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Transnational Heritage and Cultural Policies in the Baltic Sea Region

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Transnational Heritage and Cultural Policies in the Baltic Sea Region Transnational heritage and cultural policies in the Baltic Sea Region Routes4U | 13 Routes4U (EUSBSR) Council of Europe Routes4U | 13 Directorate General Democracy heritage policies in the Baltic Sea (EUSBSR) and cultural Region Transnational F-67075 Strasbourg Enlarged Partial Agreement on Cultural Routes – Council of Europe European Institute of Cultural Routes 28 rue Münster L-2160 Luxembourg Tel. +352 24 12 50 Routes4U www.coe.int/routes4u Cultural Routes of the Adriatic-Ionian, Alpine, Baltic Sea Council of Europe in the and Danube macro-regions PREMS 026520 ENG The Council of Europe is the continent’s leading The Member States of the European Union human rights organisation. It comprises 47 member have decided to link together their know- states, including all members of the European Union. how, resources and destinies. Together, they All Council of Europe member states have signed up have built a zone of stability, democracy and to the European Convention on Human Rights, sustainable development whilst maintaining a treaty designed to protect human rights, cultural diversity, tolerance and individual democracy and the rule of law. The European Court freedoms. The European Union is committed of Human Rights oversees the implementation to sharing its achievements and its values with of the Convention in the member states. countries and peoples beyond its borders. www.coe.int www.europa.eu Routes4U Project Routes4U Project Transnational heritage and cultural policies in the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) Routes4U | 13 Council of Europe The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the European Commission or the Council of Europe. All requests concerning the reproduction or translation of all or part of this document should be addressed to the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). All other correspondence concerning this document should be addressed to the Directorate General Democracy, Enlarged Partial Agreement on Cultural Routes. Cover: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe Layout: Jouve, Paris Cover photos: European Commission and Pixabay © European Commission and Council of Europe, June 2020 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents FOREWORDS 5 PART I. CULTURAL ROUTES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE EU STRATEGY FOR THE BALTIC SEA REGION (EUSBSR) BY CONSTANZE METZGER 7 1. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND CULTURAL ROUTES 8 1.1. Cultural Routes in the Baltic Sea Region 11 1.2. Creation of new Cultural Routes 13 2. EUROPEAN UNION STRATEGY FOR THE BALTIC SEA REGION 15 3. ROUTES4U 19 4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE STUDY ON POLICIES IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 21 4.1. Current state of the Baltic Sea Region 21 4.2. National heritage and cultural policies 21 4.3. SWOT analysis 22 4.4. Needs assessment 23 4.5. Recommendations 23 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24 PART II. STUDY ON TRANSNATIONAL HERITAGE AND CULTURAL POLICIES IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION BY MARIANNE LEHTIMÄKI 27 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 28 2. CURRENT STATE IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 37 2.1. The urgent imperative of sustainability in international cultural and heritage policies 38 2.2. Tourism – current setting of objectives 42 2.3. The BSR framework 44 2.4. Objectives of the EUSBSR actions 51 2.5. National heritage and cultural policies in the Baltic Sea Region 57 3. CULTURAL ROUTES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CROSSING THE BALTIC SEA REGION 74 3.1. Examples of Cultural Routes to expand 77 3.2. Example of cultural assets: BSR maritime heritage 78 3.3. Legacy of the Modernist movement for the BSR to share 80 4. SWOT ANALYSIS 82 5. NEEDS ASSESSMENT 84 5.1. Improved co-ordination 84 5.2. Fostering co-operation between the cultural and tourism sectors 84 5.3. Improve the attractiveness and accessibility of remote tourism destinations 86 5.4. Improve visibility of Cultural Routes crossing the Baltic Sea Region 86 PART III. RECOMMENDATIONS 89 1. CO-ORDINATION SHOULD IMPLEMENT AND PROMOTE ADVANCED GOVERNANCE TOOLS 90 2. BROAD UNDERSTANDING OF CULTURE, CULTURAL PREMISES AND ACTORS FOSTERS CO-OPERATION 91 3. FROM SUSTAINABLE TOURISM TO TOURISM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS 92 4. ENHANCING THE VISIBILITY OF CULTURAL ROUTES REQUIRES CONSTANT UPGRADING 93 5. CULTURAL ROUTES AS A TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTING BALTIC SEA REGION DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES 94 6. AN EXAMPLE OF A BSR-WIDE TARGET: THE PEOPLE OF THE BALTIC SAVING THE SEA AND ALL ITS TREASURES 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 96 APPENDICES 99 APPENDIX 1: WORLD HERITAGE SITES (WHS) IN THE BSR 100 FIGURES AND TABLES 107 List of figures 107 List of tables 107 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 108 ► Page 3 Forewords Forewords aunched in 1987 as