Social and Gender Equity Gauge
Piloting the tool for assessing inequities in the water sector
India and Nepal
Study Co-ordinated by
Financially supported by Partners in Nepal
SUTRA and Department of Social Work of Kadambari Memorial College of Science and Management
January 2011
Society for Promoting Participative Eco-system Management
(SOPPECOM)
16, Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411008 Phone: 91 20 2588 0786 Telefax: 91 20 2588 6542 E-mail: [email protected] url: www.soppecom.org
Acknowledgements
The idea of this study was conceptualised way back in 2007 at one of the South Asia regional planning meetings organised by Gender and Water Alliance (GWA) in 2007. However it took concrete shape only after the GWA agreed to support the proposal writing phase of the project after which it also decided to fund the first phase of this project which is what we present before you.
We would therefore like to first thank the GWA for its unstinted support to see the fruition of this idea. We would particularly like to thank Joke Muylwijk for her support to see this project completed in due time.
The advisory committee for this project indeed did much more than advising us. Apart from the two meetings that we organised for the committee all of them also contributed in a significant way over the e-mail. We would like to thank each one of them here- Margreet Zwarteveen, Amita Shah, Sara Ahmed, Chanda Gurung and Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt for all the interest shown in the design of this project as well as in commenting on the findings of the study.
We would also like to thank Balaraju Nikku from the Department of Social work of the Kadambari College of Science and Management, Kathmandu, Nepal for hosting the study in Nepal.
We would also like to thank members from SOPPECOM who were actively involved in the preparation of this report. We would specially like to mention Suchita Jain who helped us with the GIS based work for presenting the inequities on cadastral maps by linking it to our data sets. Sutapa Majumdar who was part of the project in the initial stages and Kshitija Gosavi who supported us through the administrative aspects of the project need a mention here.
We would also like to thank the field investigators engaged for data collection from both the countries whose contribution to this study is important.
Importantly we would like to thank all the women and the men from the villages in the study area who co-operated with us and sustained through the hour long interviews with them.
Seema Kulkarni On behalf of the India and Nepal teams 15 January 2011
Advisory Committee
Margreet Zwarteveen Sara Ahmed
Research Team, SOPPECOM
Seema Kulkarni
Research Team Nepal
Pranita Bhushan
- Sneha Bhat
- Janwillem Liebrand
- Saroj Yakami
- Amita Shah
- Ravi Pomane
Chanda Gurung Kuntala Lahiri Dutt
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Contents
List of tables ................................................................................................................................... 3 List of charts................................................................................................................................... 9 List of charts................................................................................................................................. 10 List of annexure ............................................................................................................................ 11 Glossary of terms.......................................................................................................................... 12 List of abbreviations...................................................................................................................... 13 Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 31 The social and gender equity gauge,.............................................................................................. 31 Maharashtra; India ........................................................................................................................ 31 Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 94 Social and gender equity gauge, Chitwan; Nepal........................................................................... 94 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................... 172 Social and gender equity gauge, Kavre; Nepal............................................................................. 172 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................... 246 Final comments........................................................................................................................... 246 Annexure 1 ................................................................................................................................. 255 Original tool (household questionnaire)....................................................................................... 255 Annexure 2 ................................................................................................................................. 267 Modified tool (household questionnaire)..................................................................................... 267 Annexure 3 ................................................................................................................................. 278 Caste wise status of irrigation 1................................................................................................... 278 Annexure 4 ................................................................................................................................. 279 Caste wise status of irrigation 2................................................................................................... 279 List of references ........................................................................................................................ 280
