Computational Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework for Built Environment Research Sahar Soltani1, Gabriela Dias Guimaraes2, Pan Liao3, Victor Calixto4, Ning Gu5 1,2,3,4,5University of South Australia, UniSA Creative, IVE: Australian Research Centre for Interactive and Virtual Environments, SA, 5000, Australia 1,2,3,4{sahar.soltani|gabriela.dias_guimaraes|pan.liao|victor.calixto}@mymail. unisa.edu.au [email protected]

This paper presents and demonstrates a ``Computational Design Sustainability'' (CDS) framework, inspired by ``Computational Sustainability'' (CS), which is a new area in computational research (C. Gomes & Yang, 2011). CS aims to apply techniques from computer science to address sustainability problems affecting a wide range of fields from environmental sciences to social studies. While CS has been broadly embraced in environmental science, the great potential of this concept to address grand challenges and solve complex problems seems to have not been adequately explored in the built environment domain. Therefore, this paper attempts to formally investigate the application of CS in built environment research addressing different scales of design problems with computational design through proposing the new concept of CDS . These approaches are demonstrated and evaluated through a range of projects collectively conducted by the research team. CDS proposes to advance computational deign research by creating a trade-off between pillars of sustainability in an integrated multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. The presented conceptual framework provides a formal means to critically understand and further advance these approaches in a systematic way suitable for future development and broader application.

Keywords: Computational Design Sustainability, Computational Sustainability, Computational Design, Sustainable Development, Built Environment Research

INTRODUCTION long-term goal shifted from growth implies an in- As a result of high consumption of natural resources crease of quantity or size, to development, that sug- and increased CO2 emissions in the last century, the gests an improvement in quality (Costanza, 2020). human subsystem can be considered a major com- This rapid change of contemporary, social and ponent of the overall ecosystem, so much that a new urban scheme, concurrent with the responsibility of geologic epoch called “Anthropocene” has started issues related to sustainability intensifies the need to (Daly, 2005; Steffen et al., 2007). In this context, the develop solutions and adapt to the ongoing changes

D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 - eCAADe 38 | 219 (Fox, 2009). In the built environment domain, this methods in computational design can benefit sus- calls for innovative approaches and technologies that tainability. Through a critical literature review, the enable a shift from individual to collaborative, disci- paper will focus on the key terms and issues of the plinary to interdisciplinary, and implicitly to explic- topic considering different scales of built environ- itly managed design processes (Haidar, Underwood, ment research, varying from individual buildings to & Coates, 2019). Such design processes attempt to urban scales. The presented conceptual framework come up with scalable solutions beyond mere com- provides a formal means to critically understand and putational processes, inspired by real-world prob- further advance these approaches in a systematic lems (C. P. Gomes, 2009). way suitable for future development and broader Computational sustainability (CS) adopts tech- application. In other words, it can assist in identi- niques from computer sciences to address sustain- fying new research directions, methodological ap- ability problems (C. Gomes & Yang, 2011) while af- proaches, potential applications (i.e. analysis, collab- fecting a wide range of areas, from environmental oration, management or generation), and also find- science to social studies, only recently started to ex- ing the available computational techniques connect- plore fields such as smart cities development (Simon- ing to CD. This framework is demonstrated and eval- detti & Birch, 2017). In the design and built envi- uated through a range of projects collectively con- ronment domain, emerging computational method- ducted by the research team. ologies, such as , are indeed rep- resenting the potential for supporting sustainability. COMPUTATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY However, considering the speedy advancement of Computational Sustainability (CS) (C. Gomes & Yang, technology and its impact on computational sustain- 2011) is a novel research field that attempts to em- ability, such potential to address grand challenges ploy computer science technologies such as Artificial and solve complex problems seems to have not been Intelligence and Machine Learning to address broad adequately explored in an integrated, collaborative sustainability problems integrating environmental, and multidisciplinary approach. This approach can economic and social dimensions. These problems in be explored in Computational Design (CD) due to in- CS are classified according to the relevant computer herent nature to engaging computational thinking as application that is utilized to address the problems (C. well as innovative technological capacities (Celani & Gomes & Yang, 2011). As such, common categories of Veloso, 2017; Oxman, 2006). CD has been altering the the research field in the CS framework includes com- traditional ways of conducting research and design putational simulation, constraint optimization and activities while addressing multi-faceted complexed machine learning, data mining, planning control and issues in the built environment. scheduling, policy and action learning. Since the na- Therefore, in this study, we apply and extend ture of such problems is complex and concerns var- CS in a design context to explore the question “how ious disciplines, they often require multidisciplinary computational design approaches in built environ- approaches (Silva & Analide, 2019). Computation ment research enable and advance sustainability?” and sustainability arguably move each other forward Mapping the two concepts of CS and CD, the aim of while adapting methods and mathematical models this paper is to introduce, define, and demonstrate developed to solve one problem to tackle another “Computational Design Sustainability” focusing on problem, even transferable and scalable across var- the key conceptual components, methodological ap- ious disciplines (Eaton, Gomes, & Williams, 2014; C. proaches, and implementations within the built en- Gomes, 2019). This framework has been mapped vironment discipline. More specifically, we are in- to different problems solvable by various computa- terested in formally understanding how the applied tional methods.

