Liability and Compensation Schemes for Damage Resulting from the Presence of Genetically Modified Organisms in Non-GM Crops
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The Latins of Cyprus Published by the Research, Studies and Publications Service of the House of Representatives, Republic of Cyprus
The Latins of Cyprus Published by the Research, Studies and Publications Service of the House of Representatives, Republic of Cyprus Coordination and supervision Georgia Andronikou, Service Director Anthi Tofari, Senior Ofcer for Research, Studies and Publications Research and texts Natassa Haralambous Andreas Papayiannis Sofa Papadopoulou Marianna Moyseos Elena Makrygiorgie Editing Natassa Haralambous Andreas Papayiannis Sofa Papadopoulou Translation Anastasia Korae Design Athena Sheittani Printing Government Printing Ofce ISBN 978-9963-39-084-4 (print) ISBN 978-9963-39-087-8 (ebook) © House of Representatives, Nicosia, November 2020 Javal Nechrou Avenue, 1402 Nicosia, Cyprus telephone: +357 22407315, fax: +357 22407290 [email protected], www.parliament.cy Table of contents Preface 7 Message by the Representative of the Latin religious group 9 Publisher’s note 11 Name and origin 13 The settlement and the frst years of the Latin Church in Cyprus 14 The Latin Church in Cyprus during the Frankish Rule and the Venetian Rule 15 The Latin Church in Cyprus during the Turkish Rule 19 The Latin Church in Cyprus during the British Rule 20 The Latin Church in Cyprus from Independence to date 21 Latin infuences on the Orthodox church architecture 22 Walls and fortresses during the period of the Frankish Rule and the Venetian Rule 25 Music 29 The assizes of the kingdom of Jerusalem and Cyprus 30 Infuences on Literature 31 Efect of the Latins on the Cypriot dialect 33 Toponyms related to the times of the Frankish Rule and the Venetian Rule 34 The -
The Overlapping of Legal Concepts a Legal Realist Approach to the Classification of Private Law
THE OVERLAPPING OF LEGAL CONCEPTS A LEGAL REALIST APPROACH TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF PRIVATE LAW by DAVID SALMONS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Birmingham Law School College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham Summer 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The main aim of this research is two-fold; firstly, these chapters will seek to demonstrate the unreliability of theoretical or abstract approaches to legal reasoning in describing the law. Secondly, rather than merely providing a deconstruction of previous attempts to classify private law, the chapters attempt to construct an overlapping approach to classification. This represents a new way of classifying private law, which builds on the foundations of the lessons of legal realism and explains how classification can accommodate overlaps to assist in identifying the core elements of private law reasoning. Following the realist tradition, the thesis argues for narrower formulations of the concepts of property, contract and tort. It is then argued that within these narrower concepts, the law is made more predictable and clearer. -
The Limits and Potential of Tort Liability for Energy Efficiency Problems in Domestic Buildings
BUILDING DISAPPOINTMENT: THE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL OF TORT LIABILITY FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROBLEMS IN DOMESTIC BUILDINGS by Kim Alexandra Bouwer A thesis submitted to University College London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 UCL I, Kim Alexandra Bouwer confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. -------------------------------------------------- Kim A Bouwer 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….……..6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………….……..8 ACRONYMS…………………....………………………………………….……..11 Chapter One: Introduction a) Thesis and chapter outline………………………………………….…...12 b) The governance of climate change………………………………..……16 c) Climate change litigation across scales………………………….….....23 d) Energy, energy efficiency and the built environment…………….…...31 e) Scope of the thesis, methodology and structure…………………...….35 i. Scope…………………………………………………………...….35 ii. Methodology…………………………………………………...….42 a. First phase……………………………………………………...46 b. Second phase………………………………………………….47 c. Third phase……………………………………………………..49 iii. Thesis Structure…………………………………………………..49 PART 1 Chapter Two: Decarbonising the Built Environment a) Introduction………………………………………………………………..52 b) How we make buildings energy efficient……………………………….53 i. Achieving energy performance………………………………….53 ii. How we measure energy efficiency…………………………….56 c) The performance gap…………………………………………………….61 d) Unintended consequences: overheating……………………………….68 -
Reflexions on the Law of Illegality
