Tesis Doctoral

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Tesis Doctoral FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA MODERNA, CONTEMPORÁNEA, DE AMÉRICA, PERIODISMO Y COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL Y PUBLICIDAD TESIS DOCTORAL: TURQUÍA Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA: NUEVA FRONTERA DEL SURESTE EUROPEO Presentada por DAVID PÉREZ FERNÁNDEZ para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Valladolid Codirigida por: DR. RICARDO MARTÍN DE LA GUARDIA DR. GUILLERMO ÁNGEL PÉREZ SÁNCHEZ VALLADOLID 2015 2 A mis padres, Francisco y Aurora, por su sacrificio, entrega y esfuerzo. A mis hermanos, Fran y Marta, por su paciencia y comprensión. A Pilar, por su saber, comprensión y apoyo incondicional. 3 4 «Debemos considerar a la humanidad como un cuerpo único y a cada nación como un órgano del mismo» «Occidente siempre ha visto con prejuicio a los turcos, pero nosotros los turcos siempre hemos avanzado sistemáticamente hacia Occidente» -Mustafa Kemal Atatürk- «Europa no se hará de una vez ni en una obra de conjunto: se hará gracias a realizaciones concretas, que creen en primer lugar una solidaridad de hecho» -Robert Schumann- «Un político mira a las próximas elecciones. Un estadista mira a la próxima generación» -Alcide De Gasperi- «El hombre no tiene naturaleza, sólo tiene historia» -José Ortega y Gasset- «La historia es la suma total de todas aquellas cosas que hubieran podido evitarse» -Konrad Adenauer- «Nosotros no coligamos Estados, nosotros unimos a las personas» -Jean Monnet- «Del mismo modo, la igualdad de género, la supremacía de la ley, la participación política, la sociedad civil y la transparencia son algunos de los elementos indispensables que son los imperativos de la democratización» -Recep Tayyip Erdogan- 5 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Me gustaría reconocer y recordar a cuantas personas han hecho posible que el trabajo de investigación que presento vea la luz tras muchos de años de trabajo y dedicación, y que me han prestado una inmensa ayuda y demostrado un enorme interés. En primer lugar, a la profesora Dra. Carmen Rodríguez González, la persona que me embarcó en el proyecto en mi último curso de licenciatura y con quien comencé este ilusionante camino. En segundo lugar, y de manera destacada, a mis directores de Tesis que tomaron el relevo de la Dra. Rodríguez, el Dr. Ricardo Martín de la Guardia y el Dr. Guillermo Ángel Pérez Sánchez por su entrega, apoyo, trabajo, ayuda, constancia y continuos ánimos durante este periodo de investigación. Con ellos, comencé aprendiendo como profesores de la Licenciatura y del Doctorado que cursé y que ha terminado culminando en esta Tesis Doctoral. Por todo ello, mi respeto y gratitud. No puedo olvidarme de los profesores y personal administrativo del Departamento de Historia Moderna, Contemporánea, de América, Periodismo y Comunicación Audiovisual y Publicidad de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Valladolid, la mía, y que han favorecido también, un buen final de este trabajo. También quiero tener una mención para el profesor Dr. Carlos Echeverría con quien pude compartir opiniones y conversar sobre este trabajo de investigación durante sus visitas a Valladolid y para mi buen amigo y colega, el Dr. José Luis García Hernando por su ayuda, apoyo y ánimo. Quiero agradecer de manera destacada la ayuda e interés que me prestó desde mis comienzos la Embajada de Turquía en Madrid cuya Consejera, Zeynep Kaleli, tan cordialmente me recibió y puso a mi disposición una amplia bibliografía de la delegación diplomática y me abrió las puertas de su hermoso país para poder visitar centros de referencia como el IKV de Estambul. Tampoco puedo olvidarme de Miguel León, politólogo, amigo y empleado de la Embajada de Turquía en Madrid por su apoyo y ayuda, y de Andrés Mourenza, periodista especializado en Turquía con quien he compartido conversación y opiniones y ha enriquecido esta investigación. En último lugar, y de manera especial tengo que mencionar a mi familia (padres, hermanos, novia, padres de mi novia, tíos, etc.) y amigos (un recuerdo especial para los de Logroño) por su impagable apoyo y ánimo en la ardua y exigente labor que requiere un trabajo de investigación de estas características. Para todos, gracias de corazón. Como no podía ser de otra manera, los errores y fallos que pudiera tener el trabajo los asumo como propios y de mi plena responsabilidad. 7 8 ÍNDICE SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................ 15 INTRODUCCIÓN. Del Imperio a la República: la relevancia de Turquía como actor internacional .................................................................................... 21 Marco general y preguntas de investigación ..................................................... 23 Hipótesis de partida y enfoque metodológico ................................................... 