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"The American Island of Oahu": Hawai`I Under Military Rule, 1941-1945

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Remembering "the American Island of Oahu": Hawai`i under Military Rule, 1941-1945 by Carlee J. Johnson B.A., Hawai`i Pacific University, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Carlee J. Johnson, 2011 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-88310-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-88310-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ii Supervisory Committee Remembering "the American Island of Oahu": Hawai`i under Military Rule, 1941-1945 by Carlee J. Johnson B.A., Hawai`i Pacific University, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Jason Colby, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Rachel Cleves, Department of History Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Jason Colby, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Rachel Cleves, Department of History Departmental Member This thesis traces the origins of a colonized and militarized Hawai`i, ultimately leading to the years of military rule, 1941-1945. It examines the ways in which the Hawaiian Islands differed from the United States mainland prior to and throughout the war years, and demonstrates that Hawai`i's history is much richer than the "Remember Pearl Harbor" framework acknowledges. Focusing on long time residents (Islanders or locals), rather than on the large population of migrant Americans also in the archipelago during the war, it addresses ways in which military rule controlled and Americanized the people of Hawai`i. Finally, it illuminates the ways in which local stories challenge national ones: How were America and Hawai`i different places in 1941? iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Dedication ......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Personal Note.................................................................................................................. 1 Re-centering the Islands ................................................................................................. 3 Historiography and Sources ........................................................................................... 6 Chapter One: Islands before the War ................................................................................ 14 Chapter Two: Civilian Preparedness ................................................................................ 37 Chapter Three: "Good Citizens Will Cheerfully Obey" ................................................... 48 Chapter Four: Morale, Propaganda, and Americanization ............................................... 81 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 109 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 114 v List of Figures Figure 1: People Swarm a Honolulu Street in Celebration of the Japanese Surrender....... 2 Figure 2: O`ahu's Rural Divisions, Civilian Defense Organization Map ......................... 42 Figure 3: Evacuation Camp in Palolo Valley, O`ahu ....................................................... 44 Figure 4: 13th Field Artillery, Schofield Barracks, O`ahu, 1938 ..................................... 46 Figure 5 & 5a: Waipio Amphibious Base, Pearl Harbor .................................................. 46 Figure 6 & 6a: Fort St. and King St., Honolulu before and during the War ..................... 58 Figure 7 & 7a: Waiting for the Bus, O`ahu & Long Lines for Gas Masks at Farrington High, O`ahu, 1942..................................................................................................... 60 Figure 8: "Speak American" Stickers ............................................................................... 87 Figure 9: "Serve in Silence" Postcard ............................................................................... 88 Figure 10: Gas Rationing Advertisement, Honolulu Advertiser ....................................... 92 Figure 11: Front Cover of the Victory Handbook ............................................................. 95 Figure 12 & 12a: Children's Posters ................................................................................. 97 Figure 13: Honolulu's Newsboys ...................................................................................... 98 vi Acknowledgements So many people deserve thanks for their generous support over the course of my two years at the University of Victoria. My supervisor, Dr. Jason Colby, shared valuable insight and always seemed to ask the right questions; without his nudging along the way, this project would not be what it is today. Dr. Rachel Cleves' comments on my final copy prepared me immensely for the oral exam process and helped to shape my thesis into what it has become. Dr. Stephen Ross, my non-departmental reader, provided simulating conversation as well as encouragement, which I will take with me into the future. Thanks to each of you for lending your time and expertise. Heather Waterlander and Dr. Perry Biddiscombe, thank you for answering my never-ending questions and helping me secure the funding I needed to complete this project. A huge mahalo to Sherman Seki, the dedicated and knowledgeable archive technician at the University of Hawai`i at Mānoa— without Sherman's expertise, my research trip would have been far less efficient and much less fruitful. Much appreciation to my friends in the history M.A. office; the countless hours we shared working, chatting, and, of course, breaking for coffee made graduate school both bearable and enjoyable. Many mahalos to my `Ohana near and far, from my extended family to my closest friends— you all bring light into my life in unique ways. A special thanks to Shannon and Blake, who sustained my personal happiness and reminded me that writing a thesis was just one facet of my life, rather than the entire thing, and Holly, who was always a helpful friend and point of contact whether I was in need of first hand information or simply needed to reflect on her personal and family history. To my family, none of this would have been possible without you. Words will surely fall short in any attempt to express the depth of my gratitude for your support, love, positive energy, and undying belief in my ability to succeed. Mom, you will always be the brightest light in my life, and Dad, your passion and love for life has without a doubt inspired and guided me throughout this process. My brothers, I would be nowhere without your presence in my life. You keep me grounded and remind me to appreciate what I have each day. Finally, I must also acknowledge Hawai`i Nei—so much of this project was sustained by the mixture of my love and longing for the Islands. vii
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