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The Population History of Grey Plovers <I>Pluvialis Squatarola</I> in The

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The Population History of Grey Plovers <I>Pluvialis Squatarola</I> in The The populationhistory of Grey PloversPluvialis squatarola in the Solent,Southern England Colin R. Tubbs Tubbs,C.R. 1991.The populationhistory of GreyPlovers Pluvialis squatarola in the Solent,Southern England.Wader Study Group Bull. 61:15-21 Sincewinter 1970/71 the numbersof GreyPlovers Pluvialis squatarola present in Britainin winterhave increasedby a factorof aboutseven. This article reviews the recentincrease in The Solent,an estuarine systemon the centralsouth coast of England,and attempts to placeit in an historicalcontext using pre- 1970documentary evidence and the countsfor two components of The Solentwhich began respectively in 1952and 1964.For the firsthalf of the 20thcentury the wildfowling diaries of WilliamMudge are of particular interestfor their degree of quantification.I conclude that in The Solentthe recentincrease is without precedentthis century and that the GreyPlover was comparatively scarce there before the 1950sor 1960s, the periodimmediately preceeding the moredramatic increase of the 1970sand 1980s.I concludewith a pleafor the informationabout other potentially important diaries and similar material which may help to shed lighton the historyof wadernumbers. ColinR. Tubbs,Nature Conservancy Council, 1 SouthamptonRoad, Lyndhurst, Hampshire S043 7BU, England. INTRODUCTION Statussummaries for the GreyPlover in the numerous avifaunasof Englishcoastal counties published in the late Sincethe start of the BritishTrust for Ornithology's Birds of 19thcentury and the firsthalf of the 20thcentury suggest that EstuariesEnquiry (BoEE) in 1970/71the numbers of Grey thenthe Grey Plover may have been a comparativelyscarce Ploverscounted in Britainin winter (November-March) have autumnand spring migrant, with few birdspresent in mid- increasedfrom a peakof 5,569in winter1970/71 to 40,403in winterin Britainuntil comparatively recently. However, the winter1988/89. Because counting effort has notbeen wholly problemwith this source of informationis thatit invariably consistentthese numbersare not, however,the mostsatis- representsopinions rather than counts and moreoverdoes factorymeasure of change.The BTOIndex of wintering nottell us the extentto whichestuaries were visited by bird- numbers,based on Januarycounts and set at 100 in the watchers. This article reviews the recent increase in the arbitarilychosen winter of 1972/73,is an attemptto overcome numbersof GreyPlovers occurring in The Solent,an the problem.In the caseof the GreyPlover Pluvialis estuarinesystem on the centralsouth coast of England,and squatarolathe Indexrose from 90 inJanuary 1971 to 386 in attemptsto placeit in a historicalcontext using a widerrange January1989. Using the BoEE data, Moser (1988) showed of sources.It is partof widerstudies of the historyof estuarine that in some estuaries numbers increased faster then the birdpopulations. nationalpopulation, and that estuaries were being filled sequentially,reflecting the relativepreference of the birds.By 1985/86almost half of theestuaries examined in hisanalysis THE SOLENT appearedto be at or neartheir carrying capacity for Grey Plovers. The Solent is derived from the dismemberment of an ancient riversystem by the post-glacialmarine transgression. Rising 15 sea levelhas drowned the valleyof the SolentRiver which sedimentsare dominatedby finesilt and clay(<631Jm onceflowed eastward between what are nowthe Isleof Wight diameter)rich in organicmatter and witha sulphide-black- andthe Hampshireshore, and penetrated far up itstributaries enedanoxic layer 0.5-1.5 cm belowthe sudace.The mudflats to producethe moderndisposition of estuariesand tidal are mostlyvery soft and negotiable safely only wearing basins("harbours") around the mainwaterway (Figure 1). The pattens.There are extensiveeelgrass Zostera beds and largestof the harbours,Portsmouth, Langstone and Chiches- abundantgreen algae, mostly Enteromorpha and Ulvalactuca ter, are the drownedparts of an extensivecoastal plain which In the moreexposed places, mainly around the mouthsof wasdrained by networksof smallstreams. In manyrespects Langstoneand Chichester Harbours and at theeastern end of the threeharbours can be regardedas a singlebiological the Isleof Wight,there are sandflats(particle diameter mostly systemcomprising connected intertidal basins with narrow 150-300I•m, sulphide layer below 5 cm).On the uppershore exitsto The Solent.There is dailyinterchange of waders, in shelteredestuaries and harbours saltmarshes, mostly of includingGrey Plovers, between the harbours,some birds medievalorigin, occur locally but are mostlynow receding feedingin one and roostingin anotherat highwater. throughwave attack at theirterminal cliffs. Somewhat downshoreextensive Spartina marshes (mainly anglica but Of 9,060 ha of intertidalsediment in The Solent,6,191 ha are alsoother forms) developed from the late 19thcentury mudflats,729 ha are sandflats,430 ha are ancient saltmar- onwards,but these, too, are nowgenerally in recession.Over shesand 1,170ha are cord-grassSpartina marshes. Of the largeareas the formerSpartina marsh platforms are now Spartinamarshes about 650 ha are in an advancedstate of denudedof plantsand are slumpingand eroding back to an degeneration.In the estuariesand harboursmost of the approximationof the pre-Spartinamudflat profile (Goodman & ' . ==Spit •,'•::"•"::iiiF:'".0 \• ••. •'.,..,•Cowes . PORTSMOUTH Hu Inter-tidal area Urbandevelopement Figure1. The Solent. 