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Tnrr,Obita, Dnnnapper Katalogblätter des Rollettmuseums Baden, Nr. 79 Tnrr,oBITA, DnnnAPPER Matthias Svojtka Katalosblätter des Rollettmuseums Baden. Nr. 79 Corrigenda 5. 5, 27 . Zeile,,pahlr eichen" einzufugen (Vorliegendes Heft möchte von anhand der nicht zahlreichen Trilobiten des Rollettmuseums Baden Matthias Svojtka zeigen und erklären ...) S. 10, 27 . Zeile, ,den Kopfschild" anstelle von ,das Kopfschild" TnnoBITEN, DnnTTAPPER S. 21, l. Zeile, ,,Belenopyge sp." anstelle von ,,Lobopyge sp." (siehe H. Özotrl¿eN, Munis Entomology &, Zoology,4,2009, s.1s8-159) S. 23, 22.123. Zeile; S. 25, 18.130.133. Zeile, unnötige Abteilungen S. 3 8, oben-Mitte,,,Aulacop leur a ko ninc ki i" statt,,Aul acopleura koniackii" Baden 2010 ISBN 978-3-901 951-7 9-4 INHnr,rsvnRZErcHNrs VoRwonr Vorwort.. Trilobiten - Dreilapper, eine nur fossil dokumentiefte ausgestorbene Gruppe Einleitung.... meeresbewohnender Gliederliere, der ,,Stolz der Pakiontologi¿" - belschäftigen den Motphologie des Dorsalpanzers............ gelehrten Menschen zurnindest seit 1698. Ein wenig vor Beendigung des Großen Türken- Ventralmorphologie und innere Anatomie krieges und dem Beginn des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges schrieb Edward LHWYD, Keeper lndividualentwicklung und Ökologie des Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, einen Brief an seinen Kollegen Martin LISTER, Systematik Leibarzt der englischen Königin Anna. Er berichtete über einige Funde außergewöhn- jedoch Trilobitenfunde aus Österreich............. licher Fossilien, darunter ein Plattf,rsch. Der vermeintliche Plattfisch war kein Tafelteil....... Fisch, sondern ein Trilobit, wie die beigefugte Abbildung in den Philosophical Transac- Tafel I Aufbau der Trilobiten tions des Jahres 1699 beweist. (Fossílien) Tafel2 - 7 Die Trilobiten des Rollettmuseums Irnmer wieder zeigten sich nun Trilobiten unter den ,,gegrabenen Dingen" Zeittabelle und fanden Eingang in einige Kuriositätenkabinette und fi'ühe naturwissenschaftliche Interpretation der Stücke waren sich jedoch die Gelehrten des 18. Kultur- un d Erforschungsgeschichte der Tri lobiten ........ z) Sammlungen; überdie Beredsamkeit Trilobiten des Rollettmuseums 27 Jahrhundeft zunächst höchst uneinig. Einem Professor für Dichtkunst und Danksagung 29 aus Jena danken wir l771die Aufklärung zahlreicher Verwirungen und die Einführung Weiterfuhrende Literatur 29 der einfachen Bezeichnung,,Trilobiten". 19. leistete dann auch für die Tri- Abbildungsverzeichnis 32 Das naturwissenschaftlich bedeutende Jahrhundeft systernatischen Kenntnis der Gruppe. G1ossar............ JJ lobitenkunde Großes und legte den Grundstein zur Waren 1823 der Fachwelt 29 Trilobitenarten bekannt, so sind es heute weit mehr als 15.000. Die Tiere geben uns Einblicke in eine längst vergangene Welt, lange noch bevor die Dinosaurier die Erde bevölkerten. Der Trilobiten-Gattung Phacops ist es als nahezu einzigem fossilen Nicht-Wirbeltier gelungen, namentlich ein Begriff im Gedächtnis der Menschen zu sein - natürlich nur, sofern sich die Menschen heutzutage überhaupt noch dazu bereitfinden, sich auf das Reich der Natur und seine Erforschung einzulassen und sich nicht lieber gänzlich dem Lifestyle