Schuylkill Technology Centers-
South Campus 15 Maple Avenue Marlin, Pennsylvania 17951 (570) 544-4748
DUTY TITLE: 800 FRAMING – WALL CONSTRUCTION
COURSE TITLE: Carpentry
COURSE CIP CODE: 46.0201
POS TASKS:
801 Determine fastening methods used during wall construction.
802 Demonstrate the ability to properly install fasteners used in wall construction.
803 Demonstrate the ability to properly measure, layout and construct a wall.
804 Demonstrate the ability to properly select and install various types of insulation.
805 Demonstrate the ability to properly measure, layout and construct door openings.
806 Demonstrate the ability to properly measure, layout and construct window openings.
807 Demonstrate the ability to properly measure, layout and construct solid headers.
808 Demonstrate the ability to properly measure, layout and install sheathing.
809 Demonstrate the ability to properly plumb, align and brace walls.
810 Demonstrate the ability to properly install metal studs.
1 PUPOSE: Carpenters need the ability to frame walls safely and accurately. Wall framing is similar to floor framing except that walls stand vertically.
NOCTI:
2
3 PENNSYLVANIA CORE STANDARDS:
Pennsylvania Core Standards for Writing for Technical Subjects Standard 3.6
CC.3.6.9-10.A.Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. CC.3.6.9-10.B.Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. CC.3.6.9-10.C.Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CC.3.6.9-10.D.Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. CC.3.6.9-10.E.Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology’s capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. CC.3.6.9-10.F.Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. CC.3.6.9-10.G.Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CC.3.6.9-10.H.Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.
Pennsylvania Core Standards for Reading for Technical Subjects Standard 3.5
CC.3.5.9-10.A.Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. CC.3.5.9-10.B.Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text’s explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text. CC.3.5.9-10.C.Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. CC.3.5.9-10.D.Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics. CC.3.5.9-10.E.Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, energy). CC.3.5.9-10.F.Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address.
4 CC.3.5.9-10.G.Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. CC.3.5.9-10.H.Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author’s claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem.
Pennsylvania Core Standards for Mathematics Standard 2.1
CC.2.1.HS.F.2 Apply properties of rational and irrational numbers to solve real world or mathematical problems. CC.2.1.HS.F.4 Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems. CC.2.1.HS.F.5 Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities. CC.2.1.HS.F.6 Extend the knowledge of arithmetic operations and apply to complex numbers.
5 REVISION: 8/2016
CERTIFICATION: NAHB HBI CERTIFICATION
DIRECTIONS and PROCEDURES:
1. Read the complete module
2. Complete the following procedure steps
3. Take the Pre-Test
4. Read all of chapter 10 in the RCA Carpentry Textbook
5. Complete the first 2 sections of the KWL worksheet
6. Define the vocabulary words listed below
7. Take notes during theory class.
8. Complete the job sheets in the job sheet packet
9. Complete the performance assessments in the performance assessment packet
10. Pass the Post-Test with a minimum score of 70%
11. Complete the final box of the KWL worksheet
LITERACY ASSIGNMENT: KWL Worksheet at the end of packet
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE:
Upon Completion of this module the student should be able to install, square and level the sill. The student should also be able to install floor openings, floor joists, band joists and subflooring. Learning of these concepts will be validated by successful completion of performance assessments and a minimum 70% on the end of unit exam. This will be accomplished through the use of: Theory in the classroom Demonstrations by the instructor Both graded and non-graded job assignments relating to the mastery of the POS tasks Written unit test Performance assessments to rate the students competency of the tasks
6 SAFETY: Safety rules and regulations of the carpentry trade as well as any applicable OSHA standards and appropriate PPE.
STUDENT ACCOMMODATIONS:
Students who are in need of accommodations will receive the following:
Presentation accommodations
Setting accommodations
Response accommodations
Timing/Scheduling accommodations
REFERENCES:
1. Residential Construction Academy text: Carpentry
RCA Carpentry Textbook
Vogt, Floyd. Carpentry. New York: Thompson Delmar Learning, 2003
RCA Carpentry E-resource CD
Vogt, Floyd. Carpentry. New York: Thompson Delmar Learning, 2003
RCA Carpentry Instructor’s Resource Guide
Vogt, Floyd. Carpentry. New York: Thompson Delmar Learning, 2003
7 EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES:
1. Pencil
2. Module
3. Paper
4. TextBook – RCA Carpentry
5. Assignments and Tests
6. Carpentry Shop or Job Site
7. Framed Floor
8. Plans
9. 2x4 Stud material
10. 2x4 Plate material
11. Header material
12. Nails (6d, 8d, 16d)
8 Name______
Wall Framing Pre-Test
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
____ 1. Layout for the floor joists, wall studs, ceiling joists, and rafters or roof trusses should all start
from the same corner of the building.
