MIMBAR, Volume 32, Number 1 (June, 2016), pp. 31-39

The ISIS Movement and The Threat of Religious Radicalism in Indonesia

1 FISHER ZULKARNAIN, 2 TATA SEPTAYUDA PURNAMA

1 Fakultas Dakwah, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, 2 Pusat Integrasi , Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia (UAI), Jakarta email: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected]

Abstract. This the purpose of article is to analyze the movement of of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and its influence in Indonesia. The concept of theocratic state, is often adapted by ISIS movement to create a country based on a system while treating the rigidity of Islamic law. This reseach employes correspondence with former activists of the radical Islamic movement and literature review as data collecting technique. The study finds out there some ideologies of ISIS movement. One of them is (an infidel) others who disagrees with him and kills anyone who opposes religious ideology. Although ISIS is resistant from the Muslim majority, it still appeal tacit sympathy from jihadist groups in Indonesia. One evidence of the support in Indonesian Muslim community, can be viewed the access on the ISIS website until now. Keywords: islamic state, radicalism, terrorism

Introduction The second stream, argued that the Prophet Muhammad is only a Messenger of God with According to the radicals and the sole task to bring people back to glorious fundamentalists, also the common of Moslem, life. The Prophet never aimed at setting up the goverment and heads of state. The leading something that does not appropriate and figures of the second stream is Taha Husain violate the Law of God is contradicted with and Ali Abd al-Raziq. the teaching of Islam. Those opinion is The third stream, is of the opinion that in Islam relevant to the Islamic and more of its there is no constitutional system, but there are set the value of ethics for the life of state. suitable with the democracy which being more Prominent figures of this genre is Mohammad trending in many countries (Hendropriyono, Husayn Haykal, an author of the famous book 2009: 166). In this context the radicals titled, Hayatu Muhammad fi manzil al-Wahyi. and fundamentalists dream to fight for the caliphate and they refered to what has The concept of a theocratic state, such been done in the era of the Prophet and his as referring to the first stream above, often companions (al-Khulafa al-Rasyidin). adapted by radical Islamic movements such Regarding the intersection of the as ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) to relationship between Islam and the state, create a country that is based on a system Sjadzali (1996: 2) notes, there are at least of Caliphate while treating the rigidity of three views (streams) of Muslims in this Islamic law. regard: In Indonesia, Poespoprodjo (1992) The first stream of the opinion that the state conducted a study on the state ideology of of Muslims should return to the constitutional Islam that includes the background of how system of Islam which has been implemented by the Prophet Muhammad and al-Khilafat al- Islam became a state ideology, doctrines Rosyidah. The prominent figures of this genre developed in Islamic countries, as well as is Shaykh Hasan al-Bana, , Sheikh systems and practices of development of the Muhammad , and Maulana Abu A’la ideology of an Islamic state. al-Maududi.

Received: October 12, 2015, Revision: March 16, 2016, Accepted: June 20, 2016 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. Copyright@2016. Published by Pusat Penerbitan Universitas (P2U) LPPM Unisba Accredited by Kemenristekdikti, No.040/P/2014, valid 18-02-2014 until 18-02-2019

