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Miami Universtiy – the Graduate School MIAMI UNIVERSTIY – THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CERTIFICATE FOR APPROVING THE DISSERTATION We hereby approve the Dissertation of of David G. Mueller Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________ (Beth Dietz-Uhler, Ph. D.), Director _________________________________ (Garold Stasser, Ph. D.), Reader _________________________________ (Kurt Hugenberg, Ph. D.), Reader _________________________________ (Lawrence Nadler, Ph. D.) Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF GROUP REPRESENTATION ON GROUP DECISION- MAKING by David G. Mueller Decision-making groups have a bias toward discussing information that members share over information that is uniquely held by some group members. When unique information is critical to identifying a solution groups will often fail to select the optimal solution. The present study investigates information exchange and decision making in socially categorized small groups. Competing hypotheses were proposed. One hypothesis proposed that groups with two subgroups would discuss more unique information than shared information and groups with a unified group representation would discuss more shared information than unique information when there was a hidden profile that created conflict. This hypothesis also proposed that groups with two subgroups would make better decisions than groups with a unified group representation. The other hypothesis proposed that groups with a unified group representation would discuss more unique information than shared information and groups with two subgroups would discuss more shared information than unique information when there was a hidden profile that created conflict. This hypothesis also proposed that groups with a unified group representation would make better decisions than groups with two subgroups. Results indicated that the presence of categorization in groups suppressed group decision quality relative to individual decision quality. Results also indicated that groups with two subgroups discussed more candidate information and repeated more unshared information than groups with two subgroups, although groups with a unified group representation and groups with two subgroups did not differ in decision quality when there was a hidden profile. Overall, results suggest that categorization is detrimental to group performance. When decisions must be made in groups the present study provides evidence that the presence of subgroups within a group leads to the discussion of uniquely held information. The theoretical implications of these findings for social categorization in small group decision-making are discussed as well as the practical applications for information exchange between groups in organizatons. THE INFLUENCE OF GROUP REPRESENTATION ON GROUP DECISION- MAKING A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology by David G. Mueller Miam University Oxford, Ohio 2005 Dissertation Director: Beth Dietz-Uhler CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION A. The Effect of Group Representation on Group Decision- 1 Making B. Information and Group Decision Making 1 C. Group Composition and Group Performance 5 D. Intergroup Contact Models 11 E. Intergroup Contact and Group Decision Making 14 F. Present Study 18 II. METHOD A. Overview 19 B. Participants 19 C. Materials – Candidate Profiles 19 D. Materials – Information Distribution 20 E. Materials – Measures 21 F. Procedure 22 III. RESULTS A. Manipulation Check 24 B. Subgroup Decision Quality 25 C. Hypothesis 1: Joint Group Decision Quality 27 D. Individual and Group Decisions 28 E. Hypothesis 2: Information Discussed 28 F. Hypothesis 3: Intersubgroup Evaluation 31 G. Hypothesis 4: Interaction Climate 31 H. Hypothesis 5: Correlations 32 I. Pre-Discussion Preferences 32 IV. DISCUSSION A. Summary 33 B. Hypothesis 1: Decision Outcome 34 C. Hypothesis 2: Information Discussed 35 D. Hypothesis 3, 4, and 5: Socioemotional Processes 36 E. Limitations and Future Directions 36 F. Implications and Conclusions 39 V. REFERENCES 41 ii VI. APPENDICES A. Appendix A: Candidate Positions 49 B. Appendix B: Joint Group Answer Sheet 53 C. Appendix C: Subgroup Answer Sheet 54 E. Appendix E: Interaction Climate 59 F. Appendix F: Manipulation Check 60 G. Appendix G: Informed Consent 61 H. Appendix H: Subgroup Assignment Workbook 62 I. Appendix I: Subgroup Assignment Answer Sheet 70 J. Appendix J: Debriefing Form 71 K Appendix K: Instructions for Coding 72 L Appendix L: Candidate Codes 74 VII. Footnotes 76 iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 1: Information Distribution in Shared and Hidden Profile 77 Conditions. Table 2: Frequencies of Groups Selecting One or Two Group Response. 