Buenos Aires

This article is about the capital city of Argentina. For its culture and the dialect spoken in the city and in some the broader conurbation, see Greater Buenos Aires. For other parts of the country. This is because in the last the province, see Buenos Aires Province. For other uses, 150 years the city, and the country in general, has been see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). a major recipient of millions of immigrants from all over the world, making it a melting pot where several ethnic groups live together and being considered as one of the Buenos Aires (/ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/;[3] Spanish most diverse cities of Latin America.[15] pronunciation: [ˈbwenos ˈai̯ɾes]) is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the South American continent’s southeastern coast. “Buenos 1 Etymology aires” can be translated as “fair winds” or “good airs”, but the first one was the meaning intended by the founders in Main article: Names of Buenos Aires the 16th century, by the use of the original name “Real It is recorded under the archives of Aragonese that Cata- de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre”. The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas, with a population of around 17 million.[1] The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Province’s capital; rather, it is an autonomous district.[4] In 1880, after decades of politi- cal infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province.[5] The city limits were en- larged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores; both are now neighborhoods of the city. The 1994 consti- tutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a chief of government (i.e. mayor) in 1996; previ- Aldus verthoont hem de stadt Buenos Ayrros geleegen in Rio ously, the mayor was directly appointed by the President de la Plata, painting by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the port of the Republic. around 1628.

Buenos Aires is considered an 'alpha city' by the study lan missionaries and Jesuits arriving in Cagliari (Sardinia) [6] GaWC5. Buenos Aires’ quality of life was ranked 81st under the Spanish Crown, after its capture from the in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012, Pisans in 1324 established their headquarters on top of with its per capita income among the three highest in the a hill that overlooked the city.[16] The hill was known to [7][8] region. It is the most visited city in South America, them as Buen Ayre (or “Bonaria” in Sardinian language), and the second-most visited city of Latin America (be- as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city (the [9] hind Mexico City). castle area), which is adjacent to swampland. During the Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination,[10] and is known siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture[11] Virgin Mary on top of the hill. In 1335, King Alfonso and rich cultural life.[12] Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Vir- the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics[13] and the 2018 G20 gin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously summit.[14] helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea. The statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to mul- Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked tiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are the “Fair Winds” to aid them in their navigation and pre- spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to vent shipwrecks. A sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre

1 2 2 HISTORY

would be later erected in Seville.[16] In the first foundation of Buenos Aires, Spanish sailors ar- rived thankfully in the River de la Plata by the blessings of the “Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires”, the “Holy Vir- gin Mary of the Good Winds” who was said to have given them the good winds to reach the coast of what is today the modern city of Buenos Aires.[17] Pedro de Mendoza called the city “Holy Mary of the Fair Winds”, a name suggested by the chaplain of Mendoza’s expedition – a devotee of the Virgin of Buen Ayre – after the Sardinian “Madonna de Bonaria”[18] (that is still to this day the pa- troness of Sardinia[19]). Mendoza’s settlement soon came Juan de Garay founding Buenos Aires in 1580. The initial settle- under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in [17] ment, founded by Pedro de Mendoza, had been abandoned since 1541. 1542. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, who is said to have exclaimed: How fair are the winds of this land!, as he arrived. But Eduardo Madero, in 1882 after conducting extensive research in Spanish archives, ultimately concluded that the name was indeed February 1536 by a Spanish expedition led by Pedro de closely linked with the devotion of the sailors to Our Lady Mendoza. The settlement founded by Mendoza was lo- of Buen Ayre.[20] cated in what is today the San Telmo district of Buenos A second (and permanent) settlement was established in Aires, south of the city centre. 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River More attacks by the indigenous people forced the set- from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). Garay pre- tlers away, and in 1542 the site was abandoned.[25][26] served the name originally chosen by Mendoza, calling A second (and permanent) settlement was established on the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa 11 June 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing María del Buen Aire (“City of the Most Holy Trinity and down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capi- Port of Saint Mary of the Fair Winds”). The short form tal of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement “Santísima “Buenos Aires” became the common usage during the Trinidad” and its port became “Puerto de Santa María de 17th century.[21] los Buenos Aires.”[21] The usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is From its earliest days, Buenos Aires depended primarily Bs.As.[22] It is common as well to refer to it as “B.A.” on trade. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, or “BA” /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY).[23] Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they devel- While “BA” is used more by expats residing in the city, oped a complex system where ships with military pro- the locals more often use the abbreviation “Baires”, in one tection were dispatched to Central America, cross the word. land, from there to Lima, Peru and from it to the in- ner cities of the viceroyalty. Because of this, products took a very long time to arrive in Buenos Aires, and the 2 History taxes generated by the transport made them prohibitive. This scheme frustrated the traders of Buenos Aires, and a thriving contraband industry developed. This also in- See also: Timeline of Buenos Aires stilled a deep resentment among porteños towards the Spanish authorities.[24] Sensing these feelings, Charles III of Spain progressively 2.1 Colonial times eased the trade restrictions and finally declared Buenos Aires an open port in the late 18th century. The capture of Porto Bello by British forces also fueled the need to Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of foster commerce via the Atlantic route, to the detriment Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata of Lima-based trade. One of his rulings was to split a in 1516. His expedition was cut short when he was killed region from the Viceroyalty of Perú and create instead the during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, with Buenos Aires as now Uruguay. the capital. However, Charles’s placating actions did not The city of Buenos Aires was first established as Ciudad have the desired effect, and the porteños, some of them de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre[24] (literally versed in the ideology of the French Revolution, became “City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds”) after even more convinced of the need for independence from Our Lady of Bonaria (Patroness Saint of Sardinia) on 2 Spain. 2.3 19th and 20th century 3

2.2 War of independence

See also: Argentine War of Independence During the British invasions of the Río de la Plata, British

Impression of the Buenos Aires Cathedral by Carlos Pellegrini, 1829.

conflicts of the 19th century, can be traced back to these contrasting views. In the months immediately following Emeric Essex Vidal, General view of Buenos Ayres from the the 25 May Revolution, Buenos Aires sent a number of Plaza de Toros, 1820. In this area now lies the Plaza San Martín. military envoys to the provinces with the intention of ob- taining their approval. Many of these missions ended in forces attacked Buenos Aires twice. In 1806 the British violent clashes, and the enterprise fuelled tensions be- successfully invaded Buenos Aires, but an army from tween the capital and the provinces. Montevideo led by Santiago de Liniers defeated them. In the 19th century the city was blockaded twice by naval In the brief period of British rule, the viceroy Rafael forces: by the French from 1838 to 1840, and later by Sobremonte managed to escape to Córdoba and desig- an Anglo-French expedition from 1845 to 1848. Both nated this city as capital. Buenos Aires became the cap- blockades failed to force the city into submission, and the ital again after its liberation, but Sobremonte could not foreign powers eventually desisted from their demands. resume his duties as viceroy. Santiago de Liniers, cho- sen as new viceroy, prepared the city against a possible new British attack and repelled the attempted invasion of 2.3 19th and 20th century 1807. The militarization generated in society changed the balance of power favorably for the criollos (in con- trast to peninsulars), as well as the development of the Peninsular War in Spain. An attempt by the peninsular merchant Martín de Álzaga to remove Liniers and re- place him with a Junta was defeated by the criollo armies. However, by 1810 it would be those same armies who would support a new revolutionary attempt, successfully removing the new viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. This is known as the May Revolution, which is now cel- ebrated as a national holiday. This event started the Argentine War of Independence, and many armies left Buenos Aires to fight the diverse strongholds of royal- ist resistance, with varying levels of success. The gov- ernment was held first by two Juntas of many mem- bers, then by two triumvirates, and finally by a uniper- sonal office, the Supreme Director. Formal indepen- dence from Spain was declared in 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán. Buenos Aires managed to endure the whole Argentine Pavilion in Plaza San Martín (1889). Spanish American wars of independence without falling again under royalist rule. During most of the 19th century, the political status of Historically, Buenos Aires has been Argentina’s main the city remained a sensitive subject. It was already the venue of liberal, free-trading and foreign ideas, while capital of Buenos Aires Province, and between 1853 and many of the provinces, especially those to the north-west, 1860 it was the capital of the seceded State of Buenos advocated a more nationalistic and Catholic approach to Aires. The issue was fought out more than once on the political and social issues. Much of the internal tension in battlefield, until the matter was finally settled in 1880 Argentina’s history, starting with the centralist-federalist when the city was federalized and became the seat of gov- 4 2 HISTORY ernment, with its mayor appointed by the president. The Casa Rosada became the seat of the president.[21] Health conditions in poor areas were negative, with high rates of tuberculosis. Public-health physicians and politi- cians typically blamed both the poor themselves and their ramshackle tenement houses (conventillos) for the spread of the dreaded disease. People ignored public-health campaigns to limit the spread of contagious diseases, such as the prohibition of spitting on the streets, the strict guidelines to care for infants and young children, and quarantines that separated families from ill loved ones.[27]

Construction of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires on the 9 de Julio Avenue, 1936.

The Casa Rosada during the Argentina Centennial, 1910.

In addition to the wealth generated by the Buenos Aires Customs and the fertile pampas, railroad development in the second half of the 19th century increased the eco- nomic power of Buenos Aires as raw materials flowed into its factories. A leading destination for immigrants 9 de Julio Avenue, 1986. from Europe, particularly Italy and Spain, from 1880 to 1930 Buenos Aires became a multicultural city that ranked itself with the major European capitals. The time the city was attacked from the air, and the event was Colón Theater became one of the world’s top opera followed by a military uprising which deposed President venues, and the city became the regional capital of radio, Perón, three months later (see Revolución Libertadora). television, cinema, and theatre. The city’s main avenues were built during those years, and the dawn of the 20th In the 1970s the city suffered from the fighting between left-wing revolutionary movements (Montoneros, E.R.P. century saw the construction of South America’s then- tallest buildings and its first underground system. A sec- and F.A.R.) and the right-wing paramilitary group Triple A, supported by Isabel Perón, who became president of ond construction boom, from 1945 to 1980, reshaped downtown and much of the city. Argentina in 1974 after Juan Perón’s death. Buenos Aires also attracted migrants from Argentina’s The March 1976 coup, led by General Jorge Videla, only provinces and neighboring countries. Shanty towns (villas escalated this conflict; the "Dirty War" resulted in 30,000 desaparecidos (people kidnapped and killed by the mili- miseria) started growing around the city’s industrial areas [29] during the 1930s, leading to pervasive social problems tary during the years of the junta). The silent marches and social contrasts with the largely upwardly-mobile of their mothers (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo) are a Buenos Aires population. These laborers became the po- well-known image of Argentines’ suffering during those litical base of Peronism, which emerged in Buenos Aires times. The dictatorship's appointed mayor, Osvaldo Cac- during the pivotal demonstration of 17 October 1945, at ciatore, also drew up plans for a network of freeways in- the Plaza de Mayo.[28] Industrial workers of the Greater tended to relieve the city’s acute traffic gridlock. The Buenos Aires industrial belt have been Peronism’s main plan, however, called for a seemingly indiscriminate raz- support base ever since, and Plaza de Mayo became the ing of residential areas and, though only three of the eight site for demonstrations and many of the country’s political planned were put up at the time, they were mostly obtru- events; on 16 June 1955, however, a splinter faction of the sive raised freeways that continue to blight a number of Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo area, killing 364 civil- formerly comfortable neighborhoods to this day. ians (see Bombing of Plaza de Mayo). This was the only The city was visited by Pope John Paul II twice, firstly 2.4 21st century 5 in 1982 and again in 1987; on these occasions gathered ing system in the city, similar to the one used in Salta some of the largest crowds in the city’s history. The return Province.[31] In these elections held on 5 July 2015, Macri of democracy in 1983 coincided with a cultural revival, stepped down as mayor and pursue his presidential bid and the 1990s saw an economic revival, particularly in and Horacio Rodríguez Larreta took his place as the may- the construction and financial sectors. oral candidate for PRO. In the first round of voting, FPV’s On 17 March 1992 a bomb exploded in the Israeli Em- Mariano Recalde obtained 21.78% of the vote, while bassy, killing 29 and injuring 242. Another explosion, Martín Lousteau of the ECO party obtained 25.59% and on 18 July 1994 destroyed a building housing several Larreta obtained 45.55%, meaning that the elections went to a second round since PRO was unable to secure the Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more, [32] these incidents marked the beginning of Middle Eastern majority required for victory. The second round was held on 19 July 2015 and Larreta obtained 51.6% of terrorism to South America. Following a 1993 agree- ment, the Argentine Constitution was amended to give the vote, followed closely by Lousteau with 48.4%, thus, PRO won the elections for a third term with Larreta as Buenos Aires autonomy and rescinding, among other things, the president’s right to appoint the city’s mayor mayor and Diego Santilli as deputy. In these elections, (as had been the case since 1880). On 30 June 1996, vot- PRO was stronger in the wealthier neighbourhoods of northern Buenos Aires, while ECO was stronger in the ers in Buenos Aires chose their first elected mayor (Jefe [33][34] de Gobierno). south of the city.