31 Fisher ZULkar, et al. The Isis Movement and The Threat of Religious Radicalism In Indonesia

The results of study, the basic concept allied with various different factions in Syria, of establishing Islamic state, among others, and sometimes change their loyalty when the that the Moslems must reside in the area of groups merge, dissolve or alter the alliance Islam (Dar al-Islam), while those who reject (Muhammad, 2014: 58) Islam are in the area of war (Dar al-Harb) ISIS supported by two forces, (Sunarko, 2006: 15). namely the fanatical foreign fighters from This means that countries or territories Europe and Asia, and the powers that be outside the Dar al-Islam is not-Islamic country in Iraq that insurgents were born of the and therefore they are the potensial enemies Ba’ath party of Saddam Hussein. Southeast (Dar al-Harb). Normaly in the system of Asian governments are concerned with the Islamic State is led by an imam or caliph, development of ISIS is because they do called Amir al-Mu’minin (warlord of the recruitment of members to be sent to Syria believers). However, in practice, the such and Iraq by calling the call for (Hashim, radical ISIS meet with people other than their 2015). The reason they were dispatched Islam faction, they regard it as an enemy and to Iraq and Syria because it was inspired must be fought. insurgency against the Soviets in Afghanistan in which the Asians involved helping the In terms of ideology ISIS known for Taliban against the Soviet Union to win the having a harsh interpretation or commentary opposition period 1980-1988. on Islam and brutal violence like suicide bombings. The attack target of ISIS are also They were returned to their respective directed against the community Shia and countries feel proud to beat the Soviet Union Christians. so that along the way they helped al-Qaeda to attack the United States in the form of In June 2014, the insurgents have killed terrorism that destroyed the World Trade thousands of people. Even the United Nations Center as a symbol of the capitalist and the (UN) said more than 2,400 Iraqis dead and the Pentagon as a symbol of defense of the United majority of them are civilians. The death toll States on 11 September 2001 (Hashim: is the worst of the violence in Iraq in recent 2015). years. Their actions have led to no fewer than 30,000 residents of a small town in eastern Nevertheless, in Indonesia such as Syria to be evacuated (BBC, 2014). is militant movement led by Abdullah Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba’asyir The last three years ISIS movements often clone the movement of al-Qaeda in that occurred in the Middle East shocking the waging jihad against of the system prevailing world that impacts so strongly felt throughout in Indonesia to establish Islamic Sharia. the country, especially in predominantly Muslim Ba’asyir argued that Islamic Sharia can countries such as Indonesia. Indonesian Vice not be bargained and compromised in any President Jusuf Kalla in a press release even form. Although in this case the application of mentions the existence of radical movements Islamic Sharia, particularly in Indonesia could ISIS could arise in a weak state sovereignty, lead to the breaking of unity and oneness ideologically and economically. Its presence (Zulkarnain, 2008: 61). causes danger and fear of international (Pikiran Rakyat, March 24, 2015). Jemaah Islamiyah does not restrict movement only in Indonesia, but also spread ISIS often promote religious violence to Southeast Asean. In Indonesia, radicalism and considers those who disagree with his are indicated by two bombings in Bali (2002) interpretation as infidels and apostates. that killed more than 200 people and 88 of Simultaneously, ISIS aims to establish an them Australians, followed by the second Islamic state and oriented in Iraq, Syria and Bali bombing, following the bombing of the other parts of Syria. Based on data reported Australian embassy in Jakarta, JW Marriot by Pew Reasearch Center (2014) about Hotel in Jakarta (2003), and the last violence 11,000 people from 25 countries in the world of terrorism in the area shopping center have come to Syria to fight against the regime Sarinah Thamrin Jakarta (2016). For the of Syrian President, Bashar Al-Assad, then latter case, although they differ in the affiliate joined to the body of ISIS. organization, but in terms of the genealogy Based on that data, the biggest of this movement have emotional attachment contributor ISIS members are Tunisia (3000), with other radical movements. Saudi Arabia (2,500), Morocco (1500), Russia Some observers argue that the violence (800), France (700). Originally they were