16 Williams1961; Haynes & Coulson1982; Tubbs 1980, 1984). 1940s and 1950s.The formerare in my possessionand the latterin thatof the Dayfamily. More important are the MS Winterson thecentral south coast of Englandare normally diariesof WilliamMudge, a wildfowler(and incidentally one of mild.Densities of benthicinvertebrates are high.For example, the firstprofessional photographers) who shot and recorded ineleven studies of mudflatsin Portsmouth,Langstone and whathe sawin SouthamptonWater and the BeaulieuRiver ChichesterHarbours average densities of 73,111animals m '2 estuaryduring 1889-1915 and 1919-1953. He recordedthe werefound in midto uppershore muds; 24,943 m-2 in midto numberof occasionsand usuallythe lengthof timehe was in lowershore muds; and 75,405 m -2 in algae-coveredmuds. the field as well as much of what he saw and all of what he The faunain the lasthabitat was, however, dominated by one shot. species,the gastropodHydrobia ulvae and the mudbeneath thedensest weed blankets was often relatively impoverished. Earlier,between 1813 and 1850the WestSolent was shot by A totalfauna of about70 speciesoccurs in Solentmudflats, of ColonelPeter Hawker, who left a diaryof hisexploits (Hawker which11 speciesare numericallydominant and usually 1893).He owneda cottage(still called Hawker's Cottage) at comprisemost of the biomass. Keyhavenwhich he usedas hisbase for a wildfowlingseason of 1-2 months each winter between November and March. Hismain quarry was BrentGeese Branta bemicla and SOURCES OF DATA WigeonAnas penelope but he shotat and usuallykilled literallyevery bird he encountered,although it is notalways In additionto the BoEEcounts, carried out monthly since clear from the Diaries whether he recorded them so meticu- 1970/71,counts of estuarinebirds (at leastone count each louslyas thewildfowl he pursued. month)in The Solent were begun by D.F. Billet, C.J. Henty, G.H. Reesand me in 1952/53in LangstoneHarbour. These forman unbrokenseries of countsto thepresent time and are POPULATION HISTORY stillorganised by DavidBillett. In ChichesterHarbour monthly autumnand winter counts co-ordinated with those in Lang- GreyPlovers begin to arrivein The Solentin July.These are stonebegan in 1963/64.In the BeaulieuRiver estuary in the mostlyadults in breedingplumage. Numbers reach a peakin WestSolent, J.H. Taverner began at leastmonthly counts in September,October or November(August in 1971),then 1962/63.All these counts were of birdsat highwater roosts. usuallydecline, increasing to a secondpeak which most often In addition to these sources are numerous records of the occursin February(Tubbs 1977, 1980; Kirby 8, Tubbs 1989). occurrenceof GreyPlovers in The Solent published in the Figure2 showsthe recentpopulation history of GreyPlovers HampshireBird Report (published annually since 1957); the in The Solentas portrayedby both"autumn" (July-November) SussexBird Report (1949-present); the Proceedings of the and "winter"(December-April) peaks. For Grey Plovers HampshireField Club & ArchaeologicalSociety (1932-1957); separationof the twopeaks portrays trends in The Solent andthe Proceedingsof theIsle of WightNatural History & morerealistically than the November-Marchpeaks usually ArchaeologicalSociety (1948-present). usedin makingcomparisons between estuaries (see e.g. Salmonet aL 1989). Beforethe start of theLangstone Harbour counts there were fewbird-watchers tocontribute tothe printed sources men- Autumnpeaks in The Solentincreased from 530 in 1970/71at tionedabove, but it seemsthat Grey Plovers were considered the commencementof the BoEE,to 4,967 in 1982 and 4,866 scarceenough for all recordsto be publishedor for groups of in 1986 (89%increase), failing to 3,178 in 1987and 3,021in recordsto be summarised. Numbers of observers increased 1988 (83%increase). Winter peaks increased from 688 in fromthe mid-1950s.However, the data in the annualB/rd 1970/71to 5,517in 1988/89(87.5% increase). The 5,517 Reportsother than those derived from regular high water GreyPlovers recorded in February1989 represented14.3% roostcounts are difficult to interpretbecause it is notpossible of the nationaltotal in thatmonth
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