IMPLICATIONS OF RAPID URBANISATION ON WETLANDS.

A CASE STUDY OF WETLAND IN DIVISION

BY

NAMIRIMU STELLA

BEM/444 12/1 43/DU

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (BSc) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

MAY, 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this work is my original work, has never been submitted to any university or institution of higher learning for academic award.

SignatureS ~

Date

NAMIRIMU STELLA

BEM1444 12/1 43/DU APPROVAL This certifies that this dissertation has been done under my supervision and is ready for

submission with my approval. (

Signature... .~ ~...... ~

Date

MR. OLUWOLE 0. AKIYODE

(Supervisor) DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my ever loving family, Mr. and Mrs. Disan and Fiona Muwonge for their support throughout my academic and research program. My appreciation also goes to my entire family; Cathy Nalubega, Namatovu Mabel, Naggayi Hasifah, and to all my friends for their encouragement and spiritually support extended during my studies. God Almighty bless them abundantly.

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It has been a struggle to produce this work, however, thanks to individuals who made it much easier and colourful. My first heartfelt appreciation goes to Mr. Oluwole 0. Akiyode who gave his entire time to me during the process of doing this work and great mentoring. May God add more to his knowledge to change souls.

I would also like to thank my Father and Mother for their support in one way or another that they rendered to me during the lifetime of this academic journey. May God bless them abundantly. Special thanks goes to my pastor for the encouragement and the nice stay we had during the struggle. God bless you!

In a specialway, I owe a good deal to my lectures who have been with me during my 3 year study. These great men and women passed on vital information which is now beneficial for my wellbeing. Thanks to my mentor Mr. Danson Musinguzi and Mr. Eniru Emmanuel Innocent who kept me alive with their inspiration. God bless you abundantly!

iv ABSTRACT The study assesses the implications of rapid urbanization on Kampala Wetlands using Bwaise Wetland in Kawempe. Kampala city is a rapidly urbanized society whose growth is impacting on its wetland. Thus, this study examines the regulations, impacts and dynamics of urbanization in Bwaise wetland and how this affects the society since wetlands are source of livelihoods to some residents of Kampala. The study reveals that rapid urbanization and development have encouraged severe flooding of the wetland and its surrounding areas especially during the rainy season. The study advocate public education on importance of wetland utilization, management and importance to the society as a panacea in encouraging wetland restoration in Kampala

V TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION APPROVAL ii DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix

CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Problem statement 6 1.3 Objectives of the study 6 1.3.1 Main objective 6 1.3.2 Specific objectives 6 1 .4 Research questions 7

1.5 Scope of the study * 7 1.5.1 Geographical scope 7 1 .5.2 Content scope 7 1.5.3 Time scope 7 1 .6 Significance of the study 7

CHAPTER TWO 9 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1. Wetlands 9 2.2. Impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands 9 2.3 The possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimize the impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands 13

vi CHAPTER THREE .17 METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 Description of the study area 17 3.2 Research design: 17 3.3 Sample size: 18 3.4 Sample techniques’ 18 3.5 Sources of data’ 18 3.5.1 Primary data; 18 3.5.2 Secondary data’ 18 3.6 Data collection methods’ 1 8 3.6.1 Questionnaire method’ 18 3.6.2 Interview method 19 3.6.3 Observation 19 3.7 Reliability of research method: 19 3.8 Data analysis and presentation: 19 3.9 Anticipated limitations and solutions’ 20

CHAPTER FOUR 21 PRESESANTATION AND ANALYSIS OF STUDY FINDINGS 21 4.0 Introduction 21 4.1.0 Characteristics of respondents 21 4.1.1. Educational levels 21 4.1.2 Age of respondents 22 4.1.3 Sex distribution of the respondents 22 4.2 Impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland, Kawempe division in Kampala district 23 4.3 Possible strategies in minimizing the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland. 25

VII CHAPTER FIVE .27 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27 5.1 Conclusions 27 5.2 Recommendations 27 REFERENCES 28 APPENDICES 34 APPENDIX 1: WORK PLAN AND TIME FRAME 34 APPENDIX 2: BUDGET 35 APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNNAIRE GUIDE 36 APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE 38

VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1: levels of education of respondents 21 Table 2:Age distribution of the respondents 22 Table 3 sex of the respondents 22 Table 4: Impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland 23 Table 5 the possible strategies in Bwaise wetland 25

ix CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study Wetlands cover about 6% of the earth’s surface(kirsten,2005).The Ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance defines wetlands as ‘areas of marsh, fen or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or seasonal with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salty, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters”(Ramsar,2007).Wetlands occur at all altitudes, from the polar areas to the tropics ,and occur in most countries. Wetlands perform a number of ecosystem services, some of which are well recognized, others less so, and are internationally recognized as one of the most important ecosystems for the conservation of biodiversity (Carp, 1980). Wetlands also have important primary functions in the regulation of hydrology, water purification and flood control, and coastal wetlands can help to alleviate the impacts of storm surges (Kirsten, 2005). Further wetlands have aesthetic values and significant eco~tourism potential (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).

Wetlands are estimated to store more than twice the amount of carbon as all global forests biomass combined (Creswell, 2003). Drained and disturbed wetlands emit a massive amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (Anonymous, 2008). According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report, Wetlands are the habitat that has been most affected by development and are being lost more rapidly than any other habitat in the world. However, 80% of the global wetland area is still pristine and not severely modified by human activities. Globally, natural wetlands are destroyed at a rate of 4000 square kilometers per year, with 50% attributed to agriculture, 30% to forestry and 10% to peat extraction (Creswell, 2003).

In , Wetlands are one of the most valuable ecosystems and cover about 30, 105 square kilometers, representing 13% of the country’s total area (National Environment Management Authority, 2000). The national environment act of Uganda defines wetlands as “areas which are permanently or seasonally flooded by water and where plants and animals have become adapted”. There are two broad categories of wetlands in Uganda, namely, those which are associated with lakes (Lacustrine) and rivers (Riverine) (National Environment Act, 1995). This has resulted into degradation and modification of these valuable stocks of natural capital. This

1 situation arises out of the fact that wetlands are perceived to have little or no economic value (Kirsten, 2005), coupled with the fact that no formal markets exist for their services to humanity (Jodi, 2005), consequently, this makes wetland conservation not to be seen as a serious alternative compared to other uses that seem to yield more tangible and immediate economic benefits. As a result inadequate resources are fed into their management which breeds environmental degradation through inappropriate commercial use of wetlands (Oglethorpe and Miliadou, 2000), which consequently affect human welfare.

