 1400 120 855 52<8 7900 1984 1302 1700 216 1031 12 8 25 296 792 171 26 162 1320 963 7734 8700 1985 1302 1900 216 1031 412 80 25 296 792 171 26 16<2 120 ion 581 9000 1987 1302 2400 216 1031 412 80 25 296 792 171 26 1602 120 lm 582 9500 To ie added each year: 60,000 DR Promotion Nationle,, mintenance surface drains. ANNEX 9 MOROCCO Table 3 RHARB IRRIGATION PRDJECT Allocation of Operation and Maintenance Costs. In Year 1987 when 93,000 new + 11,000 old ha would be irrigated Analysis (Costs in 1000 Dii) Costs in Unskilled Item 1000 DH Materials Spec. Labour Labour Operation 1302 1302 Electricity 2400 Pumps- ) buildings 216 * 108 108 Stations) pumps etc. 1031 # 775 256 Hydr. ) constr. 412 * 206 206 Struct.) gates 80 if 60 20 canal 25 12 13 Prim. irr. canals 296 148 148 Sec + Tert. irr. 892 792 Sprinkler mat. 171 # 171 High Reservoirs 26 # 13 13 Subsoil drainage 1602 1 160 1442 Electricity supply 120 * 60 60 Roads 1071 #50 535 536 Surface Drainage 60 60 Totals 9604 2088 2125 2991 Or: Electricity 25% Materials 22% (loc: 6% for: 16%) Skilled Men 22% Unskilled Labour 31% 100% * Local Materials: 581,000 DH # Imported HIaterials: 1,507,000 DH M O R C CCO RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT Cash Flow (All amounts in DH Millions) Revenuel/ O&M Costs Net Surplus (Deficit) Cumulative Percentage 2Ç Project Phase Project Phase Project Phase Capital Cost Recovery-_ Year Area II Total Area II Total Area II Total Project Phase II Total 1972 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 (0.4) (0.4) - - - 1973 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 (0.3) (0.3) - _ _ 1971 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 0.1 0.1 - - - 1975 4.4 - 4.4 3.2 3.2 1.2 1.2 - _ _ 1976 6.6 - 6.6 4.9 - 4.9 1.4 - 1.7 - _ _ 1977 10.0 1.0 11.0 6.7 1.0 7.7 3.3 - 3.3 1 _ 1 1978 12.4 1.4 13.8 6.7 2.9 9.6 5.7 (1.5) 4.2 2 - 1 1979 14.6 3.0 17.6 6.7 4.1 10.8 7.9 (1.1) 6.8 b - 2 1980 16.7 4.2 20.9 6.7 4.7 11.4 10.0 (0.5) 9.5 6 - 3 1981 18.2 6.3 24.5 6.7 5.8 12.5 11.5 0.5 12.0 8 - 4 1982 19.5 9.3 28.8 6.7 6.6 13.3 12.8 2.7 15.5 il - 6 1983 20.6 11.5 32.1 6.7 6.9 13.6 13.9 4.6 18.5 14 1 8 1981 21.5 14.5 36.0 6.7 7.4 14.1 14.8 7.1 21.9 17 3 10 1985 22.5 16.9 39.1: 6.7 7.4 14.1 15.8 9.5 25.3 20 5 13 1986 23.3 18.0 41.3 6.7 7.4 14.1 16.6 10.6 27.2 24 8 16 1987 24.0 18.8 42.8 6.7 7.4 14.1 17.3 11.4 28.7 27 10 19 1988 24.5 19.7 44.2 6.7 7.4 114.1 17.8 12.3 30.1 31 13 23 1989 24.7 20.4 45.1 6.7 7.4 14.1 18.0 13.0 31.0 35 17 26 1990 24.8 21.1 45.9 6.7 7.1 14.1 18.1 13.7 31.8 38 20 30 1991 2IJ.9 21.9 46.8 6.7 7.4 11.i 18.2 14.5 32.7 42 23 33 1992 24.7 22.1 47.1 6.7 7.L L.1 18.0 15.0 33.0 46 27 37 1993 2LL.4 23.1 47. 6.7 7.4 u1!,.l 17.7 15.7 33.4 49 31 41 199I 2L,.O 23.14 17.4 6.7 7.14 14.1 17.3 16.0 33.3 53 35 414 1995 23.5 23.8 h7.3 6.7 7.L 11.1 16.8 16.1 33.2 56 39 48 1996 22.9 23.8 16.7 6.7 7.1 1L.1 16.2 16.4 32.6 60o3 52 1997 22.3 23.8 b6.1 6.7 7.1 14. ' 15.6 16.h 32.0 63 47 55 H 1998 22.2 23.3 45.5 6.7 7.1 114.1 15.5 15.9 31.1 66 50 59 o 1-999 22.0 22.8 14.8 6.7 7.14 14.3. 15.3 15.4 30.7 69 54 62 2000 21.9 22.3 14.2 6.7 7.1 11.: 15.2 14.9 30.1 72 58 66 200L 21.9 21.8 13.7 6.7 7. 