The Expansion of Araucaria Forest in The

ORE Open Research Exeter

TITLE The expansion of Araucaria forest in the southern Brazilian highlands during the last 4000 years and its implications for the development of the Taquara/Itararé Tradition

AUTHORS Iriarte, José; Behling, Hermann

JOURNAL Environmental Archaeology

DEPOSITED IN ORE 21 May 2008

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http://hdl.handle.net/10036/27432

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A NOTE ON VERSIONS

The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology O 10.1179/174963107x226390 DOI Maney by Published ß eevdOtbr20;rvsdmnsrp cetdFbur 2007 February accepted manuscript revised 2006; October Received [email protected] e-mail: e-mail: Go Germany; England; of 4QE, Albrecht-von-Ha University and EX4 Palynology Exeter, Dynamics, Exeter, of of Department Climate Road, Behling, University Park Hermann Resources, [email protected]; North Earth Building, and Laver Archaeology, Geography, Jose reconstructions environmental environments. late-Holocene improved and turn, mid- In the understand- of our ing refined and expanded substantially Ledru Behling 2002; 2007; Bissa 1997b; Pillar 1997a; and 1995; (Behling Behling carried region the work in paleoecological out new parallel, In 2002). (e.g., Robrahn-Gonza Chmyz projects archaeological 2005; new develop- Beber the several through of decade last ments a the received in has impetus new SBHs) southern (hereafter the highlands of Holocene Brazilian late the of archaeology The Introduction Keywords: southern the of Taquara/Itarare sequences of the by expansion cultural region the and this of with environmental colonisation associated the Holocene that late indicates highlands the Brazilian of examination An Jose Taquara/Itarare the the for of implications development its and last years the 4000 during highlands Brazilian southern of expansion The ooeeaon 30cl rB,adcniudti rciedrn h eodpr ftelate the of part second the during practice this continued late the and of BP, Holocene. beginning yr the cal. since populations 4320 elevations local around lower that Holocene at show agriculture records slash-and-burn Charcoal practiced region. have the may in food-production of of advance beginning the the with with associated is Taquara/Itarare Araucaria region intense provided more this The which BP. of yr forest, occupation cal. 900 human and 1410 permanent around between and started which region, the in conditions 07AscainfrEvrnetlArchaeology Environmental for Association 2007 rat crepnigato) eateto rhelg,Sho of School Archaeology, of Department author), (corresponding Iriarte ´ ´ tal et rat n emn Behling Hermann and Iriarte tal et oslple,Hlcn,Bai,ciaecag,Taquara/Itarare change, climate Brazil, Holocene, pollen, fossil 00 Garcia 2000; . ed.I diin erve h vdnefrlnsaetasomto associated transformation landscape for evidence the review we addition, In seeds. 98 celYet20;20)has 2001) 2000; Scheel-Ybert 1998; . tign neeKarspu Untere ¨ttingen, lzadDBai 98 Schmitz 1998; DeBlasis and ´lez tal. et tal et lrIsiuefrPatSciences, Plant for ller-Institute 03 eMs 2005; Masi De 2003; 04 rat 2006a; Iriarte 2004; . l ,D303Go D-37073 2, ¨le tal et 04 2005; 2004; . Araucaria Araucaria ruswt el bnatadrlal resource: reliable and abundant newly a with groups ´ ¨ttingen, oetrsligfo h ne fwte climatic wetter of onset the from resulting forest rdto,Aacrafrs,hmnevrnetinteractions human-environment forest, Araucaria Tradition, ´ einn famr ui eidsatn around (4000–3500 starting BP period yr humid cal. pollen more 4480-3780 Parana a Ten Grande and of Rio Catarina, beginning region. of Santa late states Sul, the Brazilian do and the pre-Hispanic inhabited mid from the sequences the on that impact during major groups a place had took fluctua- Holocene climatic that the that tions indicates comparison region. The the the for the gathered with evidence reviews it paleoenvironmental correlates paper and ways data This archaeological existing 2001/2002). precise Schmitz human- more 2001; explore in (Iriarte to dynamics archaeologists environmental allowed have eae oteepotto fanwyavailable, newly a of exploitation the to related the Taquara/Itarare of ceramic the occupation of Taquara/Itarare development the intense is pro- by evidenced more as SBHs this change a with that environmental associated indicate late-Holocene data nounced archaeological The eaemr nes ewe bu 4090cl yr cal. (1500–1000 1410–900 BP about between intense more became tal et niomna Archaeology Environmental oeti the in forest 04 Rodrı 2004; . ihuevlae per obe to of appears proliferation villages pithouse The ´ Tradition. ´ 14 rB)dpnigo h region. the on depending BP) yr C ´ ge 05 Scheel-Ybert 2005; ´guez Tradition 2007 14 rB) which BP), yr C ouetthe document ´ epeis people ´ VOL Araucaria 12 NO 2 115 rat n Behling and Iriarte 116 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology niomna Archaeology Environmental i eyhmdwt enana temperatures annual mean with humid mesother- very is to climate mic Parana the The close in floodplains. m m rivers 1000 100 Uruguay to than plain more coastal from Atlantic the west, to east from ytePrnpnm ie n otesuhb the by south the north to the and Jacuı to River and limited Paranapanema Argentina, is the region by Province, The Misiones 1). (Fig. of Paraguay part Parana as and Catarina, well Santa Sul, do states Grande Brazilian Rio of southern the encompasses SBHs The highlands Brazilian southern The and (3950 landscape BP yr human cal. 2980 2850 of and 4320 around onset period practices between agricultural the humid with associated mark more transformation to this despite appear char- frequencies magnitude resource: coal high rich unprecedented Furthermore, and abundant, major its and highlands Brazilian Southern 1 Figure ´-Ibicuı 14 rBP). yr C rnic ePua .Trad ri;9 Lagoa 5. 