Despite the important ecosystems services wetlands deliver, Ugandan wetlands have been greatly altered by human activities. The Government of Uganda made significant progress in establishing a comprehensive policy, legal and institutional framework for wetlands management (NEMA, 2000). Nonetheless, there are implications of rapid urbanization in Uganda that undermine the sustainable utilization and management of wetlands in Uganda (NEMA, 2002).

Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning, that is to say, , Kawempe Division, Division, Division and . Kampala’s population is approximately 1,507,080 and the density is 7,928/km2 (ROU, 2017). Wetlands in Kampala have continued to experience serious degradation for example Bwaise wetland in Kawempe division, which continues to threaten the quality of water. Though there are various interventions by the government and its organs to encounter the problem of water quality for public use through waste water treatment plants and water treatment plants, still there is a forgotten treasure of hydrological functions of natural wetlands in Kampala, due to the rapid implications of urbanization in the area, for example urbanization has encouraged human settlements in wetlands, over exploitation of wetland resources such as clay, and others.

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, (Wikipedia, 2018) “the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas”, and the ways in which each society adapts to change (Wikipedia, 2018). It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working central areas (. The United Nations projected that half of the world’s population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008 (UN News, 2008). It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world

2 and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized (WUP, 2014 Highlights. Pdf). That is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia (Wikipedia, 2018). Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected the nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities, about 1.1 billion new urbanites over the next 13 years (Wikipedia, 2018). Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including urban planning, geography, sociology, economics, and public health (Wikipedia, 2018). The phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can be seen as a specific condition at a set time (e.g. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns) or an increase in that condition over time (Wikipedia, 2018). So urbanization can be quantified either in terms of, say the level of urban development relative to the overall population, or as the rate at which the urban proportion of population is increasing (Wikipedia, 2018). Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the “potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems (Making our cities attractive and sustainable (How the EU contributes to improving the urban environment).

Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being rapidly

replaced by predominantly urban culture (Hunter — Gatherers, 2018). The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many thousand years ago. Village culture is characterized by communal behavior whereas urban culture is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive behavior (Science

Daily, 2018) . This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify during the next few decades. As a result the world urban population growth curve has up till recently followed a quadratic hyperbolic pattern (Wikipedia, 2016). Today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Osaka, Karachi, Jakarta, Mumbai, Shanghai, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each already home to over 20 million people, while Delhi and Tokyo are forecast to approach or exceed 40 million people each with in the coming decade. Outside Asia, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, London, New York city, Istanbul, Lagos and Cairo are, or soon will be, home to over 10 million people each Flight Sao Paulo Istanbul).

3 With the onset of the British agriculture and industrial revolution in the late 1 8th century, this relationship was finally broken and an unprecedented growth in urban population took place over the course of the ~ century, both through continued migration from the countryside and

due to the tremendous demographic expansion that occurred at the time (Wikipedia, 2018) . In England, the proportion living in cities jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891 (for other countries the figure was: 37% in France, 41% in Prussia and 28% in United States).

For the country to achieve faster socio~economic transformation there is need to raise the level of urbanization. Uganda’s urbanization rate stands at 5.43% per annum an indication that

Uganda is moving towards a market economy (Fortune of Africa — Uganda). Kampala capital city is 100% urban with a population of 1.5 million (Kampala Capital City Authority, 2017). The day time population of Kampala exceeds 2.5 million people during the major holiday seasons. Kampala capital city rapid population growth of 5.6 per annum has impacted on the

population structure of the city (Fortune of Africa — Uganda). The growth rate is largely influenced by rural urban migration resulting in increased demand for employment, land for housing, social services and infrastructure that have stimulated spatial urban development and industrialization. The urban planning process has not achieved its intended purpose because of the continued political interference, conflicting land use policies, uncoordinated instructions between urban authorities and ministry of local government (Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, 2016). It is important to note that government has taken steps to rectify what has gone wrong in urban development but positive results will take time to be seen.

However, this study looks at the rapid implication of urbanization on Kampala wetlands, a case study of Bwaise wetlands in Kawempe Division. This study was designed to look at the regulations, impacts, and dynamics of urbanization on the wetlands in Bwaise, and learn how these factors affect the people’s every day usage of the wetlands.

Wetlands are a source of livelihood to the majority of the Ugandans and hence directly contribute to the National Development Plan, vision 2040 and attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, wetlands are under a lot of pressure due to the rapid implications of urbanization, settlements, agriculture, sand and clay mining.

4 Most of these degrading activities are perceived to be of greater importance than wetland conservation its self (Ministry of Water and Environment, Wetlands Management Department, 2012).

Many development practices are focused on expansion of the economy and infrastructure, little attention is paid to the environment and conservation. In a country like Uganda and in most developing countries, this cannot be the sole focus. The country depends on these resources for health, land, fisheries, human settlement, energy, water and food (Ugandan National Development Plan, 2012). One of the primary resources is the Ugandan wetlands. It is said that these wetlands are a crucial source of food and water for almost 3 million people (NEMA, 2012 and Oguttu et.al 2008). Wetlands provide a variety of benefits to the community and country. They are essential for filtering and cleaning water, recharging ground water sources, protecting shorelines, and a great source of nutrients for surrounding soils. In addition, they provide shelter and nurseries for fish. Wetlands are important sources of biodiversity and are primary factors in maintaining Lake Victoria’s complex ecology (Oguttu et.al, 2008). This resource provides no less than 37% valuable services and products, and contributes hundreds of millions of dollars per year to the national economy (NEMA, 2012).

Cities are growing faster all over the world, when cities grow it requires more land and resources to support the growth. This leads to change in land use causing environmental problems such as air and water pollution, loss of open space and biodiversity, heat island effect and so on (Wikipedia, 2018). Based on the fact that global human population is growing and rural to urban migration is increasing, the urbanization trend continues to happen at least for another few decades. This continuation of urbanization pattern increased land and resource consumption, and exacerbate the environmental problems which have already posed threats to our planets and cost billions of dollars to our economy. Therefore, planners, governments, planning agencies and others should acknowledge these problems immediately and put environmental perspective into land use planning and decision making process effectively and promptly.