114.1 15.2 14.4 29.6 75 61 69 2002 21.9 21.3 13.2 6.7 7, 1h.i 15.2 13.9 29.1 79 65 72 -XC,2 21.9 21.3 13.2 e.7 7.1 14.1 15.2 13.9 29.1 110 98 1WD1 1 1ncludes w-at-er charges (DH 0.029/mi împrovement assessment (DH 1,500/ha paid over 20 years, irdnuding 3 years grace at 1%Z,inLerestX, drainage tax (DH 23.30,/h-: annmally for 20 years), agricultural income tax (10% of net income) andcitrus ex.port duty 7DH 17/ton). 2/ ErxfcJuding interest. MOROCCO ANNEX11 RHUM IMIGÂTIONPROJET Econceai Bui.fit-Coat Ana ina (ilJ amounte DR 111ons) Benefite Conte Net Benefitsl- Project Phase Idria 1 Project Phase Project Phase Year Area II Total Dam Area Il Total Area II Total *(5.0-) *(3.50) *(5.00) *(3.50) *(5.00) *(3.501 -' *T5.00) *(3.50) *(5.00) *(3.5¢) *(5-.0) *(3-5¢ 1969 - _ _ _ _ _ 18.5 6.2 - 24.7 (15.1) (15.1) ( 9.6) ( 9.6) (2147) (2h4.7) 1970 - _ _ _ _ _ 28.0 15.9 - 43.9 (29.3) (29.3) (14.6) (14.6) (43.9) (43-9) 1971 ------27.5 28.1 - 55.6 (41.3) (41.3) (14.3) (14.3) (55.6) (55.6) 1972 0.6 (0.1) - - 0.6 (0.1) 39.5 45.8 - 85.3 (64.1) (64.8) (20.6) (20.6) (84.7) (85-4) 1973 6.0 3.2 - - 6.0 3.2 8.7 61.4 - 70.1 (59.6) (62.4) ( 4.5) (14.5) (64.1) (66.9) 1974 13.1 8.1 - - 13.1 8.1 0.2 73.8 - 74.0 (60.8) (65.8) ( 0.1) ( o.1) (60.9) (61.4: 1975 24.3 16.7 - - 24.3 16.7 0.2 69.7 - 69.9 (45.5) (53.1) ( 0.1) ( o1) (45.6) (53.2) 1976 33.2 22.7 6.3 6.3 39.5 29.0 0.2 36.7 42.6 79.5 ( 3.6) (114.1) (36.1) (36.1) (1400) (50-5) 1977 45.9 33.5 12.4 12.4 58.3 45.9 0.2 6.5 80.7 87.4 39.3 26.9 (68.4) (68.1) (29,1) (4î.5) 1978 58.2 44.4 16.4 15.5 74.6 59.8 0.2 6.5 101.6 108.3 51.6 37.8 (85.3) (86.2) (33,7) (48.5) 1979 61.7 46.9 29.2 27.1 90.9 74.0 0.2 6.5 77.9 84.6 55.1 40.3 (48.8) (50.9) ( 6.3) (23.2) 1980 64.6 48.9 35.8 32.8 100.4 81.7 0.2 6.5 66.2 72.9 58.0 42.3 (30.5) (33.5) 27.5 8.8 1981 70.1 53.6 42.5 39.0 112.6 92.6 0.2 6.5 52.4 59.1 63.5 47.0 (10.0) (13.5) 53.5 33.5 1982 75.4 58.3 53.5 49.6 128.9 107.9 0.2 6.5 10.7 17.4 68.8 51.7 1,2.7 38.8 111.5 90.5 1983 78.5 60.7 54.9 50.8 133.4 111.5 0.2 6.5 6.2 12.9 71.9 54.1 48.6 44.5 120I5 98.6 1984 83.2 65.0 63.3 58.9 146.5 123.9 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 76.6 58.4 55.8 51.4 132,l, 109.8 1985 89.1 70.9 66.3 61.9 155.4 132.8 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 82.5 64.3 58.8 54.14 11413 118.7 1986 94.2 76.0 64.9 60.5 159.1 136.5 0.2 6.5 7.4 114.1 87.6 69.4 57.4 53.0 145,0 122.4 1987 98.3 80.1 64.2 59.8 162.5 139`.9 0.2 6.5 7.14 14.1 91.7 73.5 56.7 52.3 148.4 125.8 1988 100.0 81.8 65.7 61.3 165.7 U3.31 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 58.2 53.8 151.6 129.0 1989 100.0 81.8 70.1 65.7 170.1 147.5 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 62.6 58.2 156.0 133.4 1990 100.0 81.8 73.9 69.5 173.9 151.3 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 66.4 62.0 159,8 137.2 1991 100.0 81.8 77.5 73.1 177.5 154.9 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 60.6 56.2 163.4 110.8 1992 100.0 81.8 79.8 75.4 179.8 157.2 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 ' 75.2 72.3 67.9 165.7 143.1 1993 100.0 81.8 83.2 78.8 183.2 160.6 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 75.7 