9. Rastro; Areia; de Sa Rio Terra 10. Patos; 8. do dos Paula; Cambara Serra 3. de 6. Francisco Vista; 4. Serra; 1. Boa da Key: Igreja; da Aparados 1977). Serra da IBGE 2. Morro from Gerais; (modified Campos discussed Serra text sites the pollen in showing types vegetation h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The ies h Bsdces naltitude in decrease SBHs The rivers. ´ oFacsod Assis de Francisco õ 2007 VOL 12 Araucaria ´doSul;7.Sa NO 2 seeds. and ´ ás õ ewe 15–20 between acigadidsra giutr nteregion, the cattle in of agriculture expansion Araucaria industrial the and ranching and logging, commercial vrg eprtr of 1953; temperature average (Hueck rainfall annual Brazil an south-eastern in 1956). Rambo m 1800 to ewe 0 n 40mi otenBai,adin and Brazil, southern in 18 between m islands isolated 1400 and 600 between ag ra ewe 24 canopy between a areas as covers species large important This elevation. m more 800 above becomes above component but occurs Parana m, crown, 600 the shape umbrella as characteristic tree, known The commonly Paraguay. as Argentina states, Province, Misiones and Gerais of areas Minas small and in as Catarina, Janeiro well de Santa Rio Sul, of areas do Grande Rio Parana of states the (Leite 1990). Asteraceae, Verbenaceae Klein and Cyperaceae, and Caesalpinaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, the are and families grasslands mosaic a of of area. comprised is the below vegetation vegetation of highland portion Modern Campos mentioned lowland (1990). southern the Klein names dominates and taxonomic Leite follow All forest 1). tropical (Fig. Atlantic the and forest, (Campos), semideciduous grasslands including the June/July. during of snowfall months sporadic winter with elevations climate higher cold has a area and eastern part The plateau. central the the of in mild is Temperature precipitation. eprtr f22 of temperature u snwrdcdt ny3 fisoiia cover original its of 3% only 2001). to (FUPEF reduced now is but and paraguayensis of pce nteMraee( Myrtaceae the in species ttsweei sa uha 0 mwd.These ( wide. recog- Euphorbiaceae km hotspots 200 biodiversity Myers as the by nised much of one Sul as form do is forests Grande at it Rio plateau the where and near the states Catarina widest is Santa of plain of The slopes boarder m. eastern 1000 coastal to the Atlantic up elevations the in along and belt plain a as Brazil southern Nectandra spp., ormjrvgtto ye oiaeteregion the dominate types vegetation major Four ruai angustifolia Araucaria ioascabrella Mimosa Myrciaria ,adSa and ´, oetoccupied forest p..Tetoia tatcfrs cusin occurs forest Atlantic tropical The spp.). , 0 oPuo u sas rsn nsome in present also is but Paulo, õ rmsbrasiliensis Drymis n 5020 mo enannual mean of mm 1500–2500 and C tal et .angustifolia A. Araucaria p. n arca ( Lauraceae and spp.) Araucaria Alchornea 20) oiattesaei the in are trees Dominant (2000). . 0 . Bce 99.Bfr its Before 1999). (Backes C te re fiprac are importance of trees Other . Araucaria 40m,wt minimum a with mm, 1400 0 , c. c. Myrceugenia 0 ooapslambertii Podocarpus oeti anycomposed mainly is forest n 30 and ,Aeaee( Arecaceae ), oeti itiue along distributed is forest n 24 and 11 7,0 km 175,000 ruai angustifolia Araucaria ? 5 cuisrgoswith regions occupies 0 , n maximum a and C oet.Dominant forests. ypoo uniflora Symplocos 0 0 Araucaria teeain 1400 elevations at -ie ihits with ´-pine, televations at S 2 spp., Ocotea fteSBHs, the of Euterpe Eugenia forest, , spp., Ilex ), , , Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology htbten28 n 40cl rB 25 n 1530 and indicates (2850 BP 2), yr cal. (Fig. 1440 14 and m) 2980 (1200 between that (SCG) Gerais theCampos in plateau. resulted the of which sector southern by seasonal, grasslands of even less replacement become climate and the BP, wetter grassland Beginning yr cal. scale. although 1410–900 regional about a streams, at dominated along vegetation Consequently, forest wetter. gallery became climate late- Araucaria the cal. the 1410 BP, of and 4480 yr part the around initial of between period end the Holocene the During at Holocene. Sul, beginning mid SBHs do the Grande in vegetation Rio Parana of and Catarina, Santa states the from studied past Brazilian cores intensely pollen southern most Ten the America. the South of during of regions one research it making palynological decade major a of been have focus highlands Brazilian southern changes The vegetation Holocene Late for Evidence of and composed mainly is triplinerva and wide, km elevation. 150 m Parana 500–800 the to plateau In up the tributaries of the escarpment following southern the and semidecid- systems The Parana the along 1990). grows forest Klein uous and (Leite Sapotaceae and Lauraceae, Bignoniaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, ecnae fcaca atce eetdi this more in in below discussed be detail. detected will that particles aspect an record, charcoal of highest the percentages with the associated are in patterns extensive These tropical more valleys. while became populations highlands, tree adjacent forest the into was of habitats this expansion that first suggested the (1997a) tropical Behling of taxa. percentages forest higher and abundance forest 40cl rB 25 n 1530 were and and 2980 (2850 period between BP this as yr common cal. during as 1440 not fires but that frequent, of shows mosaic a record and by period grasslands characterised open this landscape during a established creating only annual was significant season, a without dry climate, the wettest the that that indicates of percentages (1997a) higher Behling in steady. increase major remains a shows record Araucaria pollen the BP), yr rB)teewsasih nraein increase slight a was there BP) yr C nParana In ewe 40ad50cl rB 13 n 530 and (1530 BP yr cal. 580 and 1440 Between yee stilbocarpa Hymenea , oetepne ofr ewr of network a form to expanded forest tt,tefsi olnrcr rmSerra from record pollen fossil the State, ´ Celtis oetadtetoia oetgroup forest tropical the and forest ai hsfrs oesa ra100– area an covers forest this basin ´ spp., Araucaria Araucaria Gallesia Araucaria . ,so akdcagsin changes marked show ´, Araucaria , oafr langsdorfii