32 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Volume 32, Number 1 (June, 2016), pp. 31-39 perpetrated by ISIS has now move to (d. 1765), was waging jihad against Muslims Southeast Asia. This makes a threat in are perceived to have deviated from the Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, pure of Islamic teachings; which according Malaysia, and Thailand (Hashim, 2015). to many practicingbid’ah, khurafat, takhayul (heresy, superstition and the like). Wahhabi According to Hashim, bilateral and fundamentalism not only purify monotheism, multilateral relations between Indonesia but also bloodshed and looting of Mecca and and countries in Southeast Asia needs to Medina, which followed the destruction of be improved to prevent ISIS presence in historical monuments, which they see as the region. However, long before the rise of abusive practices. radicalism occured, in fact the Indonesian government has issued bill Number 15 Year As revealed by Jamhari and Jahroni 2003 concerning the Crime of Terrorism. Due (2004: 6-7) mentioned that there are five to prevention of prosecution, and prevention characteristics that can be identified as of terrorism has become a global action that radical Islamic groups; (1) They are still often crosses the boundaries of a country including shows the mentality of physical violence, (2) Indonesia (Setiadi, 2010: 231). Enforcement of Islamic law are also often pursued with violence, (3) There is a tendency The Movement of Islamic Radicalism to take the fight against the government following its systems are well established but The term of radical is quite long to be are not considered valid, (4) the Spirit uphold named to the Islamic group. At first usage religion as the supreme symbol of the true of the term to indicate the movements in faith of God in the world by way of jihad itself Egypt who perform various acts of violence, and placing as honor, (5) with experiance of such as Jamaat Takfir wa al-Hijra, Hezbollah, witnessing the clashes between Islam and and the Jama’at al-Jihad. Therefore most Christianity is still strong in some areas, of the observer linking radical Islamic Muslim-Christian relations have significantly movement with fundamentalism which in affect the perception of radical Islamic groups. earlier times is precisely the term is more popular (Muhammad, 2013: 62). The noted there are some groups that have emerged since the Compared with movement or other period of Ali ibn Abi Talib and well known as thought in Islam, radical Islam came later. It is the embryo of radical stream, the Kharijites, a new phenomenon which confirms the pattern the Mu’tazilites and Shi’ites they argued and and practice of Islam understanding and advocated against other parties who disagree different from the others. If thoughts and other with their thought (Maarif, 2010). movements have certain characteristics, then radical Islam also has its own characteristics. It should be an affirmation that religious These characteristics are not obtained from radicalism is not a mere phenomenon of an empty place, but creating on certain Islam, but religious phenomena in general. conditions and situations. So it is possible to Islam, Jew, Protestant, Catholic, Hindu as well understand radical Islam can not be released as Buddha have the phenomenon of radicalism from the understanding of circumstances in their community. Even the Buddha by many surrounding it. considered far from violent behavior, it is now also linked to radicalism as we witness the Radical movements and the early ethnic Rohingya in Burma. In global discourse, pre-modern Islamic fundamentalists, which religious radicalism inherent and popular with then became the prototype many Islamic Islam after the 11 September 2001 tragedy. fundamentalist movement appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, under the leadership Genealogy of ISIS of Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703- 1792). Much influenced by the ideas of Ibn It can be said that this century’s greatest Taymiyya and obtain a renewal of education humanitarian crisis unfolds in the expanse of among the reformist cleric in Haramayn, the earth Sham, especially Iraq and Syria. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab being Islamic reformism The name “Sham” is commonly found in many to the extremism, such as radical Islamic Arabic literature before the Ottoman Empire, fundamentalism. or that is also commonly known before the collapse of Empire Utsmaniyah. Even in It is also mentioned (Azra, 1999: 112), some of the history of Islam, the Prophet Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in cooperation with the Muhammad and his companions had to trade heads of local tribes in the Nejd, Ibn Sa’ud in the oldest country’s.

