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Weilin Luo Ales T - Y Air Universidade do Minho Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas Weilin Luo ales T - y air The Fairy-Tale Girl in Chinese Culture: Comparing Female Protagonists in the tern and Chinese F es Western and Chinese Fairy-Tales he W ts in t agonis t emale Pro ale Girl in Chinese Culture: Comparing F T - y air The F eilin Luo W 9 1 UMinho|20 outubro de 2019 Universidade do Minho Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas Weilin Luo The Fairy-Tale Girl in Chinese Culture: Comparing Female Protagonists in the Western and Chinese Fairy-Tales Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Língua, Literatura e Cultura Inglesas Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Margarida Isabel Esteves Silva Pereira outubro de 2019 DIREITOS DE AUTOR E CONDIÇÕES DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO POR TERCEIROS Este é um trabalho académico que pode ser utilizado por terceiros desde que respeitadas as regras e boas práticas internacionalmente aceites, no que concerne aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. Assim, o presente trabalho pode ser utilizado nos termos previstos na licença abaixo indicada. Caso o utilizador necessite de permissão para poder fazer um uso do trabalho em condições não previstas no licenciamento indicado, deverá contactar o autor, através do RepositóriUM da Universidade do Minho. Atribuição CC BY https://www.reusethisbag.com/ ii STATEMENT OF INTEGRITY I hereby declare having conducted this academic work with integrity. I confirm that I have not used plagiarism or any form of undue use of information or falsification of results along the process leading to its elaboration. I further declare that I have fully acknowledged the Code of Ethical Conduct of the University of Minho. iii The Fairy-Tale Girl in Chinese Culture: Comparing Female Protagonists in the Western and Chinese Fairy-Tales Abstract This thesis focuses on traditional fairy tales especially the well-known in Western literature, such as Little Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, and Snow White to shed light on another side of the popular viewpoints by means of modern retellings such as rewritings, film adaptations to reveal how the development of those tales can go further in contemporary society. In addition, the comparison with fairy tales in the East, mainly in China, through cross-cultural studies, will show us a different understanding of tales from Eastern and Western cultures, which will be helpful to reduce misunderstandings and discriminations. This dissertation starts by referring to the development of fairytales, a concept and a term invented in Western society, and to explore women issues and their desires, cultural and social similarities and differences. Then, we will try to demonstrate how contemporary rewritings show women stepping out of the shadow of men, and how the woman story teller becomes a heroine stepping into readers’ eyesight and fighting for what she desires through reading and analyzing those classical fairytales and their rewritings. In the final part, with the comparison with Chinese versions and Chinese culture and history, we will have discussions about the interpretations of Chinese variants in terms of morality, beliefs, religions to see the diversity and similarity of literature and culture existing in the two civilizations. Keywords: cross-cultural studies, fairytale, feminism iv A Menina do Conto de Fadas na Cultura Chinesa: Comparação entre Protagonistas Femininas na Cultura Ocidental e na Cultura Chinesa Resumo Esta tese de mestrado foca-se em contos de fadas tradicionais, essencialmente aqueles mais conhecidos da literatura ocidental, como por exemplo, O Capuchinho Vermelho, A Bela Adormecida, Cinderela e a Branca de Neve, com o objetivo de clarificar um outro ponto de vista popular através de modos de propagação modernos como a reescrita e publicação de contos ou adaptações cinematográficas, que revelam como o desenvolvimento destes contos pode continuar na sociedade contemporânea. Para além disso, através da comparação com contos de fadas orientais, maioritariamente provenientes da China, e de estudos interculturais, será possível obter uma perspetiva diferente acerca de contos do Ocidente e do Oriente, de modo a reduzir mal-entendidos e ideias discriminatórias que possam existir. Este documento começa com o desenvolvimento dos contos de fadas, um conceito e termo inventado pela sociedade ocidental, pela descoberta dos problemas e desejos das mulheres, e pelas diferenças e similaridades culturais e sociais. De seguida, será demostrado como a reescrita contemporânea retrata as mulheres a saírem da sombra dos homens, e como a mulher contadora de histórias se torna numa heroína que se atravessa na visão do leitor e luta por aquilo que pretende ao ler e analisar esses contos de fadas clássicos e as suas versões mais recentes. Na parte final, através da comparação entre versões chinesas e a cultura e história da China, serão discutidas as interpretações das variantes chinesas em termos de moralidade, crenças e religião para ver a diversidade e similaridade da literatura e cultura existente nas duas civilizações. Palavras-chave: contos de fadas, estudos interculturais, feminismo v Contents DIREITOS DE AUTOR E CONDIÇÕES DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO POR TERCEIROS .................. ii STATEMENT OF INTEGRITY ........................................................................................................... iii Abstract .........................................................................................................................................iv Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... v Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One: Fairy Tale as a Genre ............................................................................................... 4 1. What Makes a Fairy Tale the Fairy Tale? ......................................................................... 6 2. The Literary Development of Fairy Tale......................................................................... 19 Chapter Two：The Retold Fairy Tales in Contemporary Time ................................................... 27 1. Intertextuality and Rewritten Fairy Tales in a Feminist Context .................................. 30 2. Fairy Tales Retold in Films .............................................................................................. 33 Chapter Three：The Girl in Cross-Cultural Contexts .................................................................. 54 1. Cross-Cultural Studies in Literature ............................................................................... 54 2. Cinderella and Ye Xian .................................................................................................... 57 2.1. The Red Carp ........................................................................................................... 70 2.2. Shake and Quiver, Little Tree ................................................................................. 74 2.3. Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo: Fairy Godmother ................................................................. 77 2.4. Courtship ................................................................................................................. 81 2.5. Lotus Feet and Shoes .............................................................................................. 88 3. Little Red Riding Hood and Tiger Granny ....................................................................... 95 3.1. The Wolf .................................................................................................................. 97 3.2. Interpretation of Red in Chinese Context ............................................................ 102 3.2.1 The Lucky Red ...................................................................................................... 104 3.2.2. The Seductive Red ........................................................................................ 107 3.3. Taoist Approach to The Old Tigress Woman ....................................................... 112 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 127 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 132 vi Introduction I did not expect to enjoy fairy tales as much as I did in my childhood or even more until the chance which allowed me to have access to an activity of storytelling in Minho University. The story teller, singing, playing guitar or using items, presented a vivid and animated story to the audience. By singing like a chorus with the teller, I believe all of us did not think of it as only storytelling, but also as us, our real life. When she lighted the candle, the red flame was the brightest thing in that dark auditorium, as if in another world and all of us started to sing again. The more we grow up and the more mature we become, the further we walk away from that “Fairy Land”. Why do we stop believing in its existence? Is that because when we become older and know more about the running pattern of the world, we know that fairy stories are childish and unreal? However, there is always more to explore in the fairy world. Those fairy tales are not only for children, but also for adults, the society as a whole and the world
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