REFLEXIONS ON THE LAW OF ILLEGALITY In the last three years of my time in practice, I was much exposed to the question of the proper scope of the illegality defence in English law, as a result of two cases which I argued as Counsel: Stone & Rolls v. Moore Stephens1, a victory which earned me the undying resentment of company lawyers, and Safeway v. Twigger2, another case in which the defence was upheld to the horror of all sound competition lawyers. I happen to think that the result was right in both cases, but I am not to be blamed for either of them, for the law of illegality is an area is which there are few propositions, however contradictory or counter-intuitive, that cannot be supported by respectable authorities at the highest levels. For as long as I can remember, the English courts have been endeavouring to rationalise it. The proposition itself is straightforward enough. Ex turpi causa oritur non actio. Like many of the Latin phrases which we are now discouraged from using, this one is useful in cramming the maximum of meaning into the minimum of words. But like other apparently straightforward propositions of law, it begs many more questions than it answers. What is turpitude? What sort connection with it will bar the enforcement of a legal obligation? And with what consequences? The answers to these questions are to be found in two centuries of English case-law, which the Law Commission characterised a decade ago as complex, uncertain and unjust, but which it has recently proposed to leave more or less intact. -
The Wild Bees
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 924: 1–114 (2020)The wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the island of Cyprus 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.924.38328 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the island of Cyprus Androulla I. Varnava1, Stuart P.M. Roberts2, Denis Michez3, John S. Ascher4, Theodora Petanidou5, Stavroula Dimitriou5, Jelle Devalez5, Marilena Pittara1, Menelaos C. Stavrinides1 1 Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Arch. Kyprianos 30, Limassol, 3036, Cyprus 2 CAER, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, The University of Reading, Reading, UK 3 Research Institute of Bioscience, Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Place du parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore 5 Laboratory of Biogeography & Ecology, Department of Geo- graphy, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece Corresponding author: Androulla I. Varnava ([email protected]); Menelaos C. Stavrinides ([email protected]) Academic editor: Michael S. Engel | Received 18 July 2019 | Accepted 25 November 2019 | Published 6 April 2020 http://zoobank.org/596BC426-C55A-40F5-9475-0934D8A19095 Citation: Varnava AI, Roberts SPM, Michez D, Ascher JS, Petanidou T, Dimitriou S, Devalez J, Pittara M, Stavrinides MC (2020) The wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of the island of Cyprus. ZooKeys 924: 1–114.https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.924.38328 Abstract Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean, constitutes a biodiversity hotspot with high rates of plant endemism. The wild bees of the island were studied extensively by the native George Mavro- moustakis, a world-renowned bee taxonomist, who collected extensively on the island from 1916 to 1957 and summarised his results in a series of eight Cyprus-specific papers published from 1949 [“1948”] to 1957. -
Menelaos C. Stavrinides CV August 2018
Menelaos C. Stavrinides CV August 2018 Menelaos C. Stavrinides Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science Cyprus University of Technology Arch. Kyprianos 30, 3036, Limassol, Cyprus + 357 25002186, [email protected], [email protected] www.sustagric.weebly.com Education University of California, Berkeley, PhD, 2004 - 2009 Environmental Science, Policy and Management. GPA: 4.00/4.00 Dissertation title: Biology, ecology and management of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in California vineyards. PhD Committee Members: Prof. Nicholas J. Mills (Advisor), Prof. Steve Walter, Prof. Wayne Sousa. Qualifying Exam Subject Areas: Theoretical Biological Control, Trophic Ecology, Molecular Population Genetics, Experimental Design and Statistics. University of California, Berkeley, MS, 2004 - 2006 Environmental Science, Policy and Management. GPA: 4.00/4.00 Comprehensive Oral Exam Subject Areas: Biological Control of Mites, Resistance to Insecticides and Genetically Modified Crops, Molecular Population Genetics. Imperial College, London, U.K., MSc, 2000 - 2001 Biological Control. Distinction Award. Thesis title: The effect of plant morphology, architecture and prey spatial arrangement on predatory interactions. Advisors: Dr. David Skirvin and Prof. Simon R. Leather Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Ptychion (BS & MS), 1995 - 2000 Agriculture, Plant Protection Specialization. GPA: 7.48/10 (top 15% of class) Thesis title: Effect of mating on the longevity and fecundity of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Advisor: Prof. Byron I. Katsoyannos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Diploma in Sustainable Agriculture, 1998-1999 Highly competitive interdisciplinary training program on Sustainable Agriculture funded by the European Union. Menelaos C. Stavrinides CV August 2018 Short Courses Completed Workshop on the Identification and Biology of Predatory Mites in Agriculture, University of California Cooperative Extension Office, Bakersfield, CA, July 2007. -