5 1.2 Problem statement. Wetlands in Kawempe division have decreased by 50%, in the ten years between 1995 and 2016, (NEMA, 2006). According to NEMA (2011), management is challenged by rapid implications of urbanization such as population explosion, political interference, and complex land ownership issues, among others. Currently, Bwaise wetland is heavily encroached upon for residential (NEMA, 2012). It has been surrounded by buildings and businesses, and as a result the wetland area has shrunk a great deal (NEMA, 2012). This leaves little space for the storm waters that normally collects in the wetlands. As a result severe flooding of wetlands and surrounding area can take place during rainy season. This is particularly problematic because the weather patterns have become more severe and during long periods of drought, many people think the wetland is gone for good and begin encroaching on the wetland through establishing houses for settlement, cultivating the land, and others. When the rains do return all this work is lost to the floods. Bwaise wetlands should be conserved in order to serve its purpose that is to say, several measures should be taken into considerations, for example cancellation of all land leases and tittles in wetlands so that the NEMA and the Wetlands Management Department can work with the ministry responsible for lands, justice and constitutional affairs to identify, isolate and hold the perpetrators individually accountable as well as, withdraw these titles and leases from their holders. This could also help in eviction of all wetland encroachers. However, it appears like NEMA is failing to exercise its duties and responsibilities with unknown reasons as to why this happening and therefore this study aims at examining the rapid implications of urbanization on Bwaise wetland in Kawempe Division, Kampala district.

1.3 Objectives of the study.

1.3.1 Main objective The main objective of this study is to examine the rapid implications of urbanization on Bwaise wetland in Kawempe division, Kampala district.

1.3.2 Specific objectives a) To determine the impact of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland Kawempe Division, Kampala district. b) To establish the possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimizing the impact of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland Kawempe division, Kampala district.

6 1.4 Research questions. a) What are the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetlands in Kawempe Division, Kampala District? b) What are the possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimizing the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland Kawempe Division, Kampala district?

1.5 Scope of the study.

1.5.1 Geographical scope. This research will be conducted in Bwaise, Kawempe Division, and Kampala District central part of Uganda.

1.5.2 Content scope. The study will cover the impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands and the possible strategies to minimize the negative impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetlands in Kawempe Division, Kampala District.

1.5.3 Time scope. The study will be covered in the period of three months (January-march 2018). This was chosen because it will be enough to collect all the necessary data for the research.

1.6 Significance of the study, The study would be of great importance to the government in designing plan for the rapid urbanization. This is because the findings of this study will enable them understanding the effects of rapid urbanization on the city.

In addition, this research will provide data to the government on how effective environmental policies should be adopted for effective land use.

The research study will also contribute to the researcher in acquiring the award of Bachelors degree of science in environmental management at Kampala International University. This is because; it is one of the requirements for the University program.

The study would also be of great help to the academicians’ field and practitioners as it will give new empirical evidences and further theoretical elaborations. This will in turn expand the depth of available knowledge on environmental management.

7 Finally, the study would be of importance to fUture scholars as it will form a foundation for their fUture studies in related fiekk This will be from the empirical literature availed for review by the research report which will be in the library. The study will also give suggestions for fUrther studies which will guide the fUture scholars in selecting their topics for research.

8 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Wetlands. The Ramsar convention has defined wetlands as “areas where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life (Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention, 2000). Wetlands can be “areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, blackish, or salty, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters (Heidanpaa, 2002)

2.2. Impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands. Increased storm water runoff:

Storm water Engineers have shown how increase in impervious cover in a watershed can dramatically increase the rate and volume of storm water runoff compared to pre-development levels (Schueler, 1987). Storm water runoff can increase by one to two orders of magnitude, depending on the nature of pre development land cover (Schuler, 1987). The predictable increase in runoff generation as a •function of impervious surfaces, storm water runoff to a gradient wetland can increase dramatically- particularly if storm water is directly discharged to a wetland through a ditch, channel or storm drain pipe [For example, Schueler (2001a) reported that the runoff volume from a one- acre parking lot is about 1 6 times greater than that produced by an undeveloped meadow-Cappiella et al (2005).

Decreased ground water recharge:

As impervious cover increases within the wetlands CDA, infiltration of rainfall into the soil is proportionately reduced. Compaction of upland soils during the construction process can also sharply reduce soil infiltration rates (Schuler, 2001). This reduced infiltration translates into reduced ground water recharge that is needed to sustain many wetlands. Numerous studies have also shown that impervious cover can reduce ground water recharge in small urban wetlands (e.g., CWP, 2003 and Saravanapavan et al, 2004).

9 Flow constrictions.

Flow constrictions can be closed by the construction of roads, bridges, pipelines or other structures across individual wetlands, or upstream or downstream of them (Designing Improved

stream Crossing — Engineering Standards and Guidance, 2013). Perhaps the most common cause of flow constriction is when culverts are installed to provide a conduit to move water underneath a road (Flow of water through culverts, 1926). Although most culverts are sized to carry flow from 10 to 100-year recurrence design storms, they often lose hydraulic capacity due to sedimentation and increased peak flows from new up to stream development. Urbanized culverts cannot fully convey the increased flows from the watershed and create a constriction to flow that can impact the Upstream and downstream wetlands. This disconnection is often very significant of tidal wetlands as the crossing impedes the natural flux of water from storms and tides.

While much research has focused on the hydrologic impact of larger roads and highway crossings (see Richardson et al, 2003, Forman and Deblinger, 2000,Richardson and Nunnery, 1998), smaller, local road crossings are much more common in the urbanized land scape and may exert a stronger hydrologic irnpact(Galibrath et a! 2005). May et a! (2000) observed that road density in urban watersheds is a direct function of impervious cover, and schueler (2004) reported the density in urban watersheds at two to ten crossings per stream mile. The high road and stream crossing density observed in urban watershed suggests that there is a high probability that many urban wetlands will experience flow constriction to some degree.

