Animerama: La Sensualità Sperimentale Analisi Della Trilogia Cinematografica D'animazione Per Adulti Realizzata Presso La Mushi Production Di Tezuka Osamu

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Animerama: La Sensualità Sperimentale Analisi Della Trilogia Cinematografica D'animazione Per Adulti Realizzata Presso La Mushi Production Di Tezuka Osamu Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Animerama: la sensualità sperimentale Analisi della trilogia cinematografica d'animazione per adulti realizzata presso la Mushi Production di Tezuka Osamu Relatore Ch. Prof. Maria Roberta Novielli Correlatore Ch. Prof. Paola Scrolavezza Laureando Francesca De Cecchi Matricola 826862 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 Un ringraziamento a L.P. e S.B., senza i quali la qui presente tesi non avrebbe avuto basi su cui costruirsi. Ringrazio tutti gli appassionati del mondo che hanno raccolto tante preziose informazioni e le hanno pazientemente organizzate, e soprattutto i creatori di tante stupende storie che inconsapevolmente ho conosciuto da bambina e sono infine confluite in questo lavoro. Sempre siano lodati il genio di Tezuka Osamu, la pazienza di A. – che si è letto tutto in pochi giorni e condivide con me le stupidaggini e le cose serie – , l'innocenza dei miei familiari, la compagnia di V. e degli Altri senza i quali avrei una vita vuota, il silenzio di B. e D. che hanno sempre ascoltato i miei vaneggiamenti nelle lunghe attese per il treno, la compassione di L. che mi ha sostenuto via etere, il signor V. che mi ha fatto lavorare, M. che mi offre una valvola di sfogo e tutti gli amici vecchi e nuovi, vicini e lontani che mi accompagnano ogni giorno. Infine un ringraziamento speciale alla mia relatrice, per merito della quale ho scoperto la bellezza nascosta dei film dimenticati. 3 4 要旨 はじめに 1961年に手塚治虫が設立したアニメーション専門の株式会社虫プロダクションは 「鉄腕アトム」、「ジャングル大帝」、「リボンの騎士」など全国的規模で有名になったアニメー ション製作会社である。子共向けアニメーション以外、手塚は実験作品に興味があるそうだ から、虫プロは短編映画を八つ製作したのである。それゆえ、実験アニメーションを作ることに 憧れる手塚は日本ヘラルド映画の発議で大人向け劇場版の「アニメラマ三部作」を製作す ることにしたのである。それは、山本暎一が監督した1969年の「千夜一夜物語」、19 70年の「クレオパトラ」、1973年の「哀しみのべラドンナ」ということである。「千夜一夜 物語」というのは有名なペルシア語で作成された説話集を下敷きにしたの作品である。しか し、「クレオパトラ」では、地球を守るために、21世紀に生きている三人の地球人が自分の 精神を紀元前50年のエジプトへタイムスリップされ、宇宙人の「クレオパトラ計画」のことを 調べ、クレオパトラ女王の生活について行く。最後に、「哀しみのべラドンンア」という作品では、 中世の女性が夫を助けるために悪魔と契約し魔女と呼ばれ、弾圧された映画である。手塚 は1971年に社長を退任していたにもかかわらず、「哀しみのべラドンナ」という映画が公 開されたあとで、結局、虫プロダクションは倒産したのである。 「アニメラマ」の研究 「アニメラマ三部作」を研究に着手するために、まず、60年代の歴史、そして映画史を 検討することにしたのである。第二次世界大戦後の日本にあった変更と進化にしたがって、 5 映画産業も発展してきた。50年代に、現在の NHK と略した日本放送協会がテレビ放 送を始めたので、映画館の観客は少しずつ減ってきたのである。それで、日本の撮影所では 革新的な映画が製作された。ヤクザ映画とか、アクション映画とか、ピンク映画である。そのピ ンク映画は必ず「アニメラマ」に大きな影響を与えた。確かに、「アニメラマ」は最初のエロチック アニメーションになった。 その映画のプロットを書いた後で、アニメーションの中にある実験の点を記述するこのにした。 例えて言えば、その中で利用した色を求めて、情熱や怒りを表す赤色の重要性が分かるよ うになったのである。その上、特別なシーンを描写するために、パステル画まで使うことに気づ いた。また、舞台のバックに代わり現実にある景色を使用したところもある。 エロチックものであるから、「アニメラマ」は下品な作品になるおそれがあるけれども、結果は 芸術的な官能であった。その映画は登場人物の人生に従って、性交する時もあるに決まっ ているだろう。残念ながら、それは恋する過程だけではなくて、婦女暴行や処罰まで起こる舞 台もあった。さらに、ある主人公、性交は武器として使うことにしたのである。確かに、「アニメ ラマ三部作」は性欲に関するあらゆる店を研究したと思う。 また、三部作でさまざまな作品の引用を見つけた。歴史や有名な小説、漫画、映画に 下敷きにしたイメージだけではなく、実験アニメーションであるから、詳しくて芸術を調べること になった。それは、映画にある特別なシーンの中でいろいろな絵と像を修正し、動かした。例 えば、「クレオパトラ」でラッシュモア山やトレヴィー泉である人々の顔はシーザーを変更し、画 家のドガやドラクロワやピカソなどの絵は活気付いたのである。「哀しみのべラドンンア」ではい ろいろな過去、現在、将来のイメージが起こる。それは、全てのことは歴史から生まれ、未来 につなぐという意味だろう。 そして、独特のサウンドトラックを調べた。主人公は自身の歌詞を持っているので、登場人 6 物の気持ちを記述することができ、作曲家もシーンの感動を立派に伝えることができた。「千 夜一夜物語」と「クレオパトラ」でまだ明るい音楽が聞こえるものの、悲劇的な「哀しみのべラ ドンナ」を通じてサウンドトラックも観客を絶望させた。 最後に、実際の歴史の時間と脚本の時間を比較し、そして歴史的見地からプロットの信 憑性を確かめたあとで、映画にある社会的な問題を示した。それは、上記の婦女暴行はも ちろん、奴隷制度も、拷問も、魔女狩りも、農奴制の状況もあった。その問題は未解決で あるけれども、観客は社会について反省するかもしれない。それのおかげで、「アニメラマ」はエ ロチック映画だけではなく、深いテーマがある作品であるとことが分かる。 「アニメラマ」のスタッフ さらに、虫プロダクションの創設した手塚治虫、また監督の山本暎一、アニメーターの杉井 ギサブロウ、前田庸生、やなせたかし、宮本貞雄、小島功、伊藤主計、深井国、林静一、 千田幸也、それに作曲家の富田勲、音楽監督の田代敦巳、作曲家の佐藤允彦、オーケ ストラの指揮者の横山菁児の伝記と作品リストを追加したのである。 7 8 INDICE INTRODUZIONE.........................................................................................................12 CENNI STORICI..........................................................................................................17 SINOSSI.........................................................................................................................24 Sen’ya ichiya monogatari...........................................................................................24 Kureopatora................................................................................................................28 Kanashimi no beradonna............................................................................................32 ANIMAZIONE E COLORAZIONE...........................................................................37 Sen’ya ichiya monogatari...........................................................................................37 Il colore.................................................................................................................37 L’animazione