Social and Gender Equity Gauge Piloting the tool for assessing inequities in the water sector India and Nepal Study Co ---ordinated by FFFinancially supported by Partners in Nepal SUTRA and Department of Social Work of Kadambari Memorial College of Science and Management January 2011 Society for Promoting Participative EcoEco----systemsystem Management (SOPPECOM) 16, Kale Park, Someshwarwadi Road, Pashan, Pune 411008 Phone: 91 20 2588 0786 Telefax: 91 20 2588 6542 E-mail: [email protected] url: www.soppecom.org Acknowledgements The idea of this study was conceptualised way back in 2007 at one of the South Asia regional planning meetings organised by Gender and Water Alliance (GWA) in 2007. However it took concrete shape only after the GWA agreed to support the proposal writing phase of the project after which it also decided to fund the first phase of this project which is what we present before you. We would therefore like to first thank the GWA for its unstinted support to see the fruition of this idea. We would particularly like to thank Joke Muylwijk for her support to see this project completed in due time. The advisory committee for this project indeed did much more than advising us. Apart from the two meetings that we organised for the committee all of them also contributed in a significant way over the e-mail. We would like to thank each one of them here- Margreet Zwarteveen, Amita Shah, Sara Ahmed, Chanda Gurung and Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt for all the interest shown in the design of this project as well as in commenting on the findings of the study. We would also like to thank Balaraju Nikku from the Department of Social work of the Kadambari College of Science and Management, Kathmandu, Nepal for hosting the study in Nepal. We would also like to thank members from SOPPECOM who were actively involved in the preparation of this report. We would specially like to mention Suchita Jain who helped us with the GIS based work for presenting the inequities on cadastral maps by linking it to our data sets. Sutapa Majumdar who was part of the project in the initial stages and Kshitija Gosavi who supported us through the administrative aspects of the project need a mention here. We would also like to thank the field investigators engaged for data collection from both the countries whose contribution to this study is important. Importantly we would like to thank all the women and the men from the villages in the study area who co-operated with us and sustained through the hour long interviews with them. Seema Kulkarni On behalf of the India and Nepal teams 15 January 2011 Advisory Committee Research Team, SOPPECOM Research Team Nepal Margreet Zwarteveen Seema Kulkarni Pranita Bhushan Sara Ahmed Sneha Bhat Janwillem Liebrand Amita Shah Ravi Pomane Saroj Yakami Chanda Gurung Kuntala Lahiri Dutt 1 Contents List of tables ................................................................................................................................... 3 List of charts................................................................................................................................... 9 List of charts................................................................................................................................. 10 List of annexure ............................................................................................................................ 11 Glossary of terms.......................................................................................................................... 12 List of abbreviations...................................................................................................................... 13 Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 31 The social and gender equity gauge,.............................................................................................. 31 Maharashtra; India ........................................................................................................................ 31 Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 94 Social and gender equity gauge, Chitwan; Nepal........................................................................... 94 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................... 172 Social and gender equity gauge, Kavre; Nepal............................................................................. 172 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................... 246 Final comments........................................................................................................................... 246 Annexure 1 ................................................................................................................................. 255 Original tool (household questionnaire)....................................................................................... 255 Annexure 2 ................................................................................................................................. 267 Modified tool (household questionnaire) ..................................................................................... 267 Annexure 3 ................................................................................................................................. 278 Caste wise status of irrigation 1................................................................................................... 278 Annexure 4 ................................................................................................................................. 279 Caste wise status of irrigation 2................................................................................................... 279 List of references ........................................................................................................................ 280 2 List of tables Chapter 2 1 Taluka wise SC population 2 Taluka wise percentage of land use in Ahmednagar district (Census 2001) 3 Source wise percentage of the irrigated land in Ahmednagar district (2001) 4 Land use of the selected villages (Census 2001) 5 Drinking water sources in sample villages (Census 2001 6 Village- habitation wise coverage of population through drinking water schemes 7 Details of piped water schemes in the sample villages 8 Vasti wise coverage through public schemes 9 Caste groups and castes categories they belong to 10 Demographic data for the study villages 11 Sample selected from the study villages 12 Village and caste wise composition of the sample, percentage of households within village 13 Post or membership to public institutions 14 Village wise ownership of land (ha), percentage of households within village 15 Caste wise ownership of land (ha), percentage of households within caste 16 Gender-wise land ownership among males and females from land owning households 17 Caste wise percentage of women land owners 18 Ownership of livestock, percentage of households 19 Caste wise ownership of livestock, percentage of households 20 Caste wise ownership of large livestock among livestock owning households, percentage of households 21 Caste wise ownership of small livestock among livestock owning households, percentage of households 22 Caste wise ownership of sources, percentage of households 23 Caste wise type of source owned among the source owning households, percentage of households 24 Village wise ownership of sources, percentage of households 25 Caste wise ownership of water related equipments, percentage of households 26 Caste wise water accessed lpcd), percentage of households 27 Village wise water availability of water (lpcd), percentage of households 28 Dependence on private and public sources for drinking and domestic water, summer season 29 Caste wise dependence on private and public sources for drinking water, summer season, percentage of households 30 Village wise dependence on private and public sources for drinking water, summer season, percentage of households 3 31 Water availability (lpcd) among the sample households 32 Frequency of availability of tap water, number of households 33 Source wise quality of water for major drinking water source, percentage of households 34 Source wise who fetches water, percentage of households 35 Distance to the main source for drinking water 36 Distance wise person fetching water, percentage of households 37 Mode of access wise who fetches water, percentage of households 38 Means of fetching water wise who fetches water, percentage of households 39 Time spent for fetching water wise person fetching water, percentage of households 40 Average distance and time from different sources for drinking water use 41 Average time spent and distance traversed by Ownership and mode of access 42 Average time