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Implications of Rapid Urbanisation on Kampala Wetlands. a Case Study of Bwaise Wetland in Kawempe Division by Namirimu Stella Be

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Implications of Rapid Urbanisation on Kampala Wetlands. a Case Study of Bwaise Wetland in Kawempe Division by Namirimu Stella Be IMPLICATIONS OF RAPID URBANISATION ON KAMPALA WETLANDS. A CASE STUDY OF BWAISE WETLAND IN KAWEMPE DIVISION BY NAMIRIMU STELLA BEM/444 12/1 43/DU A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSc) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY MAY, 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this work is my original work, has never been submitted to any university or institution of higher learning for academic award. SignatureS ~ Date NAMIRIMU STELLA BEM1444 12/1 43/DU APPROVAL This certifies that this dissertation has been done under my supervision and is ready for submission with my approval. ( Signature... .~ ~...... .~ Date MR. OLUWOLE 0. AKIYODE (Supervisor) DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my ever loving family, Mr. and Mrs. Disan and Fiona Muwonge for their support throughout my academic and research program. My appreciation also goes to my entire family; Cathy Nalubega, Namatovu Mabel, Naggayi Hasifah, and to all my friends for their encouragement and spiritually support extended during my studies. God Almighty bless them abundantly. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It has been a struggle to produce this work, however, thanks to individuals who made it much easier and colourful. My first heartfelt appreciation goes to Mr. Oluwole 0. Akiyode who gave his entire time to me during the process of doing this work and great mentoring. May God add more to his knowledge to change souls. I would also like to thank my Father and Mother for their support in one way or another that they rendered to me during the lifetime of this academic journey. May God bless them abundantly. Special thanks goes to my pastor for the encouragement and the nice stay we had during the struggle. God bless you! In a specialway, I owe a good deal to my lectures who have been with me during my 3 year study. These great men and women passed on vital information which is now beneficial for my wellbeing. Thanks to my mentor Mr. Danson Musinguzi and Mr. Eniru Emmanuel Innocent who kept me alive with their inspiration. God bless you abundantly! iv ABSTRACT The study assesses the implications of rapid urbanization on Kampala Wetlands using Bwaise Wetland in Kawempe. Kampala city is a rapidly urbanized society whose growth is impacting on its wetland. Thus, this study examines the regulations, impacts and dynamics of urbanization in Bwaise wetland and how this affects the society since wetlands are source of livelihoods to some residents of Kampala. The study reveals that rapid urbanization and development have encouraged severe flooding of the wetland and its surrounding areas especially during the rainy season. The study advocate public education on importance of wetland utilization, management and importance to the society as a panacea in encouraging wetland restoration in Kampala V TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION APPROVAL ii DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Problem statement 6 1.3 Objectives of the study 6 1.3.1 Main objective 6 1.3.2 Specific objectives 6 1 .4 Research questions 7 1.5 Scope of the study * 7 1.5.1 Geographical scope 7 1 .5.2 Content scope 7 1.5.3 Time scope 7 1 .6 Significance of the study 7 CHAPTER TWO 9 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1. Wetlands 9 2.2. Impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands 9 2.3 The possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimize the impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands 13 vi CHAPTER THREE .17 METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 Description of the study area 17 3.2 Research design: 17 3.3 Sample size: 18 3.4 Sample techniques’ 18 3.5 Sources of data’ 18 3.5.1 Primary data; 18 3.5.2 Secondary data’ 18 3.6 Data collection methods’ 1 8 3.6.1 Questionnaire method’ 18 3.6.2 Interview method 19 3.6.3 Observation 19 3.7 Reliability of research method: 19 3.8 Data analysis and presentation: 19 3.9 Anticipated limitations and solutions’ 20 CHAPTER FOUR 21 PRESESANTATION AND ANALYSIS OF STUDY FINDINGS 21 4.0 Introduction 21 4.1.0 Characteristics of respondents 21 4.1.1. Educational levels 21 4.1.2 Age of respondents 22 4.1.3 Sex distribution of the respondents 22 4.2 Impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland, Kawempe division in Kampala district 23 4.3 Possible strategies in minimizing the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland. 25 VII CHAPTER FIVE .27 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 5.1 Conclusions 27 5.2 Recommendations 27 REFERENCES 28 APPENDICES 34 APPENDIX 1: WORK PLAN AND TIME FRAME 34 APPENDIX 2: BUDGET 35 APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNNAIRE GUIDE 36 APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE 38 VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1: levels of education of respondents 21 Table 2:Age distribution of the respondents 22 Table 3 sex of the respondents 22 Table 4: Impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland 23 Table 5 the possible strategies in Bwaise wetland 25 ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Wetlands cover about 6% of the earth’s surface(kirsten,2005).The Ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance defines wetlands as ‘areas of marsh, fen or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or seasonal with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salty, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters”(Ramsar,2007).Wetlands occur at all altitudes, from the polar areas to the tropics ,and occur in most countries. Wetlands perform a number of ecosystem services, some of which are well recognized, others less so, and are internationally recognized as one of the most important ecosystems for the conservation of biodiversity (Carp, 1980). Wetlands also have important primary functions in the regulation of hydrology, water purification and flood control, and coastal wetlands can help to alleviate the impacts of storm surges (Kirsten, 2005). Further wetlands have aesthetic values and significant eco~tourism potential (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Wetlands are estimated to store more than twice the amount of carbon as all global forests biomass combined (Creswell, 2003). Drained and disturbed wetlands emit a massive amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (Anonymous, 2008). According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, Wetlands are the habitat that has been most affected by development and are being lost more rapidly than any other habitat in the world. However, 80% of the global wetland area is still pristine and not severely modified by human activities. Globally, natural wetlands are destroyed at a rate of 4000 square kilometers per year, with 50% attributed to agriculture, 30% to forestry and 10% to peat extraction (Creswell, 2003). In Uganda, Wetlands are one of the most valuable ecosystems and cover about 30, 105 square kilometers, representing 13% of the country’s total area (National Environment Management Authority, 2000). The national environment act of Uganda defines wetlands as “areas which are permanently or seasonally flooded by water and where plants and animals have become adapted”. There are two broad categories of wetlands in Uganda, namely, those which are associated with lakes (Lacustrine) and rivers (Riverine) (National Environment Act, 1995). This has resulted into degradation and modification of these valuable stocks of natural capital. This 1 situation arises out of the fact that wetlands are perceived to have little or no economic value (Kirsten, 2005), coupled with the fact that no formal markets exist for their services to humanity (Jodi, 2005), consequently, this makes wetland conservation not to be seen as a serious alternative compared to other uses that seem to yield more tangible and immediate economic benefits. As a result inadequate resources are fed into their management which breeds environmental degradation through inappropriate commercial use of wetlands (Oglethorpe and Miliadou, 2000), which consequently affect human welfare. Despite the important ecosystems services wetlands deliver, Ugandan wetlands have been greatly altered by human activities. The Government of Uganda made significant progress in establishing a comprehensive policy, legal and institutional framework for wetlands management (NEMA, 2000). Nonetheless, there are implications of rapid urbanization in Uganda that undermine the sustainable utilization and management of wetlands in Uganda (NEMA, 2002). Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning, that is to say, Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division and Rubaga Division. Kampala’s population is approximately 1,507,080 and the density is 7,928/km2 (ROU, 2017). Wetlands in Kampala have continued to experience serious degradation for example Bwaise wetland in Kawempe division, which continues to threaten the quality of water. Though there are various interventions by the government and its organs to encounter the problem of water quality for public use through waste water treatment plants and water treatment plants, still there is a forgotten treasure of hydrological functions of natural wetlands in Kampala, due to the rapid implications of urbanization in the area, for example urbanization has encouraged human settlements in wetlands, over exploitation of wetland resources such as clay, and others. Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, (Wikipedia, 2018) “the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas”, and the ways in which each society adapts to change (Wikipedia, 2018). It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working central areas (. The United Nations projected that half of the world’s population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008 (UN News, 2008).
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