hingeben. Vorliegendes Heft rnöchte anhand der nicht Trilobiten des Rollettmuseurns Baden zei- gen und erklären, was einen Trilobiten ausrnachte, wie sich die Tiere entwickelten und 'Wenn lebten und wie die Menschen Zugang zu ihnen fanden. es auch nur ein wenig von der Begeisterung vermitteln kann, die zahlreiche Personen den Trilobiten seit 312 Jahren entgegenbrachten und immer noch bringen, so war es nicht vergebens. Matthias Svojtka, im November 2010 Anmerkung: Für den Nicht-Fachmann sei noch darauf hingewiesen, dass sich auf Seite 33 ein alphabe- tisches Lexikon der Fachausdrticke befindet. Den Abschluss des Tafelteiles bildet eine Ta- belle der im Text erwähnten geologischen Zeitaltert 4 5 Ett,llntruNc ring (Annulus occipitalis; a.6), er wird durch die Nackenfurche (Occipitalfurche, Sulcus occipitalis; a.9) von der Glabella getrennt. Häufig besitzt der Nackenring ein rnedianes Knötchen oder gar einen Stachel, bei der Gattung Dicranurus trägt er ein gegabeltes Trilobiten sind eine ausgestorbene, rein auf das Erdaltefium (Paläozoikum) be- und in sich Horn. Auch (Cornuscutellunt schränkte Gruppe mariner Arthropoden (Gliedertiere). Heute noch lebende Arthropoden eingerolltes die Glabella kann stachelbewehft sein rhinoceros, Exastipyx, Perirehaedulus sind die Crustacea (Krebstiere), die Chelicerata (Spinnentiere), die Myriapoda (Tausend- caprus) oder als Ganzes in einen nach vorne ge- füßler) und die lnsecta (Insekten). richteten Stachel auslaufen (Ampyx, Lonchodomas, Raphiophorus). Neben der Glabella liegen seitlich am Cephalon die \ùy'angen (Genae). Sie werden bei Trilobiten sind vom unteren Karnbrium (520 Mio. Jahre vor heute) bis in das obere den meisten Trilobitenarten durch Gesichtsnähte weiter aufgegliedert: der Perm (255 Mio. Jahre vor heute) nachgewiesen. Ihr Panzer besteht, wie auch bei anderen Die mit Glabella fest verbundene W'angenpartie Festwange (Fixigena; Gliedeftieren, aus Chitin und Proteinen, allerdings werden bei den Trilobiten nennt man a.3), die Gesichtsnaht (Sutura facialis; a.8) trennt hievon die außen liegende Freiwange (Libri- Calciumsalze in die Cuticula eingelagert (sie wird ,,calcifizieti"), wodurch sich ihre gena; Die zusalnmen Festwangen (somit fossi le Erhaltungsftihigkeit wesentlich erhöht. a.1l) ab. Glabella mit den ein Cephalon ohne Freiwangen) wird auch als Cranidiurn (Bildtafel Fig. 1) bezeichnet. Die Trilobiten bilden folglich die weitaus wichtigste und am besten überliefefte DerAnteil der Ge- sichtsnaht vor den Augen wird als Vorderast, jener hinter den Augen als Hinterast Gruppe paläozoischer Arthropoden. Durch ihren großen Formen- und Individuenreich- be- zeichnet. Nach Lage und Verlauf der Gesichtsnähte lassen sich folgende Ty.pen unter- tum, zusalnmen mit hoher Evolutionsrate und meist guter Bestimmbarkeit stellen sie scheiden: wichtige Leitfossilien in Kambrium und Ordovicium dar, später sind sie nur mehr von lokal-stratigraphischer Bede utung. l. Protoparer Typ: Die Gesichtsnaht liegt als Primitiv-Zustand am Außenrand des Cephalons (rnarginal), sie trennt solnit nur den Umschlag vom dorsalen MoRpnolocrn DES DoRs¡.lpaNznRs Kopfschild ab. 2. Hypoparer Typ: Die Gesichtsnaht liegt ebenfalls ar¡ Außenrand (vgl. protopar), allerdings ist dieser Zustand als evolutionär