DOCSLIB.ORG

Jordan Joining the Gulf Co- Operation Council (GCC), Strategic Regional Re

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jordan Joining the Gulf Co- Operation Council (GCC), Strategic Regional Re 1 Jordan joining the Gulf Co- positions dating back to the rift which operation Council (GCC), strategic divided the Arab world with Iraq's invasion regional re-alignment of Kuwait in 1990, and the "vengeance politics" that followed. As Jordan grew Republished with the kind permission of Dr. Fares closer to the policy positions of Saudi Braizat, Associate Professor of Political Science, and Arabia over the past decade, the likelihood Associate Researcher, heading the Public Opinion of its being able to bridge differences with Program, at the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (Doha Institute, Qatar) other Gulf states improved significantly but still were not sufficient to make the GCC accept Jordanian membership. Instead, it was the spread of revolution across the Arab t was not widely viewed as surprising region that has made it possible for Jordan to that the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)i receive an unequivocal favorable reception. consultative summit announced a I favorable position on Jordan's application to join the GCC. The same cannot be said, Also for Jordan, accession to the GCC is essential for the security and survival of a however, of the GCC's vulnerable country that faces a record simultaneous decision budget deficit, soaring foreign debt, rising to invite Morocco. unemployment, numerous pockets of While it is striking poverty - and remains surrounded understandable, for by bloody instability in Palestine, Syria, and both geopolitical and geographic proximity reasons, for the GCC to accept Jordan's Iraq. The regime also faces a serious threat request to join the grouping, Morocco has from Israel's unstated but unmistakable "transfer policy," which seeks to force as only the geopolitical perspective in its favor. many Palestinians as possible to flee However, geography and geopolitics are not occupation and its associated hardships for the only factors at play here, especially for other countries - mainly neighboring Jordan. the GCC. Accession to the GCC would mitigate some, but not all, of these problems. In Jordan's case, the GCC's invitation to start negotiating accession into the GCC is as For the GCC, Jordan has proved to be a timely for Jordan as it is for the reliable partner in securing the northern organization. Both sides have vested borders of Saudi Arabia, and, by extension, interests in building this partnership. Over contributed to the security goals of other the past 11 years, Jordan has covertly Gulf states, particularly with regard to lobbied the Gulf states and other influential effective control of drug smuggling. Yet countries as part of a campaign to realize even this does not seem to have been a this strategic goal. The ebbs and flows of decisive factor in the GCC decision. Should this process have been affected by regional this factor have been sufficient to convince events and trends, some of which flow from 2011 © 2 GCC to accept Jordan's membership, it accession to the GCC. It is too early to tell would have joined years ago. whether this eventuality will materialize, but also too soon to rule it out. The newly Monarchies across the region have also felt emerging movement of democratic activism the heat of Arab revolutions and found across the Arab world will no doubt remain themselves in a position where they have to vigilant and probably be aggressive in come to the rescue and preservation of one criticizing backtracking by any state, be it a another. Consequently, Saudi Arabia defied monarchy or a republic. This kind of the "advice" of its staunch Western allies, "oversight" could be a major force in the leading other GCC states to stabilize the coming years, particularly since the current monarchy in Bahrain by sending in the reinvigoration of the Pan-Arab democratic "Peninsula Shield" force.ii It also pledged spirit has gained sufficient momentum to $10 billion to Bahrain and an equal amount influence internal political structures in all to another GCC state rocked by protests, states, regardless of their rulers' positions. Oman. This strategic repositioning, largely in response to domestic calls for sweeping On another level, regime similarities that political change, also has led the GCC to Jordan and Morocco already share with the reshape itself as a club for the other GCC states figure to help make the remaining monarchies in the Arab world: inauguration of an enlarged bloc of eight Jordan and Morocco. Both of these countries, a force to reckon with, whether countries, however, have officially begun within the Arab League or vis-à-vis other processes of political reform which have not Arab states which are not monarchies. The yet yielded a change of existing power latter include post-revolution republics structures. Given the history of previous which are likely to make considerable "reform projects", current reform initiatives progress towards functioning democracies. are not expected to produce significant These may be perceived by the monarchies, change in the existing political power. Royal therefore, as "threats by example," a families giving up power, or some of it, to collective challenge with which the GCC elected governments in new member-states members will have to deal for the hardly seems an outcome the GCC would foreseeable future. It is therefore possible like to see happening because the spillover that the two blocs will come to find effects would challenge the very structures themselves locked in a power struggle, which existing members have so closely perhaps even a new Arab cold war between guarded. monarchies of various degrees of liberalism and despotism and republics of varying Critics in Jordan have pointed to the democratic functionality. possibility that political reform might be sacrificed to the potential economic prosperity promised by the kingdom's Views expressed in this article are not necessarily those of SAGE International 2011 © 3 http://english.dohainstitute.org/ *** GCC logo image: http://topnews.ae/images/GCC-LOGO.jpg (Accessed: 17/06/2011) i A political organisation comprising the Arabian Gulf states of: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. Founded in 1981. ii Peninsula Shield is a multinational military force formed from among the GCC states in 1984 to ensure their mutual defence. 2011 © .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Archived Content Information Archivée Dans Le
