Mr. Big Money' at Infosys: the Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka
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Journal of Case Research Volume IX Issue 01 Mr. Big Money’ at Infosys: The Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka Gaurav Kokardekar Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur Email: gauravkokardekar4[at]gmail[dot]com Abstract In 2014, Infosys hired Vishal Sikka as the CEO and Managing Director when the profits of Infosys were narrowing. This case outlines the issues raised with regard to the compensation of its Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Vishal Sikka. The controversy started when N.R. Narayan Murthy, co-founder of Infosys, wrote an open letter to the Infosys Board criticizing the hike in Vishal Sikka‟s salary in 2015-16 along with other issues in the organization. The open letter garnered a lot of attention from the public and media. The constant conflicts between the Board and the founders eventually resulted in Vishal Sikka‟s exit as the CEO and MD of Infosys. The case may be used to discuss the complexity of assessing the relationship between CEO‟s performance and CEO compensation. Keywords: CEO Compensation, CEO performance, non-founder CEO, Role of Founder after the declining profits it had been Introduction seeing for some time and called back its “Vishal Sikka means „Big Money‟, „Lots retired founder N.R. Narayana Murthy to of Money‟” said Mr. N.R. Narayana Murthy, Co-founder, Infosys reinvent the company. However, even after (Chengappa, 2014) a year this did not seem to work. Infosys thus decided to bring in an outsider with In 2014, all Infosys wanted was fresh ideas to try something new. As a „Big Money‟ i.e. huge revenues result, Infosys recruited ex-SAP P a g e | 18 ‘Mr. Big Money’ at Infosys: The Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka Journal of Case Research Volume IX Issue 01 Executive, Vishal Sikka, as the Chief he argued was done without any proper Executive Officer (CEO) and Managing justification. The company‟s ex-director, Director (MD). Vishal Sikka replaced the T.V. Mohandas Pai also backed Murthy then CEO and MD, S.D. Shibulal, who was stating that the “Salary is spectacular, while one of the seven founders of Infosys. the performance of the company isn‟t”. Vishal Sikka seemed to have the This raised many questions such as competence that Infosys needed at that time. worth of Sikka‟s service in 2014 and in 2017 With ambitious missions and goals aimed at and whether Sikka had been advantageous to reviving and developing the organization in Infosys or not. The issue became significant future, Sikka stepped in as the first outsider in the world of business as Infosys has been to hold the CEO position at Infosys with a a pioneer in the IT industry across the globe. huge salary. In 2014, Infosys Ltd, India‟s Company History second largest software services provider, Infosys was founded in 1981 by paid INR.45.8 Million as compensation to seven engineers- N. R. Narayana Murthy, Vishal Sikka. This was at par with the Nandan Nilekani, N. S. Raghavan, S. salaries of CEO‟s of other IT companies. Gopalakrishnan, S. D. Shibulal, K. Dinesh, The controversy started in 2016, and Ashok Arora in Pune, with an initial when Sikka‟s salary saw a sharp increase to capital of INR. 16,125 (approx 250$). From INR.487.6 Million annually. This was a a capital of INR.16, 125, in 1981, Infosys 964% hike. Mr. N R Narayan Murthy, Co- has grown to become an INR. 657,900 founder of Infosys slammed this hike which P a g e | 19 ‘Mr. Big Money’ at Infosys: The Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka Journal of Case Research Volume IX Issue 01 million companies with a market Hiring an outsider as a CEO by Infosys capitalization of approximately INR. 2.34 in 2014 raised many eyebrows but the Trillion. circumstances need to be looked into in In its journey of over 35 years, Infosys detail for understanding the reason for this adapted major changes that have eventually bold step taken. led to India‟s emergence as the global Circumstances around the recruitment of Dr. Vishal Sikka destination for software services talent. Infosys became the first Indian IT company Infosys was in a dire need of a change. to be listed on NASDAQ. Infosys has had a Many ongoing problems demanded this large number of milestones in its journey change. First, when Mr. Narayan Murthy (see Exhibit 1). was called back, he brought with him some One of the defining changes in Infosys hopes as well as some baggage. Many was the recruitment of Vishal Sikka, a senior executives left the company, Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford including some prospective CEOs. Attrition University as the first non-founder CEO in of several senior executives hurt Infosys. June 