SUN RA - a 100 Anni Dalla Nascita

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SUN RA - a 100 Anni Dalla Nascita VOCI DALL’ALDILÀ VIII SUN RA - a 100 anni dalla nascita “Sun Ra è arrivato da Saturno. La maggior parte degli esseri dotati di menti creative e geniali che percorrono le strade della terra, sono di origini inter-planetarie. I non illuminati li considerano degli eccentrici, delle specie di freak esotici. Alexander Scriabin, Eliane Radigue, Moondog, Albert Ayler, Maryanne Amacher, Captain Beefheart - artisti che la critica appella come mistici, alieni dal nostro mondo.” - Thurston Moore "Ho sentito per la prima volta la musica di Sun Ra in registrazioni di concerti alla fine degli anni 60, anni in cui ero affamato di nuova musica e di ascolti essendo un giovane compositore e performer che stava imparando il suo mestiere. In quel periodo, mentre ascoltavo i primi Soft Machine, i Mothers of Invention, Captain Beefheart, i Pink Floyd di Syd Barrett, Stockhausen, Varèse, e avevo appena scoperto Schoenberg, Ra mi giunse come una totale rivelazione. Molti dei dischi dell'Arkestra divennero ascolti ossessivi. Non riuscivo a penetrarli; sembravano, e mi sembrano ancora, impenetrabili, irriducibili, intraducibili. Più cose ascoltavo tra la grande mole di registrazioni dell'Arkestra, più rimanevo impressionato dalla portata della sua opera e dall'enormità del progetto che aveva intrapreso." – Chris Cutler Scomparso il 30 maggio 1993, il vero nome e la data di nascita di Sun Ra rimasero un mistero finché era in vita: amava dire di essere “arrivato sulla terra”, ma non specificando mai se in questo secolo o millenni prima (come l'epoca egizia cui richiamava la sua mitologia?), e, casualmente o meno, il suo certificato di nascita non è mai stato trovato. Fu solo a partire dal 1994, con l'uscita dei libri Omniverse Sun Ra del poeta e amico del musicista Hartmut Geerken, della contemporanea discografia compilata da Robert L. Campbell The Earthly Recordings of Sun Ra, e della biografia Space is the Place: The Lives and Times of Sun Ra di John F. Szwed del 1998, che iniziarono a emergere dati più precisi sulla sua vita. Oggi si sa che era nato Herman Poole Blount (soprannominato Sonny) il 22 maggio 1914 nel sud degli Stati Uniti a Birmingham, Alabama; la città era detta “The Magic City”, e un’ insegna con questa dicitura accoglieva i passeggeri in arrivo alla stazione ferroviaria (nel 1965, The Magic City divenne il titolo di uno dei suoi dischi più visionari). La sua famiglia comprendeva una sorella e un fratello nati da un padre diverso (il suo vero padre, disse una volta, faceva di cognome Lee e non Blount). I suoi non erano ricchi, ma abbastanza benestanti da far sì che il piccolo Sonny ricevette un pianoforte in regalo quando aveva dieci anni. Ancora da teenager, rivelò un notevole talento musicale, trascrivendo a memoria brani che aveva appena ascoltato in concerto di musicisti come Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson e Fats Waller che passavano in città, e cominciò a suonare in solo o come membro di gruppi amatoriali jazz e rhythm and blues. Si iscrisse a un istituto tecnico per soli neri, la Industrial High School, nel quale insegnava John "Fess" Whatley, ricordato come "il fabbricante di musicisti", dal numero di suoi studenti che entrarono a far parte delle più note big band dell'epoca. Con l'orchestra della scuola, il giovane Sonny iniziò a familiarizzarsi con un repertorio piuttosto ampio, da canzoni sentimentali a brani classici a marcette da parata. Whatley cominciò a inviarlo come musicista sostituto nelle orchestre che gestiva in città, e Sonny nel 1933 si trovò a trascrivere per una di queste Yeah Man, un brano appena pubblicato su 78 giri dall’orchestra di Fletcher Henderson. Quando, dalla fine dei 70, Sun Ra comincerà a recuperare brani del primo periodo del jazz, lo swing travolgente del brano (suonato a velocità supersonica) sarà uno dei caposaldi dei suoi concerti. Al 1933 data anche la sua prima composizione pubblicata su disco (ma non accreditata) Chocolate Avenue, un blues mid-tempo condotto dal clarinetto, inciso dall'orchestra di Clarence Williams. Non aveva molte amicizie, ma era un vorace lettore, e a Birmingham c'era la sede di una loggia massonica per persone di colore con una ricca biblioteca; fu là pare che iniziò a interessarsi di letteratura esoterica. Nel 1934 venne assoldato per un tour di concerti da Ethel Harper, sua insegnante di biologia che aveva aspirazioni da cantante. Quando questa lasciò il tour a metà, Sonny assunse la leadership della band, che battezzò Sonny Blount Orchestra. Nel 1936 entrò all’Alabama A&M University, dove studiò composizione e orchestrazione. La frequentò solo un anno, probabilmente per motivi economici. Lui raccontò invece come motivazione un sogno, nel quale veniva teletrasportato su un pianeta che sembrava Saturno, ed esseri con piccole antenne sopra a orecchie e occhi gli diceva che doveva lasciare il college: "ci sarebbero stati grandi sollevamenti nelle scuole.. il mondo stava andando verso il caos... io avrei parlato attraverso la musica, e