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Home , Abrostola triplasia, Acasis viretata, Acleris rhombana, Acleris variegana, Aethes cnicana, Agonopterix nervosa

A report on the first 24-hour wildlife survey of Wembury Bay.

Written by the Natural History Museum and Marine Biological Association What is a BioBlitz?

A BioBlitz is a collaborative race to discover as many types of wildlife as possible within a set location, over a defined time period - usually 24 hours. It is a kind of light-hearted biological survey that provides the chance for scientists and members of the public to explore and learn together. A BioBlitz is a fun way to raise awareness of and the importance of biological recording, whilst generating genuinely useful biodiversity information.

The Wembury BioBlitz

The Wembury BioBlitz took place over 24 hours from midday on Friday 21st to midday on Saturday 22nd August 2009 at Wembury Bay, Devon. The public activities took place from 12:00 – 19:00 on Friday and 10:00 – 12:00 on Saturday.

This document is a report of the scientific outcomes of the BioBlitz, and also our experiences of the event as a public engagement exercise. A full list is included in the Appendix.

The partnership

The Wembury BioBlitz was run by the Natural History Museum London and the Marine Biological Association in partnership with the Devon Wildlife Trust and the National Trust. The event was supported by OPAL (Open Air Laboratories), a Big Lottery Fund grant-holder. Many other organisations also took part to share their expertise and enthusiasm with the public – see the back page for a full list of participating groups.

The Natural History Museum is a partner in OPAL, an England-wide initiative that aims to encourage people to spend more time outdoors exploring, studying but most of all enjoying their local environment. OPAL is running a wide range of surveys, events and activities that give people the opportunity to discover the wildlife that lives right on their doorstep. www.OPALexplorenature.org

Likewise the Marine Biological Association runs an extensive outdoor education programme through MarLIN, the Marine Life Information Network. www.marlin.ac.uk.

Wembury Marine Centre is managed by a partnership including the Devon Wildlife Trust and National Trust alongside local councils. It is with their kind permission that we could hold the BioBlitz at this site. The Wembury Marine Centre runs the Wembury Marine Festival every year, which the BioBlitz ran alongside. www.wemburymarinecentre.org.

The site

Wembury Bay is a very pretty location in South Devon, approximately seven miles south-east of Plymouth. It’s well known for the diversity and quality of its marine life. Wembury Bay hosts some rare and interesting species and habitats, is a Voluntary Marine Conservation Area (VMCA) and a Special Area of Conservation (SAC).

The BioBlitz survey area stretched from Wembury Point in the west to the mouth of the River Yealm in the east, and extended from the coastal fringe meadows out to the seaward side of the Mewstone. This area covers a range of habitats including sub tidal waters, the rocky shore, beach, coastal cliffs, wet and dry meadows, scrub and a freshwater stream.

The area within the red box shows our approximate BioBlitz survey area.

Wembury Point: Wembury Marine Centre: Night Base Camp Daytime Base Camp

Our aims

Our aims for the BioBlitz were:

1. To generate a snap-shot of Wembury’s coastal and marine biodiversity, that increases the scientific knowledge of biodiversity in Wembury Bay 2. To identify any changes in species present from the Plymouth Marine Fauna surveys in the early 1900s 3. To provide a networking and socialising opportunity to increase links between subject experts from different organisations 4. To raise the awareness of the general public to the role of biodiversity science 5. To encourage students and the general public to participate in an intensive biological survey and explore their local coastline, alongside professional scientists and other taxonomic experts 6. To launch a new public participation project: the Big Search 7. To assess how useful the BioBlitz approach is from a science and public engagement perspective, and produce guidelines on how it can be scaled and run at other locations

Overview of the event Public participation activities

There was a wide range of activities for the public to get involved with. The BioBlitz ran alongside Wembury Marine Festival, where a number of local organisations held stands displaying everything from seashells to shark jaws and . The BioBlitz and Marine Festival kicked off together with a rockpool ramble, which was then followed by a range of guided/led activities for the public including:

• The Big Seaweed Search • Shark and ray egg case hunts • Seashore safari rock-pooling • Strandline survey and dead material collection (seashells etc)

• Plankton identification • Beach-clean • Bug hunts • Handling specimens from Plymouth City Museum • ‘Sailor’s chest’ children’s drawing game

• Face painting

Approximately 1500 people took part in the public activities in some way during the 24 hours. We felt this was a real success, and the photos show what a fantastic time people had. The weather was fairly warm although cloudy and showery, but the grey clouds didn’t seem to dampen anyone’s spirits. We found that starting with a big event like a rockpool ramble where everyone could take part was a great way to launch the BioBlitz and Marine Festival, and then people could choose which of the other activities to take part in according to how much or how little time they had to spend. Ice- breakers such as drawing and face-painting proved very popular. The opportunity to meet scientists and naturalists in an informal setting really captured the imagination of many of those involved, and broke down barriers to engagement with science and wildlife recording. There was some really good sharing of knowledge between experts and the public (and vice versa) and we received lots of positive comments from those

who took part.

Scientific surveys

As well as successfully engaging the public with wildlife recording, we felt that the event was just as much of a success in terms of the standard and volume of scientific information that was gathered. Around 100 scientists took part in the BioBlitz from a wide range of taxonomic disciplines and from both professional and ‘amateur’ backgrounds. Again, we had excellent feedback from the naturalists involved, and many expressed interest in taking part in similar events in the future. The following surveys were carried out during the

BioBlitz: • Plankton • • • Scuba dives from beach and boat led by Seasearch • Rock pools, strandline and shore • Birds (incl. sea birds) • Sharks, cetaceans and seals • Small mammals • Bats • • Higher and bryophytes • Butterflies and • Terrestrial and freshwater

• Reptiles and amphibians • General natural history

BioBlitz species count

Getting a good species tally was one of our goals for the event – especially among the more competitive amongst us! Wembury Bay has a wide range of different habitats, which gave us the best possible chance of achieving a long species list.

In total 823 types of plants, and fungi were identified during the 24 hours. 775 of these were identified to species or sub-species level. A small number could only be identified to a higher . The full species list is given in Appendix A.

A closer look at the species list

Taking a closer look at the species list allows us to separate the overall species count into taxonomic groups, and we can find out more about the kinds of species found.

Taxonomic groups

The 823 types of plants, animals and fungi identified can be broken down into the following groups. A more detailed breakdown is given in Appendix B.

• 96 species of lower (mosses, liverworts, inc. seaweeds) • 254 species of • 72 species of • 138 species of • 163 other invertebrates (mostly marine) • 47 species of bird • 2 species of reptile • 7 species of mammal (including 1 marine) • 43 species of fish • 1 species of protozoan

Non-native species

During the 24 hour survey we found 35 non-native species (4.3 % of the total species count). The ratio of native to non-native species isn't that surprising in itself, and some of these non-natives have been in the UK for a long time, for example the Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus and Pheasant Phasianus colchicus. Others, however, have reached our shores more recently and several species recorded are highly invasive. The extent to which some of these invasive species have colonised an area that is so valuable to native wildlife is worrying. In the case of seaweeds (see scientific highlights below) the extent of non-native species was of particular concern. Non-native species are listed in Appendix C.