Increased ponding

Increased storm water runoff can lead to increased depth with in a wetland, particularly if the wetland has a water budget that was previously dominated by precipitation, or if it does not have the capability to rapidly discharge excess storm water runoff via ground water, surface water discharge, evapotranspiration, or other outlets. When this occurs, there inevitably will be deeper water in the wetland throughout much of all the year (Conservation of the living city, 2011). Increased ponding can also be caused by constrictions below wetland outlet such as urbanized culverts.

10 An excellent example of the ponding effect is reported by Owen (1999) who analyzed historical changes in water depth in a wetland adjacent to the Yahara River in Wisconsin. By 1990, the wetland’s watershed had become 63% impervious, and storm water runoff was conveyed to the wetlands through ditches. Increased storm water runoff due to land development produced a 20- fold increase in surface depth in the wetland from levels measured in 1850. The increased ponding promoted conditions favoring the spread of invasive wetland plants. Ernst and Brooks (2003) observed that increased ponding in forested wetlands can shift the community composition to more flood tolerant tree species.

Hydrologic drought in Riparian wetlands:

Development in CDA (Community Design Architecture) of headwater streams has been strongly linked to active channel enlargement by widening of the stream banks or lowering of the stream beds (Schueler, 2001b). These urban stream channels may incise over time. As the channel deepens, the local water table drops, often to the point where it is below the rooting depth of Riparian forests and plants (Schueler and Brown, 2004). A second consequence of stream incision is that channels deepen and enlarge such that Riparian wetlands become disconnected from the stream. The flood waters that once spilled over the banks to supply water to Riparian wetlands are now confined within the deeper and enlarge stream channel (Riparian Areas: Functions and strategies for management, 2002). Riparian wetlands that depend on occasional flooding and base flow to sustain their hydro period can face a condition termed Hydrologic drought as urbanization increases in the CDA. Hydrologic drought occurs when a Riparian wetland does not receive adequate water to sustain its hydric soils and vegetation.

Sediment deposition:

Sediment is generated from three major sources which are; Storm water runoff from impervious surfaces, erosion from exposed construction sites and upstream channel erosion (Storm water runoff and its impacts, 2007). Construction sites can be a significant source of sediments to a wetland, particularly if adequate erosion and sediment control practices are not installed. Sediment loads from uncontrolled construction sites are estimated at 100 tons per acre per year while sediment loads from cropland with poor conservation practices can reach 20 tons

11 per acre per year. This is as much as 500 times more sediment than from a forest with deep soils, where sediment loads range from 200 to 400 pound per acre per year (Envirocast 2003).

Pollutant accumulation in wetland sediments:

Urban storm water runoff carries with it many different pollutants including hydro carbons and metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. Research has shown that vehicle emissions are a dominant source for many metals of concern (EOA, INC, 2001), although atmospheric deposition, roof surfaces, and snow melt may also be important sources. Mean concentrations( EMC) for trace metals found in urban storm water runoff from different land uses as reported in the most recent, National Storm Water Quality Database (Pitt et al, 2004).

The term hydrocarbon refers to a large group of organic chemicals present in petroleum products that are produced during combustion. Hydrocarbons tend to persist in the environment and may accumulate in sediment organism and shellfish, yet toxicity levels are not well established. Hydro carbons concentrations are significantly greater in runoff from industrial areas, gas stations, and roads (Studies of Hydrocarbon Capture Technology for MDPI, 2016).

Hydrological change:

Hydrological change is the most visible impact of urbanization and strongly influences water quality, in addition to the hydrodynamic variables within the system.

In addition to changes in nutrients and sediment levels, more subtle changes, such as the ratio of particulate to dissolve organic matter and its liability may be affected (Hopkinson and Vallino 1995). Urbanization typically increases runoff peak flows and total flow volume and damages water quality and aesthetic values (Homer 2000), through conversion of wetland soil into impervious surfaces. Alternatively, dam construction and water extraction due to increasing water demand in urbanized areas also affects coastal wetlands by altering the level and frequency of environmental flow. Hydrologic changes can make an area more vulnerable to pollution as increased water depth or frequencies of flood can distribute pollutants more widely (The Impacts of Urbanization and climate change on urban environment, 2017). Changes in hydrological flows generally results in sedimentation in stream and decreased depth to the

12 extent that vegetation, especially exotics, invades shallower sections. While flood waters distribute pollutants more widely, flood waters result in increased dilution of pollutants.

Wetland eco systems are particularly susceptible to changes in the timing and quantity of water they receive, as this affects both plant community structure and composition. Community changes occur primarily as a result of variation in flood tolerances among plants and the effects of flooding on growth rates (Ernst and Brooks 2003). Studies have shown that prolonged flooding causes a compositional shift towards more flood tolerant tree species through the elimination of less flood tolerant ones (Ernst and Brooks 2003). Within the water column changes in hydrologic conditions can either directly modify or alter chemical and physical properties, such as nutrients and toxicant availability PH, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentrations, in addition to the degree of substratum anoxia, sediment geochemistry properties and interstitial in fauna and flora (Sriyaraj and Shutes 2001.

2.3 The possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimize the impacts of rapid urbanization on wetlands. Replanting forests:

Forests that flood regularly due to overflowing riverbanks, such as the bottom land hardwood forests, make for ideal wintering habitat for ducks, and provide essential breeding and foraging for other wildlife (Conserving Wetlands and Waterfowl, 2018).

Preserve existing wetland and salt marsh vegetation on your property, as it provides valuable habitat for birds, fish, amphibians and mammals. These areas also help to filter and store water and protect the shoreline from erosion and wave damage (Ellison, 2000).

Planting native vegetation around your home and property. It provides habitat for native animals, limits the spread of invasive species, helps to prevent erosion, and usually requires less watering and maintenance.

Restoring watersheds:

A watershed is an area surrounding a wetland, and therefore has a great effect on water quality and general health of a wetland (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2018).

13 When watersheds are disturbed, slit, nutrients and contaminants can be washed into downstream wetlands, impacting the flora and fauna that inhabits these systems (Ramirez et al, 2001).

Prevention of invasive species:

When undertaking construction on your property, make sure sediment and pollutants do not runoff into nearby streams and harbors. Help to prevent the spread of invasive species in natural habitats.

Encourage the protection of natural habitats through legislation, such as ecological reserves, parks, marine protected areas and conservation covenants (Gilman et al, 2008). Keep in mind; however such areas should also be linked with the surrounding natural habitats, to avoid habitat fragmentation.

