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Population Structure and Symbiotic Relationships of the Invasive Species Sinanodonta Woodiana (Lea, 1834) in Water Bodies of Ukraine

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Population Structure and Symbiotic Relationships of the Invasive Species Sinanodonta Woodiana (Lea, 1834) in Water Bodies of Ukraine E3S Web of Conferences 280, 06006 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128006006 ICSF 2021 Population structure and symbiotic relationships of the invasive species Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) in water bodies of Ukraine Tetiana Yermoshyna1,*, and Оlesia Pavliuchenko1 1Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University, Department of Zoology, Biological Monitoring and Nature Conservation, 40 Velyka Berdychivska Str., Zhytomyr, 10008, Ukraine Abstract. Understanding the process of penetration and distribution of the invasive species Sinanodonta woodiana is important for predicting associated changes in biodiversity and the structure of freshwater communities. The biomass, density, age and sex structure of mollusk populations were analyzed. An increase in the size of Chinese pond mussels was noted after the introduction: the shell length of individuals from a pond (Romanivka village, 2017) was 24,2% more than of mollusks from the Velyka Repida river (Matroska village, 2004), and in 2019 it increased by another 14,7% (by 42,5% compared to the shell length of the mollusks from the Velyka Repida river). The body weight of S. woodiana from the river was 125,3 g, while in the pond there was a 2,13-fold increase in body weight in 2017, with a further increase in this indicator by another 23,6% in 2019 and another 37,7% in 2020. The relative number of S. woodiana and native species Unio pictorum and Anodonta anatina in 2017 was 26,3%, 47,4% and 26,3%, in 2020 – 64,0%, 16,0% and 20,0% respectively. Ciliates of the genus Conchophthirus and Trichodina, Aspidogaster conchicola, Helobdella stagnalis, larvae of Chironomus sp. are in a symbiotic relationship with S. woodiana. The most common Conchophthirus sp. – in 21,6% of individuals. Further spread of S. woodiana to the cold regions of Ukraine and the formation of new populations in the already developed regions should be expected. 1 Introduction structure of their populations, resulting in a reduction in natural biodiversity. There is a problem of colonization of territories by The bivalve freshwater mollusk Sinanodonta invasive species in many countries these days. This is one woodiana (Lea, 1834) is an invasive species that was of the largest environmental problems of our time, which introduced into freshwater bodies of Europe in the middle is associated with active processes of biotic globalization. of the last century and continues to colonize new Invasive species in new habitats, as a rule, do not have territories. Its original range is in East Asia. However, natural enemies to control their numbers, which from the second half of the twentieth century, a rapid contribute to their rapid spread and a sharp increase in expansion of the range of S. woodiana began. Due to its numbers in the newly populated area. Invaders, directly ecological features and wide morphological variability and indirectly, affect native species in natural ecosystems. [6], this species of unionid mollusks is actively spreading An invasive species has a direct impact, entering into a further, as indicated by the constantly growing number of relationship of interspecific competition with local new sites in which S. woodiana is found [7–9]. Although species for resources of the same type. As a result, it can this mollusk was previously considered a thermophilic suppress or completely displace native species, which species, it is found both in reservoirs with a changed (due leads to a simplification of the structure of the community to the discharge of heated waters) and with a constant and a decrease in its resistance to external influences. An water temperature. Depending on the temperature of the indirect influence is associated with a change in the aquatic environment, only the density of the settlement system of evolutionarily formed complex relationships of and the biomass of this species change. Thus, the local organisms with the habitat. The spread of an population density of S. woodiana in favorable conditions invasive species in new habitats leads to the disruption of of existence usually ranges from several to tens of the established biocenotic relationships between native individuals per square meter. In fish ponds, which do not species. An invasive species can bring its symbionts from receive heated waters, the population density of the their native range, where they were originally distributed, Chinese pond mussel is relatively low – about 4 and can also acquire local symbionts in a new range [1– individuals per m2 [10]. 