mista...............................................................................................43 Kureopatora................................................................................................................45 Il colore..................................................................................................................45 L'animazione mista.................................................................................................48 Kanashimi no beradonna............................................................................................48 Il colore e i disegni................................................................................................48 L’animazione.........................................................................................................52 Conclusioni.................................................................................................................56 SESSUALITÀ E SENSUALITÀ NEGLI ANIMERAMA..........................................59 Sen’ya ichiya monogatari...........................................................................................59 Kureopatora................................................................................................................64 Kanashimi no beradonna............................................................................................74 Conclusioni.................................................................................................................85 RICHIAMI LETTERARI, BIBLICI, CINEMATOGRAFICI, DELLA SOCIETÀ .........................................................................................................................................88 Sen’ya ichiya monogari..............................................................................................88 Kureopatora................................................................................................................91 Kanashimi no beradonna..........................................................................................104 Conclusioni...............................................................................................................112 LA COLONNA SONORA..........................................................................................115 Sen’ya ichiya monogatari.........................................................................................115 Kureopatora..............................................................................................................121 Kanashimi no beradonna..........................................................................................129 Conclusioni...............................................................................................................140 IL TEMPO...................................................................................................................142 Sen’ya ichiya monogatari.........................................................................................142 9 Kureopatora..............................................................................................................145 Kanashimi no beradonna..........................................................................................147 Conclusione...............................................................................................................149 LA DIMENSIONE SOCIALE...................................................................................152 Conclusioni..........................................................................................................161 APPENDICE................................................................................................................164 IL REGISTA.............................................................................................................165 ANIMATORI............................................................................................................169 COMPOSITORI.......................................................................................................192 IL FONDATORE......................................................................................................205 STAFF...........................................................................................................................249 BIBLIOGRAFIA.........................................................................................................256 GLOSSARIO...............................................................................................................267 10 11 INTRODUZIONE Dopo la conclusione del suo contratto come animatore presso la Tōei Animation1, Tezuka Osamu (1928-1989), già acclamato da pubblico e critica per le sue opere a fumetti, decise di creare uno studio indipendente per mezzo del quale realizzare le animazioni sperimentali che lo avevano sempre affascinato,
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