    Archived Content Information identified as archived on the Web is for reference, research or record-keeping purposes. It has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. Web pages that are archived on the Web are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats on the "Contact Us" page. Information archivée dans le Web Information archivée dans le Web à des fins de consultation, de recherche ou de tenue de documents. Cette dernière n’a aucunement été modifiée ni mise à jour depuis sa date de mise en archive. Les pages archivées dans le Web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s’appliquent aux sites Web du gouvernement du Canada. Conformément à la Politique de communication du gouvernement du Canada, vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange à la page « Contactez-nous ». CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE / COLLÉGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES NSSC 6 / CESN 6 THE STATE OF KUWAIT’S SECURITY POLICY - FACING FUTURE CHALLENGES HEAD-ON - By Colonel Abdullah A. Al-Samdan This paper was written by a student attending the Canadian Forces College in fulfillment of one of the requirements of the Course of Studies. The paper is a scholastic document, and thus contains facts and opinions, which the author alone considered appropriate and correct for the subject. It does not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of any agency, including the Government of Kuwait and Canada and the Kuwaiti Ministry of Defence. This paper may not be released, quoted or copied except with the express permission of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Defence.
    [Show full text]
  • GCC's DEFENSE COOPERATION
    OCTOBER 2014 GCC’s DEFENSE COOPERATION: MOVING TOWARDS UNITY By Brahim Saidy Dr. Brahim Saidy is an Assistant Professor of International Affairs at Qatar University. Before he joined Qatar University, he served as an Adjunct Assistant Professor in International Relations at University of Ottawa and Laval University in Canada. He has also taught at the University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), and the University of Sherbrooke. During the summer of 2014, Dr. Saidy was a visiting scholar at FPRI, during which time he wrote the E-Book GCC’s Unified Military Command: Severe Challenges Ahead. This E-Note is the Executive Summary. For more than 30 years, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has attempted to establish a collective defense regime to protect its six members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This ambition was expressed through a number of initiatives, beginning with the foundation of the Peninsula Shield force in 1982 and culminating in the establishment of a Unified Military Command in 2013. This latter decision represents an important reform and could be considered a crucial step in the evolution of the GCC towards deep regional integration, especially on the military side. A Unified Military Command can benefit from the various weapons systems in the Gulf, and create a new generation of Gulf officers, who take advantage of the broad similarities of the military systems and experiences of the GCC countries. In the light of the historical background of the GCC’s defense cooperation, this article aims to analyze the strategic opportunities that could be generated by the foundation of the unified military command and to explain the political challenges that could hamper the GCC countries’ attempt to evolve towards a real military alliance.
    [Show full text]
  • Rising to Iran's Challenge
    RISING TO IRAN’S CHALLENGE GCC Military Capability and U.S. Security Cooperation Michael Knights Policy Focus 127 | June 2013 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY RISING TO IRAN’S CHALLENGE GCC Military Capability and U.S. Security Cooperation Michael Knights Policy Focus 127 | June 2013 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2013 in the United States of America by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Cover photo: UAE, Italian, Bahraini, and U.S. armed forces sight in on a mock target while performing a Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure demonstration at the Port of Zayed area in Abu Dhabi, UAE, as part of Exercise Leading Edge 13, January 2013. Leading Edge 13 military-to-military engagements are intended to sharpen capabilities among nations in an effort to foster relationships and build regional security. (USMC photo/MSgt. Salvatore Cardella) CONTENTS The Author v Acknowledgments vii Executive Summary ix 1 | Introduction 1 2 | SWOT Analysis of the Gulf Militaries 7 3 | Key Missions for GCC Allies 23 4 | Implications for U.S. Security Cooperation 37 THE AUTHOR MICHAEL KNIGHTS is a Lafer fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, specializing in the military and security affairs of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Yemen, and the Gulf states.