a tool for promoting the urope’s rich cultural heritage is an asset for eco- transnational dimension of European heritage, nomic and social cohesion. Cultural and creative L the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe E industries are significant sources of growth, are unique in their commitment to the creation of accounting for 4.5% of the EU’s GDP, and generating a common European identity. More relevant than jobs, employing 12 million people (7.5% of total employ- ever in a multicultural Europe facing many geopo- ment). At the same time, culture has a direct impact litical and diversity challenges, they are in line with on tourism, environmental and territorial policies the fundamental values by promoting travellers’ of the Council of Europe: mobility and the acces- human rights, democ- sibility of cultural sites. racy, and the rule of law. The Cultural Routes make Routes4U, our joint an important contribu- programme with tion to the European the European Union Union Strategy for (European Commission, the Baltic Sea Region DG REGIO), focuses on (EUSBSR). Indeed, sus- transnational policies in tainable tourism and the field of cultural heri- the protection of na tural tage. The present study capital are present in one of the strategy’s policy sheds light on sustainable tourism and cultural poli- areas under its overall goal to increase prosperity. cies in the Baltic Sea Region as means to implement EUSBSR also provides the right governance to support Cultural Routes in the macro-region. such an objective: the eight member states and four neighbouring countries are on equal footing; there I hope you enjoy reading this study and look forward is also input from both public and private sectors. to future co-operation with the Baltic Sea Region In this way, European Territorial Co-operation plays through the Cultural Routes programme. a significant role in enhancing synergies among ter- Stefano Dominioni ritorial actors in the Baltic Sea Region. Executive Secretary, Enlarged Partial Agreement I am confident that this study will provide insight on Cultural Routes, Council of Europe into the achievements of the Routes4U project and provide inspiration for many of the strategy’s Director, European Institute of Cultural Routes stakeholders. Marc Lemaître Director-General for Regional and Urban Policy, DG REGIO, European Commission ► Page 5 Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe and the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region Part I Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe and the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) By Constanze Metzger 1. The Council of Europe and Cultural Routes The Council of Europe was created in 1949 and con- Heritage (London, 1969),4 the Convention for the sists of 47 member states spread across the continent Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe and beyond the boundaries of Europe. Furthermore, (Granada, 1985),5 the European Landscape Convention the Organisation co-operates with countries located (Florence, 2000).6 The Council of Europe’s cultural in the Mediterranean, Latin America, North America policy was also enhanced by the Convention on the and the Middle East, with bilateral and Enlarged Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Faro, 2005)7 – Partial Agreements in areas such as cinema co- the so-called Faro Convention. production, training for media professionals and interreligious dialogue.1 The aim of the Council of Europe is stated in Article 1 of its founding Statute: “to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress” with a further line stating that “this aim shall be pursued through the organs of the Council by discussion of questions of common concern and by agreements and common action in economic, social, cultural, scientific, legal and administrative matters and in the maintenance and further realisation of human rights and fundamental freedoms”.2 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Source: Pixabay This article is repeated in the Preamble of the In 1987, the signature of the Santiago de Compostela European Cultural Convention opened for signa- Declaration saw the birth of the Council of Europe’s ture on December 19, 1954 in Paris. The European Cultural Routes initiative. The main idea is to preserve Cultural Convention covers a broad field of activities and promote European heritage by encouraging and policies in the fields of culture, protection of people to explore their European legacies. Moreover, natural and cultural heritage, as well as education, the Cultural Routes put into practice the values of youth exchange and sports. The guiding idea of the Council of Europe: human rights, democracy the Convention is to use culture and education to and the rule of law.8 overcome differences, prevent new conflicts and 1. Human rights – the right to have access to strengthen democracy. The goals of the Council of and participate in culture is an integral part Europe’s activities in the field of culture are to encour- of human rights. Article 27.1. of the Universal age Europeans to preserve their cultural heritage Declaration of Human Rights states that “every- and to recognise it as a “European” heritage.
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