HODGES, COURTNEY HICKS: Papers, 1904-65
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Two Ice Glaze Storms Over U. S. Interior Plains, January, 1949 GORDON B
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOR 1963 316 Two Ice Glaze Storms Over U. S. Interior Plains, January, 1949 GORDON B. SCHILZ, Southeastern State College, Durant After driving, January 1st, 1948, from Detroit to St. Louis on Ice glazed highways from which more than 50 telephone and power line crews were clearing broken poles and tangled wires, it seemed worthwhile to ascertain the area, duration and damage cost of. such a storm. A year later first hand observation and experience during four days of January without water, light, telephone, or newspaper, caused by severe ice glaze damage in southeastern Oklahoma stimulated this study. Ice glaze storms may result from (1) a moist air mass Which is present over a region being uplifted by an inrushing polar continental air mass; or (2) from warm moist air over-running the cool dry mass; with temperature of surface air mass between 10°-33° F. while the upper moist air reaches a condensation point above 32°. During January 9-12, 1949, such conditions were charted by the Weather bureau (Map I, Frontal Action, 1st Ice Glaze Storm) as cPK pushed from Canada towards Texas and Kentucky. The trend of the cold front action (designated on the map by heavy black lines) was influenced (1) by a slow movement of the low over the Great Lakes on the 9th and 10th and (2) by "high" on the 11th and 12th over Alabama North Carolina. This ice glaze storm was characterized by the Des Moines meteorologist as "caused by a wide stream of warm moist air overrunning a shallow cold air-mass that covered the mid-west" (1). -
William H. Simpson: General's General
RICE UNIVERSITY . .V7ILLIAM H. SIMPSON: GENERAL* S GENERAL (A .BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH AND CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY) « by * . « ■ Thomas Richardson Stone » 0f A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER- OF ARTS Thesis Director's signature: Houston, Texas May, 1971 t ABSTRACT ; WILLIAM H. SIMPSON: GENERAL'S GENERAL (A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH AND CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY) BY ' ^ THOMAS RICHARDSON STONE Foundations for the careers; of great’men are’often laid in early life. This paper deals with events in the first 21 years,of the life of William H. Simpson who later commanded the 350»000 man Ninth.Army as it raced across Germany in the Second World War. V- The development of the West Texas county in which General Simpson was raised; the General’s early life as well as his V/est Point days, during which the tall Texan was shaped into a second lieu¬ tenant in the United States Army, are examined. .An anno¬ tated bibliography including letters written to and interviews conducted by the author as well as printed material supplements the text. To Cindy, Sarah and Tommy : :'.V. Preface Thanks are offered to the many people,who, realizing the limited time.available for .preparation of this paper, gave their assistance freely to-.meo- The staff of the Fondren Library responded rapidly to my every request. Mrs. Monika Orr of the Interlibrary Loan ■ desk was particularly helpful and through her diligent ef¬ forts several rare books from other collections were made available to me. Mr. James McIntosh and his staff of the Jefferson Davis Association which has offices at Rice Uni¬ versity, provided a warm welcome, a sympathetic ear, and a hot cup of coffee to me when they were needed most. -
The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 18, ISSUE 2 Studies “Lessons learned” in WWI: The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917 Christian Stachelbeck The Battle of Arras in the spring of 1917 marked the beginning of the major allied offensives on the western front. The attack by the British 1st Army (Horne) and 3rd Army (Allenby) was intended to divert attention from the French main offensive under General Robert Nivelle at the Chemin des Dames (Nivelle Offensive). 1 The French commander-in-chief wanted to force the decisive breakthrough in the west. Between 9 and 12 April, the British had succeeded in penetrating the front across a width of 18 kilometres and advancing around six kilometres, while the Canadian corps (Byng), deployed for the first time in closed formation, seized the ridge near Vimy, which had been fiercely contested since late 1914.2 The success was paid for with the bloody loss of 1 On the German side, the battles at Arras between 2 April and 20 May 1917 were officially referred to as Schlacht bei Arras (Battle of Arras). In Canada, the term Battle of Vimy Ridge is commonly used for the initial phase of the battle. The seizure of Vimy ridge was a central objective of the offensive and was intended to secure the protection of the northern flank of the 3rd Army. 2 For detailed information on this, see: Jack Sheldon, The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914-1917 (Barnsley: Pen&Sword Military, 2008), p. 8. Sheldon's book, however, is basically a largely indiscriminate succession of extensive quotes from regimental histories, diaries and force files from the Bavarian War Archive (Kriegsarchiv) in Munich. -