    [Show full text]
  • The Outlook for Arab Gulf Cooperation
    The Outlook for Arab Gulf Cooperation Jeffrey Martini, Becca Wasser, Dalia Dassa Kaye, Daniel Egel, Cordaye Ogletree C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1429 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9307-3 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover image: Mideast Saudi Arabia GCC summit, 2015 (photo by Saudi Arabian Press Agency via AP). Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report explores the factors that bind and divide the six Gulf Coop- eration Council (GCC) states and considers the implications of GCC cohesion for the region over the next ten years.
    [Show full text]
  • From Yemen War to Joint Army? WP Egyptian-Saudi Differences Over Arab Military Cooperation
    Introduction Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Comments From Yemen War to Joint Army? WP Egyptian-Saudi Differences over Arab Military Cooperation Jessica Noll and Stephan Roll S On 25 March 2015 a Saudi-led coalition of Arab states launched air strikes on Yemen to halt the advance of the Houthi movement. A few days later the summit of the Arab League decided to set up a joint Arab army. Nevertheless, the two most important Arab countries support opposing concepts for military cooperation: Egypt proposes institu- tionalised long-term military cooperation to increase its political weight in the region, while Saudi Arabia prefers ad hoc coalitions precisely in order to avoid long-term dependency on other countries, not least Egypt. However, the two events suggest that states in the region are stepping up military cooperation. Germany and the European Union should treat this development with scepticism. Experience shows that such col- laborations tend to exacerbate rather than resolve regional conflicts. At their summit meeting at the Egyptian of the Saudi military operation against the resort of Sharm al-Sheikh on 28 and 29 Houthi movement in Yemen, there is no March 2015, the members of the Arab direct connection between the two events. League agreed to set up joint armed forces. Consequently the Arab League resolution According to the final declaration of the makes no mention of the Yemen conflict. summit, the force should be capable of In fact, the joint army project is an Egyptian rapid intervention to guarantee the national initiative that President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi sovereignty of member states and protect first floated in February 2015 in connection them against territorial threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Intra-Gulf Cooperation Council : Saudi Arabia Effect Nasser Al-Mawali Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman, Oman
    Vol.30 No.3, September 2015, 532~552 Nasser Al-Mawali jei http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2015.30.3.532 Journal of Economic Integration jei Vol.30 No.3, September 2015, 532~552 http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2015.30.3.532 Intra-Gulf Cooperation Council : Saudi Arabia Effect Nasser Al-Mawali Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman, Oman Abstract The main thrust of this study is to investigate the extent to which Saudi Arabia’s economic growth acts as an engine of growth for the Gulf Co-operation Council region. The estimation results of Gulf Cooperation Council for the last three decades suggest that the growth of Saudi Arabia, along with the growth of United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, is positive and statistically significant in explaining the overall growth of the Gulf Cooperation Council region. The main policy implication of these findings is that the positive intra-economic growth of these countries should serve as further motivation for the intra-regional integration of the Gulf Cooperation Council. JEL Classification: F02, F13, F42, F53 Keywords: Economic Growth, GCC, Economic Integration * Corresponding Author: Nasser Al-Mawali; College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman; P.O Box 20, PC 123, Alkhod, Oman; Tel:+968 24141848, Fax: +968 24414043, E-mail: almawali@ squ.edu.om. ⓒ 2015-Center for Economic Integration, Sejong Institution, Sejong University, All Rights Reserved. pISSN: 1225-651X eISSN: 1976-5525 532 Intra-Gulf Cooperation Council: Saudi Arabia Effect jei I. Introduction The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is comprised of six member countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
    [Show full text]
  • Iran and the Persian Gulf
    HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series Symbolic Name Strategies: Iran and the Persian Gulf Vedran Obućina Number 14: March 2015 About the Author Vedran Obućina is a Political scientist at the Society for Mediterranean Studies, Rijeka, Croatia. He is a PhD researcher on topic of Political Symbolism of the Islamic Republic. Disclaimer The views expressed in the HH Sheikh Nasser al- Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the School or of Durham University. These wide ranging Research Working Papers are products of the scholarship under the auspices of the al-Sabah Programme and are disseminated in this early form to encourage debate on the important academic and policy issues of our time. Copyright belongs to the Author(s). Bibliographical references to the HH Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Publication Series should be as follows: Author(s), Paper Title (Durham, UK: al-Sabah Number, date). 2 | P a g e Symbolic Name Strategies: Iran and the Persian Gulf Vedran Obućina INTRODUCTION National and regional identities have always been and still are connected to territory. The sovereignty is largely perceived biased to a territory, although there are some authors who regard territoriality and state autonomy as irrelevant for the sovereignty. Of course, overwhelming number of countries in the world have territory. However, a country does not stem from nature. Rather, it is imaginative formation, and sovereignty cannot be based exclusively on territory, but primarily on imaginative community. The state sovereignty is by far the end result of particular discourse and imaginary.