Rare and protected species

91 (11.1 %) of the species that we found are rare and/or protected by national or international legislation (see Appendix D). This result underlines how valuable Wembury Bay is as a haven for some of Britain's most sensitive (i.e. ecologically important, or at risk) wildlife and habitats. Wembury is well known as an important area for marine species, but the results of the BioBlitz show that it is also an important location for terrestrial plants and invertebrates.

16 of the species found are classed as UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) species, which means they have been identified as being most at risk and/or important to maintaining our ecosystems. Each BAP species has an associated species (or habitat) recovery plan. Finding 16 BAP species at Wembury again underlines how valuable the site is for wildlife and will feed into how the site is managed and protected on a day-to-day basis.

The table below lists the UK BAP species found at the BioBlitz.

Taxon group name Common name Scientific name bird Curlew Numenius arquata bird House sparrow Passer domesticus bony fish Common eel Anguilla anguilla bony fish Plaice Pleuronectes platessa insect - butterfly Wall brown Lasiommata megera insect - Small square-spot Diarsia rubi insect - moth Small phoenix Ecliptopera silaceata insect - moth - insecurella insect - moth carpet galiata insect - moth Rosy rustic Hydraecia micacea insect - moth Pretty chalk carpet Melanthia procellata insect - moth Rosy minor literosa insect - moth Buff ermine Spilosoma luteum reptile Slow worm Anguis fragilis reptile Common lizard Zootoca vivipara terrestrial mammal Soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus

Scientific highlights BioBlitzes are a fantastic way to engage the public with natural history, but with so many excellent naturalists on site they are also great opportunity to discover a lot about the biodiversity of the area. BioBlitzes are no substitute for traditional surveying and long-term monitoring, but they can kickstart the process and throw up interesting findings that may be worth investigating further. Here are some of our scientific ‘best bits’.

Moths: Far more species were found than expected (98 in total, of which 8 were BAP species). One of the BAP moths recorded, Epermenia insecurella, had never been recorded in Devon before! This species is nationally scarce and declining so it is a very rare record indeed. It is also an intriguing story, as the food plant for the species, Bastard-toadflax , is not known from Devon and the moth is not thought to travel far from the food plant. It's something that the Devon Moth Group is looking into further.

Fish: We found a good range of the expected species (an impressive 43 species in total), including the Plaice Pleuronectes platessa, which is a BAP species. The undoubted stars of show were an adult and a juvenile Giant Goby Gobius cobitis - a protected species known only from a few sites in UK. It's good to see that it is still found at Wembury, as there have been some

concerns as to whether its range is contracting.

It was also great to see so many juvenile fish, indicating that the site is a nursery ground for several commercially important fish, including bass and turbot.

Rock-pooling after dark: This wasn’t something that any of us had done before (and rarely happens in the UK) and provided an amazing insight into the behaviour of species at night. We saw the foraging behaviour of shore and limpets, and were amazed at the massive abundance of amphipod and isopod crustacea on the strandline. This is not new to science, but new to those of us involved! The Marine Biological Association classed this activity as their highlight – “We are so used to seeing how marine invertebrates and fish behave during daylight hours, it was a fascinating contrast to see their markedly different behaviour after dark” Jack Sewell, MBA.

Marine migrants: Portuguese Man o' War, Physalia physalis and By-the- wind-sailor, Velella velella were found. Both are interesting migratory species that appear on the south coast every now and then and had obviously blown in from considerable distances.

Two species of eel grass: and Zostera noltei were both found, great news as eelgrass beds are very important, protected, marine habitats.

Seaweeds: The high diversity was to be expected (over 60 species), but we were surprised by the extent of spread shown by non-natives, including the invasive Wireweed Sargassum muticum. This species was first recorded in UK waters on the Isle of Wight in 1973, and now occurs on many parts of the southern coast. It is certainly very abundant at Wembury. Some rock-pools were packed with several species of non-native seaweed to the extent that they no longer contained any native seaweeds. It is presumed that they had out-competed the native ones, but it raises the question of how these non- natives are affecting our seaweeds and the animals that feed or live on them. The distribution of Wireweed and a number of native seaweed species will be tracked by the public in the Big Seaweed Search survey (see below) and ongoing research.

What happens next? The 24 hours that the BioBlitz runs for is just the start. We now have a whole host of post-event analyses and other activities to make full use of the results.

Further identification Identification is still taking place for some difficult to identify groups such as the nematodes, a group of tiny worms that are rarely seen, but are incredibly abundant in soil and sand. These take careful and time-consuming microscope work to identify, so they will be added to the species list as and when they are identified. Scientists from the NHM and MBA are also continuing to research the more intriguing scientific questions that the BioBlitz uncovered. We will post any additional findings on the website as and when they become available.

Sharing the data The wildlife information gathered during the Bioblitz is being processed before being passed on to help organisations like the Devon Wildlife Trust, National Trust and Natural England to protect the site and its wildlife. We will also be adding the species records to the National Biodiversity Network Gateway – a portal for naturalists to share wildlife data. Contributing information in this way will ensure that it will be as useful as possible to as many people as possible. We are also hoping to use the results to start an ongoing site inventory that can be added to throughout the year, whenever visiting scientists and members of the public find species of interest at Wembury.

Comparison with the Plymouth Marine Fauna In 1957 a detailed survey was carried out of the marine wildlife found in the Plymouth area. We can compare the Wembury BioBlitz species list to the

1957 Plymouth Marine Fauna list to look for any changes. The BioBlitz will not detect species that are now missing from the area (it’s too small a snap-shot in both time and space), but can be used to spot species that have arrived since 1957. There are clearly quite a few of these - notably non-native species that have arrived in the past 50 years. A good example is the invasive sea squirt Corella eumyota. A recent arrival, this is a southern hemisphere species that is now spreading rapidly around the UK coastline and is present at Wembury.

The Big Seaweed Search The Big Seaweed Search was launched at the Wembury BioBlitz and will be gathering data about the distribution of 12 key seaweed species around the shores of the UK. It is an ongoing public-participation survey developed by the British Phycological Society and Natural History Museum, with funding from OPAL. The survey aims to monitor the distribution of these seaweeds to assess their responses to changing climate and sea levels. The survey also includes the invasive Wireweed, to help map its spread around our shores. Further information, a field guide and recording form can be found at www.nhm.ac.uk/seaweeds.

BBC documentary: Museum of Life The BioBlitz was filmed by the BBC for a new documentary following the scientists of the Natural History Museum. Two film crews followed us throughout the 24 hour period. The six-part series called ‘Museum of Life’ is due to air in March 2010 on BBC2. Here’s hoping that we didn’t look too dishevelled towards the end of the 24 hours!

