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Thesis Reference Thesis Ca2+ influx pathways linked to Ca2+ store depletion and cell signalling JOUSSET, Hélène Abstract L'élévation de la concentration calcique cytoplasmique est un élément central de la signalisation cellulaire. L'entrée de calcium du milieu extérieur dans le cytosol est un processus essentiel qui assure la pérennité des signaux calciques en permettant le remplissage des stocks calciques intracellulaires situés principalement dans le réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Dans les cellules non excitables, deux différents types d'influx prédominent, l'un activé par la vidange du RE le SOCE (Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry) l'autre activé par des seconds messagers indépendamment du remplissage des stocks calciques le RACE (Receptor-Activated Ca2+ Entry). Dans un premier temps nous avons étudié le processus de remplissage du RE qui accompagne l'influx SOCE ainsi que l'implication de la protéine STIM1 (Stromal Interaction Molecule 1) nouvellement identifiée comme essentielle dans ce processus. Dans un second projet, les différents modes d'entrée calcique (RACE et SOCE) présents dans les cellules endothéliales ont été étudiés. Reference JOUSSET, Hélène. Ca2+ influx pathways linked to Ca2+ store depletion and cell signalling. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2007, no. Sc. 3928 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-6363 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:636 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:636 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITE DE GENEVE Département de biologie cellulaire FACULTE DES SCIENCES Professeur J.-C. Martinou Département de physiologie cellulaire FACULTE DE MEDECINE et métabolisme Professeur N. Demaurex _____________________________________________________________________ Ca2+ influx pathways linked to Ca2+ store depletion and cell signalling THESE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l’Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention biologie par Hélène JOUSSET de France Thèse n°3928 Genève 2007 Table of contents I Publications of the thesis ___________________________________________ 2 II Résumé en français _______________________________________________ 3 III Introduction ___________________________________________________ 5 A. Ca2+ and biology _____________________________________________________5 B. The Ca2+ signaling____________________________________________________6 i Ca2+ toolkit______________________________________________________________ 6 ii Decoding Ca2+ signals _____________________________________________________ 8 C. Ca2+ influx __________________________________________________________9 i Stores emptying: Store-Operated Calcium channels (SOCC) _______________________ 9 ii Second messenger interaction: Receptor-activated Ca2+ channels (RACC)___________ 12 IV Aims of the study ______________________________________________ 14 V Experimental tools _______________________________________________ 14 A. Cells ______________________________________________________________14 B. Intracellular Ca2+ measurement _______________________________________15 C. Proteins knockdown _________________________________________________17 VI Publication I__________________________________________________ 18 A. Introduction________________________________________________________18 VII Publication II _________________________________________________ 33 A. Introduction________________________________________________________33 VIII Publication III ________________________________________________ 48 A. Introduction________________________________________________________48 IX Discussion and perspectives______________________________________ 85 A. The RACE complexity _______________________________________________85 B. STIM1: an ongoing story _____________________________________________86 X Remerciements __________________________________________________ 88 XI References ___________________________________________________ 89 - 1 - I Publications of the thesis My thesis is based on the followed publications: Publication I STIM1 knockdown reveals that store-operated Ca2+ channels located close to sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPases (SERCA) pumps silently refill the endoplasmic reticulum. Hélène Jousset, Maud Frieden, and Nicolas Demaurex Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007) 282: 11456-11464 Publication II Evidence for a receptor-activated Ca2+ entry pathway independent from Ca2+ store depletion in endothelial cells Hélène Jousset, Roland Malli, Nathalie Girardin, Wolfgang F. Graier, Nicolas Demaurex, and Maud Frieden. Cell Calcium (in press) Publication III Dual effect of cell-cell contact disruption on cytosolic calcium and insulin secretion Fabienne Jaques, Hélène Jousset, Alejandra Tomas, Anne-Lise Prost, Claes B. Wollheim, Jean-Claude