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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Živorodá Monogenea Rodu Gyrodactylus MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE Živorodá monogenea rodu Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 vybraných hlaváčovitých ryb Jaderského moře Bakalářská práce Gabriela Sajlerová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Iva Přikrylová, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Gabriela Sajlerová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita, Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Živorodá monogenea rodu Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 vybraných hlaváčovitých ryb Jaderského moře Studijní program: Evoluční a ekologická biologie Studijní obor: Evoluční a ekologická biologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Iva Přikrylová, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 44 Klíčová slova: Gyrodactylus, hlaváčovité ryby, Jaderské moře, morfometrie, příchytný aparát Bibliographic Entry Author: Gabriela Sajlerová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Viviparous monogenean of the genus Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 of selected gobiid fishes in Adriatic sea Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of study: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Iva Přikrylová, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 44 Keywords: Gyrodactylus,gobiid fishes, Adriatic Sea, morphometry, attachment apparatus Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce se sestává ze dvou částí, první literárního přehledu souvisejícího s druhou praktickou části práce, jež se zabývá determinací živorodých monogeneí rodu Gyrodactylus z hlaváčovitých ryb nalovených v Jaderském moři. Na začátku teoretické části je charakterizována třída Monogenea, dále se práce zabývá hlavním tématem této bakalářské práce, parazity rodu Gyrodactylus. Nejdříve je uvedena klasifikaci rodu Gyrodactylus a v dalších podkapitolách je podrobněji rozebírána charakteristika rodu Gyrodactylus, přehled známých druhů rodu Gyrodactylus parazitující mořské hlaváčovité ryby a stručně jsou zmíněny metody, jež jsou používány při determinaci druhů. Dále jsou charakterizovány hostitelské ryby čeledi Gobiidae obývající Mediterán a je popsána oblast, ve které proběhl sběr mateiálu. V praktické části byl determinován materiál získaný z let 2013-2014. V daném období byly provedeny tři terénní výjezdy, během nichž se podařilo odlovit 858 hlaváčovitých ryb náležících do 30 druhů. Šest druhů bylo parazitováno zástupci rodu Gyrodactylus, těmi byly Buenia affinis, Gobius niger, Gobius roulei, Odontobuenia balearica, Pomatoschistus marmoratus a Pseudoaphya ferreri. Použitím morfometrických přístupů bylo určeno šest druhů rodu Gyrodactylus, z nich pouze dva jsou známé - Gyrodactylus arcuatoides a Gyrodactylus rugiensis. Zbývající čtyři druhy představují doposud nepopsané druhy. Výsledky této bakalářské práce budou použity jako podklad pro popis těchto druhů. Abstract This thesis comprises of two parts, firstly the teoretical introduction in the relation with second practical part of the thesis, which is the species identification of viviparous monogenean parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus of gobiid fishes collected in Adriatic Sea. At the beginning of teoratical part the class Monogenea is characterized, then thesis focus on the main topic, which are parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus. First of all, the classification the genus Gyrodactylus is given and in further sub-chapters more detail characteristics of Gyrodactylus is discussed, an overview of know Gyrodactylus species of marine gobiid fishes is presented and also methods used in the determination of species are mentioned. Short characterisation of gobiid fishes inhabiting the Mediterranean is provided as well as description of studied area where studied fishes were collected. In the practical part of the thesis, material collected during 2013 and 2014 was identified. Three sampling trips were realised in period specified above. A total number of 858 gobiid fishes belonging to 30 species were collected and check for the presence of parasites. Six species were found to be infected by representatives of the genus Gyrodactylus, namely Buenia affinis, Gobius niger, Gobius roulei, Odontobuenia balearica, Pomatoschistus marmoratus a Pseudoaphya ferreri. Using the morphometric approach, six Gyrodactylus species were identified among studied material. Only two of them, Gyrodactylus arcuatoides a Gyrodactylus rugiensis, are known, Remaining four species most probably represent new species for the science. The results of this thesis will serve as a base for their description. Zadání bakalářské práce Poděkování Poděkování Největší poděkování patří mé vedoucí bakalářské práce Mgr. Ivě Přikrylové, Ph.D., která mě vedla po celou dobu vypracovávání této práce a poskytovala mi potřebné rady a informace. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat své konzultantce Mgr. Petře Zahradníčkové především za pomoc s determinací parazitů. Nemalé dík patří také RNDr. Šárce Mašové, Ph.D., která mi ochotně poskytovala informace a rady. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. V Brně, 25. 4. 2016 ………………………… Gabriela Sajlerová OBSAH 1 Úvod .......................................................................................................................... 9 2 Monogenea .............................................................................................................. 10 3 Rod Gyrodactylus .................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Klasifikace rodu Gyrodactylus ......................................................................... 11 3.2 Charakteristika rodu Gyrodactylus .................................................................. 12 3.3 Gyrodactylus a hlaváčovité ryby ...................................................................... 15 3.4 Rozlišení druhů ................................................................................................ 17 4 Hlaváčovité ryby mediteránu .................................................................................. 19 5 Jaderské moře .......................................................................................................... 20 6 Materiál a metodika ................................................................................................. 22 6.1 Materiál ............................................................................................................ 22 6.2 Sběr materiálu .................................................................................................. 23 7 Výsledky .................................................................................................................. 24 7.1 Ekologické parametry ...................................................................................... 24 7.2 Identifikované druhy rodu Gyrodactylus ......................................................... 25 7.3 Morfometrické parametry determinovaných druhů ......................................... 26 8 Diskuze .................................................................................................................... 33 9 Závěr ........................................................................................................................ 35 10 PŘEHLED LITERATURY ................................................................................. 36 1 Úvod Asi 50 % živočišných druhů na této planetě jsou parazité (Windsor, 1998; Vanhove et al., 2013). Hrají významnou roli ve funkci ekosystému. Studium diverzity a systematiky těchto živočichů nám pomůže pochopit základní mechanismy vzniku druhové bohatosti. Bylo dokázáno, že parazité hrají významnou roli při determinaci hostitelů, biogeografii a historii evoluce (Vanhove et al., 2013). Monogenea považujeme za dobře prozkoumanou skupinu, ačkoli jejich malá velikost nám studium těchto parazitů značně komplikuje (Sasal et al., 1998). Jsou druhově bohatí, ale na hostiteli není možno pozorovat jejich odlišnosti na vnější úrovni (Bakke et al., 2007). Gyrodactylus Von Nordmann, 1832 je druhově bohatý rod patřící do třídy Monogenea, jehož zástupci parazitují především na kostnatých rybách (Huyse & Volckaert, 2002). Morfologická identifikace parazitů rodu Gyrodactylus se provádí na základě tvrdých částí příchytného aparátu, který se nachází v zadní části těla sloužící k upevnění na hostiteli. Společně s morfometrickými metodami jsou používány metody molekulární, jež umožňují přesnou identifikaci druhů (Huyse & Volckaert, 2002). Cílem této bakalářské práce je seznámit se s problematikou determinace živorodých monogeneí rodu Gyrodactylus, s druhovou bohatostí těchto parazitů na mořských hlaváčovitých rybách a provést determinaci materiálu získaného během terénních sběrů v Chorvatsku v průběhu roku 2013 - 2014. 9 2 Monogenea Monogenea patří do skupiny Plathelminthes. Plathelminthes, ploší červi, jsou různorodá skupina vodních a suchozemských bezobratlých, která zahrnuje volně žijící ploštěnky (Turbellaria) a parazitické Neodermata (Rohde, 1994; Katayama et al., 1996; Littlewood et al., 1999; Héritier et al., 2015). Třída Monogenea se dělí na 2 podtřídy - Polyonchoinea a Heteronchoinea (Boeger & Kritsky, 2001; Héritier et al., 2015). Do podtřídy Polyonchoinea spadá čeleď Gyrodactylidae a Dactylogyridae (Roberts & Janovy, 2008). Heteronchoinea se dělí na Oligonchoinea a Polystomoinea (Boeger & Kritsky, 2001; Héritier et al., 2015). Monogenea jsou hermafroditní ploší červi, převážně vnější paraziti obratlovců (výjimečně bezobratlých). Parazitují především rybí hostitele a nacházejí se zejména na žábrách a vnějším
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