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List of tables
Chapter 2
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Taluka wise SC population Taluka wise percentage of land use in Ahmednagar district (Census 2001) Source wise percentage of the irrigated land in Ahmednagar district (2001) Land use of the selected villages (Census 2001) Drinking water sources in sample villages (Census 2001 Village- habitation wise coverage of population through drinking water schemes Details of piped water schemes in the sample villages Vasti wise coverage through public schemes Caste groups and castes categories they belong to
10 Demographic data for the study villages 11 Sample selected from the study villages 12 Village and caste wise composition of the sample, percentage of households within village 13 Post or membership to public institutions 14 Village wise ownership of land (ha), percentage of households within village 15 Caste wise ownership of land (ha), percentage of households within caste 16 Gender-wise land ownership among males and females from land owning households 17 Caste wise percentage of women land owners 18 Ownership of livestock, percentage of households 19 Caste wise ownership of livestock, percentage of households 20 Caste wise ownership of large livestock among livestock owning households, percentage of households
21 Caste wise ownership of small livestock among livestock owning households, percentage of households
22 Caste wise ownership of sources, percentage of households 23 Caste wise type of source owned among the source owning households, percentage of households
24 Village wise ownership of sources, percentage of households 25 Caste wise ownership of water related equipments, percentage of households 26 Caste wise water accessed lpcd), percentage of households 27 Village wise water availability of water (lpcd), percentage of households 28 Dependence on private and public sources for drinking and domestic water, summer season 29 Caste wise dependence on private and public sources for drinking water, summer season, percentage of households
30 Village wise dependence on private and public sources for drinking water, summer season, percentage of households
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31 Water availability (lpcd) among the sample households 32 Frequency of availability of tap water, number of households 33 Source wise quality of water for major drinking water source, percentage of households 34 Source wise who fetches water, percentage of households 35 Distance to the main source for drinking water 36 Distance wise person fetching water, percentage of households 37 Mode of access wise who fetches water, percentage of households 38 Means of fetching water wise who fetches water, percentage of households 39 Time spent for fetching water wise person fetching water, percentage of households 40 Average distance and time from different sources for drinking water use 41 Average time spent and distance traversed by Ownership and mode of access 42 Average time and distance by method of bringing water 43 Labour in utilisation of water 1, percentage of households 44 Labour in utilisation of water 2, percentage of households 45 Household size wise distribution of sample households 46 Norms for supplying potable water for rural households in India 47 Desired access as per the DDWS guidelines worked for sample household size 48 Daily consumption of water for different purposes in sample households (average consumption in lpcd)
49 Daily water consumption for cooking and drinking, percentage of households 50 Water consumption for washing utensils, percentage of households 51 Daily Water consumption for washing clothes, percentage of households 52 Daily Water consumption for personal hygiene percentage of households 53 Who does compromises during water shortage 54 Men fetching water 55 Reasons for men fetching water 56 Use of water during shortages 57 Reasons for not having sanitation facility in the house 58 Use of sanitation facility 59 Reasons for not using sanitation facility 60 Availability of public sanitation facility 61 Availability of irrigation among the sample households 62 Caste wise ownership of irrigated and non irrigated land among total land owning households, percentage of households
63 Village wise ownership of irrigated and non irrigated land among total land owning households, percentage of households
64 Gender wise ownership of irrigated and non irrigated land (Figures in parentheses are percentages)
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65 Different sources used for irrigation 66 Source wise technology used for irrigation, no of households 67 Season wise crop pattern, no of households 68 Division of labour- agriculture activities, percentage of households among land owning households