il mondo avrebbe ascoltato." Uscito dall’Università, rifondò la propria Sonny Blount Orchestra. Si sa che per battere i concorrenti in città registrava dalla radio con un registratore a filo (il nastro magnetico non era ancora stato inventato) le ultime composizioni di Ellington od altri e le trascriveva per la sua orchestra. Nell'ottobre 1942 però ricevette la cartolina militare per andare in guerra. Dichiaratosi obiettore di coscienza (un'assoluta rarità in quegli anni), finì in carcere e poi in campo di lavoro, dal quale uscì nel marzo del '43 solo per motivi di salute (un criptorchidismo di cui aveva sempre sofferto). Nel gennaio 1946 si trasferì a Chicago, ma il suo primo incarico furono tre mesi a Nashville come pianista dell'orchestra del cantante blues Wynonie Harris, con il quale andò in studio di registrazione per la prima volta incidendo due singoli. Tornato a Chicago, ebbe l'occasione di lavorare come pianista e arrangiatore proprio per l’orchestra del suo idolo Fletcher Henderson. La band aveva il compito di accompagnare i performers che si esibivano al Club DeLisa, da cantanti blues a ballerini di tip tap. Gli orchestrali però rifiutarono come troppo difficili i due pezzi che Ra aveva provato ad arrangiare per loro. Nel marzo '47 all'orchestra di Henderson si avvicendò nel club quella di Red Saunders, e Ra fece da arrangiatore anche per loro fino al 1951, incidendo anche con la band alcuni dischi. Al 1948 data la prima incisione a suo nome: con un registratore a nastro, registrò nel suo appartamento, con una delle prime tastiere elettroniche (il Solovox, una tastiera monofonica simile al Clavioline), un duetto con il violinista Stuff Smith. Il brano, Deep Purple, una cover di un vecchio successo del 1933, uscirà solo nel 1973 in uno dei dischi Saturn, e figura anche nell'ultima incisione di Ra, A Tribute to Stuff Smith, in duetto con Billy Bang, nel 1992. Del 49 datano anche tre singoli con Eugene Wright & His Dukes of Swing, importanti perché nella formazione suonavano anche il trombettista Hobart Dotson, futuro membro dell'Arkestra, e il sassofonista Yusef Lateef. Dal 49 si trovò anche a lavorare come pianista accompagnatore di spogliarelli, per un club di Calumet City gestito dalla Mafia locale. La regola dettava che dovessero suonare dietro una tenda, essendo proibito ai neri guardare spogliarelliste bianche. Nel 1950 fondò però anche un trio di musica più sperimentale, lo Space Trio, con il sassofonista Pat Patrick, e Thomas Hunter, alternato a Robert Barry, alla batteria. Ra aveva così trovato i primi due importanti membri della sua Arkestra. Nel 1951 a Chicago entrò in una società segreta, che studiava l’occulto e avocava un nazionalismo nero e i viaggi nello spazio come punto focale del miglioramento delle loro condizioni di vita. Se ne sa molto poco tranne che ne faceva parte anche Alton Abraham, una figura piuttosto chiaccherata (pare si muovesse nel sottobosco malavitoso locale), che diverrà poi il manager dell’orchestra. Nel 1952 si dichiarò cittadino di Saturno, e, per "liberarsi del nome da schiavo", (come aveva fatto Malcolm X nel '50), cambiò legalmente il proprio nome in Le Sony’r Ra ("Le" come citazione del cognome del vero padre, la 'r aggiunta per raggiungere 9 lettere). Anche il suo gruppo, dopo Eight Rays of Jazz e Outer Space Band, divenne infine Arkestra, per incorporare Arca, Orchestra e Ra (il termine egiziano per Sole, che in Arkestra è presente due volte, “Ar” essendo Ra alla rovescia). Nel 1953 entrarono nella band l’eccezionale sassofonista John Gilmore (che, tranne occasionali tour con altri, suonerà con lui tutta la vita), il trombonista Julian Priester, il trombettista Dave Young e via via altri musicisti. Ra aveva ormai 42 anni quando nel 1956 uscì il primo lp a suo nome, Jazz by Sun Ra per la Transition, una piccola etichetta fondata da Tom Wilson, che nello stesso anno pubblicò anche Jazz Advance, l'esordio di Cecil Taylor. Tom Wilson sarà anche, dieci anni più tardi, il produttore degli esordi di Frank Zappa e dei Velvet Underground. Fu proprio ascoltando un brano in un lp compilation della Transition, che Marshall Allen volle incontrare Ra, per poi entrare stabilmente nell'Arkestra. Jazz by Sun Ra venne preceduto da alcuni singoli registrati a febbraio '56, che Ra pubblicò autonomamente sulla propria etichetta Saturn. Si trovò così ad anticipare 20 anni prima l'etica DIY del punk, con dischi stampati in piccolissime quantità (di solito da 75 a 200 copie), spesso con copertine fatte a mano incollandoci sopra fotocopie o decorandole a pennarello, e venduti direttamente ai concerti (solo negli anni 80 la Recommended Records di Chris Cutler fece da distributore di alcuni titoli per l'Europa). I Saturn rappresentano una giungla discografica di oltre 100 titoli ancora oggi non del tutto decifrata, con un paio di dischi di cui ancor oggi non si conosce la reale esistenza, LP che uscivano con titoli e/o copertine diverse ma intere facciate in comune, e molto spesso senza indicazione di formazioni e date di registrazione dei brani.
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