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Botanical Nomenclature I Gerry Moore

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Botanical Nomenclature I Gerry Moore I CURRENT STATE OF Botanical Nomenclature I Gerry Moore n July 2005, changes to the 13th r edition of the International Code of (?tamcal Nomenclature UBA Greuter et al., 2000) were authorized at the NomencLature Section assembly at the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress inVienna,Austria. One hun dred years ago (1905), the first interna tional code of botanical nomenclature was prepared at the Second Inter national Botanical Congress in Vienna. Development of Botanical The prairie crabapple, Ma/us ioensi5 (Alph.Wood) Britton by Maud H. Purdy, 1934, Nomenclature watercolor. Courtesy Brooklyn Botanic Garden. More work by this early 20th century The early development of botanical botanical artist can be found at www.bbg.org/lib/specialcollectionslpurdy/. nomenclature was essentially a struggle to tease apart the two primary elements of plant taxonomy—classification and circumscription method when applying botanical nomenclature; see 5ymbolae nomenclature. Most significant was the names. Such an approach was unsatisfac Botanicae Upsatienses 33:3 for pro development of the type concept, not tory because it was often not clear when ceedings.) fully recognized in the botanical code revisions in a taxon’s circumscription jus Combining the type method and the until 1935 (Briquet, 1935; see also tified the changing of the taxon’s name. principle of priority makes the process Nicolson, 1991).A type (the cultivated The other major debate in the early of applying names clear. Revisions in a code uses the term nomenctaturat development of botanical nomenclature taxon’s circumscription, no matter how standard) refers to the one element was determining to what extent priority large or small, that result in the inclu that remains permanently attached to should be limited.This led to the estab sion of a type of a name at the same a taxon name.The type method allows lishment of Unnaeus’s 1753 publication rank with priority over the name in use for a clear distinction between an Species Plantarum as a starting point will result in a change in that taxon’s organism’s name and the taxon (i.e., a in botanical nomenclature (some bryo name. For example, if the genus, Mattis taxonomic group at any rank) represent phytes, fungi, algae and all fossils have Mill. (type: iilcitus sytz’estris Mill.), ed by that name.With the type method, later starting pc)ifltS). (In 2003, the apples, were circumscribed broadly so names are assigned types while taxa I Jniversitv of Uppsala celebrated the as to include the type of the genus are circumscribed. Prior to the type 250th anniversary of Species Plantarum name Pyrus L., Pcommztnis L., the method, many taxonomists applied a with a symposium on Unnaeus and pear, then this broadly circumscribed 34 PUBLIC GARDEN nomen seed from a particular area that are genus would go by the name J-j’rus, Occasionally this method of from distinguishable by one or more bee: use this name was published prior clature can he destabilizing to current clearly and genetically modified the publication of the genus name usage even when there is agreement characters), to used for fattts. Changes in a taxon’s circumscrip with respect to the taxon’s circtlmscrip plants.The Group category is rank. In order to pre grouping together cultivars, individual tion that do not result in the incitision ti()n, position, and are official mechanisms plants, or groups of plants based on their of a type of an earlier name at the same vent this, there genera, or similarity Cultivar and Group epithets are rank do not result in a change in the whereby names of families, Roman n’s name. For example, the name of species can he officially conserved or placed after the Latin name in usage. For type, with cultivar names in single quota the taxon Rhododendron L. does not rejected in order to maintain for (e.g., Picea abies ‘Little Gem’, change when it is broadly circumscribed example, the commonly used name ti()n marks esculentum Daphne xburkwooctii ‘Carol Mackie’, to lilciUde the types of later generic the tomato, Lvcopersicon the Rhododendron boothil Mishmiense names, such as Rhodora L. In this latter Mill., has been conserved, otherwise would be Tuttpa Breeders Group). case, authors have applied different taxon correct name for this species Group, recognized in concepts under the same taxon name the little-used Lycopersicon lj’coper Two other categories code are the graft-chi (e.g., Rhododendron circumscribed sicum (L.) H.Karst. the cultivated grex graft-chimaera is made broadly to include species formerly rec maera and A from two or more different ognized in other genera; Rhododendron up of tissues Cultivated Code plants which originated through grafting. circumscribed narrowly so as not to international code of In 1952, an Whereas hybrids are indicated by the include these species). nomenclature for cultivated plants was other multiplication symbol (x), graft-chimaeras I Besides circumscription, the because it had become developed are indicated using the addition symbol two) components of defining a taxon’s that plants in cultivation