Copaifera oet h charcoal The forest. n rga river Uruguay and ´ olnceryshow clearly pollen 14 oetfo valley from forest rB) nthe In BP). yr C oeti the in forest Alchornea Araucaria 14 C , or eIaeaple oesosacag to change a shows core at conditions pollen humid more Itapeva de Sa of Morro state neighbouring the of highlands eraetwr h o ftezn fo 5to 55 (from zone to the of of continued Pollen top abundance 24%). the its toward the and decrease in than period lower previous markedly was Poaceae, primarily otnet efeun ntewdrrgo where region wider fires (Behling the existed still although in grassland of frequent patches before, be to than continue particles vegeta- Campos carbonised the a replaced At within remarkably it that tion. years a such 100 forest, indicating of this period 80%) of to expansion strong 39 (from ously 14 14 (2390 initial an show of sequence pollen expansion the m) (1800 Igreja da bevdaon 30cl rB (3950 was BP yr vegetation, cal. 4320 a grassland around within observed by streams dominated along forests landscape gallery formed time, of expansion initial an Parana of highlands well-dated the and in and (Behling 4) recent Behling (Fig. 2007; region Pillar more the for the sequences pollen Cambara of one state, provided Sul do Grande rB (4000 cal. 4480 BP after yr started deposits in preservation pollen ui lmt odtosafter conditions climate humid of sellowiana expansion pronounced Araucaria fossil m) a (1420 show Araucaria Rastro Rio records do pollen Serra the and Igreja of (Behling conditions bnac uigti period. this the in during increased from abundance abruptly km particles 6–10 Carbonised located site. on study slopes, established coastal well upper was forest the Atlantic the time, that P.Ohrple eod rmtehglnso Rio of highlands the from records pollen Other BP). it oe(10m hr sa nta nraein increase initial an is there m) Araucaria (1160 core Vista 1997b). (Behling BP) yr Mimosa rB (3460 BP yr rB)(i.3 Bhig1995). (Behling 3) (Fig. BP) yr C rB) h ersnaino apsple taxa, pollen Campos of representation the BP), yr C oae ntehglnso ot-atr Rio north-eastern of highlands the in Located ntenab Sa nearby the In Between ntesaeo at aaia tteSrad Boa da Serra the at Catarina, Santa of state the In Araucaria 14 , rB) usqety ohteMroda Morro the both Subsequently, BP). yr C Ilex niomna Archaeology Environmental hc niaeteetbiheto more of establishment the indicate which , olnadsoe ftete fern tree the of spores and pollen c. oeta niae yhg ecnae of percentages high by indicated as forest c. oettx ( taxa forest 14 , tre at started 10ad40cl rB 14 n 410 and (1140 BP yr cal. 430 and 1100 14 10cl rB,teewr fewer were there BP, yr cal. 1100 Araucaria rB)(Ledru BP) yr C Symplocos rB)idctn etrclimatic wetter indicating BP) yr C Araucaria rat n Behling and Iriarte oFacsod al sequence, Paula de Francisco õ tal et tal et Araucaria c. 04.Smlrt h records the to Similar 2004). . oetat forest 01.Hr h expansion the Here 2001). . eoddafter recorded ) n at aaiastates, Catarina Santa and ´ 9 a.y P(1060 BP yr cal. 990 c. oeticesdcontinu- increased forest 20cl rB (3000 BP yr cal. 3200 Araucaria tal et c. oSl(00m) (1040 Sul do ´ oet hc tthat at which forest, 0 a.y P(1000 BP yr cal. 900 h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The c. 2007 98.A Morro At 1998). . 40cl rBP yr cal. 2430 , 14 oPuo the Paulo, õ rB) By BP). yr C Podocarpus tal et VOL c. Dicksonia 70cal. 3760 12 2004). . 14 Cyr 14 NO C 2 , 117 rat n Behling and Iriarte 118 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology niomna Archaeology Environmental h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The 2007 VOL 12 NO 2

Figure 2 Serra Campos Gerais pollen profile (Behling 1997a) Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology iue4Cmaad u olnpol BhigadPla 2007) Pillar and (Behling profile pollen Sul do Cambara 4 Figure in increase m), an (0 recorded Areia m) including (0 taxa de forest Patos Terra dos m), Lagoa (100 Sa and including Assis lowlands m) de the (1000 in Francisco (Behling Serra cores da pollen Aparados profile three at and state pollen Sul do Rastro Grande Rio do Serra 3 Figure c. 50cl rB (2500 BP yr cal. 2590 2002) Araucaria 14 rB) nepninof expansion An BP). yr C and Podocarpus after õ 40cl rB (4000 BP yr cal. 4480 sequences pollen text. the representative in discussed most from shows curves 5 Fig. SBHs. of expansion pronounced Cambara of was date from radiocarbon temperature, the higher present and (Behling moisture inferred indicative higher escarpment of the along forest semidecidous Araucaria ea ewe rud11 n 0 a.y BP. yr cal. Cambara 900 to in dated and was event 1410 this Specifically, yr of around cal. expansion between 3200 greater began and later, 4480 A between BP. started SBHs the in Araucaria (Behling (Iriarte Brazil Uruguay the and 2005) south-eastern and of 1997), grasslands (Salgado-Labouriau Brazil Central al Bissa et 2001; Negrelle and (e.g., Behling forest tropical Atlantic coastal neighbouring the ePuai i rned u,90cl rB in Santa in BP Rastro yr at Rio cal. do and 900 Serra Sul, Catarina and do Igreja Grande da Rio Morro in Paula de apsGri,Prn tt.I h ihad of highlands the In State. Parana Parana Gerais, Campos h hnet oehmdcniin taround at conditions humid more to change The nsmay h rtHlcn xaso of expansion Holocene first the summary, In 04 celYet20) h erdsof cerrados the 2000), Scheel-Ybert 2004; . ,teepninof expansion the ´, niomna Archaeology Environmental oeta h xes fCmo grasslands Campos of expense the at forest oeto h lta n ftoia and tropical of and plateau the on forest oSl 9 a.y Pi Sa in BP yr cal. 990 Sul, do ´ oSli h etdt o the for date best the is Sul do ´ rat n Behling and Iriarte tal et c. 40cl rB nteSerra the in BP yr cal. 1440 14 05 Ledru 2005; . ruai angustifolia Araucaria rB)wsas eoddin recorded also was BP) yr C Araucaria tal et Araucaria 04 rat 2006a). Iriarte 2004; . c. h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The tal et 2007 c. oetrsle in resulted forest Araucaria 10cl rBP yr cal. 1100 tal et 10cl rBP yr cal. 1100 00 Garcia 2000; . oeti the in forest oFrancisco õ VOL 98.At 1998). . 