Management agreements:

Through financial incentives to land owners that manage their land to water flow and other wetland life. The land owner receives a number of benefits under this type of agreement, and hundreds of wildlife species are insured quality habitat (Proff, 2002).

Learning about natural habitats:

Learn more about the natural habitats in your area and help to educate others about their importance. Sources of local information include community stewardship groups, natural centers and online atlases and mapping tools.

Before building on your property, learn about the natural habitat that may be impacted. There may be options to modify your project in order to better protect sensitive ecosystems on your land, and allow you to enjoy the wild life that lives there (Maihi et al, 2009).

Restoring grasslands:

Grassland cover helps birds conceal their nests and increases their chances of successfully hatching a clutch (Ducks unlimited, 1937). Once hatched, the bird leads the young ones over land to a nearby wetland, where they grow into adults. DU and its partners help to secure and

14 restore these grasslands to reduce predation rates and improve nest success (Conserving Wetlands and Waterfowl, 2018).

Consider natural systems in land use decisions:

Help to ensure the value of functioning natural system is considered in land use decisions, and consider applying some of the principles of “smart Growth” in planning (Gilman et al, 2008). By using proactive shoreline and streamside development techniques, you may be able to simultaneously preserve habitats and reduce erosion and flood damage.

For example ensure buildings are set back an appropriate distance from the water body, limit the use of sea walls, and the use of native plants as a buffer along the shoreline (Francou et al, 2008).

Task force:

A task force to monitor wetlands should be established under the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). This helps to create public awareness about the importance of wetlands through newspapers, workshops, mass media and public rallies.

Eviction of squatters and encroachers: -

The government should start evicting squatters and encroachers on wetlands.

Use of alternative building materials:

The government through NEMA should encourage the use of alternative building materials like metal bars, iron sheets, polythene bags, artificial carpets and plastic buckets! baskets of people around Bwaise wetlands. This would result into reduction in swamp exploitation to make crafts such as mats, baskets, and others.

Alternative source of energy:

Alternative sources of energy should be developed to reduce on encroachment on wetlands for fuel wood. For example bio gas, liquid petroleum gas LPG sold by petrol stations like shell, increase of Hydro electricity generation at Jinja, thermal generation at Lugogo.

15 Industrial waste treatment:

Treatment of industrial wastes before being discharged into the wetlands. For example water used as coolant in all the industries around the wetland should first be treated before being discharged into the wetland in order to maintain its natural functions.

16 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area. Kawempe Division is one of the five Divisions that comprise the city of Kampala, Uganda. Kawempe Division is in the north western corner of the city, bordering Wakiso District to the south east, Kampala central to the south, and Division to the south west. The coordinates of the division are 0023N, 3233E (latitude: 0.3792; longitude: 23.5574). Kawempe is the largest Division in Kampala, with an estimated population in excess of 265,000 according to the 2002 national population census. Administratively, the Division is made up of 13 parishes in which there are 15 of informal settlements. The entire Division spreads to occupy 7,644 acres of land of the city. Of this the slum settlements occupy only 1920.9 acres which accounts for 25% of the area.

Until 1980, not much human settlement was happening in Bwaise 1 but with political and economic changes at the time, people started to settle there. For historical background of the entire Bwaise, with the introduction of the local council (LC) system of administration, the hitherto uniform parish was divided into Bwaise i, ii and iii to ease administration. Therefore this settlement became the first of the three parishes formed out of the sub division. In the entire city of Kampala, the name Bwaise is synonymous with floods because every time there is a heavy down pour, Bwaise floods. Major land marks of the settlement include; Bwaise police station.

3.2 Research design: The research used a case study and correlation research design that involved the use of both qualitative and quantitative research designs to conduct the whole study. The correlation research design was chosen because the researchers intend to identify the relationship between records and management and accountability of the purchasing function (Amin, 2007). Qualitative research designs seek to locate the study in scholarly debates in physical distribution management (Arbnor. 1, Bjerke, B. (2008)). Quantitative research design was used to compare accountability and records management because the findings of the study were both numerical and non-numerical (respondents options and views about the study variables) and have to be quantified for easy interpretation and description accompanied and analytical research design

17 was used by the researcher where the analysis was based on the relationship between micro- credit accessibility and performance of SMES in Uganda.

3.3 Sample size: A sample size of 48 residents comprising NEMA officers, community leaders and people residing in Kawempe division from the population of 55 took part in the study.

3.4 Sample techniques: Selection of respondents involved a simple random sampling since they were likely to be many. The main benefit of the simple random sample was that, each member of the population had an equal chance of being chosen and it guaranteed that the sample chosen was representative of the population and is an effective way of avoiding bias of the respondents according to Sekaran (2000). The sample size was determined basing on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table for determining sample size (Appendix 1 1).

3,5 Sources of data: Data was got through primary and secondary source.

3.5.1 Primary data; Primary data was that data collected afresh and for the first time, has not been processed (Mugenda, 2006). Primary data was collected using questionnaires and interview as common research tools to collect data. This aimed at collecting primary data from the selected respondents.

3.5.2 Secondary data: Secondary data was information which has already been collected by someone else for other purposes and can be used to compile data or row data. Secondary data was obtained through notes, correspondences and minutes of meetings from, journals published in majorly on the businesses.

3.6 Data collection methods: The data collection tools the researcher used include the following;

3.6.1 Questionnaire method: This is the technique in which the researcher gives a list of short questions to the respondents questioning them to fill and collect them later. Semi-structured questionnaire will be designed

18 and administered to the NEMA officers, community and people (community members) especially those who stay in Kawempe Division. Questionnaires will be preferred because the tool will help to cover a large number of respondents in a relatively small time.

3.6.2 Interview method The interview method was designed using open-ended and pre-corded questions and for the key information (management) they normally have busy schedules to fill in questionnaires. These were interviewed on set time to maximize benefits of face to face interaction with the research like in depth probing of incomplete and questions and essays that could be complex and sensitive.

3.6.3 Observation. This was used to collect primary data through viewing that exactly has happened on the ground in regards to wetland management. It enabled the researcher to cross check for validity and accuracy of information that was gathered using other methods. It also enabled the researcher to obtain more direct answers by studying the economic activities done in wetlands.