Guide to running a BioBlitz

As stated in our aims at the start of this document, this event was a pilot for us to assess how useful the BioBlitz approach is from a science and public engagement perspective. We feel that a BioBlitz is a really nice concept for bringing together professional and amateur scientists and the wider public. We have come away with lots of ideas of how we could improve the event for next time, by engaging more people in our activities, developing ways that the public can contribute more to the species list, and ways we can communicate the findings of the BioBlitz back to them as the event progresses. From a science perspective, the BioBlitz did just what we hoped – confirmed some things that we expected to find, threw up some surprising findings, and provided the scientists and naturalists that attended with new research areas to follow up over the coming years.

Our aims also included producing a guide to running a BioBlitz, so other

organisers can benefit from our successes and mistakes, and to encourage other people to give it a go! This document will be produced in Spring 2010 in

time for organisers to use it when planning BioBlitzes in 2010.

Next year… We would love to build on the success of the Wembury BioBlitz by running a similar event in 2010. To keep it fresh there will be all sorts of improvements, along with new activities to take part in. Details will be released on the MBA and OPAL websites when a date and venue is confirmed, so watch this space!

And finally… We would like to thank all the organisations and individuals who made the event the success it was. In particular those who helped support the event by providing equipment and man-power and helping with the organisation and planning.