30 Elementos objeto de análisis y estructura de la investigación ......................... 32 Fuentes documentales .................................... ................................................... 33 I. CLAVES DE LA TURQUÍA CONTEMPORÁNEA .................................... 35 I.1. Presentación: el Imperio Otomano, Atatürk y la Turquía contemporánea y actual .......................................................................... 37 I.1.1. Los orígenes del pueblo turco .......................................................... 37 I.1.2. Nacimiento y desarrollo del Imperio Otomano (Osmanli Devleti) .. 39 I.1.3. La decadencia de la política imperial .............................................. 44 I.1.4. Un Imperio en crisis: reformas y modernización ............................. 47 I.1.5. Los frentes bélicos: la desmembración del Imperio ......................... 57 I.2. Mustafá Kemal Atatürk: reformas y legado .................................. 63 I.2.1. La derrota otomana .......................................................................... 63 I.2.2. La Guerra de la Independencia bajo la tutela de Atatürk: el principio de un proyecto nacional ............................................................. 65 I.2.3. El proyecto kemalista: la victoria final ............................................ 72 I.2.4. Atatürk y la sustitución del sultanato por la República ................... 77 I.2.5. La consolidación de la República .................................................... 81 I.3. Situación política y socioeconómica: de Atatürk a Erdogan (1938- 2014) ......................................................................................................... 89 I.3.1. La Turquía postkemalista: de la Segunda Guerra Mundial a la Guerra Fría ............................................................................................... 89 9 I.3.2. La primera derrota kemalista .......................................................... 91 I.3.3. El protagonismo de las Fuerzas Armadas en la política de Turquía ...................................................................................................... 94 I.3.4. Un convulso final de siglo: la ruptura del sistema político tradicional ............................................................................................... 101 I.3.5. El triunfo del «moderado» Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo (AKP) con el liderazgo de Erdogan ........................................................ 107 I.3.5.1. Un difícil comienzo de legislatura ................................... 110 I.3.5.2. El poder del «Estado profundo» (Derin Devlet): un Gobierno en la sombra ................................................................. 115 I.3.5.3. Las primeras fricciones en la política exterior del AKP .. 117 I.3.6. Un difícil final de la primera legislatura del AKP (2002-2007) ... 119 I.3.6.1. El «Estado profundo» aparece de nuevo ......................... 119 I.3.6.2. Erdogan ante el pulso las élites seculares ........................ 121 I.3.7. La reválida electoral del AKP y la victoria de la Presidencia del Estado ...................................................................................................... 125 I.3.7.1. El proyecto del AKP al comienzo de un segundo mandato (2007-2011) ................................................................................. 129 I.3.7.2. La amenaza de ilegalización del AKP ............................. 133 I.3.7.3. La diplomacia turca: el «arquitecto» Davutoglu ............. 136 I.3.7.4. El proyecto de reforma constitucional en la agenda del AKP ............................................................................................. 142 I.3.8. Turquía y las «revueltas árabes»: de mediador internacional a censor interno .......................................................................................... 146 I.3.9. La consolidación de Erdogan en su camino hacia la Presidencia del país: diplomacia, reformas del Estado y avance de la crítica interna .... 150 I.4. Recapitulación: claves de la Turquía contemporánea ................. 165 II. TURQUÍA, LA CUESTIÓN DEL KURDISTÁN Y LOS PAÍSES DE SU ENTORNO ......................................................................................................... 169 10 II.1. Presentación: Turquía y las relaciones internacionales ............. 171 II.2. La «cuestión del Kurdistán» ......................................................... 172 II.2.1. El Kurdistán para Turquía ............................................................ 174 II.2.2. La personalidad del Partido de los Trabajadores del Kurdistán (PKK) en la política turca ....................................................................... 177 II.2.2.1. Un partido islamista ante la cuestión kurda ..................
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