3.7 Reliability of research method: The questionnaire examined for approval by the researcher expert (academic supervisor), to ensure that the information they generate was appropriate and consistent, the researcher also analyzed the evidences to be collected and draw conclusions from the evidence.

3.8 Data analysis and presentation: During this stage, the researcher obtained a letter of introduction from the university. This was presented to NEMA offices, with a request that the university permits the study to be conducted. The collected quantitative data was edited, tabulated; open ended questions coded and entered into the computer Epi-data software for data entry. The entered data was later exported to statistical package for social sciences. During this analysis, data was analyzed using descriptive analysis on the demographic characteristic of respondents.

Data was analyzed using frequencies on the demographic characteristics of respondents. Frequencies and percentages were used to measure the rapid implications of urbanization on Bwaise wetland in Kawempe division. Upon retrieval, each questionnaire returned was checked for completeness. If any questionnaire is found incomplete, the respondent was contacted with a request to supply the missing information. Otherwise, the questionnaire was assigned with an

19 identification number, which helped to track the respondents’ views during data entry. Thereafter, these were typewritten and were used to generate standard deviations and mean that was presented in form of tables.

3.9 Anticipated limitations and solutions: The cost of the research might be very high in regard to the already incurred cost of accessing relevant stationary, printing and the yet to be incurred cost of photocopying, binding, transport and telephone charges. The financial constraints however will be solved by asking my friends and family to raise some money for my research work.

None responses. Due to sensitivity of the information; some aspects of the study are sensitive and officers may not be willing to disclose all the information that is required. However, the researcher will ensure confidentiality of the information give.

Limited time, the researcher will coordinate between Kampala International University and Bwaise residents and local respondents besides the respondents who have busy schedule and lack time for responding. The available time will however utilize sparingly.

20 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESESANTATION AND ANALYSIS OF STUDY FINDINGS.

4.0 Introduction This chapter focuses on the analysis, presentation and discussion of data gathered from the field. It determines the rapid implications of urbanization on wetlands in kampala. The analysis is line with the stated objectives of the study including;

To determine the impact of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland, kawempe division in kampala district.

To establish the possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimizing the impact of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland, kawempe division in kampala district.

4.1.0 Characteristics of respondents.

4.1.1. Educational levels. In the field respondents were asked about their levels of education. Education is one of the most important influences on the people on issues concerning the conservation of natural resources such as wetlands, as they can gain new skills and knowledge of protecting, preserving and

conserving the resources. This is represented in the table below. - -

Table 1: levels of education of respondents. Response Frequency Percentage Primary 06 15% Secondary 27 67.5% Tertiary 06 15% None 01 2.5% Total 40 100 From table I above, only one respondent had no school qualification, six with primary level while six of them had tertiary education, and twenty seven of them with a secondary level of education.

21 4.1.2 Age of respondents. The age distribution of respondents ranged from 1 8years to S0years. From the data collected most of the respondents were within the ages of 31-35, this constituted 65% of the respondents interviewed, 18-25 were 8%, 26-30 with 10%, 36-40 with I 5%,46-50 and above were 2%.

The table below presents the age distribution of the respondents.

Table 2:Age distribution of the respondents Age group Frequency Percentage 18-25 7 8% 26-30 8 10% 31-35 20 65% 36-40 10 15% 46-50 3 2% Total 48 100

From table 2 above, very few respondents were in the age group of 46-SOyears and above, and 2% of the respondents were within this category: Majority (65%) of the respondents were in the age group of3l-35.

4.1.3 Sex distribution of the respondents. The sexes of respondents are represented in the table below.

Table 3 sex of the respondents. Response Frequency Percentage Males 17 27.5% Females 31 72.5% Total 48 100%

From table 3 above, there were 48(100%), respondents, out of which 17(27.5%) were males and 31(72.5%) were females. This kind of response was not deliberate, for the researcher who gave equal access to all the sexes but we have more female responses. This shows that the females

22 were more interested in the research, and another reason that they were unemployed as we found them at their homes.

4.2 Impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland, Kawempe division in Kampala district. Table 4: Impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland. Impact Scale No. of respondents. % of respondents. Increased storm 1 30 66.8 Water runoff. 2 15 31.2 3 2 1 4 1 1 Flow constriction. 1 30 62.5 2 18 37.5

,, 3 4 0 0 Hydrologic drought. 1 13 27.1 2 25 52.1 3~ 5 10.4 4 5 10.4 Sediment deposition. 1 0 0 2 40 83.3 3 8 16.7 4 0 0 1 45 94 2 0 0 Pollutant accumulation. 3 3 6 4 0 0

Table 4 indicates that all the five investigated impacts of rapid urbanization considerably affected Bwaise wetland. Flow constrictions (100%) and increased storm water runoff (98%)

23 were identified as the most destructive impacts in Bwaise wetland. Pollutant accumulation (94%), sediment deposition (83%) and hydrologic drought (79.2%) also affected Bwaise wetland. Other impacts like increased ponding, decreased ground water recharge were also noted in Bwaise wetland during the study.

However, according to the study conducted in Bwaise wetland, there is increased storm water runoff due to storm water which is directly discharged to a wetland through a ditch, channel or storm drain pipe. It was also noted that storm water runoff can increase by one to two orders of magnitude, depending on the nature of the pre-development land cover.

It was noted that due to increased constriction of roads, pipelines or other structures across Bwaise wetland, this led to flow constriction. According to the respondents, flow constriction greatly contributes to the disruption of Bwaise wetland. Flow constriction comes with a lot of structural construction that significantly disrupt the wetland and its natural functions. It was strongly agreed (94%) that pollutant accumulation led to the disruption of Bwaise wetland. In addition, the generated waste from structural construction (flow constriction) were directed into the wetlands without treatment, overloading the wetland with wastes, disrupting the ecological integrity of the wetland.

24 4.3 Possible strategies in minimizing the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland. Table 5 the possible strategies in Bwaise wetland.