Photographs are copyright OPAL, Marine Biological Association and Phil Pascoe. Appendix A. Full species inventory for the Wembury BioBlitz, listed alphabetically by species. If you would like an electronic copy of this list, please email Lucy Carter, [email protected]. Taxon group name Rank Scientific name Authority “Sphaeroma-type” Aggregate burrowing isopod insect - moth Species Abraxas grossulariata (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant, 1777) mollusc Species Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) acarine (Acari) Subclass Acari lichen Species Acarospora impressula Th. Fr. crustacean Species Acartia clausii Giesbrecht, 1889 insect - moth Species viretata (Hübner, 1799) flowering plant Species Acer pseudoplatanus L. flowering plant Species millefolium L. (Denis & insect - moth Species rhombana Schiffermüller, 1775) (Denis & insect - moth Species Acleris variegana Schiffermüller, 1775) coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758) coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Actinothoe sphyrodeta (Gosse, 1858) bird Species Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) bird Species Aegithalos caudatus (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species cnicana (Westwood, 1854) insect - butterfly Species Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species alstromeriana (Clerck, 1759) insect - moth Species Agonopterix nervosa (Haworth, 1811) insect - moth Species Agonopterix rotundella (Douglas, 1846) Agonopterix insect - moth Species subpropinquella (Stainton, 1849) flowering plant Species Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Denis & insect - moth Species straminella Schiffermüller, 1775) (Denis & insect - moth Species Schiffermüller, 1775) flowering plant Species Agrostis capillaris L. flowering plant Species Agrostis stolonifera L. insect - moth Species Agrotis puta (Hübner, 1803) alga Species Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831) flowering plant Species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. flowering plant Species geniculatus L. (Hoffm.) Coppins & lichen Species Amandinea punctata Scheid. spider (Araneae) Species Amaurobius similis (Blackwall, 1861) (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp. & moss Species Amblystegium serpens W.Guembel moss Species Amblystegium tenax (Hedw.) C.E.O.Jensen Species Amphipholis squamata (Chiaje, 1829) flowering plant Species Anagallis arvensis L. lichen Species Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J.R. Laundon flowering plant Anchusa L. coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Anemonia viridis (Forsskål, 1775) flowering plant Species Angelica sylvestris L. bony fish () Species Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) reptile Species Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758 flowering plant Species Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski crustacean Species Anomalocera patersonii Templeton, 1837 flowering plant Division Anthophyta flowering plant Species Anthoxanthum odoratum L. bird Species Anthus petrosus (Montagu, 1798) bird Species Anthus spinoletta (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species Apamea monoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766) flowering plant Species Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. (Milne-Edwards, tunicate (Urochordata) Species Aplidium proliferum 1841) terrestrial mammal Species Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) spider (Araneae) Species Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 mollusc Species Archidoris pseudoargus (Rapp, 1827) flowering plant Species Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. bird Species Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 bird Species Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Species vulgare (Latreille, 1804) flowering plant Species Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. flowering plant Species Presl & C. Presl flowering plant Species vulgaris L. flowering plant Species Arum maculatum L. alga Species Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis alga Species Asparagopsis armata Harvey echinoderm Species Asterias rubens Linnaeus, 1758 echinoderm Species Asterina gibbosa (Pennant, 1777) crustacean Species Athanas nitescens (Leach, 1814) fern Species Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth flowering plant Species glabriuscula Edmondston flowering plant Species L. flowering plant Species Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species verrucosa (Pennant, 1777) insect - moth Species Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Avena fatua L. (Porifera) Species Axinella damicornis (Esper, 1794) sponge (Porifera) Species Axinella dissimilis (Bowerbank, 1866) insect - moth Species putris (Linnaeus, 1761) crustacean Species Balanus perforatus Brugière, 1789 moss Species Barbula unguiculata Hedw. flowering plant Species Bellis perennis L. mollusc Species Berthella plumula (Montagu, 1803) subsp. flowering plant Subspecies maritima (L.) Arcang. alga Species Bifurcaria bifurcata R. Ross annelid Species Bispira volutacornis (Montagu, 1804) mollusc Class Bivalvia (larvae) Linnaeus, 1758 insect - moth Species adustella Walsingham, 1894 flowering plant Species Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla insect - hymenopteran Species Bombus lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761) insect - hymenopteran Species Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) insect - hymenopteran Species Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus, 1761) tunicate (Urochordata) Species Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766) flowering plant Species Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp. & moss Species Brachythecium rutabulum W.Guembel crustacean Infraorder Brachyura flowering plant Species (L.) W.D.J. Koch flowering plant Species Bromus hordeaceus L. moss Species Bryum argenteum Hedw. moss Species Bryum capillare Hedw. moss Species Bryum dichotomum Hedw. flowering plant Species Buddleja davidii Franch. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Buglossidium luteum (Risso, 1810) coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Bunodactis verrucosa bird Species Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Cakile maritima Scop. crustacean Species Calanus helgolandicus (Claus, 1863) bird Species Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Goodenough & alga Species Calliblepharis jubata Woodward) Kützing bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Callionymus lyra Linnaeus, 1758 mollusc Species Calliostoma zizyphinum (Linnaeus, 1758) alga Species Callithamnion tetricum (Dillwyn) S.F. Gray (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ex lichen Species Caloplaca arnoldii Ginzb. lichen Species Caloplaca britannica R. Sant. lichen Species Caloplaca cerinella (Nyl.) Flagey lichen Species Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. lichen Species Caloplaca crenularia (With.) J.R. Laundon lichen Species Caloplaca flavocitrina (Nyl.) H. Olivier lichen Species Caloplaca marina (Wedd.) Zahlbr. lichen Species Caloplaca maritima (de Lesd.) de Lesd. lichen Species Caloplaca microthallina (Wedd.) Zahlbr. lichen Species Caloplaca thallincola (Wedd.) Du Rietz insect - dragonfly (Odonata) Species Calopteryx virgo (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species sepium (L.) R. Br. flowering plant Species Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. flowering plant Species (L.) R. Br. crustacean Species Campecopea hirsuta (Montagu, 1804) crustacean Species Cancer pagurus Linnaeus, 1758 lichen Species Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. insect - moth Species (Fabricius, 1775) crustacean Species Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Cardamine flexuosa With. bird Species Carduelis carduelis (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species distans L. flowering plant Species Schreb. flowering plant Species Carex hirta L. flowering plant Species Carex otrubae Podp. coelenterate Stokes & Broderip, (=cnidarian) Species Caryophyllia smithii 1828 flowering plant Species Catapodium marinum (L.) C.E. Hubb. (Denis & insect - moth Species rubidata Schiffermüller, 1775) lichen Species Catillaria chalybeia (Borrer) A. Massal. alga Species Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Kützing (Denis & insect - moth Species Celypha lacunana Schiffermüller, 1775) flowering plant Species nigra L. flowering plant Species Centaurea L. flowering plant Species Centaurium erythraea Rafn flowering plant Species Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Centrolabrus exoletus (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Species Centropages typicus Kröyer, 1849 mollusc Species Cepaea hortensis (Müller, 1774) mollusc Species Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) alga Species Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth alga Species Ceramium virgatum Roth flowering plant Species Cerastium fontanum Baumg. (Ehrenberg) Dujardin, alga Species Ceratium fusus 1841 (O.F. Müller) Nitzch, alga Species Ceratium tripos 1817 moss Species Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. insect - hymenopteran Species Cerceris arenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Cereus pedunculatus (Pennant, 1777) flowering plant Species Chaerophyllum temulum L. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826) mollusc Genus Chlamys Röding, 1798 insect - moth Species Chloroclysta truncata (Hufnagel, 1767) insect - moth Species Chloroclystis v-ata (Haworth, 1809) alga Species Chondrus crispus Stackhouse insect - orthopteran Species Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Chrysolina banksi (Fabricius, 1775) crustacean Species Chthamalus montagui Southward, 1976 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Ciliata mustela (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species glaucata (Scopoli, 1763) annelid Cirratulidae flowering plant Species arvense (L.) Scop. flowering plant Species Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. flowering plant Species Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. lichen Species Cladonia humilis (With.) J.R. Laundon alga Species Cladophora rupestris (Linnaeus) Kützing alga Species Cladostephus verticillatus sponge (Porifera) Species Clathrina coriacea Montagu, 1818 insect - moth Species Clavigesta purdeyi (Durrant, 1911) flowering plant Species L. insect - moth Species Cleorodes lichenaria (Hufnagel, 1767) flowering plant Species Clinopodium ascendens (Jord.) Samp. sponge (Porifera) Species Cliona celata Grant, 1826 coelenterate (=cnidarian) Phylum (planula larvae) insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758 insect - moth Species straminea (Haworth, 1811) insect - moth Species Cochylis molliculana Zeller, 1847 (With.) Coppins & lichen Species Collema auriforme J.R. Laundon (Huds.) Weber ex lichen Species Collema crispum F.H. Wigg. crustacean Species Colomastix pusilla Grube, 1861 bird Species Columba palumbus Linnaeus, 1758 flowering plant Species Conium maculatum L. liverwort Species Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort. flowering plant Species arvensis L. alga Species caespitosa alga Species Corallina elongata J. Ellis & Solander alga Species Corallina officinalis Linnaeus tunicate (Urochordata) Species Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882 insect - true bug (Hemiptera) Species Coreus marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) flowering plant Species Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. flowering plant Species Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch. bird Species Corvus corone Linnaeus, 1758 bird Species Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758 bird Species Corvus monedula Linnaeus, 1758 crustacean Genus Corycaeus Dana, 1849 flowering plant Species L. coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Corynactis viridis Allman, 1846 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Crambe maritima L. crustacean Species crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) flowering plant Species monogyna Jacq. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Crenilabrus melops (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. bryozoan Species Crisia denticulata (Lamarck, 1816) flowering plant Species Crithmum maritimum L. Species Crocosmia pottsii x aurea = flowering plant hybrid C. x crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E. Br. crustacean Subphylum Crustacea (zoea larvae) moss Species Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D.Mohr (Hudson) Kylin ex Lily alga Species Cryptopleura ramosa Newton bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Ctenolabrus rupestris (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Order Cumacea bird Species Cyanistes caeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Denis & insect - moth Species succedana Schiffermüller, 1775) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & flowering plant Species Cymbalaria muralis Scherb. flowering plant Species Cynosurus cristatus L. alga Species Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss flowering plant Species glomerata L. flowering plant Species L. insect - moth Species Deilephila elpenor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hudson) J.V. alga Species Delesseria sanguinea Lamouroux bird Species Delichon urbicum (Linnaeus, 1758) tunicate (Urochordata) Species Dendrodoa grossularia (van Beneden, 1846) insect - moth Species chrysitis (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - hymenopteran Genus Diadegma Förster, 1869 insect - moth Species Diarsia rubi (Vieweg, 1790) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) moss Species Dicranella heteromalla (Hedw.) Schimp. (Hudson) J.V. alga Species Dictyota dichotoma Lamouroux flowering plant Species Digitalis purpurea L. alga Species Dilsea carnosa (Schmidel) Kuntze mollusc Species Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758) lichen Species Diploicia canescens (Dicks.) A. Massal. Diploschistes lichen Species caesioplumbeus (Nyl.) Vain. lichen Species Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman flowering plant Species L. insect - true bug (Hemiptera) Species Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) alga Species Drachiella spectabilis J. Ernst & Feldmann insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Drusilla canaliculata (Fabricius, 1787) fern Species Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray fern Species Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott crustacean Species Dynamene bidentata (Adams, 1800) sponge (Porifera) Species Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1818) echinoderm Species Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758 (Denis & insect - moth Species Ecliptopera silaceata Schiffermüller, 1775) bird Species Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) insect - moth Species caniola (Hübner, 1808) insect - moth Species Eilema griseola (Hübner, 1803) alga Species Elachista fucicola (Velley) Areschoug bryozoan Species Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767) flowering plant Species Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. crustacean Species Elminius modestus Darwin, 1854 insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Elmis aenea (Müller, P.W.J., 1806) flowering plant Species repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski insect - moth Species monodactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species Emmetia marginea (Haworth, 1828) insect - moth Species marginana (Haworth, 1811) insect - hymenopteran Species Enicospilus ramidulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Enoplognatha ovata sensu spider (Araneae) Species lato (Clerck, 1757) alga Genus Enteromorpha Link, 1820 alga Species Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees alga Species Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Nees, 1820 insect - moth Species Epermenia insecurella (Stainton, 1849) flowering plant Species Epilobium hirsutum L. flowering plant Species Epilobium montanum L. flowering plant Species Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. insect - moth Species Epiphyas postvittana (Walker, 1863) insect - moth Species Epirrhoe alternata (Müller, 1764) (Denis & insect - moth Species Schiffermüller, 1775) insect - moth Species (Hübner, 1813) horsetail Species Equisetum arvense L. horsetail Species Equisetum fluviatile L. insect - hymenopteran Species Eridolius basalis (Stephens, 1835) bird Species Erithacus rubecula (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Erodium maritimum (L.) L'Hér. flowering plant Species Eryngium maritimum L. insect - moth Species cana (Haworth, 1811) insect - moth Species Eudonia mercurella (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Genus Eupagurus flowering plant Species Eupatorium cannabinum L. flowering plant Species Euphorbia helioscopia L. flowering plant Species Euphrasia tetraquetra (Bréb.) Arrond. (Denis & insect - moth Species Eupithecia centaureata Schiffermüller, 1775) insect - moth Species Eupithecia icterata (Villers, 1789) insect - moth Species Eupithecia virgaureata Doubleday, 1861 insect - moth Species Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda, 1761) insect - moth Species angustana (Hübner, 1799) (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp. & moss Species Eurhynchium praelongum W.Guembel crustacean Species Euterpina acutifrons (Dana, 1848) insect - moth Species potatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Species Evadne nordmanni Lovén, 1836 bird Species Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 bird Species Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 flowering plant Species Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub flowering plant Species Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. flowering plant Species Festuca arundinacea Schreb. flowering plant Species Festuca rubra L. flowering plant Species Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Berkeley, 1827 in annelid Species Filograna implexa Sars, 1851 moss Species Fissidens bryoides Hedw. moss Species Fissidens taxifolius Hedw. lichen Species Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale flowering plant Species Foeniculum vulgare Mill. moss Species Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. insect - earwig (Dermaptera) Species Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Fraxinus excelsior L. bird Species Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 liverwort Species Frullania dilatata (L.) Dumort. alga Species serratus Linnaeus alga Species Linnaeus alga Species Linnaeus bird Species Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761) bony fish Gaidropsarus (Actinopterygii) Species mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Gaidropsarus vulgaris (Cloquet, 1824) crustacean Species squamifera Leach, 1814 crustacean Family Galatheidae flowering plant Species Galium aparine L. flowering plant Species L. flowering plant Species Galium palustre L. mollusc Class (veliger larvae) alga Genus Gelidium J.V. Lamouroux, 1813 alga Species Gelidium latifolium (Greville) Bornet centipede Genus Geophilus Leach, 1814 flowering plant Species Geranium columbinum L. flowering plant Species Geranium dissectum L. flowering plant Species Geranium molle L. flowering plant Species Geranium robertianum L. flowering plant Species Geum urbanum L. mollusc Species Gibbula cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Gibbula umbilicalis (da Costa, 1778) flowering plant Species Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. flowering plant Species Glechoma hederacea L. flowering plant Species Glyceria declinata Bréb. flowering plant Species Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. flowering plant Species Gnaphalium uliginosum L. crustacean Genus Gnathia Leach, 1814 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1811 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Gobius niger Linnaeus, 1758 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Gobius paganellus Linnaeus, 1758 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Gobiusculus flavescens (Fabricius, 1779) (Denis & insect - moth Species Gortyna flavago Schiffermüller, 1775) alga Genus Grateloupia C. Agardh, 1842 insect - moth Species Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haworth, 1809) bird Species Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758 marine mammal Species Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791) sponge (Porifera) Species Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930 sponge (Porifera) Species Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766) insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Haliplus lineatocollis (Marsham, 1802) spider (Araneae) Species Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) flowering plant Species L. annelid Species Hediste diversicolor (O F Müller, 1776) mollusc Species Helcion pellucidum (Linnaeus, 1758) echinoderm Species oculata (Pennant, 1777) insect - moth Species Hepialus sylvina (Linnaeus, 1761) flowering plant Species Heracleum sphondylium L. (Denis & insect - moth Species grisealis Schiffermüller, 1775) alga Species Heterosiphonia plumosa (J. Ellis) Batters mollusc Genus Hiatella Bosc, 1801 alga Genus Hildenbranchia alga Species Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) S.F. Gray bird Species Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 flowering plant Species Holcus lanatus L. flowering plant Species Holcus mollis L. echinoderm Species Holothuria forskali Chiaje, 1841 crustacean Species Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. moss Species Hookeria lucens (Hedw.) Sm. (Denis & insect - moth Species ambigua Schiffermüller, 1775) flowering plant Species murinum L. (L.) Chouard ex flowering plant Species Hyacinthoides non-scripta Rothm. insect - moth Species Hydraecia micacea (Esper, 1789) sponge (Porifera) Species Hymeniacidon perleve (Montagu, 1818) insect - moth Species proboscidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species androsaemum L. flowering plant Species Hypericum humifusum L. flowering plant Species Hypericum perforatum L. flowering plant Species Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. moss Species Hypnum lacunosum (Brid.) Hoffm. ex Brid. moss Species Hypnum resupinatum Taylor flowering plant Species Hypochaeris radicata L. insect - moth Species biselata (Hufnagel, 1767) insect - moth Species Idaea dimidiata (Hufnagel, 1767) insect - moth Species Idaea subsericeata (Haworth, 1809) crustacean Species balthica (Pallas, 1772) crustacean Species Idotea emarginata (Fabricius, 1793) crustacean Species Bosc, 1802 insect - butterfly Genus Inachis Hübner [1819] crustacean Genus Inachus Weber, 1795 flowering plant Species Iris foetidissima L. flowering plant Species Iris pseudacorus L. flowering plant Species Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. flowering plant Species Juncus articulatus L. flowering plant Species Juncus bufonius L. flowering plant Species Juncus effusus L. flowering plant Species Juncus gerardii Loisel. flowering plant Species Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. flowering plant Species Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Labrus bergylta Ascanius, 1767 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Labrus mixtus Linnaeus, 1758 (Hudson) J.V. alga Species Laminaria digitata Lamouroux alga Species Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie alga Species Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de La Pylaie flowering plant Species purpureum L. insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Lampyris noctiluca (Linnaeus, 1758) annelid Species Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) flowering plant Species Lapsana communis L. bird Species Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 bird Species Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 bird Species Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 bird Species Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766 insect - butterfly Species Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) insect - hymenopteran Species Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species strigana (Fabricius, 1775) flowering plant Species Lathyrus latifolius L. flowering plant Species Lathyrus pratensis L. alga Genus Lamouroux, 1813 alga Species Leathesia difformis (Linnaeus) Areschoug lichen Species Lecania fructigena Zahlbr. (Hoffm.) Branth & lichen Species Lecanora albescens Rostr. lichen Species Lecanora confusa Almb. lichen Species Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. lichen Species Lecanora sulphurea (Hoffm.) Ach. lichen Species Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. lichen Species Lecanora xosterae (Ach.) Nyl. lichen Species Lecidella asema (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel lichen Form Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.Choisy (Taylor) Hertel & lichen Species Lecidella scabra Leuckert mollusc Species Lehmannia valentiana (Férussac, 1822) flowering plant Species Leontodon autumnalis L. flowering plant Species Leontodon saxatilis Lam. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Lepadogaster lepadogaster (Bonnaterre, 1788) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Lepadogaster purpurea (Bonnaterre, 1788) lichen Species Lepraria nivalis J.R. Laundon mollusc Species Leptochiton asellus (Gmelin, 1791) moss Species Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst. lichen Species Leptogium biatorinum (Nyl.) Leight. lichen Species Leptogium schraderi (Ach.) Nyl. Species Leucanthemum lacustre x (Bergmans ex J.W. flowering plant hybrid maximum = L. x superbum Ingram) D.H. Kent flowering plant Species Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. crustacean Species Leucothoe incisa Robertson, 1892 crustacean Species (Linnaeus, 1767) flowering plant Species Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. flowering plant Species Ligustrum vulgare L. mollusc Species Limacina retroversa (Fleming, 1823) insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Limnius volckmari (Panzer, 1793) ribbon worm (Nemertinea) Species Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) flowering plant Species Linum bienne Mill. crustacean Species holsatus (Fabricius, 1798) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species pholis (Linnaeus, 1758) centipede Genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 alga Species Lithophyllum incrustans Philippi insect - moth Species quadra (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sacchi & Rastelli, mollusc Species Littorina mariae 1966) mollusc Species Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792) flowering plant Species Lolium perenne L. alga Species Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye flowering plant Species Lonicera nitida E.H. Wilson flowering plant Species Lonicera periclymenum L. liverwort Species Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dumort. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Family Lotidae flowering plant Species corniculatus L. flowering plant Species Lotus pedunculatus Cav. echinoderm Species Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837) liverwort Species Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb. flowering plant Species campestris (L.) DC. insect - butterfly Species Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) flowering plant Species Lychnis flos-cuculi L. (Denis & insect - moth Species alternata Schiffermüller, 1775) insect - moth Species rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Species Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788) flowering plant Species pumila Mill. flowering plant Species Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. insect - butterfly Species Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) echinoderm Species Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758) alga Species Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry flowering plant Species Matricaria discoidea DC. flowering plant Species arabica (L.) Huds. flowering plant Species Medicago lupulina L. lichen Species Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. (Denis & insect - moth Species Melanthia procellata Schiffermüller, 1775) mollusc Species Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758) terrestrial mammal Species Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) Membranipora bryozoan Species membranacea (Linnaeus, 1767) flowering plant Species aquatica L. insect - moth Species Mesapamea didyma (Esper, 1788) (Denis & insect - moth Species Schiffermüller, 1775) insect - moth Species (Haworth, 1809) alga Species Mesophyllum lichenoides (J. Ellis) M. Lemoine flowering plant Species Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. (Hoffm.) Coppins & lichen Species Moelleropsis nebulosa P.M. Jørg. bird Species Morus bassanus (Linnaeus, 1758) bird Species Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 bony fish (Actinopterygii) Family Mugilidae bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 crustacean Family Mysidae insect - moth Species Mythimna pallens (Linnaeus, 1758) sponge (Porifera) Genus Myxilla Schmidt, 1862 mollusc Species Nassarius (Hinia) incrassata moss Species Neckera complanata (Hedw.) Huebener crustacean Species Necora puber (Linnaeus, 1767) alga Species Nemalion helminthoides (Velley) Batters annelid Aggregate Nephthys-type bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Nerophis lumbriciformis (Jenyns, 1835) insect - hymenopteran Species Netelia inedita (Kokujev, 1899) insect - moth Species Noctua comes Hübner, 1813 insect - moth Species Noctua janthe (Borkhausen, 1792) insect - moth Species Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) (Denis & insect - moth Species noctuella Schiffermüller, 1775) mollusc Species Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758) bird Species Numenius arquata (Linnaeus, 1758) bird Species Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Obelia geniculata (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Ocenebra erinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) lichen Species Ochrolechia parella (L.) A. Massal. insect - moth Species Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus, 1761) flowering plant Species Odontites vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. flowering plant Species L. bird Species Oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758) tunicate (Urochordata) Genus Oikopleura Mertens crustacean Species Oithona similis Claus, 1866 flowering plant Species Ononis repens L. lichen Species Opegrapha atra Pers. lichen Species Opegrapha calcarea Turner ex Sm. echinoderm Species Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard, 1789) echinoderm Genus Ophiura (larvae) Lamarck, 1816 echinoderm Species Ophiura albida Forbes, 1839 insect - moth Species Opisthograptis luteolata (Linnaeus, 1758) terrestrial mammal Species Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Osilinus lineatus (da Costa, 1778) (S.G. Gmelin) K.W. alga Species osmunda Nam & Maggs alga Species Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse flowering plant Species Oxalis articulata Savigny sponge (Porifera) Species Pachymatisma johnstoni (Bowerbank, 1842) crustacean Species (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Species Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837 crustacean Species Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1837 crustacean Species Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777) alga Species Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze insect - true bug (Hemiptera) Species Palomena prasina (Linnaeus, 1761) (Denis & insect - moth Species Schiffermüller, 1775) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Parablennius gattorugine (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Genus Paracalanus Boeck, 1864 insect - butterfly Species Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) Paraswammerdamia insect - moth Species albicapitella (Scharfenberg, 1805) lichen Species Parmelia sulcata Taylor bird Species Parus major Linnaeus, 1758 bird Species Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Patella depressa (Pennant, 1777) mollusc Species Patella ulyssiponensis (Gmelin, 1791) mollusc Species Patella vulgata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brady & Robertson, echinoderm Species Pawsonia saxicola 1871) liverwort Species Pellia epiphylla (L.) Corda (Linnaeus) Decaisne alga Species Pelvetia canaliculata & Thuret (Denis & insect - moth Species Peribatodes rhomboidaria Schiffermüller, 1775) flowering plant Species Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre flowering plant Species Persicaria maculosa Gray lichen Species Pertusaria corallina (L.) Arnold (L.) P. Gaertn., B. flowering plant Species Petasites hybridus Mey. & Scherb. insect - bristletail (Archaeognatha) Genus Petrobius Leach, 1817 insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Petrobius maritimus (Leach, 1809) bird Species Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761) bird Species Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Phalaris arundinacea L. bird Species Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Phialella quadrata (Forbes, 1848) insect - moth Species Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) spider (Araneae) Species Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) insect - orthopteran Species Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer, 1773) bony fish Species Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii) insect - moth Species Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. alga Species Phycodrys rubens (Linnaeus) Batters fern Species Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman bird Species Phylloscopus collybita (Vieillot, 1817) (J.E. Areschoug) alga Species Phymatolithon lenormandii W.H. Adey coelenterate (=cnidarian) Species Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) lichen Species Physcia adscendens (Th. Fr.) H. Olivier (Ehrh. ex Humb.) lichen Species Physcia aipolia Fürnr. lichen Species Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. bird Species Pica pica (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Picris echioides L. insect - butterfly Species Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) F.W. Schultz & Sch. flowering plant Species Pilosella officinarum Bip. crustacean Species Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) conifer Species Pinus radiata D. Don terrestrial mammal Species Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825) crustacean Species Pisidia longicornis (Linnaeus, 1767) (Ach.) Coppins & P. lichen Species Placynthiella icmalea James flowering plant Species coronopus L. flowering plant Species L. flowering plant Species Plantago major L. flowering plant Species Plantago maritima L. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758 insect - moth Species Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli, 1763) alga Species Plumaria plumosa (Hudson) Kuntze insect - moth Species Plusia festucae (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species annua L. flowering plant Species Poa trivialis L. crustacean Species Podon intermedius Liljeborg, 1853 moss Species Pohlia melanodon (Brid.) A.J.Shaw bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Pollachius pollachius (Linnaeus, 1758) annelid Class Polychaeta (larvae) flowering plant Species Polygala vulgaris L. flowering plant Species arenastrum Boreau flowering plant Species L. flowering plant Species Polygonum rurivagum Jord. ex Boreau insect - butterfly Species Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) alga Species Polysiphonia lanosa (Linnaeus) Tandy lichen Species Polysporina simplex (Davies) Vezda (Forssk.) T. Moore ex fern Species Polystichum setiferum Woyn. moss Species Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. annelid Species Pomatoceros lamarcki (Quatrefages, 1866) annelid Species Pomatoceros triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) bony fish Species Pomatoschistus pictus (Malm, 1865) (Actinopterygii) crustacean Species Porcellana longicornis crustacean Species Porcellana platycheles (Pennant, 1777) lichen Species Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph flowering plant Species anserina L. flowering plant Species Potentilla reptans L. flowering plant Species Primula vulgaris Huds. bird Species Prunella modularis (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Prunella vulgaris L. flowering plant Species laurocerasus L. flowering plant Species L. echinoderm Genus Psammechinus Agassiz, 1858 echinoderm Species Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin, 1778) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758) crustacean Species Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck, 1864) fern Species Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn insect - moth Species Ptocheuusa paupella (Zeller, 1847) flowering plant Species Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. flowering plant Species Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. (Denis & insect - moth Species Pyrausta cespitalis Schiffermüller, 1775) lichen Species Pyrenocollema halodytes (Nyl.) R.C. Harris protozoan Species Pyxidium tardigradum cartilagenous fish (Chondrichthyes) Species Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 cartilagenous fish (Chondrichthyes) Species Raja montagui Fowler, 1910 (Areschoug) alga Species Ralfsia verrucosa Areschoug lichen Species Ramalina canariensis J. Steiner lichen Species Ramalina cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl. lichen Species Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. lichen Species Ramalina siliquosa (Huds.) A.L. Sm. lichen Species Ramalina subfarinacea (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Nyl. tardigrade Species Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri flowering plant Species Ranunculus acris L. flowering plant Species Ranunculus bulbosus L. flowering plant Species Ranunculus flammula L. flowering plant Species Ranunculus repens L. bird Species Regulus regulus (Linnaeus, 1758) lichen Species Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. lichen Species Rhizocarpon richardii (Lamy ex Nyl.) Zahlbr. (Dicks.) Bruch, Schimp. & moss Species Rhynchostegium confertum W.Guembel moss Species Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) Cardot lichen Species Rinodina gennarii Bagl. insect - moth Species Rivula sericealis (Scopoli, 1763) Rorippa nasturtium- flowering plant Species aquaticum (L.) Hayek flowering plant Species Rosa canina L. Species flowering plant aggregate fruticosus agg. flowering plant Species acetosa L. flowering plant Species Rumex acetosella L. flowering plant Species Rumex conglomeratus Murray flowering plant Species Rumex crispus L. flowering plant Species Rumex obtusifolius L. flowering plant Species Rumex sanguineus L. alga Species Saccharina latissima alga Species Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters flowering plant Species Sagina apetala Ard. flowering plant Species Sagina procumbens L. flowering plant Species Salix caprea L. flowering plant Species Salix cinerea L. flowering plant Species Salvia verbenaca L. flowering plant Species Sambucus nigra L. flowering plant Species Samolus valerandi L. flowering plant Species Sanguisorba minor Scop. alga Species Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt bird Species Saxicola torquata (Linnaeus, 1766) moss Species Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr. insect - moth Species Scrobipalpa acuminatella (Sircom, 1850) flowering plant Species Scrophularia auriculata L. bryozoan Genus Scrupocellaria van Beneden, 1845 cartilagenous fish (Chondrichthyes) Species Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) cartilagenous fish (Chondrichthyes) Species Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Sedum album L. flowering plant Species Sedum anglicum Huds. insect - moth Species Selenia dentaria (Fabricius, 1775) crustacean Species (Linnaeus, 1767) flowering plant Species Senecio aquaticus Hill flowering plant Species Senecio erucifolius L. flowering plant Species Senecio jacobaea L. flowering plant Species Senecio vulgaris L. mollusc Species Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) coelenterate (=cnidarian) Family Sertulariidae flowering plant Species Sherardia arvensis L. flowering plant Species Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. flowering plant Species Sinapis arvensis L. crustacean Genus Siriella Dana, 1850 flowering plant Species Solanum dulcamara L. lichen Species Solenopsora holophaea (Mont.) Samp. lichen Species Solenopsora vulturiensis A. Massal. flowering plant Species Sonchus arvensis L. flowering plant Species Sonchus asper (L.) Hill flowering plant Species Sonchus oleraceus L. flowering plant Species Sparganium erectum L. flowering plant Species Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. flowering plant Species Spergularia rupicola Lebel ex Le Jol. crustacean Genus Sphaeroma Bosc, 1801 insect - moth Species Spilosoma luteum (Hufnagel, 1766) bony fish Species Spinachia spinachia (Linnaeus, 1758) (Actinopterygii) flowering plant Species Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. Spirorbis (Spirorbis) annelid Species spirorbis Gee & Knight-Jones, annelid Species Spirorbis rupestris 1962 flowering plant Species arvensis (L.) L. flowering plant Species Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. flowering plant Species Stachys sylvatica L. insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Family Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802 flowering plant Species Stellaria alsine Grimm flowering plant Species Stellaria graminea L. flowering plant Species (L.) Vill. insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Genus Stenus Latreille, 1796 bird Family Sternidae insect - moth Species Stigmella aurella (Fabricius, 1775) insect - moth Species Stigmella plagicolella (Stainton, 1854) sponge (Porifera) Species Suberites carnosus (Johnston, 1842) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Syngnathus acus Linnaeus, 1758 (Hedw.) F.Weber & moss Species Syntrichia ruralis D.Mohr insect - true fly (Diptera) Family Syrphidae terrestrial mammal Species Talpa europaea Linnaeus, 1758 flowering plant Species Tamarix gallica L. Species flowering plant aggregate officinale agg. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Taurulus bubalis (Euphrasen, 1786) Species spider (Araneae) aggregate Tegenaria gigantea crustacean Species Temora longicornis (O F Müller, 1792) lichen Species Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner Duchassaing & sponge (Porifera) Species Terpios fugax Michelotti, 1864 insect - orthopteran Species Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Teucrium scorodonia L. moss Species Thamnobryum alopecurum (Hedw.) Gangulee lichen Species Thelidium minutulum Körb. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Thorogobius ephippiatus (Lowe, 1839) insect - moth Species Thyatira batis (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - beetle (Coleoptera) Species Timarcha tenebricosa (Fabricius, 1775) (Turner ex Sm.) A. lichen Species Toninia aromatica Massal. lichen Species Toninia verrucarioides (Nyl.) Timdal flowering plant Species Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. moss Species Tortella flavovirens (Bruch) Broth. moss Species Tortula muralis Hedw. moss Species Tortula truncata (Hedw.) Mitt. bony fish (Actinopterygii) Family Trachinidae insect - moth Species Trachycera advenella (Zincken, 1818) flowering plant Species Trifolium dubium Sibth. flowering plant Species L. flowering plant Species Trifolium repens L. bird Species Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) flowering plant Species Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. Tripleurospermum flowering plant Species maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Trisopterus minutus (Linnaeus, 1758) mollusc Species Trivia monacha (da Costa, 1778) bird Species Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) bird Species Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 insect - moth Species Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796) flowering plant Species europaeus L. flowering plant Genus Ulmus L. flowering plant Species Ulmus procera Salisb. moss Species Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. alga Species Ulva lactuca Linnaeus flowering plant Species Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy bryozoan Species Umbonula littoralis Hastings, 1944 bird Species Uria aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763) flowering plant Species dioica L. insect - butterfly Species Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - true bug (Hemiptera) Species Velia caprai Tamanini, 1947 flowering plant Species Verbena officinalis L. flowering plant Species Veronica beccabunga L. flowering plant Species Veronica chamaedrys L. flowering plant Species Veronica persica Poir. flowering plant Species Veronica serpyllifolia L. lichen Species Verrucaria ditmarsica Erichsen lichen Species Verrucaria fusconigrescens Nyl. lichen Species Verrucaria halizoa Leight. lichen Species Verrucaria maura Wahlenb. lichen Species Verrucaria mucosa Wahlenb. lichen Species Verrucaria muralis Ach. lichen Species Verrucaria striatula Wahlenb. flowering plant Species hirsuta (L.) Gray flowering plant Subspecies Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis (Thuill.) Gaudin flowering plant Species Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. flowering plant Species Vinca minor L. flowering plant Species Viola odorata L. flowering plant Species Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau flowering plant Species Viola riviniana Rchb. terrestrial mammal Species Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) moss Species Weissia controversa Hedw. crustacean Species Xantho incisus Leach, 1814 A Milne-Edwards, crustacean Species Xantho pilipes 1867 insect - moth Species Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Denis & insect - moth Species Xanthorhoe spadicearia Schiffermüller, 1775) lichen Species Xanthoria ectaneoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. lichen Species Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. insect - moth Species Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758) insect - moth Species Ypsolopha dentella (Fabricius, 1775) crustacean Species Zenobiana prismatica (Risso, 1826) bony fish (Actinopterygii) Species Zeugopterus punctatus (Bloch, 1787) reptile Species Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) flowering plant Species Zostera marina L. flowering plant Species Zostera noltei Hornem. spider (Araneae) Species Zygiella atrica (C.L. Koch, 1845) Zygodon viridissimus var. moss Variety viridissimus (Dicks.) Brid.