2.4 21st century

• Aerial view of Buenos Aires at night

Aerial view of the city where the important construction of skyscrapers is observed.

In 1996, following the 1994 reform of the Argentine Con- stitution, the city held its first mayoral elections under the new statutes, with the mayor’s title formally changed to “Head of Government”. The winner was Fernando de la Rúa, who would later become President of Argentina • View of 9 de from 1999 to 2001. Julio Avenue with the Obelisk De la Rúa’s successor, Aníbal Ibarra, won two popular elections, but was impeached (and ultimately deposed on 6 March 2006) as a result of the fire at the República Cromagnon nightclub. Jorge Telerman, who had been the acting mayor, was invested with the office. In the 2007 elections, Mauricio Macri of the Republican Pro- posal (PRO) party won the second-round of voting over Daniel Filmus of the Frente para la Victoria (FPV) party, taking office on 9 December 2007. In 2011, the elections went to a second round with 60.96% of the vote for PRO, compared to 39.04% for FPV, thus re-electing Macri as • Puerto mayor of the city with María Eugenia Vidal as deputy [30] Madero district one of the most important districts mayor. of the city The 2015 elections were the first to use an electronic vot- 6 4 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

3 Geography most heat waves are of short duration (less than a week) and are followed by the passage of the cold, dry Pampero The city of Buenos Aires lies in the pampa region, except wind which brings violent and intense thunderstorms fol- [43][46] for some zones like the Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve, lowed by cooler temperatures. The highest temper- the Boca Juniors (football) Club “sports city”, Jorge New- ature ever recorded was 43.3 °C (110 °F) on 29 January [45] bery Airport, the Puerto Madero neighborhood and the 1957. main port itself; these were all built on reclaimed land along the coasts of the Rio de la Plata (the world’s widest river).[35][36][37] The region was formerly crossed by different streams and lagoons, some of which were refilled and others tubed. Among the most important streams are Mal- donado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez and White. In 1908 many streams were channelled and rectified, as floods were damaging the city’s infrastructure. Starting in 1919, most streams were enclosed. Notably, the Maldonado was tubed in 1954, and runs below Juan B. Justo Avenue.

Buenos Aires Playa is an urban beach on the Río de la Plata mostly used in the summer in Buenos Aires.

Winters are cold with mild temperatures during the day and cold nights.[41] Highs during the season average 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) while lows average 8.1 °C (46.6 °F).[47] Rel- ative humidity averages in the upper 70s%, which means the city is noted for moderate-to-heavy fogs during au- tumn and winter.[48] July is the coolest month, with an average temperature of 11.0 °C (51.8 °F).[44] Cold spells originating from Antarctica occur almost every year, and can persist for several days.[47] Occasionally, warm air masses from the north bring warmer temperatures.[49] The lowest temperature ever recorded in central Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Central Observatory) was −5.4 °C (22 °F) on 9 July 1918.[47] Snow is very rare in the city: Aerial view of Buenos Aires, its metropolitan area and the Río de the last snowfall occurred on 9 July 2007 when, during la Plata taken by Landsat in 2014 the coldest winter in Argentina in almost 30 years, severe snowfalls and blizzards hit the country. It was the first major snowfall in the city in 89 years.[50][51] Spring and autumn are characterized by changeable 3.1 Climate weather conditions.[52] Cold air from the south can bring cooler temperatures while hot humid air from the north Main article: Climate of Buenos Aires bring hot temperatures.[43] See also: Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina The city receives 1,236.3 mm (49 in) of precipitation per year.[44] Because of its geomorphology along with an in- adequate drainage network, the city is highly vulnerable Under Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires has to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.[53][54][55][56] a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with four distinct seasons.[38][39] As a result of maritime influences from the adjoining Atlantic Ocean,[40] the climate is temper- ate with extreme temperatures being rare.[41] Because 4 Government and politics the city is located in an area where the Pampero and [42] Sudestada winds pass by, the weather is variable due 4.1 Government structure to these contrasting air masses.[43] Summers are hot and humid.[41] The warmest month is The Executive is held by the Chief of Government (Span- January, with a daily average of 24.9 °C (76.8 °F).[44] ish: Jefe de Gobierno), elected for a four-year term to- Heat waves are common during summers.[45] However, gether with a Deputy Chief of Government, who presides 7

over the 60-member Buenos Aires City Legislature. Each the Argentine National Congress located at the member of the Legislature is elected for a four-year term; western end of Avenida de Mayo. half of the legislature is renewed every two years. Elec- tions use the D'Hondt method of proportional represen- tation. The Judicial branch is composed of the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), the Mag- istrate’s Council (Consejo de la Magistratura), the Public Ministry, and other City Courts. Article 61 of the 1996 Constitution of the City of Buenos Aires states that "Suf- frage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and non- accumulative. Resident aliens enjoy this same right, with • The Palace of Jus- its corresponding obligations, on equal terms with Argen- tice of the Argentine Nation is in the San Nicolás, tine citizens registered in the district, under the terms estab- Buenos Aires neighbourhood lished by law.”[58] Legally, the city has less autonomy than the Provinces. In June 1996, shortly before the City’s first Executive elec- tions were held, the Argentine National Congress issued the National Law 24.588 (known as Ley Cafiero, after the Senator who advanced the projemacct) by which the authority over the 25,000-strong Argentine Federal Po- lice and the responsibility over the federal institutions re- siding at the City (e.g., National Supreme Court of Jus- • The Buenos Aires tice buildings) would not be transferred from the National City Hall in the right corner of entrance to the Government to the Autonomous City Government until a Avenida de Mayo new consensus could be reached at the National Congress. Furthermore, it declared that the Port of Buenos Aires, along with some other places, would remain under consti- tuted federal authorities.[59] As of 2011, the deployment of the Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires is ongoing.[60] 5 Demographics

Beginning in 2007, the city has embarked on a new de- See also: Demographics of Argentina centralization scheme, creating new Communes (comu- nas) which are to be managed by elected committees of seven members each. Buenos Aires is represented in the Argentine Senate by three senators (as of 2017, Federico 5.1 Census data Pinedo, Marta Varela and Pino Solanas).[61] The people of Buenos Aires also elect 25 national deputies to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies.

• Casa Rosada, workplace of the President of Argentina is in the Monserrat neighbourhood

Puerto Madero currently represents the largest urban renewal project in the city of Buenos Aires. Having undergone an impres- sive revival in merely a decade, it is one of the most successful recent waterfront renewal projects in the world.[62]

In the census of 2010 there were 2,891,082 people re- siding in the city.[63] The population of Greater Buenos • Palace of Aires was 13,147,638 according to 2010 census data.[64] 8 5 DEMOGRAPHICS

The population density in Buenos Aires proper was 5.3 Population origin 13,680 inhabitants per square kilometer (34,800 per mi2), but only about 2,400 per km2 (6,100 per mi2) in See also: Immigration in Argentina the suburbs. The majority of porteños have European origins, mostly The population of Buenos Aires proper has hovered around 3 million since 1947, due to low birth rates and a slow migration to the suburbs. The surrounding dis- tricts have, however, expanded over fivefold (to around 10 million) since then.[63] The 2001 census showed a relatively aged population: with 17% under the age of fifteen and 22% over sixty, the people of Buenos Aires have an age structure similar to those in most European cities. They are older than Ar- gentines as a whole (of whom 28% were under 15, and The Immigrants’ Hotel, constructed in 1906, received and as- sisted the thousands of immigrants arriving to the city. The hotel 14% over 60).[65] is now a National Museum. Two-thirds of the city’s residents live in apartment build- ings and 30% in single-family homes; 4% live in sub- from the Calabrian, Ligurian, Piedmont, Lombardy, standard housing.[66] Measured in terms of income, the Sicily and Campania regions of Italy and from the city’s poverty rate was 8.4% in 2007 and, including the Andalusian, Galician, Asturian, and Basque regions of metro area, 20.6%.[67] Other studies estimate that 4 mil- Spain.[71][72] Unrestricted waves of European immigrants lion people in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area live in to Argentina starting in the mid-19th century signifi- poverty.[68] cantly increased the country’s population, even causing the number of porteños to triple between 1887 and 1915 The city’s resident labor force of 1.2 million in 2001 was [73] mostly employed in the services sector, particularly social from 500,000 to 1.5 million. services (25%), commerce and tourism (20%) and busi- Other significant European origins include German, ness and financial services (17%); despite the city’s role as Scottish, Norwegian, Polish, French, Portuguese, Argentina’s capital, public administration employed only Swedish, Greek, Czech, Croatian, Dutch, Russian, Mon- 6%. Manufacturing still employed 10%.[66] tenegrinian, English, Hungarian and Bulgarian. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a small wave of immigration from Romania and Ukraine.[74] There is a minority of criollo citizens, dating back to the Spanish colonial days. The Criollo and Spanish-aboriginal (mestizo) population 5.2 Districts in the city has increased mostly as a result of immigration from the inner provinces and from other countries such as neighboring Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile and Peru, since Main articles: Barrios of Buenos Aires and Communes the second half of the 20th century . of Buenos Aires The Jewish community in Greater Buenos Aires num- bers around 250,000, and is the largest in Latin Amer- The city is divided into barrios (neighborhoods) for ica. Most are of Northern, Western, Central, and Eastern administrative purposes, a division originally based on [69] European Ashkenazi origin, primarily Swedish, Dutch, Catholic parroquias (parishes). A common expression Polish, German, and Russian Jews, with a significant is that of the Cien barrios porteños (“One hundred porteño Sephardic minority, mostly made up of Syrian Jews neighborhoods”), referring to a composition made popu- and Lebanese Jews.[75] Important Lebanese, Georgians, lar in the 1940s by tango singer Alberto Castillo; how- Syrian and Armenian communities have had a significant ever, Buenos Aires only consists of 48 official barrios. presence in commerce and civic life since the beginning There are a several subdivisions of these districts, some of the 20th century. with a long history and others that are the product of a real estate invention. A notable example is Palermo — the Most East Asian immigration in Buenos Aires comes city’s largest district — which has been subdivided into from China. Chinese immigration is the fourth largest various barrios, including Palermo Soho, Palermo Hol- in Argentina, with the vast majority of them living in lywood, Las Cañitas and Palermo Viejo, among others. Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area.[76] In the 1980s, A newer scheme has divided the city into 15 comunas most of them were from Taiwan, but since the 1990s the (communes).[70] majority of Chinese immigrants come from the conti- nental province of Fujian.[76] The mainland Chinese who came from Fujian mainly installed supermarkets through- out the city and the suburbs; these supermarkets are so common that, in average, there is one every two and a 9 half blocks and are simply referred to as el chino (“the Chinese”).[76][77] Japanese immigrants are mostly from the Okinawa Prefecture. They started the dry clean- ing business in Argentina, an activity that is consid- ered idiosyncratic to the Japanese immigrants in Buenos Aires.[78] Korean Immigration occurred after the division of Korea; they mainly settled in Flores and Once.[79] • King Fahd Islamic In the 2010 census [INDEC], 2.1% of the population Cultural Centre is the largest Islamic temple in or 61,876 persons declared to be Amerindian or first- Latin America. generation descendants of Amerindians in Buenos Aires (not including the 24 adjacent Partidos that make up Greater Buenos Aires).[80] Amongst the 61,876 persons who are of indigenous origin, 15.9% are Quechua peo- ple, 15.9% are Guaraní, 15.5% are Aymara and 11% are Mapuche.[80] Within the 24 adjacent Partidos, 186,640 persons or 1.9% of the total population declared them- selves to be Amerindian.[80] Amongst the 186,640 per- sons who are of indigenous origin, 21.2% are Guaraní, • Templo Libertad 19% are Toba, 11.3% are Mapuche, 10.5% are Quechua is a Jewish house of prayer. Argentina’s Jewish and 7.6% are Diaguita.[80] population is the largest in Latin America.[85] In the city, 15,764 people identified themselves as Afro- Argentine in the 2010 Census.[81]

5.4 Religion

According to a 2008 CONICET survey on creeds, • Anglican Cathedral Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in of St. John the Baptist, is the oldest non-Catholic Buenos Aires (79.6%), and most inhabitants are Ro- church building in Latin America. man Catholic (70%),[82] though studies in recent decades found that fewer than 20% are practicing.[83] Buenos Aires is the seat of a Roman Catholic metropolitan arch- bishop (the Catholic primate of Argentina), currently Archbishop Mario Poli. His predecessor, Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio, was elected to the Papacy as Pope Francis on 13 March 2013. There are Protestant, Orthodox Chris- tian, Muslim, Jewish, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormon, and Buddhist minorities. The city is home to the largest • Russian Orthodox church in San mosque in South America.[84] Also, irreligion in Buenos Telmo. Aires is higher than in other parts of the country, with about an 18.0% of the porteños declaring themselves as either atheist or agnostic.[82] 6 Urban problems

Villas miserias range from small groups of precarious houses to larger, more organised communities with thou- sands of residents. In rural areas, the houses in the villas miserias might be made of mud and wood. Villas mise- ria are found around and inside the large cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, Córdoba and Mendoza, among others • The Buenos Aires has below 2 m2 (22 sq ft) of green space Metropolitan Cathedral is the main Catholic per person, which is ten times less than New York, seven church in the city. times less than Madrid and five times less than Paris. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concern for 10 7 ECONOMY

public health, produced a document stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 (97 sq ft) of green space per person. An optimal amount would sit between 10 and 15 m2 (161 sq ft) per person.[86][87]

7 Economy Headquarters of the National Bank of Argentina, the national bank and the largest in the country’s banking sector.

The Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the main stock exchange and financial center of Argentina. Puerto Madero is the prime business and commercial centre of the city. 7.2 Services

Buenos Aires is the financial, industrial, and commercial The city’s services sector is diversified and well- hub of Argentina. The economy in the city proper alone, developed by international standards, and accounts for measured by Gross Geographic Product (adjusted for 76% of its economy (compared to 59% for all of purchasing power), totaled US$84.7 billion (US$34,200 Argentina’s).[95] Advertising, in particular, plays a promi- [88] per capita) in 2011 and amounts to nearly a quarter of nent role in the export of services at home and abroad. [89] Argentina’s as a whole. Metro Buenos Aires, accord- The financial and real-estate services sector is the largest, ing to one well-quoted study, constitutes the 13th largest however, and contributes to 31% of the city’s economy. [90] economy among the world’s cities. The Buenos Aires Finance (about a third of this) in Buenos Aires is es- Human Development Index (0.923 in 1998) is likewise pecially important to Argentina’s banking system, ac- [91] high by international standards. counting for nearly half the nation’s bank deposits and lending.[95] Nearly 300 hotels and another 300 hostels and bed & breakfasts are licensed for tourism, and nearly half 7.1 Port the rooms available were in four-star establishments or higher.[96] Main article: Port of Buenos Aires 7.3 Manufacturing The port of Buenos Aires is one of the busiest in South America; navigable rivers by way of the Rio de la Plata Manufacturing is, nevertheless, still prominent in the connect the port to north-east Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay city’s economy (16%) and, concentrated mainly in the and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the distribution hub southern part of the city. It benefits as much from high for a vast area of the south-eastern region of the continent. local purchasing power and a large local supply of skilled The Port of Buenos Aires handles over 11 million revenue labor as it does from its relationship to massive agricul- tons annually,[92] and Dock Sud, just south of the city [93] ture and industry just outside the city limits. Construction proper, handles another 17 million metric tons. Tax activity in Buenos Aires has historically been among the collection related to the port has caused many political most accurate indicators of national economic fortunes problems in the past, including a conflict in 2008 that led (see table at right), and since 2006 around 3 million square to protests and a strike in the agricultural sector after the [94] metres (32 million square feet) of construction has been government raised export tariffs. authorized annually.[95] Meat, dairy, grain, tobacco, wool See also: Economy of Argentina and leather products are processed or manufactured in the 8.1 Porteño identity 11

Buenos Aires metro area. Other leading industries are au- ern arts, decorative arts, popular arts, sacred art, arts tomobile manufacturing, oil refining, metalworking, ma- and crafts, theatre and popular music, as well as the pre- chine building and the production of textiles, chemicals, served homes of noted art collectors, writers, composers clothing and beverages. and artists. The city is home to hundreds of bookstores, public libraries and cultural associations (it is sometimes called “the city of books”), as well as the largest concen- 7.4 Government finances tration of active theatres in Latin America. It has a world- famous zoo and botanical garden, a large number of land- The city’s budget, per Mayor Macri’s 2011 proposal, in- scaped parks and squares, as well as churches and places cluded US$6 billion in revenues and US$6.3 billion in of worship of many denominations, many of which are expenditures. The city relies on local income and capital architecturally noteworthy.[104] gains taxes for 61% of its revenues, while federal revenue sharing contributes 11%, property taxes, 9%, and vehicle taxes, 6%. Other revenues include user fees, fines and 8.1 Porteño identity gambling duties. The city devotes 26% of its budget to education, 22% for health, 17% for public services and See also: Argentines infrastructure, 16% for social welfare and culture, 12% in The identity of porteños has a rich and complex his- administrative costs and 4% for law enforcement. Buenos Aires maintains low debt levels and its service requires less than 3% of the budget.[97]

8 Culture

See also: Culture of Argentina Strongly influenced by European culture, Buenos Homage to Buenos Aires, a mural located at the Carlos Gardel station of the Buenos Aires Underground. It represents a typical scene from the city and several of its icons, such as singer Carlos Gardel, the Obelisco, the port, tango dancing and the Abasto market.

tory, and has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny.[105] The great European immigration wave of the early 20th century was integral to “the growing pri- macy of Buenos Aires and the accompanying urban iden- tity”, and established the division between urban and ru- ral Argentina more deeply.[106] Immigrants “brought new traditions and cultural markers to the city,” which were “then reimagined in the porteño context, with new layers of meanings because of the new location.”[107] The heads of state's attempt to populate the country and reframe the The Kirchner Cultural Centre is the largest of Latin America. national identity resulted in the concentration of immi- grants in the city and its suburbs, who generated a culture Aires is sometimes referred to as the “Paris of South [24][98] that is a “product of their conflicts of integration, their America”. The city has the busiest live theatre in- difficulties to live and their communication puzzles.”[108] dustry in Latin America, with scores of theaters and [99] In response to the immigration wave, during the 1920s productions. In fact, every weekend, there are about and 1930s a nationalist trend within the Argentine intel- 300 active theatres with plays, a number that places the lectual elite glorified the gaucho figure as an exemplary city as 1st worldwide, more than either London, New archetype of Argentine culture; its synthesis with the Eu- York or Paris, cultural Meccas in themselves. The num- ropean traditions conformed the new urban identity of ber of cultural festivals with more than 10 sites and 5 Buenos Aires.[109] The complexity of Buenos Aires’ inte- years of existence also places the city as 2nd worldwide, [100] gration and identity formation issues increased when im- after Edinburgh. The Kirchner Cultural Centre lo- migrants realized that their European culture could help cated in Buenos Aires, is the largest of Latin Amer- [110] [101][102] [103] them gain a greater social status. As the rural popula- ica, and the third worldwide. tion moved to the industrialized city from the 1930s on- Buenos Aires is the home of the Teatro Colón, an in- wards, they reaffirmed their European roots,[111] adopt- ternationally rated opera house.[104] There are several ing endogamy and founding private schools, newspapers symphony orchestras and choral societies. The city has in foreign languages, and associations that promoted ad- numerous museums related to history, fine arts, mod- herence to their countries of origin.[110] 12 8 CULTURE

Porteños are generally characterized as night owls, cul- constituted by Antonio Berni, Aquiles Badi, Lino Enea tured, talkative, uninhibited, sensitive, nostalgic, obser- Spilimbergo, Raquel Forner and Alfredo Bigatti, among vative and arrogant.[12][105] Argentines outside Buenos others; and [121] the La Boca artists - including Benito Aires often stereotype its inhabitants as egotist people, Quinquela Martín and Alfredo Lazzari, among others - a feature that Latin Americans commonly attribute to who mostly came from Italy or were of Italian descent, the entire Argentine population and use as the subject and usually painted scenes from this working-class port of numerous jokes.[112] Writing for BBC Mundo Cristina neighbourhood.[122] During the 1960s, the Torcuato di Pérez felt that “the idea of the [Argentines’] vastly de- Tella Institute - located in Florida Street - became a lead- veloped ego finds strong evidence in lunfardo dictionar- ing local center for pop art, performance art, installation ies,” in words such as "engrupido" (meaning “vain” or art, experimental theatre, and conceptual art; this gener- “conceited”) and "compadrito" (meaning both “brave” ation of artists included Marta Minujín, Dalila Puzzovio, and “braggart”), the latter being an archetypal figure of David Lamelas and Clorindo Testa. tango.[113] Paradoxically, porteños are also described as Buenos Aires has also become a prominent center of con- highly self-critical, something that has been called “the temporary street art; its welcoming attitude has made it other side of the ego coin.”[113] Writers consider that one of the world’s top capitals of such expression.[123][124] these behaviours are the consequence of the European The city’s turbulent modern political history has “bred immigration and prosperity the city experienced during an intense sense of expression in porteños,” and urban the early 20th century, which generated a feeling of su- [112] art has been used to depict these stories and as a means periority in parts of the population. of protest.[114][124] However, not all of its street art con- cerns politics, it is also used as a symbol of democracy 8.2 Art and freedom of expression.[114] Murals and graffiti are so common that they are considered “an everyday occur- See also: Argentine painting and Museums in Buenos rence,” and have become part of the urban landscape of Aires barrios such as Palermo, Villa Urquiza, Coghlan and San Telmo.[125] This has to do with the legality of such activi- ties —provided that the building owner has consented—, [114] Buenos Aires has a thriving arts culture, with “a huge and the receptiveness of local authorities, who even sub- inventory of museums, ranging from obscure to world- sidize various works.[123] The abundance of places for [115] class.” The barrios of Palermo and Recoleta are the urban artists to create their work, and the relatively lax city’s traditional bastions in the diffusion of art, although rules for street art, have attracted international artists such in recent years there has been a tendency of appearance of as Blu, Jef Aérosol, Aryz, ROA, and Ron English.[123] exhibition venues in other districts such as Puerto Madero Guided tours to see murals and graffiti around the city or La Boca; renowned venues include MALBA, the have been growing steadily.[126] National Museum of Fine Arts, Fundación Proa, Faena Arts Center, and the Usina del Arte.[116] Other popu- lar institutions are the Buenos Aires Museum of Modern Art, the Quinquela Martín Museum, the Evita Museum, the Fernández Blanco Museum, the José Hernández Mu- seum, and the Palais de Glace, among others.[117] A tra- ditional event that occurs once a year is La Noche de los Museos (“Night of the Museums”), when the city’s mu- seums, universities, and artistic spaces open their doors for free until early morning; it usually takes place in [118][119] November. • MALBA The first major artistic movements in Argentina coin- cided with the first signs of political liberty in the coun- try, such as the 1913 sanction of the secret ballot and universal male suffrage, the first president to be pop- ularly elected (1916), and the cultural revolution that involved the University Reform of 1918. In this con- text, in which there continued to be influence from the Paris School (Modigliani, Chagall, Soutine, Klee), three main groups arose. Buenos Aires has been the birth- place of several artists and movements of national and international relevance, and has become a central mo- tif in Argentine artistic production, specially since the • Recoleta Cul- 20th century.[120] Examples include: the Paris Group - tural Center so named for being influenced by the School of Paris - 8.3 Literature 13

stretched its shadow on the curb.”[127] The city has at least 734 bookstores, more per person than any other city in the world.[128] Gabriela Adamo, former president of the city’s annual book fair, relates the popularity of reading among its inhabitants to the wave of mass immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which created “a multicultural environment in which culture and the • Museum of Decora- arts thrived.”[128] Publishing experts have also linked it to tive Arts the city’s obsession with psychoanalysis.[128] The city also ranks third in terms of secondhand bookshops per inhabi- tant, most of them congregated in Corrientes Avenue.[128] Arguably the most famous bookstore is El Ateneo Grand Splendid, a reformed theatre. The Guardian ranked it second in its list of “The world’s 10 best bookshops” in 2008.[129] Argentine literature began around 1550 with the work of Matías Rojas de Oquendo and Pedro González de Prado • Faena Arts (from Santiago del Estero, the first important urban set- Center tlement in Argentina), who wrote prose and poetry. They were partly inspired by oral aboriginal poetry—in partic- ular, according to Carlos Abregú Virreyra, by the lules, 8.3 Literature juríes, diaguitas and tonocotés.A symbiosis emerged be- tween the aboriginal and Spanish traditions, creating a See also: Argentine literature distinct literature, geographically limited (well into the Despite its short urban history, Buenos Aires has an 18th century) to the Argentine north and central regions, with the province of Córdoba as its center, due to the foundation of the National University of Córdoba. Two names stand out from this period: Gaspar Juárez Baviano, and Antonia de la Paz y Figueroa, also known as “Beata Antula”. Gradually, with the economic prosperity of the port, the cultural axis moved eastward. The letters of the colonial age (Viceroyalty-neoclassicism, baroque and epic) grew under the protection of the independentist fervor: Vicente López y Planes, Pantaleón Rivarola and Esteban de Luca.

El Ateneo Grand Splendid placed it as the second most beautiful bookshop in the world.