2014. There were many reasons for Second, as a collective decision, the this decision, chief amongst them being the Infosys Board decided to end the then CEO narrowing profit margins since the previous S.D. Shibulal‟s term prematurely. Shibulal four years. Further, the attrition of almost a was due for superannuation on 9th January dozen senior executives since Mr. N.R. 2015. The company released a statement Naryana Murthy returned as the Chairman stating that Shibulal would want to retire as had left the stakeholders worried. CEO in April 2014. Moreover, investors P a g e | 20 ‘Mr. Big Money’ at Infosys: The Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka Journal of Case Research Volume IX Issue 01 were complaining about Infosys‟ failure in 2015 and 2016 (see Exhibit 2). Sikka‟s moving up the value-chain because of its focus was on automating things through risk-averse management culture. It became Artificial Intelligence and Machine necessary to regain the trust and faith of Learning. Under Sikka, Infosys achieved investors. When Sikka was recruited as the many milestones. This reflected on the profit CEO of Infosys, investors welcomed the margins (see Exhibit 3). Infosys‟ net profit change. margin saw a rise of approximately three The employee turnover was at a record percentage points in 2015 over 2014. The high of 18.7 percent at the end of March increasing trend followed in 2016 net profit 2014. This was 2.4 percentage points higher margins rose 3.5 percentage points. Infosys than the earlier year. It became necessary to competitiveness with other similar IT giants address the problem of employee turnover to increased during this period. remain competitive with other IT giants. The The changes in share prices of fresh ideas of Vishal Sikka to tackle this Infosys during this period can be studied problem were another reason that led to his with respect to other IT companies (see recruitment. Exhibit 6). When Sikka arrived in 2014, Infosys was doing average. The returns were Changes in Infosys Introduced by the new CEO positive. During the initial quarters, on Sikka‟s arrival, the percentage change Vishal Sikka‟s arrival seems to have boosted up. However, after mid-2015, benefitted Infosys as the firm achieved many Infosys did not experience any such boost in milestones under his leadership between P a g e | 21 ‘Mr. Big Money’ at Infosys: The Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka Journal of Case Research Volume IX Issue 01 the returns. Returns remained approximately was seen in the Bonus/Commissions section. in the same ranges later on. Other IT giants Compensation of other CEOs was such as TCS, Wipro, Mphasis, and HCL reasonable over the years. In case of Shiv Tech performed similarly as Infosys during Nadar (HCL Technologies), the basic salary these years. TCS proved to be the best in decreased with the decrease in company‟s terms of percentage rise at the end of 2016, performance. Also, Sikka‟s pay was revised while Infosys remained second. to Rs.710 Million effective from April 1, 2016 till March 31, 2021. Revised pay filing Total Compensation Package of Vishal also suggested that if Sikka failed to achieve Sikka vs. other IT Heads minimum performance targets, his The comparative compensation package remuneration would fall to INR.193.5 paid to Sikka and other IT Heads in 2014-15 Million, consisting of a base salary of and 2015-16 maybe studied (see Exhibit 4). INR.64.5 Million, and INR.129 Million of Some of the IT Heads were appointed before time-based Restricted Stock Units (RSUs). the arrival of Sikka and still drew a lesser salary in 2015-16. This was a threat to Performance of Infosys with respect to effective corporate governance by the other IT Companies Infosys Board. The performance of Infosys with respect Sikka‟s salary saw a huge rise in the year to other IT giants may be compared over the 2015-16 compared to his peers. The years 2014-15 and 2015-16. The Restricted Stock Units provided to Sikka performance of Tata Consultancy Services also increased over 2014-15. The main hike (TCS) and Wipro can be directly compared P a g e | 22 ‘Mr. Big Money’ at Infosys: The Entry and Exit of Vishal Sikka Journal of Case Research Volume IX Issue 01 with Infosys because of the similarity in and the effect of this was seen on Shiv size. The performance of Infosys with Nadar‟s (Chairman and Chief Strategy respect to other IT companies over the Officer, HCL Tech) salary. Shiv Nadar drew years 2014-16 can be studied on a number INR.166.4 Million in 2015 while in 2016, the of parameters such as net sales, percentage figures came down to INR.90.9 Million. change in net sales, net profit, and A widening difference between the percentage change in net profit of the CEO‟s pay and Median Remuneration of companies (see Exhibit 5).