71.3 169.1 146.5 1994 100.0 81.8 165.4 161.0 265.4 242.8 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 157.9 153.5 251.3 228.7 1995 100.0 81.8 140.8 136.4 240.8 118.2 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 133.3 128M9 226.7 204.1 1996 100.0 81.8 88.3 83.9 188.3 165.7 0.2 6.5 7.4 114.1 93.4 75.2 80.8 76.1 174.2 151.u 1997 100.0 81.8 155.6 151.2 255.6 233.0 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 148.1 143.7 241.5 218.9 1998 100.0 81.8 92.3 87.9 192.3 169.7 0.2 6.5 7.4 lh1. 93.4 75.2 84.8 80.4 178.2 155.6 1999 100.0 81.8 89.5 85.1 189.5 166.9 0.2 6.5 7.4 114.1 93.4 75.2 82.0 77.6 17'%.4 152.8 2000 100.0 81.8 89.7 85.3 189.7 167.1 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 82.0 77.6 175.6 153.0 2002 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 82.5 78.1 175.9 153.3 2003,100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.1 75.2 82.5 78.1 1'75.9 153.3 2004 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7. 114.1 93.4 75.2 82.5 78.1 175,9 153.3 2005 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.1 75.2 82.5 78.1 175.9 L53.3 2006 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6. 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7.4& 14.1 '93.4 75.2 82.5 78.1 175.9 153.3 2007 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 ,0.2 b-5- -Llé..1-I 93.h 75.2 82.5 78.1 175.9 153.3 2008 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 82.5 78.1 175.9 153.3 2009 100.0 81.8 90.0 85.6 190.0 167.4 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.h4 75.2 82.5 78.1 175.9 153.3 2010 100.0 81.8 168.7 164.3 268.7 246.1 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 161.2 156.8 2521.6 232.0 2011 100.0 81.8 141.7 137.3 241.7 219.1 0.2 6.5 7.4 14.1 93.4 75.2 134.2 129.8 227.6 205.0 2012 100.0 81.8 88.3 83.9 188.3 165.7 -97.0 -90.5 -98.4 -285.9 236.9 218.7 237.3 232.9 714.2 1451.6 1/ Dam cost allocated 48% to project area, 52%to Phaae II, i.e-.roporti6nate to area of new irrigation. Internal rate of return at augar price of 5*, 13%; at eugar price 3.50 11%. * Sugar price MOROCCO:RHARB IRRIGATIONPROJECT CONSTRUCTIONSCHEDULE 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 IDRISSI DAM ESTABLISHMENTOF SITE GROUTING EARTHWORKS CONCRETE WORKS ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL FILLING AND PARTIAL OPERATION _ 0F RESERVOIR ---- FULL OPERATIONOF RESERVOIR LAND REFORM PRELIMINARYSURVEY PLAN OF REALLOCATIONAND FIELD IRRIGATIONLAYOUT, COMMUNE I (20,000hu) REALLOCATIONOF LAND, COMMUNEI PLAN OF REALLOCATIONAND FIELD LAYOUT,COMMUNE IL (35,000ha) REALLOCATIONOF LAND, COMMUNEIl PLAN OF REALLOCATIONAND FIELD LAYOUT, COMMUNEIm (30,000ha) REALLOCATIONOF LAND,COMMUNE m IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM 3,050hc ,850ha 6,250ha 8,400ha 8,45Cho 7,350ha SURVEY AND PLANNINGOF LAYOUT / »/ // //57h/ -- PREPARATIONCF TENDER DOCUMENTS 3,050Oha 4,850h. 6.250ho S,400h. 8,450ha 735 AND FINAL DESIGN CONSTRUCTION PUMPINGSTATIONS DESIGNAND TENDER CONSTRUCTION AGRICULTURALMANAGEMENT PROCESSINGPLANTS (CONSTRUCTION) SUGARCANE CRUSHERSAND CONVEYORS(2) CUMULATIVETOTAL AREA DEVELOPED(ha.) 1. EQUIPPEDFOR