12 pollen tal et forest NO 2 . 119 rat n Behling and Iriarte 120 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology niomna Archaeology Environmental eMs 05 oli20;Pos19;Ribeiro 1992; Prous 2000; Noelli 2005; 2005; 2004; (Beber Masi decades Brazilian De last by the published over data below and researchers from the presented obtained mound and been dates has radiocarbon summary elaborated of brief its compilation The complexes. and its enclosure for highlands, in pithouses characterised of the construction mainly the ceramics, is diagnostic tradition, defined ovnec.Dtn akto 14 back Dating convenience. use we Taquara/Itarare Sul (2004), term do Beber the Following Grande 1967). Rio (Miller and states Catarina Santa in Itarare is Taquara tradition as archaeological in known Doradense this El Province, as (1957) Misiones Menghin by defined First Taquara/Itarare The was vegetation by grassland replaced Sul, do Grande Rio in and while grasslands of mosaic curves a percentage pollen angustifolia Araucaria 5 Figure rB)adetnigt rsn,ti broadly- this present, to extending and BP) yr C rmslce olndiagrams pollen selected from h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The Araucaria nParana in ´ ´ forest. Tradition 2007 rdto o h aeof sake the for Tradition ´ Araucaria c. Cmz16)and 1967) (Chmyz ´ 20cl rB (2180 BP yr cal. 2220 VOL 12 oetpatches, forest NO 2 r oeaudn.I oeaeslk h lower eleva- the m 600 like Taquara/Itarare below areas situated tion, rivers, some Pardo and In sites Antas where abundant. surface more and plateau rare are become the pithouses dominates, of escarpment Araucaria southern the as 2005; 1985). Beber Kern such 2005; (e.g., Masi sites areas De quarry special-activity and inter- plots probable agricultural been have as and preted common are with approximate associated clusters sites an pithouse Surface form 313). be 1992: or (Prous may lines, circle stream, parallel a in paralleling arranged may layout to villages linear pithouse up a of of exhibit plan villages ground form pithouses. The houses. or 68 isolated in be may recovered Pithouses remains macro-botanical of exploitation the based be to on thought impressions. is basket groups mainly and these nail of finger economy punctua- The as types, well incised as several tions, includes Taquara hematite and southern the phases firing. and in frequent reduced more sand and is Decoration paste, with homogenous have tempered They grains, walls. generally fine exhibiting more are vessels small for tall, works simple, these to referred information. is detailed 2002). reader Schmitz The 1999/2000; 1988; Schmitz 1999/2000; 2 ftese’ r egt(Bello-Perez weight Cordenunsi dry seed’s for the accounts of that 22% seed the surrounding layer hard first The 1988). double-coated Schmitz tough, 1999/2000; Ribeiro 2005; (Beber lithic charred and activities sherds, debris, and everyday ceramic tools the post-holes, of but hearths, remains including m, the habitation 20 a are containing Pithouses and of m. sites 5 m diameter exceed 2 not The do majority between streams. ranges small pithouse interfluvial to of tops close flat and ridges slope upper dis- the in the located between overlapping concentrated of closely tribution are elevation but m pithouses m, 600–1200 basalt, 400 decomposed above and occur and constructed soils Generally earthworks lateritic galleries. on geometric and sites, caves mounds, air open houses, Taquara/Itarare the with 2001/2002). Schmitz 1999/2000; Ribeiro 2005; fishing (Beber and hunting, horticulture, with complemented tlwrattds nteuprrvrvlesand valleys river upper the in altitudes, lower At Taquara/Itarare ietpso rhelgclstsaeassociated are sites archaeological of types Five oeti pre n eieiosforest semidecidous and sparser is forest tal. et Araucaria eaisaecaatrsdby characterised are ceramics ´ 04,hv enteol charred only the been have 2004), ufc ie r characterised are sites surface ´ tal et Araucaria oet ihue r generally are Pithouses forest. 99 ier n Ribeiro and Ribeiro 1989; . rdto nldn pit- including Tradition ´ Araucaria ed,wihba a bear which seeds, Araucaria ed Fg 6) (Fig. seeds tal. et 2006; seeds Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion epe olciebrasi ae,adgleisof galleries 1971). (Rohr and soils consolidated caves, into dug use in unknown burials Taquara/Itarare the collective with people: associated been types the have other site Two of of mound. appearance associated spanning appear its the which and altered use enclosure of dramatically some and have BP, to yr stages cal. 703–518 construction between of complex these a of revealing history larger are centres the enclosure in and colleagnes mound excava- and enclosures Iriante On-going circular by 1984). tions 8 Wachnitz than 1957; more (Menghin by El constituted in and are ha earthworks 200 of over spread 2005; complex Argentina) (Misiones, the Dorado (Beber like 1991). them, inter-group Becker rituals of and Some Schmitz forge cyclical 2002; Saldanha and perform reciprocity, Cope or group alliances gather- inter-group foster host chief, ings, important an bury together to came groups spaces dispersed ceremonial geographically domestic were where of sites these lack that and indicate in debris layout m 20–200 formal The and wide, Their area. m diameter. the 3–4 generally tall, of cm hills 30–50 earthworks were prominent rims most the key-shape in elliptical, located and circular, by rectangular, characterised were Tradition sno h eetplnlgcladarchaeological and palynological recent the compar- of the from ison emerged patterns important Some Taquara/Itarare the of development The 1500 last years the highlands: Brazilian southern the in interactions Human-environment m 4000 to up cover that ( villages earth dark forming of patches circular discrete 1983) by Salvia (La pithouses a of diagram Sketch 6 Figure 97 0 ier 91ctdi ee 2004). Beber in cited 1991 Ribeiro 20; 1967, te ye fst soitdwt Taquara/Itarare with associated site of types Other ´ rdto n the and tradition er preta terra 2 (Miller ´ ´ ) oiae omgaeo oa esnlyt the to seasonally been collect foray have or to migrate highlands may to groups motivated pre-Hispanic highlands, 8). than (Fig. older and BP are BP, yr dates yr of cal. cal. 6% 1000 this 1000 and remaining 1500 than the between for younger lie 33 are 15% pithouses BP, the dates yr From the of of 8). 