Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 MEDIEVAL WARFARE GARLAND MEDIEVAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES VOLUME 21 GARLAND REFERENCE LIBRARY OF THE HUMANITIES VOLUME 2224 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 GARLAND MEDIEVAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES JOYCE E.SALISBURY, Series Editor THE MEDIEVAL CONSOLATION OF PHILOSOPHY An Annotated Bibliography Noel Harold Kaylor, Jr. THE ROMAN DE LA ROSE An Annotated Bibliography Heather M.Arden MEDIEVAL VISIONS OF HEAVEN AND HELL A Sourcebook Eileen Gardiner SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN KNIGHT An Annotated Bibliography, 1978–1989 Meg Stainsby BEOWULF SCHOLARSHIP An Annotated Bibiliography, 1979–1990 Robert J.Hasenfratz THE MEDIEVAL CHARLEMAGNE LEGEND An Annotated Bibliography Susan E.Farrier Dutch materials treated by Geert H.M.Claassens THE LYRICS OF THE TROUVERES A Research Guide (1970–1990) Eglal Doss-Quinby Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 THE PILGRIMAGE TO SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography Maryjane Dunn and Linda Kay Davidson MUSIC AND POETRY IN THE MIDDLE AGES A Guide to Research on French and Occitan Song, 1100–1400 Margaret L.Switten MEDIEVAL ICONOGRAPHY A Research Guide John B.Friedman and Jessica M.Wegmann MEDIEVAL WARFARE A Bibliographical Guide Everett U.Crosby Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 MEDIEVAL WARFARE A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE EVERETT U.CROSBY GARLAND PUBLISHING, INC. A MEMBER OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP NEW YORK & LONDON 2000 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 Published in 2000 by Garland Publishing, Inc. A member of the Taylor & Francis Group 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Copyright © 2000 by Everett U.Crosby All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crosby, Everett Uberto, 1932– Medieval warfare: a bibliographical guide/Everett U.Crosby. p. cm.—(Garland medieval bibliographies; vol. 21) (Garland reference library of the humanities; vol. 2224) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8153-3849-X 1. Military art and science—Europe—History—To 1500—Bibliography. 2. Europe— History, Military—Bibliography. 3. Military art and science—Byzantine Empire—History—Bibliography. 4. Byzantine Empire—History, Military—Bibliography. 5. Military art and science— Islamic Empire—History—Bibliography. 6. Islamic Empire—History, Military—Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: Garland reference library of the humanities; vol. 2224. Z6725.E8 C76 2000 [U37] 016.355'0094'0902—dc21 00–026506 ISBN 0-203-90527-X Master e-book ISBN Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 ISBN 0-203-90620-9 (Adobe eReader format ISBN) ISBN 0-8153-3849-X (Print Edition) Vis palam cernere, quam res sit impia bellum, animadverte per quos geritur. —ERASMUS, QUERELA PACIS (1517) [If you really want to understand what a wicked thing war is, just have a look at the men who wage it.] Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 Contents Abbreviations xii Introduction xiv Chapter 1 War in the Middle Ages 1 Reference Works 1 General History 2 Late Roman Empire 6 Early Middle Ages 8 Later Middle Ages 11 England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland 14 France and the Low Countries 20 Germany and Switzerland 27 Spain and Portugal 29 Italy 30 Scandinavia 34 Eastern Europe 34 Byzantine Empire 36 Muslim States 39 Chapter 2 Battles 44 Reference Works 44 Special Topics 44 England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland 44 France and the Low Countries 47 Germany and Switzerland 49 Spain and Portugal 51 Italy 51 Eastern Europe 51 Byzantine and Muslim States 52 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 Chapter 3 Sieges 55 Chapter 4 Naval Operations 59 General Works 59 Northern Europe 60 Southern Europe 63 Byzantine and Muslim States 64 Chapter 5 Arms and Armor 66 Museum Collections 66 General Works 69 Northern Europe 72 Southern Europe 75 Byzantine and Muslim States 76 Chapter 6 Archery 78 Chapter 7 Cavalry 81 Chapter 8 Gunpowder, Firearms, Artillery, and Siege Weapons 85 General Works 85 Northern Europe 87 Southern Europe 89 Byzantine and Muslim States 90 Chapter 9 Fortifications 92 General Works 92 Late Roman Empire 96 England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland 96 France and the Low Countries 102 Germany and Switzerland 110 Spain and Portugal 112 Italy 113 Scandinavia 117 Eastern Europe 118 Byzantine and Muslim States 118 Chapter 10 Rural, Urban, and Coastal Defenses 