69 Participation in domestic water committees 70 World views on women's participation 71 Alternatives in distribution and management of water 72 Current situation of water, reasons for scarcity/problems in water supply 73 Equity in water distribution, responses from the sample households 74 Conflicts around water, responses from the sample households
Chapter 3
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Drinking water and sanitation Irrigation and agricultural water use No of households of the villages in Chitwan and sample size No of households, population and gender of the villages in Chitwan Caste and ethnicity of population in Mangalpur and Sharadnagar VDC Caste and ethnicity of the survey in the three villages Gender of respondents of sample size in the three villages Systematic’ drinking water supply in Chitwan district and selected VDCs Irrigation development in Chitwan
10 Area irrigated in Chitwan District per season 11 Number, area and number of holdings and area under irrigation in Chitwan 12 An overview of structural inequities in the drinking water and sanitation sector 13 An overview of structural inequities in the agriculture and irrigation sector 14 Caste wise land ownership of irrigated and unirrigated land of households (A) 15 Caste wise land ownership of irrigated and unirrigated land of households (B) 16 Caste wise ownership of irrigated land of households 17 Caste wise ownership of unirrigated land of households 18 Village wise ownership of irrigated and unirrigated land of households 19 Village wise ownership of irrigated land of households 20 Village wise ownership of unirrigated land of households 21 Caste wise and gender wise land ownership within households 22 Gender and caste wise land holding of adult men and women per capita 23 Caste and gender wise distribution of irrigated and unirrigated land holders per capita 24 Caste wise ownership of cow and bullock of households 25 Caste wise ownership of buffalo and jersey cow of households
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26 Caste wise ownership of small livestock of households 27 Caste wise ownership of poultry of households 28 Caste wise “direct access” to water sources 29 Caste wise “ownership” of water sources 30 Village wise distribution of ‘direct access’ to water sources 31 Village wise distribution of “ownership” to water sources 32 Caste wise investment in water sources 33 Use wise investment in water sources 34 Caste wise ownership of “water related equipment” 35 Caste wise investment in “water related equipment” 36 Caste and season wise dependence on private and public sources of domestic water use 37 Cropping pattern and irrigation 38 Caste wise “access” to irrigation per season of households 39 Village wise “access” to irrigation per season of households 40 Gender division of labour in domestic tasks 41 Caste and gender wise time spending on domestic tasks 42 Caste and gender wise water use for domestic tasks 43 Caste and gender wise division of labour in agriculture (A) 44 Caste and gender wise division of labour in agriculture (B) 45 Caste and gender wise division of labour in agriculture (C) 46 Overview of formal water management in the villages 47 Village wise presentation of active and non-active households in WUA 48 Caste and gender wise involvement of active households in WUA 49 General information on the participation in formal irrigation management (WUA) 50 General information on participation in WUA formation 51 Description of domestic water use pattern (A) 52 Description of domestic water use patterns (B) 53 Description of water use pattern (C) 54 Rules for distribution of water (A) 55 Rules for water distribution (B) 56 Rules for water distribution (C) 57 Knowledge, discourses and the future (A) 58 Knowledge, discourses and future (B) 59 Knowledge, discourses and the future (C) 60 Household size per caste category in the three villages in Chitwan
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Chapter 4
1 Drinking water and sanitation 2 Irrigation and agricultural water use 3 No. of households of the villages in Kavre and sample size 4 No of households, population and gender of the village in Kavre 5 Caste and ethnicity of population in Nala and RaviOpi VDC
6a caste and ethnicity of the survey in the three villages 6b Religion of the respondents selected during the survey in the three villages
7 Gender respondents of sample size in the three villages 8 ‘Systematic’ drinking water supply in Kavre district and selected VDCs
8a Area irrigated in Kavre District per season
9 Number, area, number of holdings reporting and area irrigated by source of irrigation and total area of holding
10 Caste-wise land ownership
11a Castewise irrigated and unirrigated land of households and percentage analysis within caste group
11b Castewise irrigated and unirrigated land of households (B) and percentage analysis of the total sample