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Based on the stories and circulating sect, actually has a moderate political stance. there naming drawn from “Sham” or “Shem”, Political views Shi’ites in Syria different the older brother of Ham and Yefit, they are political views Shiites in Iran that followed the three children of Noah As. Sham choose to school of Ithna Ash’arite (Attamimy, 2009: live in the Damascus region (now) post the 44). With the support of Hezbollah in Lebanon, greatest flood Noah. At that time, Sham the power of Bashar al-Assad becomes great covering the Palestinian territories, Jordan, in the face of the challenges of ISIS. Lebanon, and Syrian (Muhammad, 2014: ix). ISIS declared the establishment of the In Arabic language, ISIS stands as Ad- Caliphate in the effort of Islamic State across Daulah Islamiyah fi al-Iraq wa ash-Sham, the territory from Iraq to Syria into a single which means the Islamic State in Iraq and caliphate. The region intended stretches of Syria. At the initial appearance, ISIS is a Aleppo in northern Syria to eastern Iraq. jihadist movement as a fragmented from al- Through its website and Twitter, that in this Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. He claimed caliphate all aspects of life will be governed himself as a movement of Ahl al-Sunnah wa in accordance with Islamic Sharia. This al-Jama’ah. According to the Syrian Network organization has appointed Abu Bakr al- for Human Rights (2014), also known as Baghdadi as the leader of the Caliph. ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), ISIS and al-Qaeda is an organization which confirms the territory coverage includes that has the same root, namely the radical Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Cyprus, and militant. At the beginning of its formation, and Turkey in the south. al-Qaeda is in the US and the West. But with Before being named ISIS, the group the passage of time and changes in global has a number of different alliance since it was geopolitics, al-Qaeda and ISIS actually formed in 1999-2004 asJama’at al-Tawhid wa makes the US and the West as an enemy al-Jihad. In October 2004, the group’s leader, (far enemy). Meanwhile, the close enemy Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi declared his loyalty to (near enemy) they are the ruling regime Osama bin Laden and changed his name to backed by the West, such as the rule of Syrian Tandzim Qa’idat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, President Bashar al-Assad and Prime Minister which was later shortened to al-Qaeda in of Iraq, Nouri al-Maliki. In addition, anyone Iraq (AQI). Even though this organization has who gets in their jihad struggle, both among never explicitly calls itself al Qaeda, but the Muslims and especially non-Muslims as a Jew, international community already associate Zoroastrian and Christian will be destroyed with a group of al- Qaeda. In January (Hilmy, 2014). 2006, this organization joined an umbrella The question is, what kind of ideology organization called the Mujahideen that led to violence are often affiliated to the Council (Zelin, 2014). Using the methods of group al-Qaeda, ISIS and the like? In any violence, including suicide bombings, caused radicalism and terrorism should be understood a split between ISIS with other Sunni groups that there are three important elements as in 2008. See the following table: mentioned Misrawi (2009: xviii) below; First, the ism and the ideology of terrorism. Table 1 This ideology in first place because someone Metamorfosa ISIS Group is not likely to commit violence without strong ideology. The ideology of religious schools most of their actions are identical to . GROUP NAME YEAR Moreover, their supreme leader, Osama bin Jamaat al-Tauhid wal Jihad 1999-2004 Laden grew up in the middle of this religious (JTWJ) ideology. Al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI) 2004-2006 Second, movements and networks that develop religious schools that can give birth to the Majelis Syura al-Mujahidin 2006 terrorists, or those who have the courage and (MSM) confidence to take action radicalism. So far Islamis State of Iraq (ISI) 2006-2013 there are several religious movements in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syam Islamic world who have a tendency to resort 2013-Now to violence. (ISIS) However, the most prominent is the al-Qaeda international network, which is based in Regionally, the born of ISIS can not Afghanistan, a country located in the region be separated from the conflict ideological of Central Asia. They assume that the enemies of Sunni vs Shiite that has been occured for of Islam are not only among the Muslims themselves, but also Western intervention decades and even hundreds of years (Ali, that often strict the freedom of Muslims, even 335: 2014). Shi’ites in Syria, was the Alawite