abgeleitet anzusehen. Calcifizierte Panzerteile sind die gesamte Dorsalseite (Rückenseite), der sogenannte 3. Proparer Typ: Der Hinterast der Gesichtsnaht mündet in den Seitenrand des Urnschlag (ventrale randliche Foftsetzung Panzers) (präorale des und das Hypostom Cephalons vor dem Wangeneck. Mundplatte). Die weichhäutigen Ventralstrukturen (Antennen, Spaltbeine, ventrale Kör- 4. Gonatoparer Typ: Der Hinterast mündet direkt in das Vy'angeneck ein. perdecke) sind paläontologisch nur äußerst selten überliefeft. 5. Opisthoparer Typ: Der Hinterast mündet am Hinterand des Cephalons ein. Der Dorsalpanzer ist durch die beiden Dorsalfurchen (Rückenfurchen; b.4; im fol- 6. Metaparer Typ: Vorder- und Hinterast rnünden in den Hinterrand des genden beziehen sich alle Buchstaben- und Nummernverweise auf die Bildtafel, Fig. I - Cephalons, der Vorderast biegt sich somit um die Augen herum stark kurvig der Länge nach 5) dreigeteilt, wovon sich auch der Name Trilobita (gr. trílobos, drei- zurück. lappig) ableitet: Ein unpaarer rnittlerer 'leil (Z) und zwei laterale (: pleurale) Anteile (P). Auch in der Körperquerachse findet sich eine Einteilung Funktionsabschnitte in drei Facialsuturen sollen allgerrein die Häutung des Cephalons, vor allem aber auch die (Tagmata): Cephalon (Kopfschild; Thorax (Rumpf; a), b) und Pygidium (Schwanzschild; Häutung der Augen und ihrer Sehfläche erleichtern. Sehr ursprüngliche Trilobiten c). (Olenellina) besitzen noch keine echten, dorsalen Facialsuturen, allerdings findet sich Die Tenninologie des zentralen und der pleuralen Anteile der einzelnen Tagmata ist unterhalb der Sehfläche der Augen eine kleine Häutungsnaht, die Ocularsutur. Bei voneinander abweichend: Am Kopßchild heißt der zentrale Teil Glabella (a.5), die anderen Fotmen (Olenus, Leptoplastus), die bereits echte Gesichtsnähte besitzen, pleuralen Teile Genae (Wangen; a.3 und An Thorax und Pygidium a.ll). bildet die verbindet sich diese Ocularsutur rnit dem Teil der Gesichtsnaht, der den Augenhügel Rhachis (Spindel; b.1 und c.l) den zentralen Teil, die Pleuren (Flanken; b.2) stellen die quert, zur Circumocularsutur. Evolutionär höher entwickelte Trilobiten besitzen keine lateralen Anteile dar; am Pygidium sind die Pleuren zum Pleuralfeld (c.a) verschmolzen. Ocularsutur tnehr, die Sehfläche ist somit an die Freiwangen angeschmolzen und wird Das Cephalon entsteht evol utionär aus miteinander verschmol zenen Einzelsegmenten, mit ihnen gehäutet. Bei sekundär erblindeten Fonnen fehlen die Facialsuturen meist auch es besteht bei den Trilobiten aus Segmenten (inklusive Präantennalsegment), 5 wieder. Die Gesichtsnähte sind somit nahezu irnrner funktionell in Zusammenhang mit wohingegen alle modernen Arthropoden mindestens 6 Segmente im vordersten Körper- den Augen zu sehen, es gibt jedoch blinde Trilobitenaften (Erbenicoryphe, Trimeroce- abschnitt besitzen (Kopf der Crustacea, Myriapoda und Insecta aus Prosoma der 6, phalus), die Gesichtsnähte besitzen, wie auch Fonnen mit prominenten Augen, die Chelicerata aus 8 Segmenten). Zentral am Cephalon liegt die bereits erwähnte Glabella jedoch der Gesichtsnähte entbehren (Brachymetopus). (a.5), sie kann maximal 4 Paar Seitenfurchen (Nackenfurche
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