220 | eCAADe 38 - D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 As an example, many computational approaches analysis, interaction, aesthetic, and presentation. The have been developed to tackle issues that involve term is closely related to the earliest understand- environmental concerns and resource management ing of Computer-Aided-Architectural-Design (CAAD) with economic and corresponding social problems (Mitchell, 1975) and Design Computing (Gero & Ma- such as poverty. Rapid population growth concur- her, 1999), refereeing to process computing infor- rent with the high-speed consumption of natural re- mation towards a design. It can be wrongly asso- sources has amplified the need for solutions to tackle ciated with Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems the growing problem of poverty. However, lack as a computerisation process (Terzidis, 2006), or in of data and high cost of the available social data other words, as digital drafting tables. Computeri- such as census data has triggered motives for CS re- sation and Computation differ in the design process, searchers to employ machine learning methods and where the first is the literal translation of the con- using satellite and remote sensing data technologies ceived design to a new platform, which means not to extract socioeconomic data in a less costly and altering the amount of information produced during faster way. This approach has facilitated the process the process. The latter establishes interactions be- of data collection in some countries where access tween information and design elements through an to such data sources is difficult, demonstrating the algorithmic process, by increasing the amount of in- effectiveness of computational and multidisciplinary formation that was given as an input, contributing to methods in addressing sustainable issues (C. Gomes, adding new information to the design process. 2019). In the last decades, with the advent of embodied While CS has been embraced in environmental script languages in Computer-aided Design (CAD) science and is being broadly applied across other and Building Information Modelling (BIM) software disciplines, the effective application of the avail- as well as their visual editor of algorithms, such as able computational techniques and tools to integrate Grasshopper and Dynamo, CD became popularised sustainability in built environment , among architects and scholars (Burry, 2013; Celani however, remained unclear. Such methodologies & Vaz, 2012; Oxman, 2006). This has empowered can be explored in Computational Design (CD) due to do scripts in a more user-friendly plat- to its innate nature to engage computational think- form and explore a unique refinement of the design ing to innovative technological capacities (Celani & problem-solution with an entire family of possible so- Veloso, 2017). The next section introduces CD and lutions that are based on the same principles and de- the key concepts underpinning it. sign rules (Burry, 2013). CD offers a wide range of applications and com- COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN putational techniques in tackling a variety of design Influenced by the 1960’s new systematic methods problems, however, the link between CS and CD has related to Movement (Celani & not been systematically defined and explored in the Veloso, 2015; Rocha, 2004) and the cybernetics the- current literature. The following sections attempts to ory (Menges and Ahlquist, 2011), computers have instigate bridging the gap by mapping between the been introduced in the architectural field as a novel two themes and understanding the mutual contribu- way of understanding through comput- tions of these fields. ing using an explicit, systematic design process (East- man, 1973; Mitchell, 1975). Computational Design (CD) is the approach in which design problems are explored through com- puting regarding the creative process, evaluation,