IRRIGATION 3,050 7,900 14,150 22,550 31,000 38,350 . oPh ,el) 2. EFFECTIVELYIRRIGATED (LAG) 1,700 5,900 11,000 16,700 23,400 28,100 3. IMPROVEDRAINFED 4,500 9,200 13,720 20,720 26,680 26,680 (2R)IBRD-4348 MOROCCO:RHARB IRRIGATIONPROJECT ORGANIZATION CHART MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE 1 OR l C~~~~~~~~OORDINATING COMMITTEE_ SECRETARY GENERAL 7 REGIONAL OFFICES* CAISSE NATIONALE DE CREDIT AGRICOLE (CNCA) OFFICE CHERIFIEN INTERPROFESSIONNEL DES CEREALES (OCIC) BUREAU DES VINS ET ALCOOLS (BVA) FORESTRY VETERINARY AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC TOPOGRAPHIC AGRICULTURAL ANDSOIL ~ AND DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL STUDIES AND AND GIULCA ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT CONSERVATION LIVESTOCK DEPARTMENT RESEARCH LEGAL AFFAIRS CADASTRAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT LIVEPSRTME ( DM V)* DEPARTMENTRESEARCH DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT PROVINCIALGOVERNOR PROVINCIAL _ H DIRECTOR-REGIONALOFFICE EXTENSION TECHNICALCOMMITTEE _ KENITRA SERVICES PROGRAMMING, LAND REFORM CONSTRUCTION | | PLANNING ADMINISTRATION AND ON-FARM OF IRRIGATION AGRICULTURAL VEHICLES AND BUDGETING DEVELOPMENT AND DRAINAGE OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT LOCAL DEVELOPMENT CENTERS (18) * The Regional Offices are under the technical authority of the DMV. (2R)IBRD-4347 Aprîl 1969 MAP i KINGDOM OF MOROCCO J ,`*'p . ` X , w - ~ Sl'''RHARB «_/ *....ÉsU~Selhom I.. "Ir-vS , Y. < IRRIGATIONPROJECT t?0ç9u s;; A'FE''vBASIN 't /) ''/«SEBOU ...... *s_oZ } [ZA IslAlADA IhG nÀ~~~~~~~~~ + / < < i ^ I ' 2 * J ,C$ / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a M RASA j ARFA ARABAT r IPRAJM. AITDAMA YOUBD IER I E P R A D B I [ R R - = \ X\; A; -BASINsON-'/Xi0SsBs4XiXS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R A I E t _ ELMINZE ~DIVERSION ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ DA 0...... OE °IllmèsDAMMR AI I 7 IeLOCATION AREA - - -t ` w * 0*I A 5 C< - A KILOh ET[ES 1 < RADA / * (\ *- / , > _Xw- DAIM MA R 5 - JU>E1109 MAP 2 J -/6À' KINGDOM OF MOROCCO RHARBIRRIGATION PROJECT / ,R( INFRASTRUCTURE / _F/__ , X S m u1-;y rbd du Rhurù T>~<2IASS[SO C1'10IMES .,1, JÀ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X eLOCALFEIEOPDTCE |-----RDSdPâ AFPS. lOD t RED IONSEPNRESg\ MAP 3 KINGDOM OF MOROCCO / > t Wj = P POS.D ;ECOMIARr RHARB IRRIGATIONPROJECT ...... uACS RATION RRBG IRRIG ATI RONN E * o ...... SEOPNP IMGIONS SYSTEM KENITRA)W// gAW tN . .'MAA rM.EIM , >KENITRAS| A 0 10 2VIl( ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ S APRIL 1901 IBRD -1511 MAP 4 Sidi-Yrlhy-d.-Rhrarb < / m / / X çlll M,= Su : w?USSr;A:'- KINGDOM OF MOROCCO IRRIGATION CANALS EXISTING MAIN * PUMPING STATIONS, PHASE I RHARB IRRIGATIONPROJECT TEMPORARYMAIN O TEMPORARYPUMPING STATIONS PHASEI ENGINEERINGWORKS FUTURE MAIN ...... LIMIT OF IRRIGABLE ZONE ...... MAIN, PHASE I Ii j-I-|RAILWAYS PRIMARY, PHASE I PROJECT AREA P HA SE I ////» EXISTING DRAINAGE CANALS IRRIGATION AREA i P PHASE Il MAIN SECONDARY S 10 20 EXISTING IRRIGATED AREA K I LOMETERS JUNE 1969 IBRD - 2599