    [Show full text]
  • KRYLOV-THESIS-2018.Pdf (1.035Mb)
    Copyright by Aleksandr Krylov 2018 The Thesis Committee for Aleksandr Krylov Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Thesis: The GCC Joint Regional Security Effort: Utopia or Possibility? APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Zoltan Barany, Supervisor Ami Pedahzur The GCC Joint Regional Security Effort: Utopia or Possibility? by Aleksandr Krylov Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2018 Abstract The GCC Joint Regional Security Effort: Utopia or Possibility? Aleksandr Krylov, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2018 Supervisor: Zoltan Barany Today, the Gulf Cooperation Council (the GCC) is often praised to be the most successfully integrated economic/political union after the European Union. A considerable number of scholars devoted their works to this union. However, a large part of the analysis overlooks or does not pay enough attention to the fact that historically the GCC’s main purpose was not economic integration but maintaining regional security by means of a joint effort. Since its establishment in the year 1981 the GCC has faced several issues those became “litmus tests” for these efforts’ success. Before studying these issues closely, the thesis quickly analyzes the background of the union, examining the threats which brought it into being and the first patterns of maintaining regional security. Further on, it discusses the main conflicts and contradictions within the GCC, including the recent Qatari conflict. It continues by analyzing the condition of each country’s army (arms, doctrine, and competency) and evaluating the success of the GCC’s joint effort in Yemen.
    [Show full text]
  • NATO and the GCC, Florence Gaub
    ISSN 2239-2122 THE UNEASY BALANCE POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES OF THE WEST’S RELATIONS WITH THE GULF STATES RESEARCH PAPERS IAI Edited by Riccardo Alcaro and Andrea Dessì IAI Research Papers The Uneasy Balance 3RWHQWLDODQG&KDOOHQJHVRIWKH:HVW·V Relations with the Gulf States Edited by Riccardo Alcaro and Andrea Dessì Edizioni Nuova Cultura Acknowledgement This publication has been generously supported by the Compagnia di San Paolo, the ǡ ȋϐ Ȍǡ Rome, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, and Italy’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Series Editor Natalino Ronzitti First published 2013 by Edizioni Nuova Cultura For Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) Via Angelo Brunetti 9 - I-00186 Roma www.iai.it Copyright © 2013 Edizioni Nuova Cultura - Roma ISBN: 9788868120504 Cover: by the author Graphic Composition: by the author The unauthorized reproduction of this book, even partial, carried out by any means, including photocopying, even for internal or didactic use, is prohibited by copyright. Preface In the wake of the Arab uprisings, the member states of the Gulf ȋ ȌȂǡǡǡǡ Ȃ ǡ economic and military involvement in the Arab world. GCC states have, with certain variations, played an important role in the political tran- sformations underway in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Syria while ϐ ϐ monarchies of Morocco and Jordan and decisively coming out against any political change in Bahrain. In parallel to the GCC’s increased role ǡȋȌȋȌ ϐ - ding Arab allies and the economic crisis. In light of these developments, Ǧ as a major dynamic over the past two years. While great potential for cooperation exists and, in some areas, immediate interests do overlap, ϐ West’s necessity to balance its economic and strategic interests in the region with a broader commitment to support the spread of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.