5]. Penetrating new regions, it enters into relationships Understanding the process of penetration and with local species, negatively affecting the size and distribution of an invasive species is important in * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 280, 06006 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128006006 ICSF 2021 predicting the associated changes in biodiversity and XY-B2. The observation was accompanied by biocenosis structure. However, at present, information on photographing using an IS Capture digital camera the symbiotic relationship of S. woodiana in the designed for observation, photographing and video biocenoses of European freshwater bodies, where the projection of transparent objects in transmitted ordinary mollusk enters, is scarce [11–14]. light. Our study aimed to study the structure of populations of the species S. woodiana introduced into the water bodies of Ukraine and its symbiotic relationship with local 3 Results and discussion species of freshwater fauna of Ukraine. 3.1 Population structure of S. woodiana 2 Material and methods For the first time in the Ukrainian part of the Danube river basin, the Chinese pond mussel was recorded in 1999 2.1 Study area and sampling [21], where the species probably entered from Romania, spreading downstream of the Danube. The Velyka Repida The material was the authors' collections from the Velyka river is a left tributary of the Danube, where the collection Repida river (Matroska village, Izmail Raion, Odessa of mollusks was carried out in 2004 and 2005 (Matroska Oblast) (geographic coordinates – N 45°33'43''; village, Izmail Raion, Odessa Oblast). E 28°77'70'') in July 2004. Also, the collection of material The entry of S. woodiana into a pond in the was carried out in July–August 2017, 2019 and 2020 from Romanivka village (Berdychivsky Raion, Zhytomyr a pond in Romanivka village (Berdychivsky Raion, Oblast), most likely, occurred in 2005 as a result of the Zhytomyr Oblast) (geographic coordinates – release of mollusks glochidia during their temporary N 49°89'22''; E 28°48'80''). A total of 94 specimens of maintenance (for two summer months in special cages- S. woodiana were examined. baskets) under conditions natural reservoir. Chinese pond The mollusks were collected by hand at a depth of 0,7– mussels, collected from the Velyka Repida river, got into 2,5 m. The density of their settlement was determined by the pond. the site method. The biomass was calculated by weighing The population density of S. woodiana in the Velyka live mollusks together with the liquid of the mantle cavity, Repida river was 1,8 ind./m2, the biomass was 227,1 g/m2 followed by recalculating the mass per unit of bottom (Table 1). In the pond, the density of this mollusk during area. The species identification of mollusks was carried the study ranged from 0,3 to 4,0 ind./m2, and the biomass out according to generally accepted literary sources [15; – from 133,5 to 1354,8 g/m2. 16]. The age of the animals was determined according to the lines of winter growth arrest. The sex of the mollusks Table 1. Changes in quantitative indicators of S. woodiana and was determined by a smear made from the gonad fluid its populations after its opening. Statistical analysis of the data was Shell Weight, Population performed using descriptive statistics and independent length, Median Biomass, Year g density, samples t-test. mm age g/m2 (M±SD) ind./m2 (M±SD) Velyka Repida river, Matroska village 2.2 Symbiont detection 106,2± 125,3± 2004 4,3 1,8 227,1 8,9 25,7 The mollusks underwent a complete parasitological Pond, Romanivka village dissection with the preparation of temporary preparations 131,9± 267,0± 2017 3,6 0,5 133,5 of symbionts. The animals inhabiting S. woodiana were 6,8 41,6 initially searched for on the surface of the mantle, oral 151,3± 330,1± 2019 3,9 4 1354,8 lobes, gills, in the mantle fluid, and then inside internal 4,2 35,1 organs such as the gonads, pericardium, and kidneys. 158,6± 454,4± 2020 3,9 0,3 145,4 The prevalence of symbionts was determined as the 4,2 35,3 percentage of infected hosts with a specific species or group of symbionts. The intensity of invasion is an The lower values of these indicators for mollusks from arithmetic mean of the number of parasites per one the pond in Romanivka village in 2017 and 2020 may be infected individual of the host. Abundance index – the associated with more severe winter conditions in the north average number of a particular species or group of of Ukraine since the water temperature has a direct effect parasites in all host individuals (including uninfected on the growth rate, reproduction and distribution of this ones). species. However, in 2019, we saw a surge in the number Determination of the systematic affiliation of symbionts of Chinese pond mussels in the local population from a was carried out using keys and scientific articles devoted pond in the Pyatygirka river. to the taxonomy of the corresponding groups [17–20]. Like any invasive species at the stage of conquering The study of the morphological organization of local new territories, individuals of S.
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