The literary history of the country is strongly linked to Jorge Luis Borges born in Buenos Aires in 1899. Buenos Aires’ cafés; some of the most important still ex- ist, like Café Tortoni, Café La Biela, Esquina Homero abundant literary production; its mythical-literary net- Manzi, Confitería Las Violetas, Confitería London City work “has grown at the same rate at which the streets and Confitería Hotel Castelar. The city hosts the National of the city earned its shores to the pampas and buildings Library of the Argentine Republic, the largest library in 14 8 CULTURE

the country. Every April, the Buenos Aires International Book Fair takes place, which describes itself as “the most important annual literary event in the Spanish speaking world.”[130] Every year, it gathers more than one million visitors, and usually features the presence of prestigious international authors.

8.4 Language

See also: Belgranodeutsch and cocoliche

Known as Rioplatense Spanish, Buenos Aires’ Spanish Tango dancers during the World tango dance tournament. (as that of other cities like Rosario and Montevideo, Uruguay) is characterised by voseo, yeísmo and aspira- South America.[133] Buenos Aires boasts of several pro- tion of s in various contexts. It is heavily influenced by fessional orchestras, including the Argentine National the dialects of Spanish spoken in Andalusia and Murcia. Symphony Orchestra, the Ensamble Musical de Buenos A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for Sen- Aires and the Camerata Bariloche; as well as various sory Investigations of CONICET and the University of conservatories that offer professional music education, Toronto showed that the prosody of porteño is closer to like the Conservatorio Nacional Superior de Música.[133] the Neapolitan language of Italy than to any other spoken As a result of the growth and commercial prosperity of language.[131] the city in the late 18th century, the theatre became In the early 20th century, Argentina absorbed millions a vital force in Argentine musical life, offering Ital- of immigrants, many of them Italians, who spoke mostly ian and French operas and Spanish zarzuelas.[133] Ital- in their local dialects (mainly Neapolitan, Sicilian and ian music was very influential during the 19th century Genoese). Their adoption of Spanish was gradual, creat- and the early 20th century, in part because of immigra- ing a pidgin of Italian dialects and Spanish that was called tion, but operas and salon music were also composed cocoliche. Its usage declined around the 1950s. by Argentines, including Francisco Hargreaves and Juan [133] Many Spanish immigrants were from Galicia, and Gutiérrez. A nationalist trend that drew from Ar- Spaniards are still generically referred to in Argentina as gentine traditions, literature and folk music was an im- gallegos (Galicians). Galician language, cuisine and cul- portant force during the 19th century, including com- ture had a major presence in the city for most of the 20th posers Alberto Williams, Julián Aguirre, Arturo Berutti [133] century. In recent years, descendants of Galician immi- and Felipe Boero. In the 1930s, composers such as grants have led a mini-boom in Celtic music (which also Juan Carlos Paz and Alberto Ginastera “began to espouse highlighted the Welsh traditions of Patagonia). a cosmopolitan and modernist style, influenced by twelve- tone techniques and serialism"; while avant-garde music Yiddish was commonly heard in Buenos Aires, especially thrived by the 1960s, with the Rockefeller Foundation in the Balvanera garment district and in Villa Crespo until financing the Centro Interamericano de Altos Estudios the 1960s. Most of the newer immigrants learn Spanish Musicales, which brought internationally famous com- quickly and assimilate into city life. posers to work and teach in Buenos Aires, also establish- The Lunfardo argot originated within the prison popula- ing an electronic music studio.[133] tion, and in time spread to all porteños. Lunfardo uses words from Italian dialects, from Brazilian Portuguese, from African and Caribbean languages and even from English. Lunfardo employs humorous tricks such as in- verting the syllables within a word (vesre). Today, Lun- fardo is mostly heard in tango lyrics;[132] the slang of the younger generations has been evolving away from it.

8.5 Music

See also: Music of Argentina, Argentine tango, and Argentine rock According to the Harvard Dictionary of Music, “Ar- The Buenos Aires Philharmonic. gentina has one of the richest art music traditions and perhaps the most active contemporary musical life” in The Río de la Plata is known for being the birthplace 8.6 Cinema 15

of tango, which is considered an emblem of Buenos Aires.[134] The city considers itself the Tango World Cap- ital, and as such hosts many related events, the most important being an annual festival and world tourna- ment.[134] The most important exponent of the genre is Carlos Gardel, followed by Aníbal Troilo; other im- portant composers include Alfredo Gobbi, Ástor Piaz- zolla, Osvaldo Pugliese, Mariano Mores, Juan D'Arienzo and Juan Carlos Cobián.[135] Tango music experienced a period of splendor during the 1940s, while in the 1960s and 1970s nuevo tango appeared, incorporating elements of classical and jazz music. A contemporary trend is neotango (also known as electrotango), with ex- ponents such as Bajofondo and Gotan Project. On 30 September 2009, UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Com- mittee of Intangible Heritage declared tango part of the world’s cultural heritage, making Argentina eligible to re- ceive financial assistance in safeguarding tango for future generations.[136] The city hosts several music festivals every year. A pop- ular genre is electronic dance music, with festivals in- cluding Creamfields BA, SAMC, Moonpark, and a lo- cal edition of Ultra Music Festival. Other well-known events include the Buenos Aires Jazz Festival, Personal Fest, Quilmes Rock and Pepsi Music. Some music festi- Gaumont Cinema inaugurated in 1912. vals are held in Greater Buenos Aires, like Lollapalooza, which takes place at the Hipódromo de San Isidro in San Isidro. by starring in several films during that era.

8.6 Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Argentina Argentine cinema history began in Buenos Aires with the first film exhibition on 18 July 1896 at the Teatro Odeón.[137][138] With his 1897 film, La bandera Ar- gentina, Eugène Py became one of the first filmmakers of the country; the film features a waving Argentine flag located at Plaza de Mayo.[138] In the early 20th century, the first cinema theatres of the country opened in Buenos Aires, and newsreels appeared, most notably El Viaje [138] de Campos Salles a Buenos Aires. The real industry A screening at Parque Centenario, as part of the 2011 edition of emerged with the advent of sound films, the first one BAFICI being Muñequitas porteñas (1931).[137][138] The newly founded Argentina Sono Film released ¡Tango! in 1933, In response to large studio productions, the “Generation the first integral sound production in the country.[138] of the 60s” appeared, a group of filmmakers that pro- During the 1930s and the 1940s (commonly referred as duced the first modernist films in Argentina during that the “Golden Age” of Argentine ciema), many films re- early years of that decade. These included Manuel An- volved around the city of Buenos Aires and tango culture, tín, Lautaro Murúa and René Mugica, among others.[139] reflected in titles such as La vida es un tango, El alma During the second half of the decade, films of social del bandoneón, Adiós Buenos Aires, El Cantor de Buenos protest were presented in clandestine exhibitions, the Aires and Buenos Aires canta. Argentine films were ex- work of Grupo Cine Liberación and Grupo Cine de la ported across Latin America, specially Libertad Lamar- Base, who advocated what they called "Third Cinema". que's melodramas, and the comedies of Luis Sandrini and At that time, the country was under a military dictator- Niní Marshall. The popularity of local cinema in the ship after the coup d'état known as Argentine Revolution. Spanish-speaking world played a key role in the massi- One of the most notable films of these movement is La fication of tango music. Carlos Gardel, an iconic figure hora de los hornos (1968) by Fernando Solanas. During of tango and Buenos Aires, became an international star the period of democracy between 1973 and 1975, the lo- 16 9 CITYSCAPE

cal cinema experienced critical and commercial success, Mercedes-Benz.[151] The government of the city also or- with titles including Juan Moreira (1973), La Patagonia ganizes La Ciudad de Moda (“The City of Fashion”), an rebelde (1974), La Raulito (1975), and La tregua (1974) – annual event that serves as a platform for emerging cre- which became the first Argentine film nominated for the ators and attempts to boost the sector by providing man- Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. How- agement tools.[152] ever, because of censorship and a new military govern- The neighbourhood of Palermo, particularly the area ment, Argentine cinema stalled until the return of democ- known as Soho, is where the latest fashion and design racy in the 1980s. This generation – known as “Argentine trends are presented.[153] The "sub-barrio" of Palermo Cinema in Liberty and Democracy” – were mostly young Viejo is also a popular port of call for fashion in the or postponed filmmakers, and gained international noto- city.[154] An increasing number of young, independent riety. Camila (1984) by María Luisa Bemberg was nom- designers are also setting up their own shops in the bo- inated for the Best Foreign Film at the Academy Awards, hemian neighbourhood of San Telmo, known for its wide and Luis Puenzo's La historia oficial (1985) was the first variety of markets and antique shops.[153] Recoleta, on Argentine film to receive the award. the other hand, is the quintessential neighbourhood for Located in Buenos Aires is the Pablo Ducrós Hicken Mu- exclusive and upscale fashion houses.[153] In particular, seum of Cinema, the only one in the country dedicated Avenida Alvear is home to the most exclusive represen- to Argentine cinema and a pioneer of its kind in Latin tatives of haute couture in the city.[154] America.[140] Every year, the city hosts the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema (BAFICI), which, in its 2015 edition, featured 412 films from 37 9 Cityscape countries, and an attendance of 380 thousand people.[141] Buenos Aires also hosts various other festivals and film cycles, like the Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre, devoted to horror.

8.7 Fashion

Panorama of downtown. On the left is the Congressional Plaza, and the river and skyscrapers are far in the back A fashion show at the Planetarium in 2013, as part of of the panorama. BAFWEEK.

Buenos Aires’ inhabitants have been historically char- 9.1 Architecture acterized as “fashion-conscious”.[142][143][144] National designers display their collections annually at the See also: Architecture of Argentina Buenos Aires Fashion Week (BAFWEEK) and related Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclec- events.[145] Inevitably being a season behind, it fails to re- tic nature, with elements resembling Paris and Madrid. ceive much international attention.[146] Nevertheless, the There is a mix, due to immigration, of Colonial, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Neo-Gothic and French Bourbon city remains an important regional fashion capital. Ac- [155] cording to Global Language Monitor, as of 2012 the styles. Italian and French influences increased after city ranks third in Latin America after São Paulo and the declaration of independence at the beginning of the Rio de Janeiro.[147] [148] In 2005, Buenos Aires was ap- 19th century, though the academic style persisted until pointed as the first UNESCO City of Design,[149] and re- the first decades of the 20th century. ceived this title once again in 2007.[150] Since 2015, the Attempts at renovation took place during the second Buenos Aires International Fashion Film Festival Buenos half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Aires (BAIFFF) takes place, sponsored by the city and when European influences penetrated into the country, 17

rationalism consolidated in a group of young architects from the University of Tucumán, among whom Amancio Williams stands out. The construction of skyscrapers proliferated in Buenos Aires until the 1950s. Newer modern high-technology buildings by Argentine archi- tects in the last years of the 20th century and the begin- ning of the 21st include the Le Parc Tower by Mario Ál- varez, the Torre Fortabat by Sánchez Elía and the Repsol- View of Bolívar Street facing the Cabildo and Diagonal Norte, YPF tower by César Pelli. on Buenos Aires’ historical center. The city’s characteristic con- vergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including Spanish Colonial, Beaux-Arts, and modernist architecture. 10 Education

See also: Education in Argentina reflected by several buildings of Buenos Aires such as the Iglesia Santa Felicitas by Ernesto Bunge; the Palace of Justice, the National Congress, all of them by Vittorio Meano, and the Teatro Colón, by Francesco Tamburini 10.1 Primary education and Vittorio Meano. The simplicity of the Rioplatense baroque style can be Primary education comprise grades 1–7. Most primary clearly seen in Buenos Aires through the works of Italian schools in the city still adhere to the traditional seven- architects such as André Blanqui and Antonio Masella, year primary school, but kids can do grades 1–6 if their in the churches of San Ignacio, Nuestra Señora del Pilar, high schools lasts 6 years, such as ORT Argentina. the Cathedral and the Cabildo. In 1912 the Basilica del Santisimo Sacramento was 10.2 Secondary education opened to the public. Totally built by the generous do- nation of Mrs. Mercedes Castellanos de Anchorena, Ar- gentina’s most prominent family, the church is an excel- lent example of French neo-classicism. With extremely high-grade decorations in its interior, the magnificent Mutin-Cavaillé coll organ (the biggest ever installed in an Argentine church with more than four-thousand tubes and four manuals) presided the nave. The altar is full of marble, and was the biggest ever built in South America at that time.[156] In 1919 the construction of Palacio Barolo began. This was South America’s tallest building at the time, and was the first Argentine skyscraper built with concrete (1919– 1923).[157] The building was equipped with 9 elevators, plus a 20-metre high lobby hall with paintings in the ceil- ing and Latin phrases embossed in golden bronze letters. Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, a public high school in Buenos A 300,000-candela beacon was installed at the top (110 Aires, and it is one of the most prestigious in Argentina and Latin m), making the building visible even from Uruguay. In America. 2009 the Barolo Palace went under an exhausive restora- Secondary education in Argentina is called Polimodal tion, and the beacon was made operational again. (“polymodal”, that is, having multiple modes), since it al- In 1936 the Kavanagh building was inaugurated, with 120 lows the student to choose his/her orientation. Polimodal metres (390 feet) height, 12 elevators (provided by Otis) is usually 3 years of schooling, although some schools and the world’s first central air-conditioning system (pro- have a fourth year. Before entering the first year of vided by north-American company “Carrier”), is still an polimodal, students choose an orientation, among these architectural landmark in Buenos Aires.[158] five: Humanities and Social Sciences, Economics and The architecture of the second half of the 20th century Management of Organizations, Art and Design, Health continued to reproduce French neoclassic models, such and Sport and Biology and Natural Sciences. as the headquarters of the Banco de la Nación Argentina Nevertheless, in Buenos Aires, secondary education con- built by Alejandro Bustillo, and the Museo Hispanoamer- sists of 5 years, called from 1st year to 5th year, as op- icano de Buenos Aires of Martín Noel. However, since posed to primary education’s 1st to 7th grade. Most the 1930s the influence of Le Corbusier and European schools don't require students to choose their orientation, 18 11 TOURISM

John F. Kennedy, Universidad de Ciencias Empresari- ales y Sociales, Universidad del Museo Social Argentino, Universidad Austral and Torcuato di Tella University.