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causing them to crash immortal. They usually obey him. Baghdadi has appointed advisers, refer to the issue of Palestine, Iraq, and ministers and military commanders to run the Afghanistan. Some of the acts of terrorism in Caliphate. ISIS movement hierarchy run by the country have been using these reasons to legitimize their actions. commanders, with the responsibility of each Third, the acts of terrorism. If the first and particular region. second is a process that penetrate terrorism, the latter being a terrorist execution. As Under Baghdadi there are two deputies, usual, it is not easy to find the “bride” (the one for the Syrian territory and other regions term offender) who have the courage to act terrorism. They are the people that special of Iraq. It also has advisors, staff and a forged through brainwashing and active number of cabinet ministers, who have the involvement in movements that have a duty and authority of each. There is also the tendency to match the actions of religious minister responsible for seeking jihad fighters radicalism and terrorism. or a cadre of foreign nationals. ISIS also has a “war office” special technical managing Despite coming from the same root, logistics and war. Baghdadi has shown himself the ideology of al-Qaeda has a highlight willing to delegate responsibility and relying difference with ISIS. The emergence of ISIS on the skills of his subordinates. greatly trigger by the dispute of Sunni-Shiite Many of his followers who had served sectarian in Syria and Iraq, their internal as a military officer in the Saddam Hussein hostility towards fellow Muslims far more era. Military expertise is reflected at all radical than even al-Qaeda. levels of ISIS war machine. As written in The Look how proud they massacred Shiites Clarion Project, Special Report The Islamic who were detained in Mosul and elsewhere. State (2014), there are approximately 1,000 Therefore, different from al-Qaeda more top-level commanders. Their salaries range rhetoric and their anger to American and the between $300-$2000/month, depending on West, ISIS is now actually considers jihad the work they do. On the level underneath, and their aim to liberate themselves from each province has its own governor who is colonial rule after the collapse of Saddam’s responsible for the administration of the area. regime in 2003. ISIS spent great energy to build state Therefore, to understand the ISIS institutions and infrastructure in addition to ideology on two levels, the first ISIS as well their military campaign. In order to govern as al-Qaeda is a Jihadi-. At and control their territory, ISIS also provides the second level, the ideological orientation services to the community. Last year, since of ISIS separate from al-Qaeda today conquered Syria in the north-eastern city of (Bunzel, 2015: 7). At this point the striking Raqqa, ISIS has established goverment as difference between the two is, al-Qaeda as de facto. an organization that is targeted to those who ISIS set up a special central agency that have a deep commitment, while ISIS is an oversees the various activities of the State organization that wants to rule a country. related to public services. The department is Thus, while fellow variant of the Jihadi- named Al Idaaroh Al Islaamiyyah lil Khidmati Salafi al-Qaeda more targets of interest and al ‘ Aammah (Islamic Administration for facilities enemies far away as America and Public Service), to be headed by a Director its allies, while ISIS is declared a war against named Abu Jihad ash-Shami.Al-Islamiyya Al- the nearest enemy first, be it Shia, traditional Idaaroh office provides all the basic services Muslims and Sufis that they consider pure for citizens and other common needs such enough become Muslim, and Christians and as water, electricity, flour (groceries), public the local religion. facilities maintenance, environmental hygiene communication lines, to public transportation. ISIS Organizational Structure In the provision of electricity and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of communication channels, Al-Idaaroh Al- ISIS and has declared himself caliph. Originally Islamiyya released a list of electricity tariffs to he rarely appeared in public, because of the maximum extent and internet rates at a concerns over security issues. Immediately low price. Al-Idaaroh Al-Islamiyya had worked after the declaration of the caliphate on in almost all corners of the country, especially the first Friday of Ramadan in 2013, he northern Syria that became the basis of the addressed a speech at a historic mosque strongest Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. in Mosul Al Nouri and urged all Muslims to Among services which run in the society