79% and dates region, 1 Figs. radiocarbon (see existing site pollen Cambara Sul nearby do the from changes percentage pollen Rio Jesus, Sa of Bom Vacaria, and north-east (Esmeralda, the state Sul in do Grande occurred that clusters pithouses the from of supported sequences also best-dated was the pattern yr plotting This cal. by 7). 1000 Fig. after 1, peaked (Table and BP BP common yr more cal. 1500 became around BP, millennium second the in Taquara/Itarare dates that radiocarbon indicated 71 available The Holocene. late the hwdta h ooiaino h B ythe by data of SBH expansion the marked the the place, with of first colonisation the Taquara/Itarare the In that SBHs. showed the from data 40ad90cl rB 10 n 1000 and (1500 BP yr cal. 900 and 1410 grass- by of land replacement The production. concentrated enpiiee oain ntrso bnac and abundance resources. of of terms have diversity in would locations forests, privileged by deciduous been comprised and Campos, ecotones forest, within prolif- located the Taquara/Itarare upon of based eration inferred is this to environment adapted new development cultural the The in settlement highlands. permanent higher allowed have may As oFacsod al)aantthe against Paula) de Francisco õ Araucaria Araucaria niomna Archaeology Environmental rdto a togyassociated strongly was Tradition ´ rat n Behling and Iriarte oetbgnt xadi the in expand to began forest oetta okpaebetween place took that forest Araucaria ihuevlae.Sites villages. pithouse ´ Araucaria ie ea ospread to began sites ´ ed naesof areas in seeds h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The 2007 oetduring forest VOL c. 14 Araucaria Araucaria rBP) yr C 50cal. 1500 12 NO ´ 2 121 rat n Behling and Iriarte 122 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology niomna Archaeology Environmental htte eevr bnati h B since SBH the (1500–1000 in BP yr abundant cal. very suggest 1410–900 data were pollen they the but that of regions, density different modern in trees the about data posses seeds 112 of average (5 an contains which large of thirty each to cones, up the produces tree of Each productive. 1946) very range Metraux and the 1988; ethnohistorically (Mabilde around the living and people of in indigenous diet recorded the ethnographically in element ? Araucaria mln)(A 95.Ufruaey ed not do we Unfortunately, 1995). (FAO long) cm 8 h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The ed,cle pinha called seeds, 2007 Araucaria . VOL 14 o eeamajor a were õ, rBP). yr C 12 Araucaria NO 2 Araucaria re are trees trees c. otso h er hc oetal aethem Klein and make Reitz of 2005; potentially (Beber round which year subspecies year, all available the different of of months angustifolia seeds Araucaria the (October–February). summer However, and the spring meagre during is the production harvested during but June, mainly and March are of months seeds The 2004). scmaal oohrsacyfossc src and rice low as (Bello-Perez such a foods beans starchy have other also to comparable They is ( Cu. protein of and content Mg, fibre, dietary Araucaria ed r odsuc fsac (37%), starch of source good a are seeds , tal. et % n iis( lipids and 3%) iue7Hsormo Taquara/ of Histogram 7 Figure iue8Hsormo Taquara/ of Histogram 8 Figure r iedrn different during ripe are 06 Cordenunsi 2006; Itarare ie nRoGrande state Rio Sul Sao do Paula in and sites de Sul, Francisco Caxias do Jesus, Vacaria, Bom Esmeralda, Itarare ´datesfrom dates ´ , 1 ? %,which 3%), tal. et ˆ Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology RU- Ubirata PR-UB-4 SA2 aai,R ea189 710 178090 Beta 660 650 180906 Beta 635 Sa RS Vacaria, 6563 RS-C-14 SI 6561 RS-A-29 SI PR Curitiba, RS Esmeralda, PR-CT-93 RS Esmeralda, RS-PE-28a RS-PE-26a S3/2 aisd u,R I621140 602 SI RS Sul, do Caxias RS-37/127 680 153842 Beta 680 180907 Beta 680 1010 SI 623 Sa 630 620 RS Vacaria, RS-A-08 PR Curitiba, 691 SI 595 PR RS-A-29 Machado, 604 605 Cruz SI 608 SI PR-CT-93 10040 Gsy PR-UV-11 580 691 Sa SI 595 180905 Beta RS Sul, RS do Sul, Caxias do 558 RS-C-12 Caxias RS Bituruna, RS-37/127 6396 Serra 22646 SI da Beta Bairro PR PR-UV-12 Machado, Cruz RS-68 PR River, Iguazu PR-UV-12 Middle BS19 PR Curitiba, PR PR-MN-4 Largo, Campo PR-CT-93 PR-CT-53 SS6 aur,R I491190 409 SI RS Taquara, RS-S-61 SA2 aai,R ea144 40 144243 Beta RS Vacaria, RS-A-27 ieLclt rB a Paecl BP cal. age BP cal BP yr 30 144246 Beta RS Vacaria, Locality RS-A-27 Site RU- Unia PR-UB-1 al Taquara/Itarare 1 Table SP-1PsoFno SS 0 1300 601 SI RS Fundo, Passo RS-PF-01 SV-4TnnePrea SS 9 160 599 SI RS Portela, Tenente RS-VZ-44 SA-3BmJss SBt 65680 166586 Beta RS Jesus, Bom RS-AN-03 Provenance S3/2 aisd u,R I651330 605 SI RS Sul, do Caxias RS-37/127 RC-3Crtb,P ea100 850 180904 Beta 840 848 830 22644 Beta 606 SI 598 SI PR Curitiba, PR Largo, Campo RS PR-CT-93 Sul, de Caxias RS PR-CT-53 Portela, Tenente RS-37/127 RS-VZ-43 RU-2Cu ahd,P I82810 892 SI PR Machado, Cruz PR-UV-12 SS22Sprna SS 1 1380 414 SI RS Sapiranga, RS-S-282 SA2 aai,R ea133 380 370 153834 Beta 178089 330 Beta 355 370 166584 Beta 597 SI 6559 SI RS Vacaria, RS Vacaria, RS RS-A-29 Jesus, Bom RS-A-29 RS Esmeralda, RS-AN-03 SC Urubici, RS-PE-10b SC-CL-10 SA2 aai,R ea144 870 144244 Beta RS Vacaria, Ubirita RS-A-27 PR-UB-4 SA2S c.d al,R I861385 806 SI RS Paula, de Fco. S. RS-A-2 SA2 aai,R ea144 520 144245 Beta 465 420 400 6558 390 SI 6562 SI 600 SI RS 6556 Vacaria, SI Ubirata RS-A-27 RS Esmeralda, PR-UB-4 RS RS Esmeralda, RS-PE-10a Lucena, Porto RS-PE-28a RS Esmeralda, RS-VZ-25 RS-PE-10b SA2 aai,R ea144 870 144247 Beta RS Vacaria, RS-A-27 RU-7Unia PR-UV-17 SA- o eu,R ea168 550 166585 Beta RS Jesus, Bom RS-AN-3 RC-3Crtb,P ea100 940 