11 Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Buenos Aires According to the World Travel & Tourism Council,[164]

University of Buenos Aires' Law School in Recoleta as they study the basic such as maths, biology, art, history and technology, but there are schools that do, whether they are orientated to a certain profession or they have orientations to choose from when they reach a specific year. Some high schools depend on the University of Buenos Aires, and these require an admission course when stu- dents are taking the last year of high school. These high Buenos Aires Bus, the city’s touristic bus service. The official schools are ILSE, CNBA, Escuela Superior de Comercio estimate is that the bus carries between 700 and 800 passen- Carlos Pellegrini and Escuela de Educación Técnica Pro- gers per day, and has carried half a million passengers since its fesional en Producción Agropecuaria y Agroalimentaria opening.[163] (School of Professional Technique Education in Agricul- tural and Agri-food Production). The last two do have a tourism has been growing in the Argentine capital since specific orientation. 2002. In a survey by the travel and tourism publica- tion Travel + Leisure Magazine in 2008, travellers voted In December 2006 the Chamber of Deputies of the Buenos Aires the second most desirable city to visit af- Argentine Congress passed a new National Education ter Florence, Italy.[165] In 2008, an estimated 2.5 million Law restoring the old system of primary followed by sec- visitors visited the city.[166] ondary education, making secondary education obliga- tory and a right, and increasing the length of compulsory Visitors have many options such as going to a tango show, education to 13 years. The government vowed to put the an estancia in the Province of Buenos Aires, or enjoying law in effect gradually, starting in 2007.[159] the traditional asado. New tourist circuits have recently evolved, devoted to famous Argentines such as Carlos Gardel, Eva Perón or Jorge Luis Borges. Before 2011, 10.3 University education due to the favourable exchange rate, its shopping cen- tres such as Alto Palermo, Paseo Alcorta, Patio Bullrich, See also: University Revolution and List of Argentine Abasto de Buenos Aires and Galerías Pacífico were fre- universities quently visited by tourists. The exchange rate today has hampered tourism and shopping in particular. Notable There are many public universities in Argentina, as well consumer brands such as Burberry and Louis Vuitton as a number of private universities. The University have abandoned the country due to the exchange rate and of Buenos Aires, one of the top learning institutions import restrictions. The city also plays host to musical in South America, has produced five Nobel Prize win- festivals, some of the largest of which are Quilmes Rock, ners and provides taxpayer-funded education for stu- Creamfields BA, Ultra Music Festival (Buenos Aires) and dents from all around the globe.[160][161][162] Buenos Aires the Buenos Aires Jazz Festival. is a major center for psychoanalysis, particularly the The most popular tourist sites are found in the historic Lacanian school. Buenos Aires is home to several pri- core of the city, in the Montserrat and San Telmo neigh- vate universities of different quality, such as: Universidad borhoods. Buenos Aires was conceived around the Plaza Argentina de la Empresa, Buenos Aires Institute of de Mayo, the colony’s administrative center. To the east Technology, CEMA University, Favaloro University, of the square is the Casa Rosada, the official seat of the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, University executive branch of the government of Argentina. To of Belgrano, University of Palermo, University of Sal- the north, the Catedral Metropolitana which has stood in vador, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Universidad the same location since colonial times, and the Banco de 11.2 Theatre 19 la Nación Argentina building, a parcel of land originally • Plaza de Mayo Since being the scene of 25 May owned by Juan de Garay. Other important colonial insti- 1810 revolution that led to independence, the plaza tutions were Cabildo, to the west, which was renovated has been a hub of political life in Argentina. during the construction of Avenida de Mayo and Julio A. • Roca. To the south is the Congreso de la Nación (Na- Plaza San Martín is a park located in the Retiro tional Congress), which currently houses the Academia neighbourhood of the city. Situated at the north- Nacional de la Historia (National Academy of History). ern end of pedestrianized Florida Street, the park is Lastly, to the northwest, is City Hall. bounded by Libertador Ave. (N), Maipú St. (W), Santa Fe Avenue (S), and Leandro Alem Av. (E).

11.1 Parks

• Congressional Plaza

Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens.

• Buenos Aires has over 250 parks and green spaces, the Buenos Aires largest concentration of which are on the city’s eastern Botanical Garden side in the Puerto Madero, Recoleta, Palermo and Bel- grano neighbourhoods. Some of the most important are:

• Parque Tres de Febrero, designed by urbanist Jordán Czeslaw Wysocki and architect Julio Dormal, the park was inaugurated on 11 November 1875. The dramatic economic growth of Buenos Aires after- wards helped to lead to its transfer to the munici- • Plaza de Mayo pal domain in 1888, whereby French Argentine ur- banist Carlos Thays was commissioned to expand and further beautify the park, between 1892 and 1912. Thays designed the Zoological Gardens, the Botanical Gardens, the adjoining Plaza Italia and the Rose Garden.

• Botanical Gardens, designed by French architect and landscape designer Carlos Thays, the garden was inaugurated on 7 September 1898. Thays and • Parque Tres de his family lived in an English style mansion, located Febrero within the gardens, between 1892 and 1898, when he served as director of parks and walks in the city. The mansion, built in 1881, is currently the main building of the complex. 11.2 Theatre

• Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens Is the largest of Buenos Aires has over 280 theatres, more than any other its type in the World, outside Japan. Completed city in the world.[167] Because of this, Buenos Aires is in 1967, the gardens were inaugurated on occasion declared “World’s capital of theater”.[168] The city’s the- of a State visit to Argentina by then-Crown Prince atres show everything from musicals to ballet, comedy to Akihito and Princess Michiko of Japan. circuses.[169] Some of them are: 20 11 TOURISM

• Avenida Theatre was inaugurated on Buenos Aires’ central Avenida de Mayo in 1908 with a production of Spanish dramatist Lope de Vega's Justice With- out Revenge. The production was directed by María Guerrero, a Spanish Argentine theatre director who popularized classical drama in Argentina during the late 19th century and would establish the important Cervantes Theatre in 1921.

11.3 Gay tourism

Buenos Aires has become a recipient of LGBT tourism.[172][173] Due to the existence of some gay- friendly sites, the civil union law of 2002. Upon legal- ising same-sex marriage on 15 July 2010, Argentina be- came the first country in Latin America, the second in the Americas, and the tenth in the world to do so. Its Gender Identity Law, passed in 2012, made Argentina the “only country that allows people to change their gender identities without facing barriers such as hormone ther- apy, surgery or psychiatric diagnosis that labels them as having an abnormality”. In 2015, the World Health Or- ganization cited Argentina as an exemplary country for providing transgender rights.

11.4 Hotels Teatro Colón. Buenos Aires has various types of accommodations, from luxurious five star to quality budget located in neighbor- • Teatro Colón is ranked the third best opera house in hoods that are further from the city centre, although the the world by National Geographic,[170] and is acous- transportation system allows easy and inexpensive access tically considered to be amongst the five best con- to the city. cert venues in the world. The theatre is bounded by the wide 9 de Julio Avenue (technically Cerrito There were, as of February 2008, 23 five-star, 61 four- Street), Libertad Street (the main entrance), Arturo star, 59 three-star and 87 two or one-star hotels, as well Toscanini Street, and Tucumán Street.[171] It is in as 25 boutique hotels and 39 apart-hotels; another 298 the heart of the city on a site once occupied by hostels, bed & breakfasts, vacation rentals and other Ferrocarril Oeste's Plaza Parque station. non-hotel establishments were registered in the city. In all, nearly 27,000 rooms were available for tourism in Buenos Aires, of which about 12,000 belonged to four- • Cervantes Theatre, located on Córdoba Avenue and star, five-star, or boutique hotels. Establishments of a two blocks north of Buenos Aires’ renowned opera higher category typically enjoy the city’s highest occu- house, the Colón Theatre, the Cervantes houses pation rates.[174] The majority of the hotels are located in three performance halls. The María Guerrero Sa- 2 the central part of the city, within close proximity to most lon is the theatre’s main hall. Its 456 m (4,900 main tourist attractions. ft2) stage features a 12 m (39 ft) rotating circular platform and can be extended by a further 2.7 m (9 ft). The Guerrero Salon can seat 860 spectators, in- 11.5 Landmarks cluding 512 in the galleries. A secondary hall, the Orestes Caviglia Salon, can seat 150 and is mostly Main article: Landmarks in Buenos Aires reserved for chamber music concerts. The Luisa Ve- híl Salon is a multipurpose room known for its ex- tensive gold leaf decor. • Cabildo was used as the government house during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the River • Teatro Gran Rex is an Art Deco style theatre which Plate. The original building was finished in 1610 opened on 8 July 1937, as the largest cinema in but was soon found to be too small and had to be South America. expanded. Over the years many changes have been 21

de la República (Republic Square), the spot where the Argentine flag was flown for the first time in Buenos Aires, at the intersection of Nueve de Julio and Corrientes avenues. Its total height is 67 me- ters (220 feet) and its base area is 49 square me- ters (530 square feet). It was designed by architect Alberto Prebisch, and its construction took barely four weeks.

• The Water Company Palace (perhaps the world’s most ornate water pumping station)

• Las Nereidas font by Lola Mora

Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina in the Palermo neighbourhood.

made. In 1940, the architect Mario Buschiazzo re- constructed the colonial features of the Cabildo us- ing various original documents. • Kavanagh build- ing • Kavanagh building is located at 1065 Florida St. in the barrio of Retiro, overlooking Plaza San Martín. It was constructed in the 1930s in the Rationalist style, by the architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre and was finished in 1936. The building is characterised by the aus- terity of its lines, the lack of external ornamentation and its large prismatic volumes. It was declared a national historical monument in 1999,[175] and is one • of the most impressive architectural masterpieces of La Recoleta Ceme- Buenos Aires. Standing at a height of 120 m, it still tery retains its impact against the modern skyline of the city. In 1939 its façade received an award from the American Institute of Architects.[176]

• Metropolitan Cathedral is the main Catholic church in Buenos Aires. It is located in the city centre, over- looking Plaza de Mayo, on the corner of San Martín and Rivadavia streets, in the San Nicolás neighbour- hood. It is the mother church of the Archdiocese of • Buenos Aires. The Water Com- pany Palace • National Library is the largest library in Argentina and one of the most important in the Americas.

• The Obelisk was built in May 1936 to commemo- rate the 400th anniversary of the first founding of 12 Transport the city. It is located in the center of the Plaza 22 12 TRANSPORT

and provide better access to Plaza de Mayo. Most avenues running into and out of the city centre are one-way and feature six or more lanes, with computer-controlled green waves to speed up traffic outside of peak times. The city’s principal avenues include the 140-metre (459 ft)-wide July 9 Avenue, the over-35 km (22 mi)-long Rivadavia Avenue,[177] and Corrientes Avenue, the main thoroughfare of culture and entertainment. Pistarini International Airport terminal In the 1940s and 1950s the General Paz Avenue belt- way that surrounds the city along its border with Buenos 12.1 Airports Aires Province, and the freeways leading to the new international airport and to the northern suburbs, her- The Buenos Aires international airport, which goes by the alded a new era for Buenos Aires traffic. Encouraged by official name of Ministro Pistarini International Airport, pro-automaker policies that were pursued towards the end is located in the suburb of Ezeiza and is often called the of the Perón (1955) and Frondizi administrations (1958– “Ezeiza International Airport”. The Aeroparque Jorge 62) in particular, auto sales nationally grew from an aver- Newbery airport, located in the Palermo district next to age of 30,000 during the 1920–57 era to around 250,000 the riverbank, serves only domestic traffic and flights to in the 1970s and over 600,000 in 2008.[178] Today, over Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. A smaller San Fer- 1.8 million vehicles (nearly one-fifth of Argentina’s total) nando Airport serves only general aviation. are registered in Buenos Aires.[179] Toll motorways opened in the late 1970s by then-mayor 12.2 Local roads and personal transport Osvaldo Cacciatore provided fast access to the city cen- tre and are today used by over a million vehicles daily.[180] Cacciatore likewise had financial district streets (roughly one square km in area) closed to private cars during day- time. Most major avenues are, however, gridlocked at peak hours. Following the economic mini-boom of the 1990s, record numbers started commuting by car and congestion increased, as did the time-honored Argentine custom of taking weekends off in the countryside.