Irminger, Nicolas Demaurex and Philippe A. Halban. Manuscript submitted - 2 - II Résumé en français L’élévation de la concentration calcique cytosolique est un élément central de la signalisation cellulaire. Cette augmentation peut provenir de deux origines : le relâchement du Ca2+ intracellulaire ou l’entrée de calcium depuis le milieu extracellulaire. En effet, la cellule ayant une concentration calcique très faible dans le cytosol (de l’ordre de 100 nM), elle utilise le Ca2+ provenant de deux sources : le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et le milieu extracellulaire. Le RE constitue le réservoir calcique interne de la cellule avec une concentration avoisinant 200 μM. De plus, le milieu extracellulaire dans lequel la cellule baigne possède une concentration calcique environ 20'000 fois supérieur à celle du cytoplasme (2 mM). Dans les cellules dépourvues de canaux activés par le voltage dites non- excitables, le mécanisme d’entrée calcique le plus étudié est intitulé SOCE (store-operated Ca2+ entry). Les SOCC (store-operated Ca2+ channel) sont des canaux transmembranaires activés par la vidange calcique des stores intracellulaires. Néanmoins, il existe une deuxième voie d’entrée calcique appelée RACE (receptor-activated Ca2+ entry) qui est activée par la génération de seconds messagers. Aussi, contrairement aux canaux SOCC, les canaux RACC sont indépendants du niveau de remplissage calcique du RE. Le but de ma thèse est l’étude des mécanismes responsables de l’entrée calcique principalement dans les cellules non excitables. J’ai tout d’abord étudié le chemin de signalisation aboutissant à l’ouverture des canaux SOCC et plus particulièrement le phénomène de remplissage des stores calciques qui suit cette activation. Dans un deuxième temps j’ai analysé les différents modes d’entrée calcique présents dans les cellules endothéliales ainsi que la possibilité de les différencier. Finalement, j’ai collaboré avec un groupe de recherche travaillant sur le rôle des contacts intercellulaires des cellules beta du pancréas dans la régulation de la sécrétion d’insuline. Dans ce troisième projet mon rôle fut de d’examiner l’impact de la perte de connections intercellulaires sur l’homéostasie calcique. Le premier projet traite donc de l’influx SOC et plus précisément du processus de remplissage des stocks calciques qui accompagne cette entrée calcique. Récemment, et suite à 20 ans d’investigations, le mécanisme liant la déplétion du RE à l’activation de l’influx SOC a été clarifié par l’identification de la protéine STIM1. STIM1 (STromal Interaction Molecule 1) est une protéine transmembranaire localisée dans la membrane du RE. Son rôle est d’activer les canaux SOC à la membrane lors de la vidange des réservoirs calciques intracellulaires. STIM1 est sensible à la concentration en Ca2+ l’entourant et, lorsque le niveau de Ca2+ dans le RE diminue, STIM1 est recruté à la membrane pour activer les canaux SOC. L’invalidation de STIM1 dans les cellules HeLa (diminution de 73% de l’ARNm) entraine une réduction de l’entrée SOC de 73 % quand les pompes SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPases) sont inhibées par la thapsigargin. Lorsque les pompes SERCA sont actives, nous avons observé un remplissage fonctionnel du RE bien qu’aucun signal calcique ne soit détecté dans le cytosol. Les mesures calciques à l’intérieur du RE révèlent que l’activité basale des pompes SERCA n’est pas affectée dans les cellules avec un niveau de STIM1 réduit. De plus, malgré une cinétique plus lente dans les cellules invalidées pour STIM1, la concentration initiale en Ca2+ libre dans le RE est récupérée en 2 minutes de remplissage. En conséquence, - 3 - les cellules invalidées pour STIM1 sont capables de remplir leurs stocks calciques intracellulaires de manière silencieuse, c'est-à-dire sans élévation calcique au niveau du cytosol. En outre l’activité des mitochondries n’est pas utilisée pour effectuer ce remplissage « silencieux ». Nos expériences démontrent donc que le remplissage du RE est largement préservé en dépit de l’extrême réduction de l’entrée calcique SOC induit par l’invalidation de la protéine STIM1. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec la formation d’agrégats contenant des canaux SOC au niveau de la membrane plasmique ainsi que des senseurs STIM1 dans la membrane du RE. Ces zones de contact entre membrane plasmique et membrane du réticulum constituent de par la présence de SERCA des domaines privilégiés de remplissage en Ca2+ du RE (Hélène Jousset et al. J Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:11456-64). Mon deuxième projet est consacré à la différenciation de l’entrée calcique RACE par rapport à celle du SOCE. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des stimulations différentes, soit l’addition d’agoniste (histamine 100 μM), soit d’un inhibiteur de la pompe SERCA (10 µm thapsigargin) ce
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