180903 Beta 915 4066 SI PR Curitiba, RS Sul, do PR-CT-93 Cruz Santa RS-RP-164b S3/2 aisd u,R I631480 603 SI RS Sul, do Caxias RS-37/127 SA- o eu,R ea168 1000 970 166588 Beta 950 808 SI 960 812 SI 153841 Beta RS Jesus, Bom RS Paula, De Conco Fco. S. RS-AN-3 RS RS-U-35 Sul, RS de Jesus, Caxias Bom RS-U-2 RS-37/127 RS-P-27 SA2S c.d al,R I851515 805 SI RS Paula, de Fco. S. RS-A-2 airto fterdoabndtshv encridotatrCLA (Weninger CALPAL after out carried been have dates radiocarbon the of calibration aea CS 4 1140 245 SI SC Tapera, rzMcao RS 9 255 692 SI PR Machado, Cruz aea CS 4 800 243 SI SC Tapera, or ePda PGy270 Gsy SP Pedra, de Torre oSebastia õ oJose õ Caı do Sebastiao õ od Vito da õ od Vito da õ ri,S I85975 825 SI SC ´rdia, ,P I29 855 2193 SI PR ˜, ,P I29 735 2194 SI PR ˜, ,P I29 470 2192 SI PR ˜, o uets SS 33700 2343 SI RS Ausentes, dos ´ rdto ae rmRorned u R) Sa (RS), Sul do Riogrande from dates Tradition ´ od Caı do õ ra RS 4 800 141 SI PR ´ria, ra RS 171475 2197 SI PR ´ria, ,R I19 745 1198 SI RS ´, ,R I25630 205 SI RS ´, a no. Lab 14 g 4 ag Calendric range 64% age C ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 0272 102 227–23 60 0183 59 148–31 50 0251 126 235–17 50 57962696 739–652 65 07555645 638 705–585 694–582 60 620 60 617 612 666–573 661–572 613 653–571 60 55 791–434 45 205 05564635 630 630 575–694 684–576 684–576 80 70 70 611 614 608 657–564 601 687–540 600 662–554 70 599 120 673–528 594 641–558 90 586 643–555 120 639–549 50 631–541 60 60 50 57256684 772–596 95 0273 151 267–37 70 07264733 772–694 50 0 2–0 265 424–106 100 08673795 797 790 866–723 778 877–717 865–714 50 848–708 70 60 60 08460777 864–690 90 08561753 815–691 70 04935417 414 414 489–345 408 483–345 384 483–345 60 474–341 50 471–296 50 50 90 04710309 427–190 60 08172812 802 881–742 890–714 50 95 06250571 485 515 662–520 434 594–375 532–498 60 423 422 510–358 95 40 512–334 494–350 55 100 50 08478811 884–738 60 06658582 626–538 40 09973851 857 919–783 985–729 70 145 09276884 879 865 972–796 858 966–792 926–804 90 933–783 95 60 80 8 27811059 972 1237–881 1152–792 180 40 0 2810 1119 1228–1009 100 018–101211 1282–1140 70 0 3712 1228 1327–1128 100 1 3418 1288 1394–1182 110 518–221293 1384–1202 95 516–361396 1465–1326 65 017–391403 1477–1329 70 09183897 951–843 40 0 5913 1434 1529–1338 105 niomna Archaeology Environmental t aaia(C n aaa(R tts The states. (PR) Parana and (SC) Catalina nta rat n Behling and Iriarte ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 9Schmitz 89 3i og 2005 Rogge in 43 0i og 2005 Rogge in 1988 Schmitz 60 56 Chmyz 1985 Ribeiro and Ribeiro 1985 Ribeiro and Ribeiro 46 44 2005 Rogge 41 178 8 cit 1988 Schimtz 180 2002 al. et Schmitz 2003 al et Chmyz 1969 Chymz 59 54 54 1988 Schimtz 1988 Schmitz 1988 Schimtz 46 1969 Chymz 73 1996 DeBlasis 54 2003 al et Chmyz 72 2003 al et Chmyz 41 1995 Chmyz 44 45 45 4Cp n adna2002 Saldanha and Cope 44 4Cp n adna2002 Saldanha and Cope 54 2 Schmitz 125 8Cmz1981 Chmyz 88 1 ilr1971 Miller 114 0 oeadSlah 2002 Saldanha and Cope 106 9Cmz1968 Chmyz 39 5 hm 1969 Chymz 159 1Chmyz 1995 Chmyz 1969 Schmitz 71 1971 Miller 80 75 70 7Cyz1969 Chymz 87 2Sihoini oli2000 Noelli in Smithsonian 62 2Schmitz 2005 Rogge 2002 Saldanha and Cope 72 1985 Ribeiro and Ribeiro 69 1988 Schmitz 69 66 87 1 elss1996 DeBlasis 118 9Schmitz 1978 Chmyz 69 88 1Schmitz 1985 1976 Ribeiro Chmyz and Ribeiro 51 1985 Ribeiro and Ribeiro 109 1971 Miller 17 1985 Ribeiro and Ribeiro 76 89 72 3Schmitz 73 8Chmyz 2005 Rogge in 68 128 8Bbr2004 Beber 1988 Schimtz 2005 Rogge in 88 2004 Beber 87 61 75 7 hy 1976 Chmyz 178 0 nRge2005 Rogge in 109 1Shiz1988 Schmitz 71 9Shiz1969 Schmitz 99 0 nRge2005 Rogge in 106 1Shiz1988 Schmitz 91 9Cmz1969 Chmyz 69 4Shiz1969 Schmitz 74 5Shiz1988 Schmitz 95 References tal et 2004) . tal. et tal. et tal. et h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The 2007 tal et tal et tal. et tal. et tal et tal. et 2002 . 2002 . 2002 . 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2002 VOL 12 NO 2 123 rat n Behling and Iriarte 124 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology niomna Archaeology Environmental SA- o eu,R ea168 2180 166587 Beta RS Jesus, Bom RS-AN-3 SP1 o eu,R I831810 1740 813 SI 1655 2344 SI 2345 SI Sa RS Jesus, Bom RS SC-CL Antonio, San RS RS-P-12 Antonio, San RS-S-239 RS-S-328 ieLclt rB a Paecl BP cal. age BP cal BP yr 1520 607 SI RS Sul, do Caxias Ic Locality SC-IC-01 RS-40 Site olndarmsoe udnrs ncharcoal in 1140 rise and sudden a between abundance showed diagram Cambara the pollen in at recorded was highlands pattern similar southern A BP. yr cal. 1440 of expansion the Provenance (Continued) 1 Table 14 1000 and seasonal (1500 BP less yr and cal. 900 carbonised wet and in 1410 became about decline climates a of as and particles expand increase to began the forest in by when pattern particles characterised clear carbonised a regions is there certain Holocene late the practices During agricultural to related transformation Landscape paleoecological clarification and further research. archaeological requires further that through issue of important expansion the Taquara/Itarare encourage what To did 2001/2002). popula- (Schmitz extent sedentary highlands rather the in support tions to would able hunting, been and with have cultigens combined tropical of plants, growing wild the other and of collection combination the nut The in game. increase fruiting an of with its availability several coincided a birds, have of and should including reptiles, diet period humans, mammals, the by of in variety targeted item resources important faunal an also Because are supply. month wood a renewable for and in water half. or stored in a be roasted, soaked and could baskets raw, nuts closed Pine eaten tightly paste. be a into could grounded seeds The 1966). essaoa hnpeiu eid;agigagainst and arguing wetter periods; was previous climate than dramati- the increase seasonal CDS, fires less and the SCG time in the cally by The that humans. by was set first predominantly were and natural hw narp nraei hrolparticles 1530 and