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Paper 05; Module 05; E Text (A) Personal Details Paper 05; Module 05; E Text (A) Personal Details Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof. Tutun University of Hyderabad Mukherjee Paper Coordinator Prof. Niladri University of Kalyani, West Chatterjee Bengal. Content Writer/Author Mr. Subham University of Calcutta (CW) Chowdhury Content Reviewer (CR) Prof. Niladri University of Kalyani, West Chatterjee Bengal. Language Editor (LE) Prof. Sharmila University of Kalyani, West Majumdar Bengal. (B) Description of Module Item Description of module Subject Name English Paper name American Literature Module title Nathaniel Howthorne: The Scarlet Letter Module ID MODULE 05 The Scarlet Letter The Author: a few biographical details Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) belonged to a family that descended from the earliest settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Born as Nathaniel Hathorne, he later added a w. As Sarah Bird Wright informs in Critical Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work (2007), his ancestors ‘emigrated to Massachusetts in the early 17th century, settling first in Dorchester, and then moving to Salem. The earliest Hathornes took part in the persecution of Quakers and those thought to be witches.’ A voracious reader, he read as a boy the works of Shakespeare, Milton, John Bunyan and James Thomson. And, Wright informs that ‘[t]he first book he bought as a boy with his own money was Spenser’s The Faerie Queen.’ Wright also tells us that ‘[a]ccording to a library records, he borrowed at least 1,200 works of nonfiction from the Salem Athenaeum.’ In his Bowdoin College days, he made friendship with people like H. W. Longfellow (who would become a poet and Harvard professor), Franklin Pierce (who would become the 14th President of the United States) and Horatio Bridge (who would help Hawthorne in publishing his first collection of short stories). Later, in 1839, Hawthorne also became acquainted with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. In 1845, he got work as a customs surveyor (like the narrator of The Scarlet Letter) for the port of Salem. When the Whigs won in the 1848 election, he lost his job. In 1849, he made acquaintance with Herman Melville who would dedicate his Moby Dick (1851) to him. Hawthorne himself began to write The Scarlet Letter in September 1849 and finished it in February 1850. Plot overview The Scarlet Letter begins with an introductory chapter which reveals how the book came to be written. The narrator used to work in the custom house in Salem, Massachusetts, as the surveyor. In that custom house, he discovered some documents including a manuscript wrapped in a scarlet, gold-embroidered piece of cloth in the shape of ‘A’. The manuscript, the work of a Jonathan Pue, a past surveyor of the custom house, records events that occurred about two hundred years ago. Having lost his job, he decides to write a fictional account of the recorded events. The story is set in the seventeenth century Puritan Boston. Hester Prynne, a young woman charged with adultery, moves from the prison to the scaffold, wearing the letter A that is meant to stand for Adultery. She has a little daughter. Asked to name the father of the child, she refuses. In the crowd, there is an elderly onlooker whom Hester recognizes as her missing husband. From another man in the crowd, her husband gets to know what has happened. He hides his identity by choosing to call himself Roger Chillingworth. John Wilson and the minister of the church, Arthur Dimmesdale, ask Hester to divulge the name of her partner in adultery. She refuses. In the prison, Chillingworth meets her as a physician. Both of them think that they were themselves wrong. However, as Chillingworth asks for the name of her partner, she still refuses. He says that he is going to find it out. He also asks her not to divulge his own identity. After her release from the prison, Hester settles in the periphery of the town and earns some money with her needlework. She lives a secluded life with her daughter, Pearl, who is also growing up. Hester is slightly frightened of her daughter’s unusual behaviour. Church also suggests that Pearl be taken away from her mother. Hester goes to Bellingham’s house, where, in accordance with Hester’s appeal, Dimmesdale persuades Governor to let Pearl remain with her mother. With the deteriorating health of Dimmesdale, Chillingworth arrives for his treatment. Chillingworth begins to suspect that Dimmesdale is suffering from some repressed guilt. Therefore, as Chillingworth suspects that Dimmesdale might be Hester’s partner in adultery, he begins to put him under mental pressure. Tormented by his conscience, Dimmesdale confesses his guilt to Hester and Pearl in that same scaffold where Hester had to stand several years