Appendix B. The following table lists the 823 species found, broken down into taxonomic groups.

Taxon group name Count acarine (Acari) 1 alga 59 annelid 11 bird 47 bony fish (Actinopterygii) 39 bryozoan 5 cartilagenous fish (Chondrichthyes) 4 centipede 2 coelenterate (=cnidarian) 14 conifer 1 crustacean 56 echinoderm 14 fern 6 flowering plant 245 horsetail 2 insect - beetle (Coleoptera) 11 insect - bristletail (Archaeognatha) 1 insect - butterfly 9 insect - dragonfly (Odonata) 1 insect - earwig (Dermaptera) 1 insect - hymenopteran 9 insect - moth 98 insect - orthopteran 3 insect - true bug (Hemiptera) 4 insect - true fly (Diptera) 1 lichen 72 Taxon group name Count liverwort 5 marine mammal 1 mollusc 34 moss 32 protozoan 1 reptile 2 ribbon worm (Nemertinea) 1 spider (Araneae) 7 sponge (Porifera) 12 tardigrade 1 terrestrial mammal 6 tunicate (Urochordata) 5

Appendix C. The following table breaks down the 91 rare or protected species into taxonomic groups (based on JNCC designations dataset).

Taxon group name Count bird 40 bony fish (Actinopterygii) 3 coelenterate (=cnidarian) 1 crustacean 2 echinoderm 1 flowering plant 8 insect - butterfly 1 insect - moth 12 lichen 16 liverwort 1 marine mammal 1 reptile 2 sponge (Porifera) 1 terrestrial mammal 2

Appendix D.

The following table lists the 35 non-native species found (based on English Nature’s non-native audit 2005).

Taxon group name Scientific name alga Asparagopsis armata alga Sargassum muticum bird Phasianus colchicus conifer Pinus radiata crustacean Elminius modestus flowering plant Acer pseudoplatanus flowering plant Avena fatua flowering plant Buddleja davidii flowering plant Calystegia silvatica flowering plant Centranthus ruber flowering plant Coronopus didymus flowering plant Crocosmia pottsii x aurea = C. x crocosmiiflora flowering plant Cymbalaria muralis flowering plant Fallopia baldschuanica flowering plant Fallopia japonica flowering plant Foeniculum vulgare flowering plant Glebionis segetum flowering plant Kniphofia uvaria flowering plant Lathyrus latifolius flowering plant Leucanthemum lacustre x maximum = L. x superbum flowering plant Ligustrum ovalifolium flowering plant Lonicera nitida flowering plant Malus pumila flowering plant Matricaria discoidea flowering plant Oxalis articulata flowering plant Prunus laurocerasus flowering plant Tamarix gallica flowering plant Veronica persica flowering plant Vinca minor insect - moth Epiphyas postvittana mollusc Crassostrea gigas mollusc Lehmannia valentiana spider (Araneae) Pholcus phalangioides terrestrial mammal Oryctolagus cuniculus tunicate (Urochordata) Corella eumyota