charcoal (2850 BP in yr cal. increase 1440 and record abrupt 2980 pollen between SCG an the earlier, shows mentioned As BP). rB)wt usqetdcieascae with associated decline subsequent a with BP) yr C w set ugs htteefie eenot were fires these that suggest aspects Two h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The 14 Araucaria rB) olwdb hr decline. sharp a by followed BP), yr C aa CBt 29 1580 72196 Beta SC ¸ara, oJaum CS 1 1920 811 SI SC Joaquim, õ Araucaria c. re lopoiea accessible an provide also trees 30ad10 a.y P(3950 BP yr cal. 1100 and 4320 2007 Araucaria rusmnplt or manipulate groups ´ oetbgnigaround beginning forest Araucaria oSl hr the where Sul, do ´ VOL 12 a no. Lab n h tropical the and Araucaria NO oeti an is forest Araucaria 2 14 14 Cyr nuts g 4 ag Calendric range 64% age C ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ - 029–132217 1871 2290–2143 1925–1816 40 50 513–631736 1663 1839–1633 1559 1743–1582 1473 85 1655–1462 65 1533–1412 65 60 011–381433 1517–1348 90 to.Nwdt rmsraestsi h lower the in sites surface to dating from under- River poorly Canoas data and New incomplete very stood. is record 4320 period archaeological that around the of Unfortunately, beginning slash-and-burn BP. areas yr practicing cal. lower pre- at were highlands, agriculture groups the of Hispanic habitation permanent Taquara/Itararemore before well of case the in eleva- forest m tropical CDS. 500–800 Atlantic the to slash-and-burn in up and tion, tributaries of major human grew the onset that along forest of the semideciduous the indicator within suggest agriculture strong data a These is (Bush previously not prone occupation had that fire 2798 systems and in been (CDS) BP 4320 yr cal. at occur- (SCG) particles these frequent charcoal and of of abrupt rence magnitude The and increases. frequency charcoal the The was droughts. by second triggered fires natural in increase an unarcluea oe liue oiae by dominated altitudes lower slash-and- at of practice agriculture of the with burn collecting highlands the in the nuts combining economy Taquara/Itarare that in highlands. vegetation while the grassland replaced sites, and low expanded forest at agriculture and-burn that suggests fine pattern Taquara/Itarare This scale. of still regional were a fires presence at that frequent suggests levels, continued BP than yr. cal. the higher pre-4320 much remained but which particles, BP charcoal yr 1000 in research palynological areas. lowland Masi and requires (De archaeological patterns highlands more these of the clarification Further of 2005). colonisation the the of ceded occupation Taquara/Itarare the by that indicate lowland to appear BP) yr hs eod rvd upr o h dathat idea the for support provide records These h hrolrcr logvsspott h idea the to support gives also record charcoal The around charcoal in decline a show records Both epecniudt rcieslash- practice to continued people ´ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ tal et 3Cp n adna2002 Saldanha and Cope 2000 Noelli in Smithsonian 73 54 0 cmt n rcao1972 Brochado 2000 and Noelli Schmitz in Smithsonian 2000 Noelli in Smithsonian 103 1995 Schmitz 80 96 60 4Shiz1969 Schmitz 84 ruspatcdamixed a practiced groups ´ c. 00 Bush 2000; . 50cl rB (2450 BP yr cal. 2540 References rusmyhv pre- have may groups ´ rusetbihda established groups ´ tal et Araucaria Araucaria 2007). . 14 C Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology P(4190 BP Calathea soitdwt uil ae to dated burials recovered with were seeds associated squash and cobs maize surfaces, trhganaayi ouetdtepeec of presence the squash, documented and maize, analysis phytolith the grain Uruguay, In starch south-eastern 1983). of Machado and wetlands (Turner plants of starchy high-consumption a had populations Archaic these 14 (1810 of recovery the to carbonised addition In economy. of prehistoric and Few paucity of use evidence plant a stage. direct is provide to early there data primary very thus, and, a techniques at recovery archaeobotanical is applied systematically Basin have projects of Plata subsistence of La pre-Hispanic study the of The component region. plant the the in agriculture for evidence groups. in these indirect food-production of economy of provides subsistence importance the also the for tools handstones, evidence processing axes, and stone including plant sites, mortars, 2001/ altitudes of low Schmitz in abundance recovered 1999/2000; The Ribeiro 2002). 2005; Masi Kern 2005; De hypothesised Beber (e.g., been authors several has by which forest, semideciduous si olnsqec ntesuhr ato the of part southern the by in plateau sequence pollen ( Assis Maize accumulate. to presence mays Sul beginning earlier do is the cultigens Grande for of Rio evidence locality, New 1971). Jesus (Miller Bom the in cave aa h plcto faporaetcnqe for techniques appropriate of botanical application microfossil The and data. palynological mid- growing light the the of in since consideration region renewed warrants the Holocene of economies subsistence 2007). Iriarte (Behling erpten rm4 dl rnafo the (4200–3000 State), BP from yr Janeiro cal. crania 3200 de and adult 4740 (Rio between site dated 46 Corondo from Preceramic dental of patterns study yams The wear 2001). of (Scheel-Ybert use region de the this time Rio 1400 first and of the ( BP state for 5500 documented c the BP, between of dated mounds coast Brazil, shell Janeiro, southern six the from no along as analysis come Charcoal should SBHs surprise. the in plants domesticated Dioscorea rB) ouetdhg aisrts suggesting rates, caries high documented BP), yr C tti on,oemyakwa steprimary the is what ask may one point, this At h nraigrl fdmsi lnsi the in plants domestic of role increasing The h rsneo hs eaieyerydtsfor dates early relatively these of presence The olnwsrcre tteSa the at recorded was pollen ) 14 rB)a h tteArg oMatematico do Abrigo the at the at BP) yr C tal et 14 uessatn hrl after shortly starting tubers p)i diint amadfuttesin trees fruit and palm to addition in sp.) rB)(Iriarte BP) yr C Araucaria c. 2005). . 