Question Scale Number of respondents % of respondents. 1 30 66.8 Al Restoring watersheds. 2 15 31.2 ~ 3 4 1 1 1 45 94 A2Task force. 2 0 0 3 3 6 4 0 0 1 13 27.1 A 3 Consider natural systems 2 25 52. 1 (wetlands) in land use decisions. 3 5 10.4 4 5 10.4 1 30 62.5 A 4 Eviction of squatters and 2 18 37.5 encroachers. 3 0 0 4 0 0 1 45 94 A 5 Use of alternative 2 0 0 sources of energy. 3 3 6

4 0 0 A6 Use of alternative 1 30 62.5 building materials 2 18 37.5

,, 3 4 0 0 A 7 Creation of awareness 1 30 66.5 (learning about natural 2 15 31.5 habitats) 3 2 1 4 1 1

25 Table 5, indicates that the seven investigated strategies in Bwaise wetland considerably affected the management of the wetland. Eviction of squatters and encroachers, and use of alternative building materials are the main strategies since 100% of the respondents strongly agreed, use of task force, and use of alternative sources of energy came in next with 94% followed by creation of awareness (learning about natural habitats) and restoring watersheds in order of reducing on the impacts of rapid urbanization.

Eviction of squatters and encroachers in most urban wetlands of Uganda has always been used as a strategy. This is mainly due to unplanned settlement. In l3waise wetland, a lot of people both the rich and the poor have settled there leading to the deterioration of the wetland through over extraction of wetland materials such as sand, water, and the vegetation, dumping of wastes and others. The use of alternative building materials has helped in reducing on the over exploitation of wetland materials such as sand, water, papyrus, and others, this has restored the wetland to perform its functions, such as control of the floods. The creation of awareness (learning about natural habitats) among the people concerning the suitable use of Bwaise wetland has also reduced on the destruction of this wetland. About 94% of the respondents strongly of managing I3waise wetland. The communities are aware that the wetland is legally owned by the government for the good of all Ugandan citizens.

26 CHAPTER FIVE.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 Conclusions. The findings revealed that a number of rapid implications of urbanization on l3waise wetland, Kawempe division in Kampala district still need serious attention. For example severe flooding of this wetland and its surrounding areas can take place during the rainy season. This is particularly problematic because the weather patterns are non- predictable, with more severe rains. During drought, the wetland seems disappearing which makes farmers to cultivate on it. However, when the rains return all their plantings is always lost to the floods.

5.2 Recommendations. Public awareness and education is essentially important regarding wetland utilization, management and importance to the society. Thus, it is advocated to be initiated by the government.

27 REFERENCES Abbot, p. g. and hailu, a. 2001; sustainanable wetland management; lessons from illubabor zone

Africa environment outlook, 2002; past, present and future perspectives, united nations environment programme (unep), Nairobi, Kenya.

Ambastha, k., hussain, S.A. and badola, R., “resources dependence and attitudes of local people towards conservation of kabartal wetland; A case study from the indo-gangeticplains”springer science and business media Inc. 200 (3 October 2007).

Azous, A.L, Reinelt, L.E, and J.Burkey. 1997. Managing Wetland Hydro period: issues and concerns. In Azous and Homer (eds) Wetlands and Urbanization. Implications for the future. Washington State Department of ecology. Olympia, WA.

Barclay, E., D. Batker, and A. Kaler. 2004. Untold Value: Natures Services in Washington State. Prepared by the Asia Pacific Environmental Exchange. Seattle, WA .http ://www,eartheconom ics.org/documents/Natures services WA state.p.~.f

Barr, R. 1997 Merryland NPDES phase 1 monitoring data. Merryland department of the environment. Baltimore, MD. Bazemore, C. Huppt and T. Diehl 1999. Wetland sedimentation and vegetation partners near selected high way crossing in west Tennessee. USGS water: recourses investigations report 91: 4106.

Baudo, R., Giesy, J.,and Mumtau, H. 1990. Sediments: Chemistry and toxicity of in-place pollutants. Lewis publishers, Inc. Chelsea, MI.

Beaumais, 0., laroutis, D. and chakur, R., 2007; wetland preservation versus wetland conservation to industrial use; a cost-benefit analysis applied to seine estuary(France).

28 Bellrose, F.C.GR, and J.B. and Low. 1943. The influence of flood and low water levels on the survival of Muskrats. Journal of mammals 24: 173-188 Benbow, M.E., and R.W.Merrit 2004. Road- Salty toxicity of select Michigan wetland macro invertebrates under different testing conditions. Wetlands 24(1: 68-76).

Biesboer, D. D., R Jobson.1994.screening and selection of salt torrelance in native warm season grasses. Minnesota department of transportation. Report 94:11. 33pp.

Bishop, C. A., Struger, J., Dunn,L., Forder, D. R. and Kok, S.1999. Storm water detention ponds of south Africa Ontario: Are they a risk to wild life? Minister of public works and government services

Bobbink, R., Beltman, b., Verhoeven, j.T.A., and Whigham, D.F., (eds) 2006; wetlands; functioning, biodiversity conversation, and restoration. Spinger- verlag, berlin,Heidelberg.

Boyer conference on ecology and transportation (ICOET proceedings 2001. Available online at: http://repositories.cdlib.org/gmie/roadeco/brennan2001a/.

Breaux, A. M., S. Farber and J. Day. l995.”Using natural coastal wetlands systems or waste water treatment: an economic benefit analysis.” Journal of environmental management 24: 285- 291.

Brennan,K.P.,O’ leary,D.J., and S .P.Buckley.200 I .hydrologic analysis of the wetland habitant of the federally threatened Bogturtle international

Brinsob,M.M.1993b. Changes in the functioning of wetlands along environmental gradients. Wetlands 13(2): 65-74.

Brinson,M.M. 1 993a.A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Techical report WRP-DE-4. Water ways experiment station. Vickspurg, MS.

29 Canada. Catnumber.: En 40-222/9:1999. http ://www.on.ec. gc .calwildlife/factsheets/fsstorm water-e.html.

Conservation of the living city (Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, (2011).

Conserving Wetlands and Waterfowl, (2018), Science, Research and a strong biological foundation. www.ducks. org/conservation/how-du..

Continuing Wildlife population declines and range contraction, Ogutu et,al,. (2007, 2008, 2009) Online library. Wiley/com/doi/pdf.

Designing improved stream crossing Resiliency by accounting for natural stream processes.

Ducks Unlimited, (1937), Wikipedia.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck..

EPA, United States Environmental protection Agency, (201 8) Wetlands. https//www.epa. gov/wetlands/why-ar..

Flight Sao Paulo Istanbul www.lufthans.com/cairo.