1St Battle of the Marne - Setup Order
1st Battle of the Marne - Setup order 1 x3 Rebais Coulornmiers French Fifth Army British 2 x1 Expeditionary Force 3 x1 4 x4 Meaux Marne River 5 x5 German 2nd Army French 6th Army 6 x10 German 1st Army Monthyon 7 x9 8 x3 Historical Background The 1st Battle of the Marne took place between 5th and 11th September,1914. The most important consequence of the battle was that the French and British forces were able to prevent the German plan for a swift and decisive victory. 9 x2 At the end of August 1914, the three armies of the German invasion's northern wing were sweeping south towards Paris. The French 5th and 6th Armies and the British Expeditionary Force were in retreat. General Alexander von Kluck , commander of the German 1st Army, was ordered to encircle Paris from the east. Expecting the German Army to capture Paris, the French government departed for Bordeaux. About 500,000 French civilians also left Paris by 3rd September. Joseph Joffre, the Commander-in-Chief of the French forces, ordered his men to retreat to a line along the River Seine, southeast of Paris and over 60km south of the Marne. Joffre planned to attack the German 1st Army on 6th September and decided to replace General Charles Lanrezac, the commander of the 5th Army, with the more 10 x2 aggressive, General Franchet D'Esperey. The commander of the BEF, Sir John French, agreed to join the attaqck on the German forces. General Michel Maunoury and the French 6th Army attacked the German 1st Army on the morning of 6th September. -
The National War College Marking 70 Years of Strategic Education
National War College (Katie Freeman) The National War College Marking 70 Years of Strategic Education By Janet Breslin-Smith eventy years ago, a war-weary Soviet aggression shattered postwar Washington struggled with dreams of peace. With the dawn of S uncertainty and alarm. Exhausted 1946 we entered a new strategic era— after years of global conflict and still the bipolar struggle with the Soviet Dr. Janet Breslin-Smith was Chair of the carrying memories of the Great Depres- Union. Department of National Security Strategy at the National War College (NWC) and taught sion, America yearned for home and The Nation responded. Testifying to at the college from 1992 to 2006. She is prosperity. Yet barely 6 months after the resilience and creative pragmatism of co-author of The National War College: A victory in World War II, Washington American leadership, Washington’s alarm History of Strategic Thinking in Peace and War (NWC Association, 2008). She is President of faced troubling signs of danger ahead. and uncertainty soon were replaced by Crosswinds Strategic Consulting. A past ally was becoming a threat. productivity and accomplishment. Key JFQ 84, 1st Quarter 2017 Breslin-Smith 59 that year, these men developed the first “joint” evolution in professional military education—the Army-Navy Staff College, a 12-week program for selected officers for command and staff duty in unified or coordinated com- mands. This idea caught on and by 1944 there was growing support, not only for enhanced joint senior officer education but also for a larger institu- tional reorganization cutting across the Executive Branch. -
To Download PDF Appendices
H APPENDIX A H D-Day Inc.’s Ownership Structure, Board of Directors, and Key Personnel holly owned subsidiary of the United States and United Kingdom’s W military services. Board of Directors: Franklin D. Roosevelt, president of the United States and chairman of the Board, D-Day Inc Winston S. Churchill, prime minister of the United Kingdom, vice-chairman Josef Stalin, general secretary of the Communist Party, leader of the Soviet Union Henry “Hap” Arnold, general, CEO of U.S. Army Air Forces Alan Brooke, field marshal, CEO of the British Army Ernest J. King, admiral, CEO of U.S. Navy George C. Marshall, general, CEO of the U.S. Army Other members of the board were Admiral William Leahy, chief of staff to President Roosevelt (the equivalent of the modern chairman of the joint chiefs), lead like ike and the senior British officers in charge of the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Key Personnel: General Sir Harold Alexander, Eisenhower’s No. 2 in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. General Omar N. Bradley, commander of all U.S. land forces in France from June 1944 until the war’s end in May 1945. Named five-star General of the Army in 1950. Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Ike’s naval deputy from July 1942 until January 1944, when he became Britain’s first sea lord. General Courtney Hodges, commander of the U.S. First Army. Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, air forces deputy from January 1944 until war’s end. Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, commander of all British and Canadian forces in France from June 1944 until war’s end. -