12.3 Local public transport

12.3.1 Commuter rail

See also: Rail transport in Argentina The Buenos Aires commuter rail system has seven lines:

The General Paz Avenue separates Buenos Aires from Greater Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires is based on a square, rectangular grid pat- tern, save for natural barriers or the relatively rare de- velopments explicitly designed otherwise (notably, the neighbourhood of Parque Chas). The rectangular grid provides for square blocks named manzanas, with a length of roughly 110 metres (361 feet). Pedestrian zones in the city centre, like Florida Street are partially car- A Mitre Line Trenes Argentinos train in Palermo free and always bustling, access provided by bus and the Underground (subte) Line C. Buenos Aires, for the most part, is a very walkable city and the majority of residents • Belgrano Norte Line in Buenos Aires use public transport. Two diagonal avenues in the city centre alleviate traffic • Belgrano Sur Line 12.3 Local public transport 23

Urquiza Line) receiving new rolling stock, along with widespread infrastructure improvements, track replace- ment, electrification work, refurbishments of stations and building entirely new stations.[186][187][188] Similarly, al- most all level crossings have been replaced by under- passes and overpasses in the city, with plans to replace all of them in the near future.[189] One of the most major projects under way is the electrification of the remain- ing segments of the Roca Line – the most widely used in the network – and also moving the entire section of the Sarmiento Line which runs through the centre of the city underground to allow for better frequencies on the line and reduce congestion above ground.[190][191] There are also three other major projects on the ta- ble. The first would elevate a large segment of the San Martín Line which runs through the centre of the city and electrify the line, while the second would see the electrification and extension of the Belgrano Sur Line to Constitucion station in the centre of the city.[192][193] If these two projects are completed, then the Belgrano Norte Line would be the only diesel line to run through the city. The third and most ambitious is to build a series of under- ground tunnels between three of the city’s railway termi- nals with a large underground central station underneath the Obelisk, connecting all the commuter railway lines in a network dubbed the Red de Expresos Regionales.[194] Map of the Greater Buenos Aires Commuter Rail Network

• Roca Line 12.3.2 Cycling • San Martín Line Main article: EcoBici (Buenos Aires) • Sarmiento Line In December 2010, the city government launched a • Mitre Line • Urquiza Line

The Buenos Aires commuter network system is very ex- tensive: every day more than 1.3 million people commute to the Argentine capital. These suburban trains operate between 4 am and 1 am. The Buenos Aires commuter rail network also connects the city with long-distance rail ser- vices to Rosario and Córdoba, among other metropolitan areas. There are four principal terminals for both long- distance and local passenger services in the city centre: Constitucion, Retiro, Federico Lacroze and Once, while Buenos Aires station is a minor terminus. EcoBici. Commuter rail in the city is mostly operated by the state- owned Trenes Argentinos, though the Urquiza Line and bicycle sharing program with bicycles free for hire upon Belgrano Norte Line are operated by private companies [181][182][183] registration. Located in mostly central areas, there are Metrovías and Ferrovías respectively. All ser- 31 rental stations throughout the city providing over 850 vices had been operated by Ferrocarriles Argentinos until bicycles to be picked up and dropped off at any station the company’s privatisation in 1993, and were then oper- within an hour.[195] As of 2013, the city has constructed ated by a series of private companies until the lines were 110 km (68.35 mi) of protected bicycle lanes and has put back under state control following a series of high- [196] [184][185] plans to construct another 100 km (62.14 mi). In profile accidents. 2015, the stations were automated and the service became Since 2013, there has been a series of large investments 24 hours through use of a smart card or mobile phone ap- on the network, with all lines (with the exception of the plication. 24 12 TRANSPORT

12.3.3 Underground dition of numerous stations to the network in 2013: San José de Flores and San Pedrito to Line A, Echeverría and Main article: Buenos Aires Underground Juan Manuel de Rosas to Line B and Hospitales to Line The Buenos Aires Underground (locally known as subte, H. Current works include the completion of Line H north- wards and addition of three new stations to Line E in the centre of the city.[201][202] The construction of Line F is due to commence in 2015,[203] while two other lines are planned for construction in the future.

12.3.4 Tramways

Main article: Trams in Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires had an extensive street railway (tram) sys- tem with over 857 km (533 mi) of track, which was dis- mantled during the 1960s in favour of bus transportation, Buenos Aires Underground entrance on Constitución square but surface rail transport has made a small comeback in some parts of the city. The PreMetro or Line E2 is a 7.4 from “subterráneo” meaning underground or subway), is a km (4.6 mi) light rail line that connects with Underground high-yield system providing access to various parts of the Line E at Plaza de los Virreyes station and runs to Gen- city. Opened in 1913, it is the oldest underground system eral Savio and Centro Cívico. It is operated by Metrovías. in the Southern Hemisphere and oldest in the Spanish- The official inauguration took place on 27 August 1987. speaking world. The system has six underground lines A 2 km (1.2 mi) modern tramway, the Tranvía del Este, and one overground line, named by letters (A to E, and H) opened in 2007 in the Puerto Madero district, using two and there are 100 stations, and 58.8 km (37 mi) of route, tramcars on temporary loan. However, plans to extend including the Premetro line.[197] An expansion program the line and acquire a fleet of trams did not come to is underway to extend existing lines into the outer neigh- fruition, and declining patronage led to the line’s closure borhoods and add a new north-south line. Route length in October 2012.[204] A heritage streetcar maintained by is expected to reach 89 km (55 mi) by 2011. tram fans operates on weekends, near the Primera Junta Line A is the oldest one (service opened to public in line A Underground station in the Caballito neighbour- 1913) and stations kept the “belle-époque” decoration, hood. while the original rolling stock from 1913, affection- ately known as Las Brujas were retired from the line in 12.3.5 Buses 2013. Daily ridership on weekdays is 1.7 million and on the increase.[198][199] Fares remain relatively cheap, al- though the city government raised fares by over 125% in January 2012. A single journey, with unlimited in- terchanges between lines, now costs AR$3.50, which is roughly USD$0.60.[200]

Metrobus, 9 de Julio Line

There are over 150 city bus lines called Colectivos, each one managed by an individual company. These compete Buenos Aires Underground entrance on May Avenue with each other, and attract exceptionally high use with virtually no public financial support.[205] Their frequency The most recent expansions to the network were the ad- makes them equal to the underground systems of other 25 cities, but buses cover a far wider area than the under- 12.3.8 Public Transportation Statistics ground system. Colectivos in Buenos Aires do not have a fixed timetable, but run from four to several per hour, The average amount of time people spend commuting depending on the bus line and time of the day. With in- with public transit in Buenos Aires, for example to and expensive tickets and extensive routes, usually no further from work, on a weekday is 79 min. 23% of public transit than four blocks from commuters’ residences, the colec- riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average tivo is the most popular mode of transport around the amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public city.[205] transit is 14 min, while 20% of riders wait for over 20 Buenos Aires has recently opened a bus rapid transit sys- minutes on average every day. The average distance peo- tem, the Metrobus. The system uses modular median ple usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. stations that serve both directions of travel, which en- [212] able pre-paid, multiple-door, level boarding. The first line, opened on 31 May 2011, runs across the Juan B. Justo Ave has 21 stations.[206] The system now has 4 lines with 113 stations on its 43.5 km (27.0 mi) network, 13 Security while numerous other lines are under construction and planned.[207]

12.3.6 Taxis

Metropolitan Police of Buenos Aires City

The Guardia Urbana de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Ur- ban Guard) was a specialized civilian force of the city of Buquebus high-speed ferries connect Buenos Aires to Uruguay Buenos Aires, Argentina, that used to deal with different urban conflicts with the objective of develop actions of A fleet of 40,000 black-and-yellow taxis ply the streets prevention, dissuasion and mediation, promoting effec- at all hours. License controls are not enforced rigor- tive behaviors that guarantee the security and the integrity ously. There have been reports of organized crime con- of public order and social coexistence. The unit continu- trolling the access of taxis to the city airports and other ously assisted the personnel of the Argentine Federal Po- major destinations. Taxi drivers are known for trying lice, especially in emergency situations, events of massive to take advantage of tourists.[208] Radio-link companies concurrence, and protection of tourist establishments. provide reliable and safe service; many such companies Urban Guard officials did not carry any weapons in the provide incentives for frequent users. Low-fare limo ser- performing of their duties. Their basic tools were a HT vices, known as remises, have become popular in recent radio transmitter and a whistle. years.[209][210] As of March 2008, the Guardia Urbana was removed. The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police was the police 12.3.7 Ferries force under the authority of the Autonomous City (or Federal District) of Buenos Aires. The force was created Buenos Aires is also served by a ferry system operated by in 2010 and was composed of 1,850 officers. the company Buquebus that connects the port of Buenos Aires with the main cities of Uruguay, (Colonia del Sacra- In 2016, the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police and part mento, Montevideo and Punta del Este). More than 2.2 of the Argentine Federal Police were merged to create the million people per year travel between Argentina and new Buenos Aires City Police force. Uruguay with Buquebus. One of these ships is a cata- The Buenos Aires City Police force began operations on maran, which can reach a top speed of about 80 km/h 1 January 2017. Security in the city is now the responsi- (50 mph).[211] bility of the Buenos Aires City Police.[213] 26 14 SPORTS

The police is headed by the Chief of Police who is ap- pointed by the head of the executive branch of the city of Buenos Aires. There are four major departments:

• Public Security • Investigations and Research Campo Argentino de Polo, home of the Argentine Open Polo Champi- • Scientific and Technical onship, the most important global event of this discipline • Administration

Geographically, the force is divided into 56 stations throughout the city. All police station employees are civilians. The Buenos Aires City Police force is composed of over 25,000 officers. Buenos Aires Lawn Tennis Club 14 Sports Buenos Aires has been a candidate city for the Summer Olympic Games on three occasions: for the 1956 Games, Football is a passion for Argentines. Buenos Aires has the which were lost by a single vote to Melbourne; for the highest concentration of football teams of any city in the 1968 Summer Olympics, held in Mexico City; and in world (featuring no fewer than 24 professional football 2004, when the games were awarded to Athens. How- [214] teams), with many of its teams playing in the major ever, Buenos Aires hosted the first Pan American Games league. The best-known rivalry is the one between Boca (1951)[104] and was also host city to several World Cham- Juniors and River Plate, the match is better known as pionship events: the 1950 and 1990 Basketball World Superclásico. Watching a match between these two teams Championships, the 1982 and 2002 Men’s Volleyball was deemed one of the “50 sporting things you must do World Championships and, most remembered, the 1978 [214] before you die” by The Observer. Other major clubs FIFA World Cup, won by Argentina on 25 June 1978, include San Lorenzo de Almagro, Club Atlético Huracán, when it defeated the Netherlands at the Estadio Monu- Vélez Sársfield, Club Ferro Carril Oeste and Asociación mental 3–1. In September 2013, the city hosted the 125th Atlética Argentinos Juniors. IOC Session, Tokyo was elected the host city of the 2020 Diego Maradona, born in Lanús Partido (county) south Summer Olympics and Thomas Bach was new IOC Pres- of Buenos Aires, is widely hailed as one of the greatest ident. Buenos Aires bid to host the 2018 Summer Youth football players of all time. Maradona started his career Olympics.[216] On 4 July 2013, the IOC elected Buenos with Argentinos Juniors, later playing for Boca Juniors, Aires as the host city.[13] Buenos Aires hosted the 2006 the Argentina national football team and others (most no- South American Games too. [215] tably FC Barcelona in Spain and SSC Napoli in Italy). Juan Manuel Fangio won five Formula One World Argentina has been the home of world champions in pro- Driver’s Championships, and was only outstripped by fessional boxing. Carlos Monzon was a hall of fame Michael Schumacher, with seven Championships. The World Middleweight champion, and the current undis- Buenos Aires Oscar Gálvez car-racing track hosted 20 puted linear Middleweight champion Sergio Martinez Formula One events as the Argentine Grand Prix, be- hails from Argentina. Omar Narvaez, Lucas Matthysse, tween 1953 and 1998; it was discontinued on financial Carolina Duer, and Marcos Maidana are five modern-day grounds. The track features various local categories on world champions as well. most weekends. The 2009, 2010, 2011, 2015 Dakar Rally started and ended in the city. The first rugby union match in Argentina was played in 1873 in the Buenos Aires Cricket Club Ground, located in Palermo neighbourhood, where the Galileo Galilei plan- etarium is located today. Rugby enjoys widespread pop- ularity in Buenos Aires, most especially in the north of the city, which boasts more than eighty rugby clubs. The Luna Park city is home to the Argentine Super Rugby franchise, the 27

Jaguares. The Argentina national rugby union team com- petes in Buenos Aires in international matches such as the Rugby Championship. Argentines’ love for horses can be experienced in sev- eral ways: horse racing at the Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo racetrack, polo in the Campo Argentino de Polo (located just across Libertador Avenue from the Hipó- • Pope Francis dromo), and pato, a kind of basketball played on horse- back that was declared the national game in 1953. Buenos Aires native Guillermo Vilas (who was raised in Mar del Plata) and Gabriela Sabatini were great ten- nis players of the 1970s and 1980s [104] and popular- ized tennis Nationwide in Argentina. Vilas won the ATP Buenos Aires numerous times in the 1970s. Other popu- lar sports in Buenos Aires are golf, basketball, rugby and field hockey. • Argentine NASA astronaut, Fernando Caldeiro

• Queen Máxima of the Netherlands

The Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti is one of the most important Olympic stadiums on the continent. Known as “El Monumental”, it hosted the fi- nal game of the FIFA World Cup Championship in 1978.