D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 - eCAADe 38 | 221 EXPLORING COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN Results SUSTAINABILITY In order to understand and analyse the range of Methodology approaches used to introduce sustainability to de- Through reviewing existing literature in built envi- sign, the selected papers were categorised accord- ronment research, this paper seeks the answers to ing to several components. These components in- the following questions: clude the main computational themes the papers employed and sustainable aspect they addressed • How CD can help deliver a more sustainable so- along with the computational techniques within the lution integrating different aspects of sustain- relevant computational theme, and application of ability? the methodology. Further refinement was applied to • How CDS can be defined within the realm of identify which life cycle stages are more studied and built environment research and practice? have more potential for the application of CD meth- Firstly, a thorough literature search and review has ods in two major scales of building and urban. The been carried out to establish an understanding of the results are reported in Tables 1 (building scale) and 2 current state of the topic and to identify the gaps of (urban scale). knowledge. Web of Science was the main database From Tables 1 and 2, some important tendencies, for this research, along with CumInCAD database - as well as critical gaps, are evident. Overall, out of the which covers key conferences and journals in the 26 selected records, only a few studies integrate all field of CD. To limit the search protocol, the filter was or more than one aspect of sustainability. Those of set to cover papers in the past ten years, all in En- which are mainly focusing on the environmental as- glish. The time limitation was proposed due to tech- pect, such as building energy performance studies on nology development, in order to keep all papers con- building scale (Smith & Lasch, 2016), and sustainable sistent with current technical knowledge. Using vari- form generation in urban scale (Cassiano et al., 2018), ations of “sustainab”, “design” and “computation” as with little or no integration of economic and social keywords, 354 records were found and, after the ti- sustainability concerns. The focus on environmen- tle and abstract screening, 26 of them were identified tal impacts was expected based on the common mis- as relevant. Afterwards, with the tendencies assessed conception of what sustainability encompasses; nev- and the range of possibilities for improvement of sus- ertheless, it is important to emphasise the relevance tainability analysed, a framework was introduced to of all pillars and the interrelation between them. demonstrate and exemplify the necessary points for Table 1 a built environment sustainable approach. Building scale Overall, while the literature search showed that the term, CDS, has not been utilised or introduced by any research paper to the date of conducting this study, the suggested framework of CDS in this pa- per details out the CS concept by focusing it on the built environment research. The following sections attempt to explore and define it within the built en- vironment research and explicate the results of the literature search in more detail.

222 | eCAADe 38 - D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 Table 2 this study has developed a conceptual framework Urban scale that intends to show i) how CDS can help develop an integrated approach while balancing sustainability pillars, ii) how CDS can be an interdisciplinary and col- laborative field, and iii) how CDS can advance knowl- edge in both computational design and sustainabil- ity. The framework has been established based on the existing knowledge around CDS and categorises the relevant concepts while indicating their relation- ships. It summarises current approaches that employ computational techniques to overcome sustainabil- ity problems in design research. In addition, it inter- relates different themes based on the overlapping of concepts shown in Tables. As indicated in the illustrated framework, and mentioned in the paper, sustainability studies are based on three established pillars of environmen- tal, social and economic. To show the integra- In terms of the stages that these studies are com- tion between them, as well as emphasize the need monly targeting, design and performance are the for multidisciplinary studies, the proposed frame- most studied ones, especially in the urban scale. In work refers to sustainability themes as the socio- the building scale, taking advantage of BIM technolo- environmental approach, socio-economic approach gies, the involvement of more life cycle stages was and environmental-economic approach. more feasible due to the capability of BIM tools to en- Regarding CD themes, according to Caetano, gage information from different parts and across dif- Santos, and Leitão (2020), existing approaches can ferent disciplines. However, the reason for the lack be divided in the three categories, namely Para- of studies covering other stages may need to be fur- metric & Algorithmic design, and ther examined through the existing computational Performance-based design. In addition, based on the techniques and to see whether it is due to the lim- studied papers application within itations of the current applicable CD methods. Re- research, which are conducted in various life cycle garding the CD, the utilization of the themes also is stages, a combined category is provided. Sustainable not even across the various CD themes with having form creation covers project stages, from planning to parametric design as the most employed one in both design; sustainable performance denotes the com- urban and building scales. pletion and efficiency of the studied built environ- The insights from Tables will be further explained ment, with applications usually being made before through introducing the concept of CDS in the form the actual construction to achieve optimal design; of a conceptual framework in the next section. and, sustainable management referring to the man- agement considerations and processes which nor- DEFINING COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN SUS- mally encompasses whole life-cycle stage. TAINABILITY To introduce CDS, as a field that bridges multidis- ciplinary approaches in built environment research,