had apparent (+). For example, +crataegomespitus limits are rank and position. Ranking a were not readily unique needs that represents the graft-chimaeras between taxon involves assigning it to one of the the botanical code. In addressed by Crataegzts and Mespittts, whereas categories (e.g., kingdom, division/phylum, seventh edition of the Inter 2004, the Crataemespilus represents intergeneric class, order, family genus, species) of the ofNomenclaturefor national Code hybrids between these two genera.The taxonomic hierarchy.This determination et (‘ultivated Plants flc’NCP, Brickell and is form the name will take grex category is limited to orchids ill affect the al., 2004) was published.The cultivated above used to denote an assemblage of individu (e.g., mandatory endings for ranks unlike the codes of nomenclature code, als produced through artificial hybridiza the rank of genus; binominal nomen and viruses, is not for animals, bacteria, tion with known parentage. For example, clature for species). Determining a taxon’s independent of the botanical code.Any across the tax Aerides Renades Arunothy grex repre position involves working plant taxon whether it occurs in the to which genus sents a cross between Aerides roseum onomy (e.g., determining wild or is cultivated is to be named process and Renanthera imschootiana. Details a species belongs).This ordering under the botanical code if it is assigned with on the naming of grexes can be found in increases the value of the system recognized in that code.The a rank The Handbook on Orchid Nomenclature respect to information retrieval. cultivated code covers special group provides an and Registration (Greatwood et al., 1993). The prairie crabappLe ings unique to plants in cultivation not plant can go excellent example of how a covered in the botanical code. are dis by multiple names when there The two primary categories of Changes in Classification agreements regarding circtimscription, plants whose names are regulated by The two codes of nomenclature first rank, and position.This apple was the cultivated code are cuttivar and (botanical, ctiltivated) do an excellent job 1860 as a described by Alphonso Wood in Group. The cultivar is the basic taxo of accomplishing their primary goal of under the variety of Malits coronaria L. nomic unit of the cultivated code and is ensuring that each taxonomic group with ioensis. Differences name M cornaria var. defined as “an assemblage of plants that a particular circumscription, position, generic posi of opinion as to this plant’s has been selected for a particular attrib and rank bear only one correct name. In tion (i.e., in Mattts or Pyrtts) and rank application of the codes are 4 ute or combination of attributes, and cases where or variety) has (i.e., species. subspecies, that is clearly distinct, uniform, and ambiguous or would create a disadvanta ) going resulted in the prairie crabapple stable in these characteristics, and that, geotis nomenclatural change, the various under four different names besides Wood’s when propagated by appropriate means nomenclatural committees for the botani ioensis original designation: Mains retains those characteristics.” Entities cal code and the Commission for the coronaria subsp. (Alph.Wood) Britton, li that may be recognized as cultivars Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants for the ioenestc (Mph.Wood) Likhonos, /14. include clones, graft-chimaeras, lines, cultivated code can provide assistance. C.K. corOnCiria var. ioensis Alph.Wood) hybrids, topovanants (plants grown Schneid., Pynts ioensis Alph.Wood) Carnith. 2006 ISSUE THREE 35 However, our current system of changes in the circumscriptions of many tus/reveal/phio/fam/inspvl .html) are nomenclature does not assist with the families, including Araceae, Ericaceae, excellent resources for getting informa greatest source of nomenclatural insta Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae. I)espite tion about plant names (e.g., author, date bility of plants —changes in classification. formal conservation of the name and place of publication). However, they The codes state that there is only one Lvcopersicon escuteitttim Mill., duat will not tell a user what the correct correct name for a taxon only when usage for the name of tomato persists, as name of a plant taxon is because they there is an agreed upon circumscription, some have proposed that the genus do no)t make taxonomic judgments. rank, and position. However, disagree Ll’copersicon should he merged into l)atahases that do make taxonomic ments regarding circumscription, posi Solanum, the correct name for the toma judgments include the IJSI)A’s PIAN7S ti()n, and rank will oftentimes lead to to) consequently being Solanum lycoper Database (plants.usda.gov, Peter different workers using different names sicum L. Stevens’s Angiosperm Pbytogeny Website for the same plant. Similarly authors may These proposed changes and debates (www.mohot.orgJMOBOT/Research/AP apply broad or narrow concepts (sensu concerning taxonomic treatments are web), the Provisional Gtobdd Plant lato, sensu stricto) under the same taxon not surprising when one considers other checklist maintained by International name.
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