122 Chapter 11 Recruitment and Service 127 General Works 127 Early Middle Ages 127 England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland 128 France and the Low Countries 132 Germany and Switzerland 135 Spain and Portugal 136 Italy 137 Eastern Europe 139 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 Byzantine and Muslim States 139 Chapter 12 Finance and Supply 142 Chapter 13 The Spoils of War, Booty, and Ransoms 147 Chapter 14 War and Peace 149 Chapter 15 The Laws of War 153 Chapter 16 War and Literature 159 Chapter 17 Military Treatises 164 Chapter 18 Warfare Illustrated 170 Index 172 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 Abbreviations AHR American Historical Review BEC Bibliothèque de L’École des Chartes BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research CISAM Centro Italiano di Studi sull’ Alto Medioevo CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique EHR English Historical Review HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office MISOG Mitteilungen. Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung RH Revue historique TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 Introduction Homo sapiens, homo pugnans, and so it has been since the beginning of recorded history. In the Middle Ages, especially, armed conflict and the military life were so much a part of the political and cultural development that a general account of the period is, in large measure, a description of how men went to war. Even in times of peace, the customs of a warrior aristocracy which held the power and set the standards, whose members lived in castles, wore armor, carried swords, rode to tournaments, and had an inclination to settle disputes by violent means, lent a martial air to everyday life. Nor did the fortified towns and bridges, and the towers and houses of a wealthy urban class, contribute any less to the idea that this was a society organized by men ready to fight their neighbors and prepared to defend themselves. Strength in arms was celebrated in epic verse, it was the way of honor for the lord, and it formed the basis of the chivalric ethic. Both the literary image of the hunt and the poetry of the lover’s quest were expressions of knightly valor. On a wider stage, success in war turned kings into heroes, as well as heroes into kings, and ultimately helped to forge the elements of a national identity from the multitude of feudal states. Defeat could mean diminished authority, domestic revolt, and conquest by a foreign power. War in the name of Christ was the instrument used by churchmen to punish the obdurate, to subdue the nobility, and to promote the ambiguous, but nonetheless potent, idea of the Christian soldier. The conduct of war encouraged practical experiment and technical innovation, and brought in its train new products, industrial expansion, and greater employment. War in the medieval period became big business, combining wealth and politics in a mutually advantageous relationship, and has remained so ever since. Expensive campaigns forced English kings into greater dependence on parliamentary subsidies, and thereby insured a permanent place for the Commons in the constitutional development of the country; the use of mercenary troops, who demanded payment in cash, shifted the balance of power in Italy in favor of affluent rulers and further reduced the importance of the landed nobility; and, as an important part of the medieval legacy, wars won and wars lost established the conditions for treaties of peace and directly affected the way in which the political boundaries of the European countries were drawn. Warfare in the Middle Ages was endemic, epidemic, and occasionally pandemic. It Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:20 19 May 2016 drew participants from every social group, and it affected every part of the population from the princely court and the merchant town to the peasant village. Rich in source materials and topics for study, it is a subject not only of great historical interest, but also of significance for the present day. Here, for example, can be found the first attempts to define a just war in Christian terms; here were laid the foundations for the political and religious sanctions to guarantee intervals of peace between destructive campaigns; and here appeared the elementary rules to govern behavior in combat, and for the exchange and ransom of prisoners, which came to form the basis of modern conventions on the conduct of hostilities. A bibliography of so vast a field, therefore, has the potential to become a list of books for a multitude of related topics.