D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 - eCAADe 38 | 223 prevention at source is seen as the most sustainable Figure 1 option (ref). However, from a building’s perspective, Computational there are some inherent characteristics that need to Design be encompassed, such as a large number of materi- Sustainability als and stakeholders involved, the high lifespan and Framework the range of possible scenarios and options during the life cycle of the building, which requires a process that can manage information to support decision- making in a straightforward approach. Hence, a mul- tistage model is being developed by the research team, with the use of BIM technology, to design out C&Dw, meaning to avoid waste during the design stage based on its final environmental impact. The proposed methodology analyses and acts on differ- ent life cycle stages through the design stage, aiming to improve the overall sustainability while involving multiple stakeholders. The CDS diagram came early in assisting this re- search during problem formulation. Based on it, the To demonstrate the concept and elaborate on the authors have had a broad perspective of the field proposed framework, examples of current projects and their own approach. For instance, the diagram within the CDS field being conducted in our research has helped to identify the potential parametric de- group are presented in the following sections (Figure sign techniques applied to develop optimal solu- 1). These projects, which are ongoing PhD research tions. Such solutions become essential, not only to projects, can exemplify the potentials in developing reduce environmental impacts but also to lower costs collaborative, multidisciplinary and integrated ap- since a good percentage of the overall C&Dw fig- proaches from a wide range of research fields, namely ure is predetermined during the design stage (Baker- waste management, place making, urban density, Brown, 2017). In this sense, the research has a strong and heritage planning. The common aim of these inclination to an environmental-economic approach projects is to tackle a trending sustainability problem through a sustainable management concept. How- in the design domain utilising a broad range of CD ever, as a by-product, a social approach will also be methods and approaches. conducted due to the analysis of users‘ behaviour and stakeholders’ patterns towards decision-making Sustainable management with parametric processes that influence the final environmental im- BIM pact related to waste. With the CDS framework, the In a whole-building , researchers commonly use authors have been able to identify the potential gaps BIM-enabled tools to address environmental prob- by having a wider view of the various aspects of the lems through the design or performance stage (Ay- research problem concerning waste management in man et al. 2019). Yet, there are still some gaps re- building construction. The next sections demon- lated to Construction and Demolition waste (C&Dw) strate the applicability of the CDS framework in re- care and disposal, even though it can represent al- search projects within an urban scale. most 40% of a country’s total waste. While there are several waste management techniques available,

224 | eCAADe 38 - D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 Sustainable form creation with generative methodological decisions of this project have been design enhanced through the CDS framework, contributing In recent years, the smart cities‘ concept has started to the conceptualisation as well as the systematisa- to become part of the sustainability agenda (Bibri, tion of methodology. 2019) as researchers are exploring new ways of deal- ing with the interrelated future cities challenges, Sustainableperformancewithperformance- such as rapid urbanisation, climate change and re- based design source scarcity (Albino, Berardi, & Dangelico, 2015; As illustrated in the CDS framework, one of the in- Bibri, 2019; Schwab & Buehler, 2018). The research tegrated approaches is the performance-based de- team are developing an approach sign to achieve sustainable performance, which can to generative form creation and smart technologies. be reflected in multiple dimensions of sustainability, Sustainable urban forms have been generally ne- including socio-environmental. An example of this glected on smart city’s literature, while the integra- research approach is a computational model that is tive approaches that could better connect the ur- being developed in the research group, aiming to ban design professionals to smart technologies are capture the relationship between compact city ur- lacking as well. Being that, designers’ daily decision- ban strategy and its social impact. Referring to the making process, which is often based on intuition, shortcomings of many of the allegedly sustainable could be enhanced using smart technologies, en- projects in balancing all pillars of sustainability, they abling new possibilities of form creation through a argue that the urban density strategy, which is gen- generative data-driven approach. Generative de- erally known as sustainable development, does not sign approaches have shown the potential as cre- adequately involve social aspects as much as other ative and integrative design in recent years (Caetano pillars of sustainability. The research project pro- et al., 2020), representing new ways to explore un- poses the utilisation of computational design meth- known paths of the design solution through ods to better understand the role of design in the re- the creation of a design system. Generative design lationship between density and social sustainability approaches can shift the paradigm of the decision- to achieve sustainable performance. These methods making processes from intuition-based design prac- integrate spatial analysis using building and street tices to data-driven sustainable ap- networks to give a spatial dimension to defining den- proaches. sity in the form of ‘spatial density’. This integrated ap- This research project proposes the utilisation of proach has been so far proven to be effective in cor- generative design methods to better explore new relating some aspects of design, density and social ways of understanding people’s activity and their sustainability (Soltani et al., 2019), while the project perceptions about the surrounding environment. It is still ongoing. also aims to explore design solutions of a physical Referring to the CDS framework, this research context regarding the quality of the urban environ- has benefited from the proposed concept by en- ment and the urban placemaking process, integrat- hancing the structure of the study, offering a co- ing urban placemaking, smart technologies and gen- herent conceptualisation of the research by system- erative design tools for sustainable form creation. atically defining the essential aspects of the field. The CDS framework has helped this project on the This, in turn, can lead to providing a trade-off be- research conceptualisation since it provides a struc- tween aspects of sustainability by attending the re- ture of a broader understanding of computational search problem from an interdisciplinary approach methods involving sustainability, correlating essen- whereby a profound understanding of the interplay tial aspects of the field. Therefore, the theoretical and between multiple issues_ being social sustainability,