Hymel on Caddick-Adams, 'Snow and Steel: the Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45'
H-War Hymel on Caddick-Adams, 'Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45' Review published on Monday, April 20, 2015 Peter Caddick-Adams. Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 928 pp. $34.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-933514-5. Reviewed by Kevin Hymel Published on H-War (April, 2015) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey On December 16, 1944, three German armies burst out of the Ardennes forest along the border of Belgium and Luxembourg and drove a wedge in the American lines. Through heavy snowstorms and fog, German forces clashed with the Americans in a series of battles soon thereafter referred to the as the Battle of the Bulge. The month-long campaign tested the Americans as never before, and they came out victorious. British historian Peter Caddick-Adams’s book on the battle, Snow and Steel, is a triumph of research and narrative. The author delves into a thorough examination of the events, people, and motives for the campaign, not reaching the commencement of the battle until page 265, but the information is important and satisfying to anyone wanting to understand Adolf Hitler’s last gasp to win World War II in the west. Caddick-Adams provides full biographies of the German army commanders from Adolf Hitler to the division commanders—and sometimes a few echelons below. Of particular interest is Hitler’s (and subsequently the German people’s) belief that Wagnerian music harkened to folklore about the strength Germans derived from their country’s dark forests, and a belief that Germany had their enemies right where they wanted them once they entered the German lair. -
34 ARMY August 2011
U.S. Army U.S. 34 ARMY I August 2011 By COL Cole C. Kingseed U.S. Army retired n the 70 years since the United States tion for the postwar world. embarked upon World War II, the repu- Two years from the day when Japan at- tations of many senior field comman- tacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin ders have ebbed and flowed. None has Roosevelt informed Eisenhower that he was withstood the judgment of history more to command the Allied Expeditionary Force. so than that of GEN Dwight D. (Ike) Though the President had considered Army Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of Chief of Staff GEN George Marshall for the the Allied Expeditionary Force. Over appointment, Roosevelt felt he could not the course of the European war, Eisen- spare Marshall from Washington, D.C. Con- hower made numerous critical decisions in- sequently, he appointed Eisenhower, whom volving the selection of subordinates, mili- he considered “the best politician among tary strategy, and the cohesion of the the military men. He is a natural leader who Western Alliance, but three controversial de- can convince other men to follow him, and cisions stand out and mark Ike as a great this is what we need in his position more commander: the decision to launch D-Day, than any other quality.” Ike proved an in- the broad front strategy and the redirection spired choice. of Allied forces from Berlin toward the On February 12, 1944, Eisenhower re- Southern Redoubt in April 1945. Ike’s three ceived the formal directive from the Com- critical decisions as Supreme Commander bined Chiefs of Staff (CCS): “You are hereby not only dictated the course of the war in designated as Supreme Allied Commander northwest Europe, but also laid the founda- of the forces placed under your orders for August 2011 I ARMY 35 The Eisenhower Presidential Library The Eisenhower Presidential Top commanders of the Allied Expeditionary Force meet in London in 1944 to discuss the cross-Channel invasion, code- named Operation Overlord. -
Ranking Us Army Generals of the Twentieth Century
ABSTRACT Title of thesis: RANKING U.S. ARMY GENERALS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY USING THE GROUP ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS. Todd Philip Retchless, Master of Science 2005 Directed By: Professor Bruce Golden Department of Decision and Informatio n Technologies The group analytic hierarchy process (GAHP) is a mathematically based decision making tool that allows groups of individuals to participate in the decision making process. In this thesis, we use the GAHP and the expert opinions of 10 pro fessional and amateur military historians to rank seven U.S. Army generals of the 20th Century. We use two methods to determine the priority vectors: the traditional eigenvector method and the recently introduced interval linear programming method. We co nsider the effects of removing outlier data and compare the rankings obtained by each method. RANKING U.S. ARMY GENERALS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY USING THE GROUP ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS. By Todd Philip Retchless Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2005 Advisory Committee: Professor Bruce Golden, Chair Professor Edward Wasil Pr ofessor Charles D. Levermore © Copyright by Todd Philip Retchless 2005 Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................. -
