Universidad Nacional De La Plata Facultad De Ciencias

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Universidad Nacional De La Plata Facultad De Ciencias UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Y MUSEO CARRERA DE DOCTORADO Trabajo de Tesis presentado para obtener el título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Crecimiento y desarrollo de los componentes musculares y óseos asociados a la locomoción durante la vida postnatal de Rhea americana (Aves: Palaeognathae) Doctorando: Lic. Mariana B. J. Picasso Directora: Dra. Claudia P. Tambussi 2010 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer a m i direc tora, Claudia Tambussi po r h aber confiado en mi para desarrollar este tema, por su constante dedicación, apoyo y estímulo como directora y por ser una gran persona más allá de la incumbencia profesional. A Javier Gelfo p or s u amor, empuje y apoyo, sin e l cu al nu nca hubiera p odido lle var adelante este proyecto. A Dino (Federico Degrange) por su amistad, entusiasmo y ganas en la dificultosa tarea de ayudarme a diseccionar las aves adultas. A Clelia por su amistad, su aguante y sus ricos mates. A mi amiga Cecilia Morgan y a Guillermo Cassini por la ayuda en cuestiones estadísticas. A mi familia: mi mamá María Marta, mi hermana María Marta y mis tíos María Mercedes y Juan Carlos que siempre se preocuparon y estuvieron presentes. A mis amigas: Gabriela Spatari, Mariana Blanco, Mariana Tercic, Silvina Figoni y Paula Riccardi, que siempre se preocuparon y estuvieron presentes. A Rosalía Sánchez y a Mateo y Lucas Gelfo. También q uiero a gradecer a Gabriela G orriti, Mariano Merino, C laudio B arbeito, Juan Castro y Andrés D´Angelo. A los criadores Daniel Sarasqueta, Luis López, Carlos Aubone y Ernesto Berisso por su predisposición. A mi Papá y a Lisandro ÍNDICE Índice general Resumen en español.................................................................................................................................. I Resumen en inglés................................................................................................................................... III I. INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................................................................................. 1 I. A. Generalidades................................................................................................................................ 1 I. B. Objetivos e Hipótesis..................................................................................................................... 2 II. MARCO TEÓRICO Y ANTECEDENTES....................................................................................... 4 II. A. Bipedalismo y cursorialidad........................................................................................................ 4 II. B. Patrón de desarrollo postnatal..................................................................................................... 7 II. C. El concepto de módulos locomotores y su relación con la historia de vida.............................. 9 II. D. Tamaño corporal y alometría...................................................................................................... 10 II. E. Las Palaeognathae....................................................................................................................... 12 II. F. Las Ratitae................................................................................................................................... 14 II. G. La Familia Rheidae y Rhea americana....................................................................................... 16 II. H. Antecedentes en los estudios miológicos y osteológicos del miembro posterior en Ratites y en Rhea americana........................................................................................................... 17 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS........................................................................................................... 23 III. A. Nomenclatura anatómica y abreviaturas institucionales...............................................................23 III. B. Procedencia del las aves utilizadas................................................................................................23 III. C. Individuos analizados.................................................................................................................. 24 III. D. Estudio de la musculatura........................................................................................................... 24 III. E. Estudio de las piezas óseas.......................................................................................................... 26 III. F. Masa corporal de cada animal..................................................................................................... 27 III. G. Análisis de datos......................................................................................................................... 28 III. H. Listado de abreviaciones utilizadas en el texto........................................................................... 30 IV. RESULTADOS.................................................................................................................................. 37 IV. A. Los músculos del miembro posterior de Rhea americana.......................................................... 37 IV. B. Masa muscular........................................................................................................................... 66 IV. C. Alometría ontogenética de la musculatura.................................................................................. 84 i IV. D. La anatomía ontogenética de los huesos..................................................................................... 88 IV. E. Morfometría ósea........................................................................................................................ 110 IV. F. Alometría ontogenética de las piezas óseas............................................................................... 123 V. DISCUSIÓN........................................................................................................................................ 125 V.A. La masa muscular del miembro posterior de Rhea americana y su relación con la masa corporal............................................................................................................................................. 125 V.B. Los músculos de Rhea americana sus similitudes y diferencias con otras aves y su papel en la locomoción................................................................................................................................... 128 V.C. El compartimiento muscular extensor versus el compartimiento muscular flexor.................. 138 V.D. Los músculos flexores y extensores en cada articulación........................................................ 139 V.E. Relación entre la anatomía muscular y los requerimientos de la carrera................................. 141 V.F. Patrón de crecimiento de los músculos del miembro posterior................................................ 143 V.G. Patrón de crecimiento del esqueleto del miembro posterior de Rhea americana.................... 145 V.H. Maduración de los huesos del miembro posterior y su importancia en paleornitología.......... 148 V.I. Relación entre el desarrollo muscular y las superficies óseas de inserción............................. 151 VI. CONCLUSIONES.............................................................................................................................. 155 VII. PERSPECTIVAS.............................................................................................................................. 161 VIII. BIBLIOGRAFIA............................................................................................................................... 162 ii Índice de figuras Figura II.1 Etapas de un ciclo de locomoción en Meleagris................................................................ 20 Figura II. 2 Ubicación de los módulos locomotores en las aves........................................................... 20 Figura II. 3 Resumen de las diferentes propuestas filogenéticas para las Palaeognathae..................... 21 Figura III.1 Medidas tomadas en el Fémur........................................................................................... 33 Figura III. 2 Medidas tomadas en el Tibiotarso.................................................................................... 34 Figura III. 3 Medidas tomadas en el Tarsometatarso..... ...................................................................... 35 Figura IV. 1 Músculos superficiales laterales....................................................................................... 51 Figura IV. 2 Músculos superficiales mediales...................................................................................... 51 Figura IV. 3 Músculo iliofibularis........................................................................................................ 52 Figura IV. 4 Músculos iliotrochantericus medialis y cranialis............................................................ 52 Figura IV. 5 Músculos iliofemoralis externus e iliotrochantericus caudalis....................................... 53 Figura IV. 6 Músculos iliofemoralis internus....................................................................................... 53 Figura IV. 7 Músculos femorotibialis lateralis p. proximalis y p. distalis.......................................... 53 Figura IV. 8 Músculo femorotibialis intermedius................................................................................
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