D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 - eCAADe 38 | 225 urban density, and design_ is possible by means of CONCLUSION CDS framework. While CS has been broadly embraced in environmen- tal sciences, few studies have employed CD to tackle Sustainableperformancewithperformance- emerging sustainability problems in an effective and based design in heritage planning integrated manner in the design and built environ- Sustainable heritage planning is another topic be- ment domain. The paper has proposed an integrated ing studied by the research group aiming to achieve approach through CDS, which brings CD and sus- a sustainable performance for the historic town us- tainability together to address the multifaceted prob- ing CD techniques. Historic towns present a precious lems within the built environment research. Further- legacy for contemporary society that embodies how more, our literature search and review showed that humans use the spaces enveloped within human set- the concept of CDS has not appeared in other re- tlements (Liao et al., 2019). However, the unbalanc- search papers , and hence, is not well-established and ing development of heritage tourism has often led to well-studied in the current field. the dramatic spatial and functional transformation of In this paper, we drew attention to the great po- historic towns that cannot be overlooked regarding tential of the CD approaches in addressing sustain- planning a sustainable town, which should empha- ability issues within built environment research. The sise not only the economic aspect but also the so- main contribution of the paper was to provide a com- cial, cultural, spatial and functional aspects. The re- prehensive and integrated framework of CDS, intro- search project utilises a computational approach that ducing its definition, scope and approaches in which is not widely used in conventional heritage planning, current existing research of CS and CD can be well where sustainable performance has been addressed. embedded. The proposed framework extends the CS In this study, quantitative techniques that with the context of design and allows for identifying mainly include parametric and algorithmic new directions in built environment research. are utilised to integrate and analyse the spatio- It was also demonstrated that CDS is arguably functional patterns of historic towns as well as the beneficial for identifying the potentials of applica- correlations between the spatial configurations and tions within the computational design realm. It land use distributions to improve the sustainable can help understand design and evaluate computa- performance. The computational approach is used tional design research with a sustainability focus. The where it has been proven effective, automate and framework enables multidisciplinary research where robust. The preliminary results have shown how sustainability is linked to computational approach a historic town can conserve the spatial spirit and and associated techniques. It offers conceptualisa- optimise the functional distributions, so a more sus- tion regarding different aspects of computational re- tainable form can be achieved using such an inte- search so each phase can make use of the concepts grated computational approach. Returning to the and related methods to advance the CDS research. CDS framework, the topic of heritage planning has The CDS framework has been demonstrated us- been expanded using a computational methodol- ing the research team’s ongoing projects and re- ogy. It provides a solid umbrella for performance- vealed how the framework can be applied and tai- based design projects, offering computational tech- lored for addressing different design sustainability is- niques that may enlighten researchers who are inter- sues ranging from buildings to urban scales. Con- ested in the sustainability research projects. sistent with the scalable methods in the original CS concept, the CDS framework enables scalable solu- tions across different disciplines and repurpose them to design and built environment research. The frame-