• Luis Scola, basketball player

15 Notable people

Notable people originally from Buenos Aires: • Gustavo Cerati, singer-songwriter, composer and producer

16 International relations

16.1 World rankings

Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha World City, ac- cording to the Loughborough University group’s (GaWC) • Writer, Jorge Luis Borges 2008 inventory.[217] It is ranked 22nd in the 2010 ranking of global cities by the American journal Foreign Policy, 28 16 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

in conjunction with consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the 16.3 Union of Ibero-American Capital Chicago Council on Global Affairs. (See "Global city" Cities for the top 30 in the list). Buenos Aires is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[229] from 12 October 1982 establishing 16.2 Twin towns and sister cities brotherly relations with the following cities:

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Argentina • Andorra la Vella, Andorra

[218] Buenos Aires is twinned with the following cities: • Asunción, Paraguay

• • Beijing, China (since 1993)[219] Bogotá, Colombia • • Berlin, Germany (since 19 May 1994)[220][221] Buenos Aires, Argentina • • Bilbao, Spain Caracas, Venezuela • Guatemala City, Guatemala • Brasília, Brazil[222] • Havana, Cuba • Cairo, Egypt[223] • Quito, Ecuador • Cádiz, Spain • La Paz, Bolivia • Calabria, Italy (region) • Lima, Peru • Guadix, Spain[223] • Lisbon, Portugal • Miami, Florida, United States • Madrid, Spain • Moscow, Russia[223] • Managua, Nicaragua • Naples, Italy • Mexico City, Mexico • Osaka, Japan • Montevideo, Uruguay • Oviedo, Spain (since 1983) • Panama City, Panama • Prague, Czech Republic • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Salamanca, Spain • San Jose, Costa Rica • Santiago de Compostela, Spain • San Juan, Puerto Rico • São Paulo, Brazil[224][225] • San Salvador, El Salvador • Seville, Spain[226] • Santiago, Chile • Tel Aviv, Israel (since 1976) • Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic • Vigo, Spain • Tegucigalpa, Honduras • Warsaw, Poland[223]

• Yerevan, Armenia (since 2000)[227] 16.4 Partner city

• Zagreb, Croatia (since 1998)[228] • Paris, France[230] 29

17 See also [12] “Buenos Aires History and Culture”. Adventure Life. Re- trieved 28 May 2012. • C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group [13] “Buenos Aires elected as Host City for 2018 Youth • Largest cities in the Americas Olympic Games”. International Olympic Committee. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013. • List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos [14] Niebieskikwiat, Natasha. “Argentina fue elegida sede del Aires G-20 para 2018”. clarin.com. • List of twin towns and sister cities of Buenos Aires [15] Buenos Aires Ciudad. “Turismo Religioso” (in Spanish). • OPENCities Retrieved 25 November 2015. • Outline of Argentina [16] “Origin of the name Buenos Aires”. Todo Buenos Aires. Retrieved 18 January 2015.

[17] “Nuestro Banderín” (in Spanish). Buenos Aires Rotary 18 Notes Club. Retrieved 18 January 2015. [18] “Massimo Pittau – La Madonna di Bonaria di Cagliari e [1] The World Meteorological Organization Station ID for Buenos Aires”. pittau.it. Buenos Aires Observatorio is 87585 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration [19] “Quel legame mariano tra Bonaria e Buenos Aires”. avvenire.it.

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• (in Spanish) Patricia Moglia, Fabián Sislián and • Scobie, James R. Buenos Aires: plaza to suburb, Mónica Alabart, Pensar la historia Argentina desde 1870–1910 (Oxford University Press, 1974) una historia de América Latina, Buenos Aires:Plus Ultra • Socolow, Susan Migden. The Merchants of Buenos Aires, 1778–1810: Family and Commerce (Cam- • Blouet, Brian; Blouet, Olwyn (2010). “Chapter 13: bridge University Press, 1978) Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay”. Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean: A Systematic and Regional • Sofer, Eugene F. From Pale to Pampa: A social his- Survey. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 385–415. ISBN tory of the Jews of Buenos Aires (Holmes & Meier, 978-0-470-38773-3. 1982) • Kreimer, Alcira; Arnold, Margaret (2000). Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging Economies 21 External links (PDF). Disaster Risk Management Series No. 2. Washington D.C: World Bank. ISBN 0-8213- • 4726-8. (in Spanish) Official government website • • Lewis Nouwen, Mollie (15 September 2013). Oy, OPENCities Monitor participant My Buenos Aires: Jewish Immigrants and the Cre- • Population estimates ation of Argentine National Identity. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0826353504. • Encyclopædia Britannica • Rojas-Mix, Miguel (1991). Los cien nombres de • Microsoft Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31) América: eso que descubrió Colón (in Spanish). Lu- • men. p. 57. ISBN 978-8426412096. Retrieved 12 Public Transit Index - Buenos Aires y La Plata, Ar- December 2016. gentina - Facts and usage statistics about public tran- sit in Buenos Aires y La Plata, Argentina • General Information 20 Further reading • Geographic data related to Buenos Aires at OpenStreetMap See also: Bibliography of the history of Buenos Aires

• Adelman, Jeremy. Republic of capital: Buenos Aires and the legal transformation of the Atlantic world (Stanford University Press, 1999) • Baily, Samuel L. “The Adjustment of Italian Immi- grants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870–1914.” American Historical Review (1983): 281–305. in JSTOR • Bao, Sandra, and Bridget Gleeson. Lonely Planet Buenos Aires (Travel Guide) (2011) • Benson, Andrew. The Rough Guide to Buenos Aires (2011) • Buenos Aires Travel Guide 2014: Essential Tourist Information, Maps & Photos (2014) 36 22 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

22 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

22.1 Text

• Buenos Aires Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires?oldid=791723718 Contributors: Mav, Manning Bartlett, Malcolm Farmer, Youssefsan, Christian List, Zisa, William Avery, Ben-Zin~enwiki, Zoe, Olivier, Edward, Zocky, Karada, Delirium, Dori, Mcarling, Arpingstone, Paul A, Alfio, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, BigFatBuddha, Kragen, Sir Paul, AugPi, Rl, Jonik, BRG, WhispertoTheWind, Ideyal, RodC, Guaka, Choster, WhisperToMe, Gustavobernhardt, Maya~enwiki, Tpbradbury, Bcorr, Secretlondon, Pilaf~enwiki, Hajor, Owen, Rossumcapek, Robbot, Sander123, Fredrik, Chris 73, Moncrief, Modulatum, Postdlf, Hadal, JackofOz, Raeky, Pablo-flores, Dbenbenn, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, Nichalp, Fudoreaper, BenFrantzDale, Everyking, Ludely, Wikibob, SpiceMan, Rick Block, Duncharris, DO'Neil, Jorge Stolfi, Avala, Jackol, Kmsiever, Wiki Wikardo, Telsa, Utcursch, Keith Edkins, Alexf, CryptoDerk, Knutux, Danyg, Quadell, Antandrus, Bhuck, Daniel,levine, PDH, CSTAR, Roisterer, Bumm13, PFHLai, Zfr, Marcus2, 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Yobot, DerechoReguerraz, Kartano, Benz65, O Fenian, Playclever, Voice99, House1630, Estudiarme, Sherlock4000, Banfield, Alakasam, Reenem, Oak Maple Fern, Eddyslick, Againme, Jmaddux23, AnomieBOT, Puertorico1, A More Perfect Onion, Archon 2488, Rubinbot, 1exec1, Wereke01, Loco12, Slaterino, Jim1138, Galoubet, JackieBot, LlywelynII, Ulric1313, Felipe08, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Amit6, ParishMaker, Eumolpo, ArthurBot, Clark89, MauritsBot, Xqbot, ManningBartlett, Puente aereo, The Banner, Capricorn42, Gato- cer, Floratini, Fakus Edition 2008, Cray H, Pêyo, Anna Frodesiak, Tsr204, Bleff, GrouchoBot, Franchutam, S11.1, RibotBOT, Shattered Gnome, Yosoydelgallo, Pablocuervo, Venerock, GhalyBot, Mfurman94, Gxabier, Freemanf, Laprida100, Sababainbsas, WebCiteBOT, Katalla, RoyFocker 12, Mjs420, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Paine Ellsworth, Wikisexygirl, AlexanderKaras, MusicInTheHouse, Junglefin- gers, La ponja, Dger, Levyharaivan, Hmdwgf, Orange Shade, St Petersburgh, Ecuadorian Stalker, Ilan Costica, Porto Madera, Andes Man, No Resign, Eireland09, M2545, Moorish Lander, Proud Argentine, Diego Alba, Dog warrior, Jikenberry3, DrilBot, AlbertusIII, Pictish Defender, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, ARGMGM, Elockid, HRoestBot, Degen Earthfast, Ivc392, LittleWink, Jonesey95, ImageTag- Bot, Twins1000, Boyfriendtogirlsaloud, Rahlgd, Deleteduser2015, RedBot, Leobons, Caseyallen0, Full-date unlinking bot, Pristino, Edraw, Lightlowemon, Orenburg1, Razvans11, Frecuentaje, TobeBot, Mercy11, Dicktracy21, Tibetan Prayer, JayMeydad, Oupals, Vrenator, Rick- ipedia127, , PleaseStand, Tbhotch, Dortega94, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Ernestogon, Sj122390, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Sergio.spaolonzi, IANVS, Lcrouzeilles, AssociateAffiliate, Thiridaz, Maria Louise Santos, Andrey Tsyganov, Monkey32, Hajatvrc, SoCal L.A., Emaus- Bot, John of Reading, Fa95bri, Dewritech, HarshaDevulapalli, Nicolas M.C., Tommy2010, Steko, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, Chiton magnificus, Payasodeculo, David1588, Elfanatico92, ZéroBot, Dolphin Jedi, Bollyjeff, Iñaki Salazar, Subtropical-man, Hemanetwork, H3llBot, Theproftw, SporkBot, Xoil, Mauberto, Wayne Slam, Mcmatter, Krine546xx, Antonio1952, Dk1919 Franking, Mantes, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, AlexR.L., Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Enzoacerrutti, Puechredon, Thiagoreis leon, Guillec96, Davey2010, Petrb, Locador, Hepatitis B vaccine · Onyx-785, ClueBot NG, Iehutin, PaleCloudedWhite, Loginnigol, Copperella Eloise, MusicGeek101, Mysterymon- ster315, Frietjes, Reedman72, Cntras, 08OceanBeach SD, Nazi9x, Hazhk, Natalyadt, O.Koslowski, Xomthas, Castncoot, Eltetelar12, Selvamvinod, Go Phightins!, Chueco23456, Widr, Kingston28, Helpful Pixie Bot, Calabe1992, HerFariasP, BG19bot, TOCS2011, Ar- navchaudhary, Supasun, Kristen95, Shibbybrohan, Vagobot, Mattseta, Dainshku, Northamerica1000, MrRhythm, Cyberpower678, Steel burger, Oxor~enwiki, Pomberito86, Luckyblue08, Michael Barera, Booboo29, TraceySwans, Wikimench100, DPL bot, BoblikesBob, Aresceo, Wannabemodel, Lieutenant of Melkor, JoshuaPers, Andron35, BattyBot, Tutelary, Gonzalort1, Mr.StateOfShock, ProfPolySci45, Ginés90, Mrt3366, Cyberbot II, Wardiev, ZappaOMati, Teppese, Kalki70, Mattbucks2, PaperHearts1, Khazar2, Enemyusuar, JYBot, As- dfghjklgyascutus, Delotrooladoo, Smirrah, Dexbot, Aditya Mahar, M4r51n, Ssbbplayer, GTheory, Lugia2453, Delinbaqoqwiki, ZH8000, Faizan, Zentown, Vanamonde93, TechnicianGB, JD2726, Gb321, JakeDeanHinch, ThomasMikael, Fede852, Tentinator, Aboutstyes, Forsber5, Chicagofireobsessed, Stewart.mcdonald, Paradissi, Keionnaluvswatermelon, Stackskin, Odnailro, Lastsleugs, Baires78, Yilku1, Zenibus, Peotyrhunter, FDMS4, B575, Kind Tennis Fan, Wikipediow, Kyumatte, Samhse, Nthompson1771, Edsylver, Pilarlole, Rdb900, TylerErkel, Jl2047a, Estudio04, SantiLak, Juanderosario2, Ivan Milenin, Políticaydeporte, LordeGaga, Tressargentos, Re42scott, Caio Fusaro, MollyMcHugh, Starebube, HMSLavender, Felixs0217, Sanchez0227, WildWill3000, Reranian, Glh23, Activeme777, Guidon- avalesi, Narky Blert, Leonina666444, Madere, Arielslytherin, Stewmahoney, Val330089, Eteethan, Joobo, Oth922, Samir bnani, Hu- man3015, Usestunis, Themidget17, Yuubokumin, Thiago200002, Clerkletheq, Fiji 765, KasparBot, SegataSanshiro1, Fran1975, Tsoukalos tiene razón, Adam9007, Gep, DIbraNEW, Acroterion417, Aghiata, Mikyllhadelarosa22, Baglieto, Ele-phunk, Claravillafuente, Weav12, Reverie 39, InternetArchiveBot, Boomer Vial, Zupotachyon, Max Aquino, Chackerian, JJMC89 bot, Marianna251, GreenC bot, Robot psychiatrist, Killer2016, GazetoBic, Tomatea.96, Mr KEBAB, Motivação, Manitobba, Kambojharsangeet, HalcyonHorror, Bender the Bot, MaxElianAquino2003, Jackiedileo, MC HaSS, Gettyman301, TheSandDoctor, D.Nino, Magic links bot, Pinedonotpresident and Anonymous: 1605