History Workshop
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG HISTORY WORKSHOP STRUCTURE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE MAKING OFAPARTHEID 6-10 February 1990 AUTHOR: Iain Edwards and Tim Nuttall TITLE: Seizing the moment : the January 1949 riots, proletarian populism and the structures of African urban life in Durban during the late 1940's 1 INTRODUCTION In January 1949 Durban experienced a weekend of public violence in which 142 people died and at least 1 087 were injured. Mobs of Africans rampaged through areas within the city attacking Indians and looting and destroying Indian-owned property. During the conflict 87 Africans, SO Indians, one white and four 'unidentified' people died. One factory, 58 stores and 247 dwellings were destroyed; two factories, 652 stores and 1 285 dwellings were damaged.1 What caused the violence? Why did it take an apparently racial form? What was the role of the state? There were those who made political mileage from the riots. Others grappled with the tragedy. The government commission of enquiry appointed to examine the causes of the violence concluded that there had been 'race riots'. A contradictory argument was made. The riots arose from primordial antagonism between Africans and Indians. Yet the state could not bear responsibility as the outbreak of the riots was 'unforeseen.' It was believed that a neutral state had intervened to restore control and keep the combatants apart.2 The apartheid state drew ideological ammunition from the riots. The 1950 Group Areas Act, in particular, was justified as necessary to prevent future endemic conflict between 'races'. For municipal officials the riots justified the future destruction of African shantytowns and the rezoning of Indian residential and trading property for use by whites. -
Indian Army in the Ypres Salient World War I (1914-1918)
Indian Army in the Ypres Salient World War – I (1914-1918) According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 138,000 soldiers from India were sent to Europe during the First World War. Most of these soldiers were deployed in the Ypres Salient and at nearby Neuve Chapelle in France during the period 1914-15. A very large number lost their lives in the campaign to halt the German advance. 2. The Indian Army’s involvement on the Western front started on 6 August 1914. That day, the War Council in London requested two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade from the Viceroy's government to be sent to Egypt. On 27th August, these troops were ordered to Europe. 3. The supreme sacrifice of Indian soldiers in Europe is recorded in the major World War One memorial in continental Europe, Menin Gate, in Ypres, Belgium, and at the memorial for Indian soldiers in near-by Neuve Chappelle in France. In 2002, at the request of the Government of India, an Indian Memorial was erected on the lawn south of the Menin Gate. 4. After the war, India participated in the peace conference held in Versailles and was represented by Edwin Montague, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Satyendra Nath Sinha and His Highness Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner. The Peace Treaty of Versailles was signed by Mr. Montague and His Highness Maharaja Ganga Singh and India became an original member of the League of Nations. In 1945, when the conference to establish the United Nations Organisation was held in San Francisco, India participated and signed the Charter becoming a founding member of the United Nations. -
Alamance County World War II Deaths There Were Approximately 220
Alamance County World War II Deaths There were approximately 220 local deaths in World War II. This information was compiled from microfilm for the Local History Collection at May Memorial Library with the help of Miriam Pace, library volunteer and member of the Alamance County Friends of the Library, who spent many hours researching and copying. Allen, Robert Cecil son of George Walter Allen and Dora Bailey Allen died April 11, 1945 in World War II buried at Cane Creek Friends Burial Ground Source: The Allen Family by Lester M. Allen Anderson, Roy Clifton Private First Class son of Mr. and Mrs. C.L. Anderson of South Park Ave., Burlington died October 3, 1944 as a result of injuries received in a vehicle accident He had been overseas since June 1943. He is survived by his parents and a sister, Mrs. J.K. Dixon of Burlington Source: Times-News Nov. 13, 1944 Askew, Harrell Coble Corporal of Askew St., Burlington died July 13, 1945 in Burlington at age 26 years. Funeral services were held at the First Reformed Church and honorary pallbearers were supplied by a detachment from O.R.D. at Greensboro. Interment was in Pine Hill Cemetery in Burlington. Source: Times-News July 19, 1945 Ausley, Williams Shreve Gunner’s Mate son of Mr. and Mrs. W.F. Ausley of Elon College was killed August 9, 1944 while serving on PT 509. Ausley was inducted into the Naval Reserve in February 1942 and went overseas to England in 1944. He was originally buried on Guernsey Island by the Germans after the sinking of his boat.