Accredited by Kemenristek Dikti, No.040/P/2014, Valid 18-02-2014 until 18-02-2019 35 Fisher ZULkar, et al. The Isis Movement and The Threat of Religious Radicalism In Indonesia is health field, Education and Public Order. In is to consolidate the areas that have been almost territory it controlled, but the most controlled in the territory of Syria and Iraq. entrenched is in Raqqa. They are very aware One of the tactics practiced in the central that to establish the state must get approval region it is to strick all of Iraq’s sectarian war from the people. Especially based on practice between Sunnis and Shiites, by the way they Islamic Sharia. Law gender enforcement, are trying to slaughter the civilian population such as women must wear a burqa (veil) in Shiite anytime and anywhere. Most of this the public area. methodology is used because of their views on the Shia are considered heretics worthy of Religious police, which is called hisbah, death. This tactic also cause the retaliation always patrolling the streets to ensure that from Shiite militias, prompting Sunnis to sharia law is being enforced. Including embrace ISIS. checking the circulation of alcohol, tobacco and drugs are prohibited. Penalties for ISIS medium-term goal is to consolidate violations Islamic sharia can whip, amputation and expand the powers of its territory in and the death penalty. In Indonesia, sharia Iraq and Syria as well as penetration into police force in the province of Nanggroe Aceh neighboring countries are majority Sunni. It Darussalam (NAD) as wilayatul hisbah when seems that Saudi Arabia and Jordan will be the area apply Islamic Sharia. the next target for militia forces ISIS. Both countries have a large population of young Financial Support people and both authoritarian monarchy. This method is considered to promote ISIS All the activities of ISIS would require movement through a practical approach. considerable cost. And ISIS is now the Namely the consolidation of the close region world’s richest terrorist organization. In fact, then to build, to manage, and defends the according to a report in The Clarion Project power. Ultimately, in the long-term phase, the (2014) their income mainly from smuggling group is determined to dominate the total of oil (at least $ 1 million/day), with extortion, the world’s population. kidnapping, and local taxes. ISIS movement also gained financial support from donations The Ideology of Takfir of rich people in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to fight and overthrow President Bashar al-Asad ISIS is the main ideology of takfir to (Deutsche Welle, 2014). being others kafir (infidels) who disagree with him and kill anyone who opposes religious Of course, this phenomenon being ideology. Takfir ideology is reminiscent of a combined force that is very powerful; a radical Islamic movement in Egypt called weapons or militarism, ideology, oil wealth, Jama’at al-Takfir wa al-Hijra standing early and violence. ISIS then so be it, as now, 1970s by Shukri Mustafa as well as formulators expansion and military control over some ideology. There are several principles of this important areas in certain regions. One by group’s ideology among other things, states one, the key cities in Iraq fell into the hands that the only way to establishment of Islamic of ISIS, such as Fallujah, Tikrit and Mosul, the State is under the provisions of the Prophet second largest city after Baghdad. of Islam. In Indonesia, the Center for Financial There is no reason to reject the hijrah, Transaction Reporting and Analysis (PPATK) because of the death of infidels and defeat find a modus flow of funds to community their countries can not happen when people organizations or individuals supporting ISIS who believe they live in their midst. Thus, all in Indonesia. The fund, for example, used to the groups that are not one’s views with those recruit supporters and sends them to Iraq considered infidels who must be fought. That and Syria as well as for the further spread is why the group Jama’at al-Takfir wa al-Hijra of ISIS. Mode of funding streams that have responsible for the assassination of President been detected in the form of the flow of funds Anwar Sadat in 1981 (Rumadi, 2006: 49). from abroad and business activities. So far , already detected the flow of funds from In line with the ideology of Jama’at al- Australia and countries in the Middle East that Takfir wa al-Hijra, an ideology that carried reached seven billion rupiah (Koran Tempo, ISIS is an ultra-puritan. ISIS has destroyed March 25, 2015 ). many mosques in the area they occupied. They believe that mosques have become a Gradually ISIS has short-term goals, place of worship that is deemed idolatrous medium and long term. Short-term goal or contrary to monotheism aqidah. In fact,