22.2 Images

• File:199_-_Buenos_Aires_-_Aéroport_international_Ezeiza_-_Janvier_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/a/a9/199_-_Buenos_Aires_-_A%C3%A9roport_international_Ezeiza_-_Janvier_2010.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contribu- tors: Own work Original artist: Martin St-Amant (S23678) • File:Aguas_Corrientes-2011-TM.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Aguas_Corrientes-2011-TM. jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HalloweenHJB • File:Argentinien_Buenos_Aires_Nacht_Puerto_Madero.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/ Argentinien_Buenos_Aires_Nacht_Puerto_Madero.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Monster4711 • File:Avenida_General_Paz_entre_Cabildo_y_Panamericana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/ Avenida_General_Paz_entre_Cabildo_y_Panamericana.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ale4110 • File:BAFWEEK_planetario.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/BAFWEEK_planetario.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 ar Contributors: Agenda Cultural - La Ciudad de Moda Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires • File:Banco_de_la_Nación_Argentina,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina,_2014-11-20_WTourAR_AA_03.jpg Source: https: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Banco_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina%2C_Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina% 2C_2014-11-20_WTourAR_AA_03.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Allan Aguilar • File:Bandera-bonaerense.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Buenos_ Aires.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based on this file Original artist: (Vector graphics image by Starchild) • File:Bandera_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Bandera_de_la_ Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based on this image Original artist: Juan de Garay (original eagle concept) [#cite_note-1 [1]]

• File:Buenos_Aires,_1986.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Buenos_Aires%2C_1986.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Buenos Aires, 1986 Original artist: Nathan Hughes Hamilton • File:Buenos_Aires,_Puerto_Madero.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Buenos_Aires%2C_Puerto_ Madero.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Patricio Dünkler • File:Buenos_Aires_(Aldus_Verthoont,_ca_1628).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Buenos_Aires_ %28Aldus_Verthoont%2C_ca_1628%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Atlas of Johannes Vingboons c.1665 Original artist: A dutch sailor 38 22 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Buenos_Aires_-_Bolsa_de_Comercio.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Buenos_Aires_-_ Bolsa_de_Comercio.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires Original artist: Antonio García from Madrid, Spain • File:Buenos_Aires_-_Las_Nereidas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Buenos_Aires_-_Las_ Nereidas.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: ogroboku • File:Buenos_Aires_-_Recoleta_-_Entrada_Cementerio.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Buenos_ Aires_-_Recoleta_-_Entrada_Cementerio.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Galio • File:Buenos_Aires_-_San_Nicolás_-_Construcción_del_Obelisco.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/5/53/Buenos_Aires_-_San_Nicol%C3%A1s_-_Construcci%C3%B3n_del_Obelisco.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) Original artist: Unknown • File:Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/e/e9/Buenos_Aires_-_San_Telmo_-_Iglesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa_-_20071215a.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Taken by the uploader, w:es:Usuario:Barcex Original artist: Taken by the uploader, w:es:Usuario:Barcex • File:Buenos_Aires_Botanical_Gardens,_15th._Jan._2011_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC_(1).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Buenos_Aires_Botanical_Gardens%2C_15th._Jan._2011_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC_%281%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Buenos Aires Botanical Gardens, 15th. Jan. 2011 Original artist: Phillip Capper from Wellington, New Zealand • File:Buenos_Aires_City_Collage.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Buenos_Aires_City_Collage.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: by Jacobo Tarrío Original artist: Bleff • File:Buenos_Aires_Festival_y_Mundial_de_Tango.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Buenos_ Aires_Festival_y_Mundial_de_Tango.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 ar Contributors: Comienza el Buenos Aires Festival y Mundial de Tango Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires • File:Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral_(5463291506).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/ Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%285463291506%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral Original artist: Liam Quinn from Canada • File:Buenos_Aires_Panorama.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Buenos_Aires_Panorama.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Buenos Aires Panorama Original artist: Luis Argerich from Buenos Aires, Argentina • File:Buenos_Aires_Playa_(6689900481).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Buenos_Aires_Playa_ %286689900481%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Buenos Aires Playa Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires from Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina • File:Buenos_Aires_Subte_station_Peru.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Buenos_Aires_Subte_ station_Peru.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Svenska84 • File:Buenos_Aires_Tour_Bus.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Buenos_Aires_Tour_Bus.jpg Li- cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Bus Turístico Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires • File:Buenos_Aires_con_las_puertas_abiertas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Buenos_Aires_ con_las_puertas_abiertas.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sebasiddi • File:Cabildo_de_Buenos_Aires,_calle_Bolivar.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Cabildo_de_ Buenos_Aires%2C_calle_Bolivar.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 ar Contributors: El Cabildo Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires • File:Casa_de_Gobierno-_Casa_Rosada.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Casa_de_Gobierno-_ Casa_Rosada.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jrivell • File:Catedral_San_Juan_Bautista_(Buenos_Aires).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Catedral_ San_Juan_Bautista_%28Buenos_Aires%29.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Elsapucai • File:Centro_Cultural_Kirchner_2016.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Centro_Cultural_Kirchner_ 2016.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ProtoplasmaKid • File:Centro_Cultural_Recoleta-Recoleta_Cultural_Center.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/ Centro_Cultural_Recoleta-Recoleta_Cultural_Center.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I snapped the photo while visiting Buenos Aires. Original artist: HalloweenHJB • File:Centro_de_trasbordo_constitucion_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Centro_de_trasbordo_ constitucion_2.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 ar Contributors: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/nuevo-centro-de-trasbordo-constitucion Original artist: GCBA • File:Colegio_Nacional_Buenos_Aires.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Colegio_Nacional_Buenos_ Aires.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jrivell • File:Colonia_del_Sacramento_2016_042.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Colonia_del_ Sacramento_2016_042.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net). • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Comunas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Comunas.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: • Comunas.jpg Original artist: Comunas.jpg: Sking 22.2 Images 39

• File:Court_central_Buenos_Aires_Lawn_Tennis_Club.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Court_ central_Buenos_Aires_Lawn_Tennis_Club.jpg License: FAL Contributors: http://www.tiempodetortuguitas.com.ar/digi/tenis-01.jpg Original artist: Emiliano Raimondi • File:EMU_CSR_M20_en_Barrancas.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/EMU_CSR_M20_en_ Barrancas.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ProfesorFavalli • File:EcoBici_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/EcoBici_2.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 ar Contributors: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/ecobici/sistema-ecobici Original artist: Buenos Aires Ciudad • File:Edificios_de_Puerto_Madero_al_anochecer_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Edificios_ de_Puerto_Madero_al_anochecer_1.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dario Alpern • File:El_Ateneo_Grand_Splendid_bookstore_-_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina_-_5_Jan._2015.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/El_Ateneo_Grand_Splendid_bookstore_-_Buenos_Aires%2C_Argentina_-_5_Jan._2015.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: El Ateneo Book Store Original artist: Nan Palmero from San Antonio, TX, USA • File:Escudo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Escudo_de_la_ Ciudad_de_Buenos_Aires.svg License: CC BY 2.5 ar Contributors: SVG based on this image Original artist: (Vector graphics by B1mbo) • File:Faena_Arts_Center_in_Puerto_Madero.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Faena_Arts_ Center_in_Puerto_Madero.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: Puerto Madero Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires • File:Fernando_Caldeiro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Fernando_Caldeiro.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/caldeiro.html Original artist: NASA • File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Llibre de normes gràfiques per a la reproducció i aplicació dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern és autoritat competent (Aprovat pel Govern en la sessió del dia 5 de maig de 1999) Original artist: HansenBCN • File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government of Argentina • File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Buenos_Aires_City.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Buenos_Aires_City. png License: Public domain Contributors: own work, and used this image Original artist: Juan de Garay (original), Enrique Peña (his- torian), and Ordenanza N° 49,669. • File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament) • File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden • File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art • File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion 40 22 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig- inal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work (Original text: own code) Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk) • File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo • File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho • File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/ lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html Original artist: Various • File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/IsraelAt50/Pages/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem.aspx Original artist: “The Pro- visional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. • File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi. • File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version) Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

• File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 • File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: Law About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua Original artist: C records (talk · contribs) • File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from flagspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Panama.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Con- tributors: This file is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republica del Paraguay • File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick • File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum- bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) • File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 22.2 Images 41

• File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999 • File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag Original artist: Flag de- sign by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users • File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various • File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. 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Original artist: ? • File:Map_of_the_barrios_of_Buenos_Aires.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Map_of_the_ barrios_of_Buenos_Aires.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work based on File:Mapa de Buenos Aires.svg Original artist: Bleff • File:Mauricio_Macri_desplegó_la_bandera_de_Ciudad_Verde_en_uno_de_los_balcones_del_gobierno_porteño_(7552191756) .jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Mauricio_Macri_despleg%C3%B3_la_bandera_de_Ciudad_ Verde_en_uno_de_los_balcones_del_gobierno_porte%C3%B1o_%287552191756%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Mauricio Macri desplegó la bandera de Ciudad Verde en uno de los balcones del gobierno porteño Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires from Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina • File:MetroBus_y_Obelisco.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/MetroBus_y_Obelisco.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Federico Pinto • File:Metrobus25deMayo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Metrobus25deMayo.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SegataSanshiro1 • File:Metrobus9dejulio.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Metrobus9dejulio.png License: CC0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: SegataSanshiro1 • File:Metrobuscabildo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Metrobuscabildo.png License: CC0 Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: SegataSanshiro1 • File:Metrobusjuanbjusto.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Metrobusjuanbjusto.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SegataSanshiro1 • File:Metrobussur.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Metrobussur.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SegataSanshiro1 • File:Mezquita_Centro_Cultural_Islámico_Rey_Fahd_Buenos_Aires_01.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/c/c2/Mezquita_Centro_Cultural_Isl%C3%A1mico_Rey_Fahd_Buenos_Aires_01.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roberto Fiadone • File:Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_\char"0022\relax{}La_Casa_Rosada\char"0022\relax{}_por_Della_Valle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Museo_del_Bicentenario_-_%22La_Casa_Rosada%22_por_Della_Valle.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Museum of the Argentine Bicentennial Original artist: Ángel Della Valle • File:Obelisco-diurno_0652.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Obelisco-diurno_0652.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Carlos Zito • File:Orquesta_Estudiantil_de_Buenos_Aires_(7983428800).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/ Orquesta_Estudiantil_de_Buenos_Aires_%287983428800%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Orquesta Estudiantil de Buenos Aires Original artist: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires from Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina • File:Pabellon-argentino_plazasmartin_1900.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Pabellon-argentino_ plazasmartin_1900.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Gran Libro de la Fotografía Argentina Original artist: Eugenio Avanzi • File:Palacio_de_justicia.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Palacio_de_justicia.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roblespepe • File:Panorámica_interior_del_Teatro_Colón_(cropped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Panor% C3%A1mica_interior_del_Teatro_Col%C3%B3n_%28cropped%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Martin Bordagaray • File:Pellegrini_Buenos_Aires_Catedral.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Pellegrini_Buenos_ Aires_Catedral.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Monumenta iconografica. 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