Flow of water through culverts, (1926) http://ir.viowa.edu/visie/l

Fortune of Africa — Uganda, Urbanization. Uganda offers business and investment opportunities in Africa.. fortuneofafrica.com/urbanization-rate-Uganda.

Hppt;//sadapt. inaog. inra. fr/ersa2007/papers/3 12 .pdf(3 0 October 2007). https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/urbanization. https :1/books. google.com/research

30 Hunter-Gatherers, (2018) Error! Hyperlink reference not valid..

Kampala Capital City Authority, (2017) National Population and Housing Census, 2014 Area specific profiles.

KUP, (2014-Highlights. Pdf) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revised.

Linguistics and the Language of Translation: Kirsten Maimkea, (2005) https ://www.sciencedirect.com/pii

Making our cities attractive and sustainable (How the EU contributes to improving the urban environment) Learn more about Eco-innovative projects and get inspired at; http//ec.europa.eu/environment/eco-innovation.

Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, (2016), Modernization through planned landuse, Urbanization, Industrialization and a Developed Services Sector. https//global-Iandlook squares.

NEMA Standards 13u1 letin, (2012), httis ://www.nema.org/standards...

Project Chanology, (2008), Wikipedia.https//en.rn .wikipedia.org/wiki/proj e..

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods, (2003)

Riparian Areas. https ://www.nys.soil and water.org.

Riparian Areas: Functions and strategies for management, (2002) Structure and functioning of ROU, (2017), The Republic of Uganda. National Population and Housing Census 2014. Area specific profiles.

Rublication-Professor Stephen Richardson, (2003) https://www.imperial.ac.uk!people/pu...

31 Science Daily, (2018), Urbanization Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.

St. Paul, MN. http://www.apec.umn.edu/faculty/spolasky/valuingurban wetlands.pdf.

Storm Water runoff and its impacts, (2007). https://www.ingove/stormwater/fi

Studies of a Hydrocarbon capture Technology for MDPI, (2016) https://www.mdpi.com/p~f

The impacts of Urbanization and climate change on Urban Environment, (2017) https://www.sciencedirect.com-pii

TS.Polaski.2004.Valuing urban wetlands: A review of non-market valuation studies. Department of applied economics, university of Minnesota.

Uganda Administrative Division Retrieved 4th July, 2015.

UN News (Half of Global Population will live in citivies by end of this Predictas UN) February,

2008)). -

Urban Storm Water, (1987), www.water.ncsu.edu/aglife/urbstorrn..

Vision, Reporter (19th1 April. 2011). “Kampala Executive Director Take Office”. ,

archived from the original on 14th July, 2014. Retrieved 1 1th June, 2014.

Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention, (2000), The role of the convention on Wetlands in the conservation and wise use of biodiversity.

Wikipedia, (2016), Urbanization, Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.

Wikipedia, (2018), (British Agricultural Revolution) Urbanization.

32 Wikipedia, (2018), British Agricultural Revolution. Urbanization. https//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/urbanization.

Wikipedia, (2018), Urbanization https.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/urbanization.

Wikipedia, (2018), Urbanization Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.

Wikipedia, (201 8), Urbanization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urbanization.

33 APPENDICES.

APPENDIX 1: WORK PLAN AND TIME FRAME

STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PLAN. DEADLINE OR COMPLETION. Submission of the proposal August 2017 Design of a research plan August 2017 Gaining access, getting permission to work in a August2017 particular area or have access to data Defining of a sample frame, sampling or setting up of November2017 selection criteria Designing and testing of questionnaire, if appropriate November 2017 Design of final questionnaire or schedules November 2017 Interviews or posting of questionnaires November 2017 Editing of completed questionnaires, grouping and December 2017 coding of data, entering data into a computer Design and testing of a computer program December 2017 Raw tabulations or draft analysis of qualitative data January 2018 Analysis of data January 2018 Report of findings January 2018 ~ Presentation of final research products January 2018

34 APPENDIX 2: BUDGET.

Item Quantity Units Unit cost Total cost (UGX) (UGX) Subsistence allowance Travel (vehicle hire) 1 Vehicle 200000 200000 Data analysis (use of analytical Computer 100000 100000 computer, software SPSS) 1 Secretarial services (processing the 1 Bookshop 100000 100000 research instruments and reports)

Total 400000

35 APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNNAIRE GUIDE. Dear respondent,

I am Namirimu Stella a student of Kampala International University pursuing a bachelor of science in environmental management conducting a research on “the rapid implications of urbanization on Kampala wetlands, a case study of Bwaise wetland in Kawempe division”. You have been requested to participate in this study of training and employee performance. The main aim of this study is purely academic. Thus any information will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Section A and B the questions are rated on a five point scale of Strongly Disagree (SD), Disagree (D),Not sure (N), Agree (A) and Strongly Agree (SA), for each question, you are expected to tick only one question (representing the appropriate choice I judgment)

SECTION.A. IMPACTS OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON BWAISE WETLAND.

Please indicate the extent to which the following impacts of rapid urbanization affect Bwaise wetland.

SI no. Questions or statements Response options SD D NS A SD A 1 Increased storm water runoff A 2 Flow constrictions A 3 Hydrologic drought A 4 Sediment deposition A 5 Pollutant accumulation

36 SECTION B: POSSIBLE STRATEGIES IN MINIMIZING THE IMPACTS OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON BWAISE WETLAND.

Please indicate the ticking the extent to the following possible strategies in minimizing the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland.

S/ no, Questions / statements Response options SD D NS A SD B 1 Restoring wetlands B2 Task force B3 Consider natural systems in land use decisions B4 Eviction of squatters and encroachers B5 Use of alternative sources of energy B6 Use of alternative building materials B7 Creation of awareness

37 APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE. Dear respondent,

I am Namirimu Stella a student of Kampala International University pursuing a bachelor of science in environmental management conducting a research on “the implications of rapid urbanization on Kampala wetlands, a case study of Bwaise wetland, Kawempe division”. You have been requested to participate in this study of training and employee performance. The main aim of this study is purely academic. Thus any information will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

(i) What are the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland, Kawempe division in Kampala district? (ii) What are the possible strategies vital in avoiding or at least minimizing the impacts of rapid urbanization on Bwaise wetland in Kawempe division, Kampala district.

Thank you for your cooperation

38