36 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Volume 32, Number 1 (June, 2016), pp. 31-39 they intend to expand to the rest of the group, for example, the Indonesian Mujahidin Islamic world and destroy buildings Kaaba East, NII Banten, Laskar Jundullah, and Al- in Mecca because they think has to function Muhajiroun. as the center of worship of polytheism ISIS ideology of Indonesia can not be (Purwawidada, 2014: 104). separated from ideology -based ISIS in Syria The followers of ISIS indeed claim to be and Iraq. Center of ISIS Indonesia refers adherents of Sunnism. Even so, they profess to the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Sunnism which obviously do not represent While the spiritual leader of ISIS Indonesia, Sunni ideology in general, because there Aman Abdurrahman stated in his blog: are many differences between the two is www.millahibrahim.wordpress.com that the striking. Violence and ideological extremism statement of allegiance to the Caliph Al- is the most visible marker of the differences Baghdadi became mandatory for Mujahideen. that exist. One of the partner organizations ISIS Most adherents of the ideology of called Jabhat al-Nusrah has its own appeal Sunni prefer moderatisme ideology, then for volunteers Indonesia to join ISIS. But the followers of ISIS believes and acts very according to Ali (2014) the volunteers must radical, even brutal, especially in the case show the ideological and organizational of violence against those who have different affiliation with one of the Jemaah Islamiyah beliefs. As can be seen through the medium (JI), Jamaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT), and of YouTube, how followers of ISIS executing Jamaat Tawhid wal Jihad. If a volunteer is political opponents classified as cruel and not able to show a relationship with one of barbaric, and by massive shooting at close the three organizations, the question can range, though in this way may also be a not join Jabhat al-Nusrah to jihad, but with retaliation of what is done by the radical Shiite other organizations as an ordinary human group against them (Hilmy, 2014). volunteers (Ali, 2014: 339). The facts above indicates that one of The Threat of Radicalism the embryo of sympathizers and supporters in Indonesia of ISIS movement in Indonesia is Jemaah Like a plant, radicalism and terrorist Anshorut Tauhid (JAT) leader Abu Bakar threat in Indonesia, has emerged as a plant Ba’asyir (Hilmy, 2014: 418). JAT’s involvement that thrives. One broken and will appear. in the development of ISIS in Indonesia After Azahari was shot dead, emerged can be seen in oath 23 inmates in prisons Noordin M. Top. After Noordin M. Top was reclaiming terrorism cases by the supreme killed in a shootout in Solo, right now there leader of JAT, Bashir, to support the struggle are indications of potential perpetrators of of ISIS. The police finally arrested a number religious radicalism affiliated to ISIS. There of activists JAT in a number of areas in Bekasi is no guarantee radicalism will be stopped. (West Java), Sukoharjo (Central Java), Ngawi Therefore, terrorism and radicalism is not and Surabaya in East Java Kompas,( August an issue related to the perpetrators, but 9, 2014). theological ideology. ISIS sympathizers movement in Its mean, the culprit could be arrested Indonesia, including East Mujahidin Indonesia and even killed, but his conviction is not easy (MIT), based in Poso. Although the declaration to conquer. History has proven, age -long ISIS Indonesia led by Abu Muhammad al- belief in the age of the religion itself. This was Indonesi alias Bahrumsyah, as published in seen at the time of the Prophet Muhammad various media, but the network JI and DI in there are groups of devout, but likes to carry various regions in Indonesia also play a crucial out violence an action as done by the Khawarij role. Santoso led Mujahideen guerrillas in (Misrawi 2009: viii). eastern Indonesia through the bush around Poso by utilizing post-conflict Poso community According to Rohan Gunaratna (The which tend to protect the Mujahideen because Jakarta Post, 2015), a terrorist expert from the they are considered assisting and maintaining Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Poso Muslim from the Christian militia attack. there are 19 community organizations in Indonesia, which became ISIS network. But East Indonesia Mujahideen jihadist the police recorded only eight organizations movement sustains center in Java, especially that actively support the ISIS and is a splinter Central Java, among others Solo barometer of JI and the Islamic State of Indonesia. This Jihad Indonesia, where the establishment