90cl rB (1950 BP yr cal. 1960 Phaseolus usi ihuehabitation pithouse in nuts en,and beans, tal et 04 rat 2006b; Iriarte 2004; . c. oFacsode Francisco õ 70cl rBP yr cal. 1740 c. 14 70cl yr cal. 4740 Canna tal et rBP) yr C 1989; . Zea and dpino oetctsadtesra fagricul- of region. the spread in the ture and the domesticates to led of that adoption the mechanisms specific of and economy transition the the in plants Taquara/Itarare wild role and the to domestic related questions of major will answer flotation, to with us tandem allow soils parenchyma in clayey analyses and tissues) and grains, (plant starch acidic phytolith, such including in recovery botanical hnbfr.Eooa ra where areas Ecotonal densities greater before. the at than settle and to permanently them more allowing highlands groups subsistence these the in of role economy major a played have to appears a also region. popula- is the territorial in and centres tions permanent to more ceremonial of addition elaborate reflection in BP. and villages yr cal. pithouse large 900 of around appearance after peaks The more which after BP, a SBHs yr the cal. indicates The of Holocene. occupation dates human late intense radiocarbon the of during region of frequency the advance in the forest with Taquara/Itarare the associated with the strongly coupled of the SBHs that development indicates region the the for from record archaeological cores examination pollen The of environments. their and informed cultural sequences more regional-scale much between out analyses carry comparative to in us allow data SBHs palaeoecological the and archaeological Recent Conclusions eil,San etakMr uhadDolores and Bush Mark in thank held We 52nd Americanists Spain. Rita the of Seville, at by Conference Pascale, America organised de International Gaetano South Quaternary’, and ‘Landscape in Late Scheel-Ybert on impact the symposium human during the and at evolution 2006 Jose by in presented was Iriarte paper this of version earlier An Acknowledgements rhelgcladplnlgclrsac nlowland areas. in more research palynological requires and patterns archaeological these started of clarification altitudes from Further agricul- lower slash-and-burn records at that charcoal ture suggest CDS The and fishing. SCG and hunting, the to of domes- addition in of collection populations use Mounting these increasing by an plants resources. ticated to of points of also diversity terms evidence in and places attractive abundance may particularly converge been grasslands have and forest, semideciduous h el vial resource, available newly The niomna Archaeology Environmental rdto,a ela oexamine to as well as Tradition, ´ Araucaria rat n Behling and Iriarte us te idplants, wild other nuts, c. h xaso fAacraforest Araucaria of expansion The 2007 30cl rBP. yr cal. 4320 Araucaria Araucaria ´Traditionin VOL Araucaria 12 c. forest, seeds, 1410 NO ´ 2 125 rat n Behling and Iriarte 126 Published by Maney Publishing (c) Association of Environmental Archaeology niomna Archaeology Environmental aks .19.Cniinmnoclima Condicionamento 1999. A. Backes, respectively. 5 References and 1 Sea Figures and drafted Rouillard who Mike are to authors The indebted manuscript. also this on of comments version earlier valuable an and constructive for Piperno ee,M .2004. V. M. Beber, ee,M .20.Ossead snaet o rpscrmsa do ceramistas grupos dos asentamento do sistema O 2005. V. M. Beber, eln,H,Buran .G n ee,P .20.Holocene 2001. C. P. Neves, and G. S. Bauermann, H., Behling, uh .B,Mle,M . eOier,P .adClnax .A. P. Colinvaux, and E. P. Oliveira, De C., M. Miller, B., M. Bush, eln,H 95 netgtosit h aepesoeeadHolocene and pleistocene late the into Investigations 1995. H. Behling, is,W . br,JP atn ahrn,E . unr .2000. M. Kutner, L., E. Catharino, Martins J-P, Ybert, M., W. Bissa, G., Mendez-Montealvo, J., F. Garcia-Suarez, A., L. Bello-Perez, rain tropical Quaternary Late 2001. B. R. R. Negrelle, and H. Behling, Quaternary Late 2005. S. Bauermann, and V. Pillar, H., Behling, vegetation, Quaternary Late 2007. V. Pillar, and H. Behling, during grasslands Brazilian Southeast and South 2002. H. Behling, hy,I 97 ao acassbeaaqelgad aed Rio do Vale do arqueologia a sobre parciais Dados 1967. I. Chmyz, D., R. C. Listopad, B., M. Toledo, de R., M. Silman, B., M. Bush, hy,I 98 Considerac 1968. I. Chmyz, eln,H,Pla,V,Orlo V., Pillar, H., Behling, history fire and climate vegetation, Quaternary Late 1997b. H. Behling, history fire and climate vegetation, Quaternary Late 1997a. H. Behling, Bota uat ocupac a durante lnloslbaieo aod Tradic da caso o sul-brasilero: planalto de ouets ruooi oRoGad oSl Brasil Sul, do Grande Rio no Arqueologia Documentos, Sinos, Rio do Brazil. vale Sul, do do Grande Rio Universidade Ph.D.thesis. Unpublished lnloslbaieo aod Tradic da caso o sul-brasilero: planalto otenBrazil. Sa southern the from changes environmental 00 w itre fevrnetlcag n human and Amazonia. change lowland environmental eastern of in histories disturbance Two 2000. itr fvgtto n lmt nSnaCtrn SBrazil). (S Catarina Santa in Archaeobotany climate and History and Vegetation vegetation of history Evoluc of Cordenunsi, seeds and from industry. starch F. of brasilensis M. characterisation and Araucaria Lajolo, Isolation R., 2006. R. J. B. Nascimento, do Oliveira southern in lowland Sul Atlantic the Brazil. from do dynamics climate and Grande forest Rio Western in Sa 133 core the Brazil). of Assis analysis (Southeastern dynamics, multivariate de climate and and charcoal Francisco fire, pollen, by forest, studied gallery (Campos), grassland of management and conservation for implication highland modern Brazilian their southern the on and dynamics fire and biodiversity 631–9. synthesis. a times: Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology, Quaternary Late Paranapanema. from B C. Ser. records Krisel, London. Amazonia: and of in E. districts. occupation P. lake and Oliveira, two De fire C., Holocene Williams, 2007. D., W. 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