12 Caste-wise ownership of Irrigated Land of households 13 Caste-wise Ownership of Unirrigated Land of households 14 Villagewise ownership of irrigated and unirrigated land of households 15 Villagewise ownership of irrigated land of households 16 Villagewise ownership of unirrigated Land of households 17 Castewise and genderwise land ownership within households 18 Gender and castewise land holding of adult men and women per capita 19 Caste and Genderwise distribution of irrigated and unirrigated land holders per capita 20 Castewise ownership of cow and Bullock of households 21 Castewise ownership of the Buffalo and Jersy cow of households 22 Castewise ownership of small livestock of households 23 Castewise ownership of “water related equipment Error! Bookmark not defined. 24 Castewise investment in water equipment 25 Caste and Season wise dependence on public and private sources of water for Domestic use 26 Cropping Pattern and Irrigation 27 Castewise access to irrigation per season of households 28 Villagewise access to irrigation per season of households 29 Gender division of labor work in domestic tasks 30 Caste and genderwise water use for domestic tasks
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31 Caste and genderwise division of labour in agriculture (A 32 Caste and genderwise division of labour in agriculture (B) 33 Caste and genderwise division of labour in agriculture (C) 34 Overview of formal water management in the villages 35 Villagewise presentation of active and non-active households in WUA 36 Caste and genderwise involvement of households in WUA 37 General Information on the participation in formal irrigation management (WUA) 38 General Information on participation in WUA formation 39 Description of domestic water use pattern (A) 40 Description of domestic water use pattern (B) 41 Description of domestic water use pattern (C) 42 Rules of Water Distribution (A) 43 Rules of Water Distribution (B) 44 Rules for water distribution (C) 45 Knowledge, discourses and the future (A) 46 Knowledge, discourses and the future (B) 47 Knowledge, discourses and the future (C) 48 Caste-wise Education level of Households in Kavre 49 Villagewise education level in Kavre (percentage) 50 Village wise education level in Kavre (percentage)
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List of charts
Chapter 2
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Sex ratio of the Ahmednagar district Taluka wise overall and child sex ratio ( 0-6 years ) in Ahmednagar district (2001) Sex ratio of the selected villages (2001) Land use of the Ahmednagar district Village wise percentage of irrigated and non irrigated area (Census 2001) village and source wise percentage of irrigated area (Census 2001) Caste wise distribution of sample Religion wise distribution of sample Gender-wise ownership of land among land owning households (who owns the land in household), percentage of households
10 11 12 13
Caste wise average water access (lpcd) Village wise average of water availability (lpcd) Person fetching water, percentage of households Availability of sanitation facility, percentage of households
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List of charts
Chapter 2
Location of sample villages, Ahmednagar district; Maharashtra; India
Chapter 3
1123456
Location of Chitwan District in Nepal The location of Mangalpur and Sharadanagar VDC in Chitwan District Forest cover in Chitwan district and the location of the three villages River network in Chitwan district Water tables in Chitwan district Canal outlay of KIS and NLIS in West Chitwan
Chapter 4
- 1
- Location of Kavre district in Nepal
2a The location of RaviOpi and Nala in Kavre District 3b Satellite image of RaviOpi and Nala in Kavre District 4567
Resource map of RaviOpi DS (Village 3) Satellite image of Nala Source, CIUD 2010 Geomorphical picture of the study area Canal outlay of Shikhar Kateri Irrigation System
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List of annexure
1 Original tool (household questionnaire) 2 Modified tool (household questionnaire) 3 Caste wise status of irrigation 1 4 Caste wise status of irrigation 2
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Glossary of terms
Anganwadi Surpanch
Pre school centers in Indian villages Village head
Gram Panchayat Village council Gaothan Vasti
Main village Habitation
Kharif Rabi
Monsoon season Winter season
- Block
- Taluka
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List of abbreviations
ADB ADB/N AMIS AMDS B/C
Asian Development Bank Agricultural Development Bank/ Nepal Agency Managed Irrigation Systems Agency Managed Drinking Water Supply System Brahmin/Chhetri (castes)
- CBS
- Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)
Community Groundwater Irrigation Sector Project Centre for Integrated Urban Development Community Managed Drinking Water Supply System Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Project (CMIASP) Department of Agriculture
CGISP CIUD CMDS CMIASP DA DBID DDC DOI
Database for Irrigation Development District Development Committee Department of Irrigation
- DT
- De notified Tribes
DTW DWSS FMIS GEG GO
Deep Tube Well. Department of Water Supply and Sanitation Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems Gender water equity gauge Government
- GP
- Grampanchyat
- HDI
- Human Development Index
- HH
- Household
IAAS ISF
Institute of Agricultural and Animal Science (Tribhuvan University) Irrigation Service Fee
- KIS
- Khageri Irrigation System
LPCD M
Liter per capita per day Monsoon
- Nala
- Ugrachandi Nala
NLIS NT
Narayani Lift Irrigation System Nomadic Tribes
NWSC OBC PRA
Nepal Water Supply Corporation Other Backward Class Participatory Rural Appraisal
RaviOpi DS RaviOpi Downstream