I: Negligence: Duty of Care
© A. Barrie Goldstone 2020: page 0 The Barrie Guide to Tort 2020 Volume One Barrie Goldstone Head of the School of Law London Metropolitan University © A. Barrie Goldstone 2020: page 1 CONTENTS PART 1: INTRODUCTION TO TORT 1 DICTIONARY DEFINITION 2 TYPES OF TORT 3 THE FUNCTION OF THE LAW OF TORT 4 TYPES OF TORTIOUS DAMAGES PART 2: THE ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE 5 THE THREE STAGES PART 3: THE DUTY OF CARE IN NEGLIGENCE 6 THE GENESIS OF NEGLIGENCE: Heaven v. Pender 7 THE NEIGHBOUR PRINCIPLE: Donoghue v. Stevenson 8 CONFIRMING THE TEST IN DONOGHUE V. STEVENSON 9 EXTENDING THE DUTY OF CARE: Denning and Co. 10 THE POLICY ELEMENTS: McLoughlin v. O’Brian 11 THE HIGH-WATER MARK: Junior Books v. Veitchi Co. Ltd. 12 THE RETREAT FROM ANNS v. MERTON: Lord Keith and Co. 13 REINTERPRETING ANNS v. MERTON 14 ISOLATING PROXIMITY: Hill v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire 15 THE TRIPARTITE TEST: Caparo v. Dickman PART 4: THE DRIVE OF PUBLIC POLICY IN DUTY OF CARE 16 THE DRIVE OF POLICY: Practical Solutions 17 ACTS AND OMISSIONS 18 THE EMERGENCY SERVICES: Duty of Care and Omissions 19 THE EMERGENCY SERVICES: Duty of Care and Commissions 20 PUBLIC POLICY AND THE ARMED FORCES 21 PUBLIC POLICY AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 22 THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF CHILDREN 23 THE PHYSICAL SAFETY OF CHILDREN 24 A DUTY TO ADOPTIVE PARENTS? 25 PUBLIC POLICY AND WRONGFUL BIRTH 26 BARRISTERS’ IMMUNITY © A. Barrie Goldstone 2020: page 2 PART 5: DUTY OF CARE AND HUMAN RIGHTS 27 POLICY, ARTICLE 6 AND STRIKING OUT ACTIONS 28 THE OSMAN CASE 29 THE CHILD ABUSE CASES 30 ARTICLES 2 AND 3: Police -
Liability Issues with Artificial Intelligence in the National and International Context
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTUPub Liability issues with Artificial Intelligence in the national and international context Ville Rautanen Master’s Thesis International Law University of Turku Faculty of Law June 2020 The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Law RAUTANEN VILLE: Liability issues with Artificial Intelligence in the national and international context Pro gradu -thesis, 90 p. International Law June 2020 The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The pro gradu -thesis discusses the liability issues regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, especially liability of robots and other autonomous machines, and it provides an answer to the question “Who is liable when AI makes a mistake?” This problem is looked first from the national and more individual perspective and then from an international perspective regarding the state’s responsibility and jurisdiction. The main issue can is that if, for example, a self-driving car collides with another vehicle, who then can be held liable as instead of a human, the car was driven by an algorithm. As there is no human driver, the responsible party needs to be found somewhere else, and it could be the owner or the manufacturer of the car, the software designer or at some point maybe even the AI itself. Also, no one can be blamed without reasons or applicable law, so there is a need for suitable reasoning to hold the party liable, and the legislations need to be updated to recognise the liable party regarding the new technology. -
The Archaeology of Cyprus Has Always Been Somewhat of an Enigma
Andrew Waters 12/15/12 The Divergent Development of Cyprus in the Early Aceramic Neolithic The archaeology of Cyprus has always been somewhat of an enigma. The excavation of Khirokitia-Vouni (commonly called Khirokitia) in the 1950’s revealed a Neolithic culture lacking cattle, pottery, and rectilinear architecture—in sharp contrast to contemporary mainland cultures and seemingly developed in isolation. From this so- called Khirokitia Culture (c. 7000 BCE) through the Ceramic Neolithic and Chalcolithic (end 3rd mil. BCE), Cyprus displays a largely homogenous material culture that, although belatedly adopting pottery, remained isolated from mainland culture; with a continued preference for circular architecture, a mixed hunting-farming subsistence strategy, and a unique emphasis on stone vessels and figurines. This has led many to categorize Cyprus as a culturally and technologically impoverished offshoot of mainland Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) culture. Indeed, Cyprus has fallen prey to what Paul Rainbird describes as a biased view of islands in western thought, which sees them as inherently isolated, and their inhabitants suffering from this isolation; however, statements about Cyprus’ inferiority wrongly assume a unilinear social evolution and do not take into account the Cypriot point of view.1 The more recent discovery of both a PPNA and PPNB culture on Cyprus allows for a new window into the development of Cyprus, one that takes Cypriot agency and choice into consideration, and moves beyond simple functionalist statements regarding the insularity of Cyprus. The insular, and idiosyncratic culture of Cyprus can clearly be seen in the Khirokitia Culture, but its roots lie earlier in the Aceramic Neolithic. -
Sparrow Et Al