    [Show full text]
  • The Middle East's Evolving Security Landscape
    The Middle East’s Evolving Security Landscape: Prospects for Regional © 2020 FEPS-IAI Cooperation and US Engagement by Daniel Kurtzer and Maira Seeley ABSTRACT ISSN 2610-9603 | ISBN 978-88-9368-130-8 Amid ongoing conflict in the Middle East, collective security arrangements have historically proven elusive. Regional states’ mutual mistrust, the absence of shared perceptions of threats, and competing national interests have contributed to the failure of attempts to create a broad, region-wide security system. In the Gulf, Russia, Iran and the United States have proposed competing mechanisms to foster cooperation, but these proposals have foundered, garnering little support from either Arab Gulf nations or international actors. Longer-term progress towards Gulf security cooperation will remain unlikely unless Saudi–Iranian tensions decrease. This rapprochement would require stronger cooperation between the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council themselves. US efforts to support regional security cooperation should focus on strengthening intra-GCC defence and political relationships, including through confidence-building measures, resolution of the Saudi–Qatari rift and increased interoperability of defence systems, as well as reducing perceptions that a US withdrawal from the region is imminent. US foreign policy | Gulf countries | GCC | Regional integration | Russia | keywords Iran IAI PAPERS 20 | 10 - MAY 2020 20 | 10 - MAY IAI PAPERS The Middle East’s Evolving Security Landscape: Prospects for Regional Cooperation and US Engagement © 2020 FEPS-IAI FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies Rue Montoyer 40 – 1000 Brussels, Belgium T: +32 2 234 69 00 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.feps-europe.eu The Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) is the think tank of the social democratic political family at EU level.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Concerns on Iranian Nuclear Program and Approach Towards Recent Interim Agreement Between Iran and P5+1 M
    Mystic Thoughts: Research Journal of Sufism and Peace Vol. I REGIONAL CONCERNS ON IRANIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM AND APPROACH TOWARDS RECENT INTERIM AGREEMENT BETWEEN IRAN AND P5+1 M. Umair Rafique Abstract: It was unexpected when on the morning of November 24, 2013 Iranian chief negotiator Jawad Zarief tweeted that we have reached an agreement. Soon after his tweet the news spread out to the world observers, analysts and international community welcomed the deal but interestingly the countries from Middle East showed some mix reaction on this agreement which could become an important factor for the future deal between Iran and P5+1. This article is based on an analytical study to understand the causes behind the regional concerns on Iran's nuclear policy and also to identify the effects of recent agreement between world powers and Tehran on the politics of the region. It also tries to examine and evaluate the futuristic approach of important regional players on the issue of nuclear Iran. Keywords: Mujahedeen-e-Khalq, Ba’athist ideology, Gulf Cooperation Council, Peninsula Shield Force, SAVAK, Hamas, Hezbollah, P5+1 Introduction In today's world nuclear technology has been seen as the symbol of innovation and excellence. That’s why more than 430 nuclear power plants are functioning in thirty one states around the globe. Iran initiated its nuclear program under the aspiration of U.S "Atom for peace" program and in 1967 U.S provided a 5 MW research reactor to Tehran. Throughout Shah's era Iran continued to develop its nuclear facilities and it was one of those states who signed the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on its very opening day.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018-2019 Model Arab League BACKGROUND GUIDE JOINT DEFENSE COUNCIL
    2018-2019 Model Arab League BACKGROUND GUIDE JOINT DEFENSE COUNCIL ncusar.org/modelarableague Original draft by Sawsan Selim, Chair of the Joint Defense Council at the 2018-2019 National University Model Arab League, with contributions from the dedicated staff and volunteers at the National Council on U.S. – Arab Relations. Honorable Delegates, Welcome to the 2018-2019 Model Arab League. My name is Sawsan Selim and I am honored to serve as the chair for the Joint Defense Council. I am currently double majoring in Political Science and Journalism at Georgia State University. Coming from an Arab background myself, MAL has been an excellent opportunity to project my passions, hone my skillset to utilize in my professional future, confidently participate in difficult conversations (especially about the Middle East), and overall, become a well-rounded person. This will be my third year engaging with the MAL program and the six MAL conferences that I participated in are where I am drawing the following expectations from: 1. Be prepared and knowledgeable in your topics/ the country you are representing. The months preceding your conference should incorporate rigorous research and practice. Lack of information and last-minute research shows up in your performance. My suggestions are to reach out to professionals well-versed in the topics, write a position paper, and hold regular mock conferences with your fellow teammates. 2. Stay in character and on position. Please be reminded that you are representing the ambassador for your assigned country – you are not representing yourself nor a Eurocentric perspective on the Middle East. Minimize the interactions that your personal biases and opinions have with your performance.
    [Show full text]