78 Table 3: Candidate Preferences in Subgroups. 79 Table 4: Correlations among Decision Outcome, Information 80 Discussed, and Socioemotional Process Variables. FIGURES Figure 1: Shared Group Representation and Value-in-Diversity 82 Expected Results. Figure 2: Shared Group Representation and Value-in-Diversity 83 Expected Results for Information Discussed. Figure 3: Influence of Group Representation and Information on the 84 Degree to which the Group Felt Like Two Groups. Figure 4: Influence of Group Representation and Information on the 85 Degree to which the Group Felt Like One Group. Figure 5: Influence of Group Representation and Information on Joint 86 Group Decision Accuracy. Figure 6: Influence of Individual and Group Decision-making on 87 Decision Accuracy. Figure 7: Influence of Group Representation and Information on 88 Amount of On-task Information Discussed. Figure 8: Influence of Group Representation and Information on 89 Amount of Off-task Information Discussed. Figure 9: Influence of Group Representation and Information on 90 Interaction Environment. iv Figure 10: Influence of the Number of Correct Subgroups Prior to 91 Discussion on Decision Accuracy. Figure 11: Influence of the Number of Correct Subgroups Prior to 92 Discussion and Information on Decision Accuracy. v Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Beth Dietz-Uhler for her assistance, guidance, and support with this project. Your seminar in intergroup relations and our lively and humorous discussions in the Social Identity Reading Group provided me with the knowledge, excitement, and direction to pursue this area of research. I would also like to thank Garold Stasser. His seminar in group process got me thinking about the interaction between group process and intergroup relations. The unification of group process and intergroup relations in this dissertation is a direct result of that seminar. I would also like to thank Kurt Hugenburg and Larry Nadler. Your comments, suggestions, and feedback were invaluable. I would also like to thank several faculty members not represented on my dissertation committee. I would like to thank Cecilia Shore. You encouraged me to employ cooperative learning in my classroom and this dissertation is, in part, the result of that pursuit. I would also like to thank Steve Hinkle. I wish he were here to see this project. I would especially like to thank my family, without them none of this would have been possible. First, I would like to thank my mother Marilyn who was there to support me during some of the roughest times in graduate school. Without her love and support I would not be the person I am today. I would also like to thank my father Robert. I miss you. Thank you also to my brother Chris, my sister Julie, and my new nephew Max. I would also like to thank my extended family Larry, Kathy, Pat, Len, Mark, Mike, Amy, and Tony. All of you were there to support me. I also want to thank my friends – Brian, Amy, Ken, Mike, and Dave. Also thanks to Nathan, Chris, Charlie, Kevin, Paul, Jerry, and Kim. You guys know that no matter where I go my home will always be St. Louis. Thanks to the Miami graduate students who became friends – Steph, Zak, Christian, Jeff, Buddie, ChrisD, Erin, Beth, Kris, Maria, Marie, Andi, Amy, Julia, Jamonn, Don, Matt, and Carrie. Thanks to Dr. Gordon Allen, Dr. Bill Stiles, Carolyn, Betty, and Norma. A special thank you to Dr. Rick Brown. Finally, thanks to Ashley, Hanna, Katy, Laura, and Courtney. This project would have never been completed without you. vi The Influence of Group Representation on Group Decision Making Research by Stasser and colleagues has demonstrated that groups have a bias toward discussing information that members share over information that is uniquely held by some group members (Stasser & Titus, 1985; Stasser, Taylor, & Hanna, 1989; Stasser & Stewart, 1992). This effect, dubbed the collective information sampling (CIS) bias, has played a significant role in social psychology and other disciplines in understanding decision-making in groups (Kerr & Tindale, 2004). The present study examines the CIS bias in the context of disagreement in socially diverse groups. I will briefly review the CIS bias and then discuss the research examining group composition and group performance. I will then link this review to research in the domain of intergroup contact models. This discussion will lead to the postulation of two sets of hypotheses examining how group representation influences information exchange and group performance. Information and Group Decision Making Steiner (1972) proposed that problem-solving groups have the potential to perform better than the average of their individual group members due to the diverse insights and unique information that each person brings
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