185 First records of Aeshna isoceles and the rediscovery of Lestes barbarus on Cyprus (Odonata: Lestidae, Aeshnidae) David J. Sparrow1, Christodoulos Makris2, Rosalyn Sparrow1, Mary Michaelides1, Dinos Konis1 & Geert De Knijf3* 1 Cyprus Dragonfly Study Group, P.O. Box 62624, 8066, Paphos, Cyprus; [email protected] 2 Ethnikis Antistaseos 21, 3022 Lemesós, Cyprus; [email protected] 3 Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000 Brussels, Bel- gium; [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-1420 * Corresponding author Abstract. In this paper we report the presence of Aeshna isoceles for the first time from Cy- prus. Five males were observed and photographically documented in May 2012 in a small valley below Rizokarpaso on the Karpasia peninsula. This was, however, not followed up at that time. The species was rediscovered by members of the Cyprus Dragonfly Study Group (CDSG) in the same valley in April 2019. Reproductive behaviour (copula and oviposition) was observed and a population is assumed to be present. It seems possible that the species has been present on the island for some time but overlooked, due to the remoteness of the site. Furthermore, members of the CDSG also photographically documented a male Lestes barbarus at an agricultural tank near Agridia in August 2019. The last published sighting of this species on Cyprus was of four specimens dating back to 1948 that are stored in the collection of the British Museum of Natural History. We further report on two unpublished sightings of this species at Fasouri marsh in 1997 and on the Gialias river near Kotsiatis in 2002. -
Nature Conservation in Northern Cyprus
Nature Conservation in Northern Cyprus The Karpaz Peninsula Seminar contribution to the module "Terrestrial Ecosystems" (2101-230) Institute of Botany (210a) · University of Hohenheim · Stuttgart presented by Marleen Krämer on January 23, 2019 Structure Introduction Protective Measures in Northern Cyprus National Parks Natura 2000 The Karpaz Peninsula Sea Turtle Conservation Project Future Prospects 21.02 Introduction Since 1974 the island is divided along the "Green Line". Map of Cyprus after 1974: The "Republic of Cyprus" in the south is marked in rose, the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" is marked in red [2]. 21.03 Introduction Republic of Cyprus International accepted, foreign investments. Mass tourism and economic boom. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Accepted only by the Republic of Turkey. Political isolation caused slow development, small number of attendances. → Extensive agriculture and few tourism preserved large areas in North Cyprus in their original state. 21.04 Protective Measures – National Parks 1977: First initiative by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. 1983: Several national park areas were determined. 2004: Boundaries of the "Karpaz National Park" were defined. 9486 ha park area, included the "Natural and Archaeological Site" and the "Ancient Carpasia Archaeological Site". insufficient legal base, non-specific responsibilities, lacking plans and organisation. → the area is not treated as a national park. 21.05 Protective Measures – Natura 2000 Network of protected areas stretching across all EU member states. Established in 1992 by the EU. Conserves endangered and/or typical species and habitats. Consists of protection areas of the Birds Directive 2009/147/EC and of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. -
Draft Causation and Fairness in the Law of Tort S H Bailey* Introduction
Draft Causation and Fairness in the Law of Tort S H Bailey* Introduction 1. The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of what may be termed principles of “fairness, justice and reasonableness” in the law concerning causation in the law of tort, focusing in particular on the tort of negligence, in the light of some recent English cases. Context 2. We will start with some propositions about the law of causation in tort which should command general, although not necessarily universal support. 3. First, it seems generally recognised that a distinction is to be drawn between (1) the requirement that a tort claimant prove on the balance of probabilities that the defendant has in fact caused harm1 to him or her; and (2) the limitation that a tort defendant is not be held liable for all the consequences of his or her wrongful act or omission. Conventional terminology in English Law commonly characterises the first issue as one of “causation in fact” and the second as one of “remoteness of damage”.2 The standard phrase in US law equivalent to “remoteness of damage *Professor of Public Law, School of Law, University of Nottingham 1 In the case of many torts proof that harm of a relevant kind has been caused is an essential condition of liability. In the case of torts actionable per se this will commonly be needed as part of a claim for substantial damages. 2 Some accounts distinguish between “causation in law” (an exercise in identifying which one or more of two or more factual causes are to be regarded as the cause in law of the claimant’s damage) and “remoteness of damage”: see eg M.A.Jones, Textbook on Torts “ has been “proximate cause”.