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Fearing the Effect of Hollywood, Bollywood, and Lollywood Films on Crime in Punjab

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Fearing the Effect of Hollywood, Bollywood, and Lollywood Films on Crime in Punjab 1 Fearing the Effect of Hollywood, Bollywood, and Lollywood Films on Crime in Punjab Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Research Scholar Theatre Film & TV, email: [email protected]. Wajiha Raza Rizvi (Corresponding Author), Associate Professor, School of Media & Mass Communication, Beaconhouse National University, Pakistan, email: [email protected]. Farahat Ali, Lecturer, Faculty of Media & Communication Studies, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan, email: [email protected]. Abstract This study examines public perceptions about the influence of crime films on crime in Punjab, Pakistan. It examines if public perceives there is a positive association between crimes viewed in Hollywood, Bollywood, and Lollywood films and real crimes in Punjab. The researchers reviewed literature on social cognition theory, and crime and criminality in films. They prepared an online survey questionnaire for data collection through social media during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown. The reliability of the instrument was determined through Cronbach’s alpha test. Descriptive analysis helped in understanding demographics of the participants. Pearson Product Moment Correlation test and Independent Sample t-tests were conducted to compare and examine the effects of Hollywood, Bollywood and Lollywood crime thrillers on viewers in Punjab. The results indicated 72 percent of variance in Crime Fascination, Inspiration, Learning, and Urge to Commit a Crime after viewing films. The study found that the public perceives Hollywood, Bollywood and Lollywood crime thrillers inspire and increase crime fascination and an urge to commit a crime in viewers. They believe the impact of Bollywood crime thrillers is stronger than the impact of Hollywood crime thrillers on viewers. Women learn how to commit a crime faster than men while film crimes more easily inspire men than women and they experience a greater urge to commit a crime. Keywords: Hollywood, Bollywood, Lollywood, Pakistani film; Crime fascination from films; Crime inspiration for films; Crime learning from films; Urge to commit a filmic crime. 2 Fearing the Effect of Hollywood, Bollywood, and Lollywood Films on Crime in Punjab Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Research Scholar Theatre Film & TV, email: [email protected]. Wajiha Raza Rizvi (Corresponding Author), Associate Professor, School of Media & Mass Communication, Beaconhouse National University, Pakistan, email: [email protected]. Farahat Ali, Lecturer, Faculty of Media & Communication Studies, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan, email: [email protected]. INTRODUCTION Studies show cinephiles often find Hollywood, Bollywood, and Lollywood crime genre films quite fascinating, and their negative heroism inspiring. Glorification of crime creates an urge for committing crime in heavy viewers who may get involved in crimes, or mimic, or replicate negative actions of the hero in real life under the influence of films. These replications of film crimes may vary from street racing to robbery, gambling, cyber-crimes, drugs paddling, raping, and killing. The three types of crime films have a negative effect on viewers, and create an urge in them to commit a crime. Audience found some popular crime thrillers from Hollywood like The fast and the furious and The Italian job quite inspiring and fascinating due to the use of technique and technology (Moritz, Diesel, Fottrell, Morgan, & Gray, 2017; De Line, & Gray, 2003). India produced a great remake of Players (Andhare, & Abbas, 2012). India’s Dhoom (Chopra, & Gadhvi, 2004) and Pakistan’s Na Maloom Afraad (Meerza, & Qureshi, 2014) and Actor in law (Meerza, Ali, & Qureshi, 2016) also gained great popularity by featuring inspiring violence and crime. Violent films inspire viewers to be violent to reach a certain goal, which cannot be achieved without the violence. Paul Wilson, Robyn Lincoln, and Richard Kocsis (1997, p. 53) say violence is an essential part of crime films and inspires some viewers to cause physical or psychological danger to another person or a group (Yang, Bergh, & Lee, 2015). Iqbal Anjum, who conducted a survey of a large sample prisoners in Punjab jails to study the effect of Punjabi crime thrillers on prisoners, says constant viewing of crime thrillers caused crime learning and psychological illness in the prisoners; it made them numb to violent acts, killing, and corruption (2010). Crime thrillers may even cause hypertension, or subject viewers to drug abuse, stealing, killing, raping, and committing other immoral acts. On this subject, Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) says attempted murder rate has increased 6%, robbery 5%, vehicle theft 1.2%, and motor cycle snatching 3.8% in Pakistan (2020). An increase in representation of crime in recent Pakistani TV plays is noted with the increasing in the number of crimes in society, women in particular. Crimes against women have increased (Ali, 2015) along with crimes against the minorities in Pakistan following their coverage on electronic media (Rizvi, 2020). The study is important as the public feels the popularity of crime thrillers parallels the increase in the crime rate in Punjab. 