226 | eCAADe 38 - D1.T1.S2. DESIGN AND COMPUTATION OF URBAN AND LOCAL SYSTEMS – XS to XL - Volume 1 work critically reflects the current trends in the re- Brumana, R, Della Torre, S, Oreni, D, Previtali, M, Can- search field and guides future advancement with a tinia, L, Barazzettia, L, Franchia, A and Banfi, F 2017 broader and integrated application. That is, it facili- ’HBIM challenge among the paradigm of complex- ity, tools and preservation: The basilica Di collemag- tates for researchers and practitioners to start captur- gio 8 years after the earthquake (L’aquila)’, Interna- ing and exploring new directions in CDS suitable for tional Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sens- future developments as well as providing a commu- ing and Spatial Information Sciences nicative platform, facilitating a more systematic and Burry, M 2013, Scripting Cultures Architectural Design and formal research planning. Programming, Architectural Design Primer Due to the limited search sources, search key- Caetano, I, Santos, L and Leitão, A 2020, ’Computational design in architecture: Defining parametric, gener- words and years, we have not included every single ative, and algorithmic design’, Frontiers of Architec- available computational approach in the built envi- tural Research, 1, p. 1 ronment as the focus was only limited to the com- Cassiano, M, Félix, L and Griz, C 2018 ’Shape Grammar mon and generic computational themes and tech- applied to urban morphology studies: land subdi- niques in the computational design research. Fur- vision in urbanized areas’, XXII CONGRESSO INTER- thermore, to confine the scope of the study, the lit- NACIONAL DA SOCIEDADE IBEROAMERICANA DE GRÁ- FICA DIGITAL erature search only focused on the academic papers Celani, G and Vaz, CEV 2012, ’CAD scripting and visual and did not include the practice-based experiences programming languages for implementing compu- in the current investigation. Also, we did not search tational design concepts: A comparison from a ped- through the themes under the framework individu- agogical point of view’, International Journal of Archi- ally and separately, which all require future work. tectural Computing, 10, pp. 121-137 Acknowledgments. This research is supported Celani, G and Veloso, P 2015 ’CAAD conferences: A brief history’, Proceedings of CAAD Futures 2015 by an Australian Government Research Training Pro- Celani, G and Veloso, V 2017 ’The intersection of theory gram (RTP) Scholarship. and technology: computational concepts applied to architectural design since the late 1980s – a litera- REFERENCES ture review’, Frontiers of Science and TechnologyAu- tomation, Sustainability, Digital Fabrication Aejmelaeus-Lindstrom, P, Willmann, J, Tibbits, S, Gra- Chandra, D and Zhou, N 2014 ’Bim Add-On Tool for Auto- mazio, F and Kohler, K 2016, ’Jammed architectural mated Cui Calculation’, Proceedings of CAADRIA 2014 structures: towards large-scale reversible construc- Cubukcuoglu, C, Chatzikonstantinou, I, Tasgetiren, MF, tion’, GRANULAR MATTER, 18(2), p. 28 Sariyildiz, IS and Pan, QK 2016, ’A multi-objective El Ahmar, S and Fioravanti, A 2014 ’Botanics and Para- harmony search algorithm for sustainable design of metric Design Fusions for Performative Building floating settlements’, Algorithms, 9, p. 51 Skins An application in hot climates’, Proceedings of Das, S and Dutt, F (eds) 2012, in a eCAADE 2014 HotelandOfficeTowerThroughIntuitiveDesignProce- Albino, V, Berardi, U and Dangelico, RM 2015, ’Smart dures and Advanced Computational Design Method- Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and ologies Facade design optimization by computational Initiatives’, Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), pp. 3- methods, Ecaade-Education & Research Computer 21 Aided Architectural Design Europe, Brussels Ayman, R 2019, ’BIM for sustainable project delivery: re- Eastman, CM 1973, ’Automated space planning’, Artificial view paper and future development areas’, Architec- intelligence, 4, pp. 41-64 tural Science Review, 0, pp. 1-19 Eaton, E, Gomes, C and Williams, B 2014, ’Computational Bibri, SE 2019, ’On the sustainability of smart and smarter sustainability’, AI Magazine, 35, pp. 3-7 cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary Gero, J and Maher, M 1999 ’A Framework For Research and transdisciplinary literature review’, Journal of Big In Design Computing’, Proceedings of eCAADe 1997, Data, 6, p. 25 Vienna Baker Brown, D 2017, The Re-use Atlas: A , Lon- Gigliarelli, E., Calcerano, F. and Cessari, L. 2017 ’Her- don: RIBA Publishing itage Bim, Numerical Simulation and Decision Sup-

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