Accredited by Kemenristek Dikti, No.040/P/2014, Valid 18-02-2014 until 18-02-2019 37 Fisher ZULkar, et al. The Isis Movement and The Threat of Religious Radicalism In Indonesia of al Mukmin Ngruki and the the radical Islamic movement activists, the rise of radical Islamic fighters like Abdullah book became an inspirational reading for Sungkar and Abu Bakar Ba’syir. Report of the him in doing acts of conception of jihad. He International Crisis Group wrote Sidney Jones said Indonesia should be governed by Islamic (2005), noted how the alumni of Pesantren Sharia, and therefore the system of Indonesia Ngruki alias Ngruki Network is very influential is still relatively thoghut (under the ruler in the Jihad movement in Indonesia, especially despotic) to be combated. Respondents also spawned radical communities and develop disagreed with the government in the form extreme jihadist movements. of de-radicalization projects that are often addressed to him. After the birth of ISIS, Sidney Jones calls Lamongan Network, as alumni of Conclusions al-Islam Lamongan, which gave a strong influence in the ISIS jihad movement. But in Already many Indonesian citizens who de-radicalization programs undertaken by the pledged themselves that they have joined the government, an argument that says Sidney group ISIS they even invite other Indonesian Jones al-Islam has a strong influence in the citizens willing to join him. Controversy ISIS ISIS network is currently in doubt. Several organization’s existence ever appeared after alumni of the elite and the driving is a senior the release of a video on YouTube showing al-Islam, but long enough not to give effect him speaking Indonesia invited to join ISIS. directly to the boarding. Their recruitment targets are a group According to Hendropriyono (2009: of teenagers who are psychologically still 362) development of global terrorism that in transition. The next group is the layman is based on religious ideology as a reaction who since childhood education is not deeply against neoliberal capitalism with the power religious. When they met with the jihadists, of his voice (hard power), is a threat to the they feel reborn into a Muslim. With the resilience of the Indonesian nation ideology. remnants of his age, they want to repent Because Indonesia already has its own (hijrah) from their past dark by means of ideology in the form of Pancasila, which by jihad (qital) in Allah’s way. This group seeks some parties actually deconstructed in order to expand its influence in Indonesia through not to be ideological resilience of the nation. a secret study groups. This is evident from several prominent Evidence of support for a number provocation Jama’ah Islamiyah (JI) as of Indonesian Muslim community against Abdullah Sungkar, JI first leader, who said that ISIS can also be seen from the rise of the Pancasila is doctrines poisoning the minds of installation drawings, murals, posters, and the youth of Islam Indonesia (Hendropriyono, flags ISIS as well as the emergence of 2009). Meanwhile, Abu Bakar Ba’asyir, support for ISIS website. Until this article former leader of the Majelis Mujahidin was written on October 5, 2015 ISIS support Indonesia (MMI), accused of Pancasila as the websites in Indonesia which is located in www. engineering part of the Christians/Catholics to shoutussalam.org still accessible. destroy Islamic institutions in Indonesia (Abu This article recommends that religious- Bakar Ba’asyir, 2006:6). based violence such as terrorism and radicalism The other group is the Banten Ring is already regulated in Law No. 15/2003 on contribute to map radicalism in Indonesia. Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism. But the Several suicide bombings since the 2002 ability of state institutions such as BNPT and Bali is supplied from the Banten group. Is police still need improvement in implementing Imam Samudra, strong jihadist icon, which its policies. The most obvious deficiency for represents Banten in the Jihad movement example the gap between policy theory with in the post-New Order Indonesia. Two books practice in the field such as the frequent Imam Samudra who is still a major grip jihad occurrence of wrongful arrest in addition is Aku Melawan Teroris! (al-Jazera, 2004), to other problems such as lack of human and Jika masih ada yang mempertanyakan resources in the field of de-radicalization. Jihadku: Sebuah Catatan Terakhir dari Nusakambangan (Kafilah Syuhada, 2009) is proof of commitment of this group to influence References the action of radicalism in Indonesia. Ali, Asad Said. (2014).Al-Qaeda: Tinjauan Based on respondents’ recognition of Sosial-Politik, Ideologi, dan Sepak

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