3 The crime genre films engage and excite the viewers, and encourage them to take risks like the protagonists in the films like Dhoom or Fast and furious. The popularity of such films never decreases despite people dreading about their negative effect on their children. Several studies on the effects of crime genre films in different countries pointed to an association between film viewing and crime mindedness (Anjum, 2010). Pakistani public dreads the negative effect of crime genre film on viewers, as Pakistani public loves watching Hollywood, Bollywood and Lollywood films in English, Urdu/Hindi and Punjabi languages. Thus, the authors have selected these cinemas to study their perceived effect on viewers in the eyes of the public. This paper focuses on public perceptions about the effects of Hollywood, Bollywood and Lollywood crime thrillers on crime in Punjab. It presumes that crime and action cinemas may teach various felonious activities, or cause psychological disorder, or desensitize the viewers to their bad impact on viewers or society. LITERATURE REVIEW Crime thrillers have a persuasive effect on audience who fascinated by the thriller feel an urge to commit a crime (Appel, 2008). Films provide information about modes of committing crime, robbery, murder, and rape (Rafter, 2006). Craig A. Anderson and Leonard Berkowitz et al. (2003), and Craig A. Anderson and Brad J. Bushman (2001) found a casual relation amongst violent crimes and their representation in media in the USA. Luis M. García-Mainar created a daily estimation of an audience of the national box office for non-violent (Runaway bride, 2003), mildly violent (Spider-man, 2005), and strongly violent movies (Hannibal, 2010) with the help of violence rating system from the daily revenue data and kids-in-min.com (García- Mainar, 2013). She exposed college students to violent short video clips in the experimental group and to relatively non-violent videos in the control group, and noticed an immediate increase in the aggressiveness of those in the experimental group as compared to those in the control group (2013). The study established a causal relationship between viewing and performing aggression. Discussing glorification of crime/heroism (individualism) in crime films, Johnson et al. (2002) and Anderson et. al. (2003) argued that viewers of violent crime are more likely to get engaged in self-reported crimes and violence. Films like A mighty heart (Pitt, Gardner, Eaton, & Winterbottom, 2007) and The good shepherd (De Niro, 2006) glamorize individualism (self- emphasis on violence and crime), leaving a strong effect on viewers. García-Mainar (2013) tested and found that the individualism has made its path in the cinema industry with broader level of generic crime conventions and facilitated the admiration for particular competitive individualism process. The individual centred heroism increases fan following of such films, creating an urge in the viewers to step into the shoes of the heroes. García-Mainar (2019) argued that the specific conventions of violent or crime movies are mobilized at highly intense level, making a connection between the dangers shown in the movies to those in real life. Crime movies like The departed (Pitt, Grey, King, & Scorsese, 2006), The constant gardener (Williams, Egan, & Meirelles, 2005), and Silver city (Renzi, & Sayles, 2004) show how the conventions of a particular new individualism are effected, as Sullivan, an undercover cop and a mole attempt to identify each other in The departed, Justin Quayle, a widower, seeks his wife’s murderer in The constant gardener, and Danny O’Brien investigates a particular crime case during a political campaign in Silver city. Gordon Dahl and Stefano DellaVigna also found causal relationship between the short- run media violence and crime in an experiment on subjects in natural settings, wherein they 4 induced subjects by the time-series variation in the violent activities in movies (2009). Erum Hafeez Aslam reported links between media crime and real violence, and argued that media violence is linked to the standard issue of reverse causation and endogeneity (2018). Viewers like performing acts they find inspiring in films. Crime feeds action in film, and film feeds crime back into action by inspiring viewers. Thus, in view of causation and reverse causation, film’s association with the crime
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