ago. However, he lacks the courage to go for a public confession. Later, Hester informs Dimmesdale of her husband when they meet in the forest. On the Election Day, Dimmesdale delivers his best sermon. But, after that, he confesses his sin on the scaffold and dies in Hester’s arms. Chillingworth also dies, thereafter, leaving Pearl an inheritance. Hester and Pearl leave Boston. But, several years later, Hester returns to her old cottage. After her death, she is buried near Dimmesdale’s grave. Historical novel or (psychological) romance? Wright writes about Hawthorne in general: ‘He focused on the nation’s past, especially the Puritan era. He was also much concerned with the social and psychological aspects of human behavior and undertook the mission of exploring the darker side of humanity.’ The Scarlet Letter is the best example that validates Wright’s point. So, here, we have two issues: the question of novel and romance, together with the question of fact and fiction; and Hawthorne’s characterization. For now, let us focus on the first point. In his preface to The House of the Seven Gables (1851), Hawthorne distinguishes between novel and romance: ‘When a writer calls his work a romance, it need hardly be observed that he wishes to claim certain latitude, both as to its fashion and material, which he would not have felt himself entitled to assume had he professed to be writing a novel. The latter form of composition is presumed to aim at a very minute fidelity, not merely to the possible, but to the probable and ordinary course of man’s experience. The former— while, as a work of art, it must rigidly subject itself to laws, and while it sins unpardonably so far as it may swerve aside from the truth of the human heart—has fairly a right to present that truth under circumstances, to a great extent, of the writer’s own choosing or creation […] He will be wise, no doubt, to make very moderate use of the privileges here stated, and, especially, to mingle the Marvellous rather as a slight, delicate, and evanescent flavor, than as any portion of the actual substance of the dish offered to the public.’ This passage clearly reveals in what sense Hawthorne subtitled The scarlet Letter as ‘A Romance’. As a romance, this text maintains a balance between the natural and the marvellous, the history and fiction. In a paper entitled ‘The New England Sources of The Scarlet Letter’, Charles Ryskamp points out the extent of Hawthorne’s ‘fidelity’ to the historical accounts in Caleb H. Snow’s History of Boston, as well as his points of deviations from it. Ryskamp points out that ‘[a] clear instance of Hawthorne’s borrowing a fact from Snow is in the naming of “Master Brackett, the jailer” […] Few colonial historians mention a jailer in Boston at this time, and if they do, they give his name as Parker. But Snow, alone it would seem, gives this information about Brackett’. Indeed, at one point of time in his book, Snow mentions ‘Richard Parker or Brackett, whose name we find on the colony records as prison keeper so early as 1638.’ Ryskamp further points out that ‘[a]nother example of Hawthorne’s use of Snow is shown in the description of Governor Bellingham’s house.’ Snow, on one occasion, describes an ‘Ancient building’ in the following manner: ‘This […] is perhaps the only wooden building now standing in the city to show what was considered elegance of architecture here, a century and a half ago […] The outside is covered with plastering […] But instead of pebbles, which are generally used at the present day to make a hard surface on the mortar, broken glass was used […] This surface was also variegated with ornamental squares, diamonds and flowers- de-luce.’ And, now, let us just take a look at Hawthorne’s description of Bellingham’s house: ‘This was a large wooden house, built in a fashion of which there are specimens still extant in the streets of our older towns […] the walls being overspread with a kind of stucco, in which fragments of broken glass were plentifully intermixed […] it glittered and sparkled as if diamonds had been flung against it […] It was further decorated with strange and seemingly cabalistic figures and diagrams’. No one can miss the striking similarities between the two descriptions. Ryskamp still points out that ‘Snow is also the only historian who tells the story of Mrs. Sherman’s pig in order to bring out its effect upon the early Massachusetts government. Hawthorne, with his characteristic interest in the unusual fact from the past, refers to this strange incident’: ‘a dispute concerning the right of property in a pig not only caused a fierce and bitter contest in the legislative body of the colony, but resulted in an important modification of the framework itself of the legislature.’ There is also striking similarities between Snow’s account of Mrs.
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