____ 2. If rated sheathing such as plywood is used on exterior walls, no extra bracing is required.
____ 3. When wall studs are crowned, all crowns should face the same way when assembled in the wall.
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 4. The sizes of rough openings for windows are ____. a. determined by adding 2" to the window size b. determined by the manufacturer c. often found in the window schedule d. b and c
____ 5. The sizes of rough openings for doors are determined by ____. a. adding 1/2" to the height and 2" to the width of the actual door size b. by adding 2-1/2" to the width and height of the actual door size c. Adding 1/2" to the width and height of the actual door size d. Subtracting 2-1/2" from the height and width of the actual door size
____ 6. Exterior walls are referred to as ____. a. walls c. a and b b. partitions d. none of the above
____ 7. Interior walls are referred to as ____. a. walls c. a and b b. partitions d. none of the above
____ 8. Load-bearing walls (LBW) ____. a. support the weight of roofs, floors, and ceilings b. do not support any weight c. only support the weight of the roof d. only support the weight of the floors
____ 9. Centerline dimensions for openings on exterior walls are measured from the ____. a. inside edge of exterior framing c. outside edge of exterior framing b. inside edge of interior framing d. outside edge of interior framing
____ 10. Wall sheathing, when using 4' × 8' rated panels, ____. a. can be applied vertically or horizontally to the wall studs b. can serve as diagonal bracing c. may also serve as siding d. all of the above
9 ____ 11. APA-rated plywood panels that serve as wall bracing must be nailed with a nail spacing of ____. a. 12" apart on the edges and 12" apart on intermediate studs b. 6" apart on the edges and 6" apart on the intermediate studs c. 6" apart on the edges and 12" apart on intermediate studs d. any one of the above
____ 12. When installing sheathing panels horizontally, panel joints should ____. a. line up c. be diagonally braced b. be staggered d. a and c
____ 13. Interior bearing partitions are ____. a. laid out in a similar manner to exterior bearing walls b. laid out in a similar manner to interior non-bearing partitions c. a or b d. none of the above
____ 14. ____ should be installed to provide nailing for cabinets and various trim and fixtures. a. Bridging c. Bracing b. Backing d. Spreaders
____ 18. When installing metal studs, it is important that the punchouts in the studs ____. a. line up c. are covered b. don't line up d. b or c
____ 19. The top and bottom plates in a metal-framed wall are called ____. a. channel c. studs b. track d. accessories
____ 20. To cut metal framing to length, tin snips may be used on ____. a. 18-mil (25-gauge) stock c. 33-mil (20-gauge) stock b. 27-mil (22-gauge) stock d. all of the above
____ 21. Track are usually fastened to concrete with ____. a. screws c. powder-driven fasteners b. adhesives d. common nails
____ 22. Track should be fastened to floors or ceilings every ____. a. 4 feet c. 6 inches b. 2 feet d. 2 inches
____ 23. The number of studs estimated for 100' of wall framing with a 16" on-center spacing is ____. a. 76 c. 120 b. 100 d. 135
____ 24. The number of studs estimated for 100' of wall framing with a 24" on-center spacing is ____. a. 75 c. 120 b. 100 d. 135
____ 25. The total linear footage of wall plate estimated for a 100' of exterior wall framing is ____. a. 105' c. 315' b. 210' d. 420'
____ 26. The number of 4' × 8' sheets estimated to sheath 100 linear feet of 9' high walls (including the thickness of the floor frame) is ____. a. 21 c. 50 b. 30 d. 77
____ 27. The estimated amount of 4' × 8' sheets need to sheathe two gable ends of a house that is 24' wide and has a total rise of 12' (from top plate to peak) is ____. a. 5 c. 15 b. 10 d. 20
10 ____ 28. The stud length in an exterior wall with a total wall height of 8'−1" is ____. a. 6'−9" c. 7'−8-1/2" b. 7'−10" d. 8'−0"
Matching
Match the term to its corresponding description. a. top plate f. cripple stud b. bottom plate g. header c. double top plate h. corner post d. rough sill i. partition intersection e. trimmer or jack j. corner brace
____ 29. run from the top plate to the bottom plate at a 45-degree angle to provide diagonal strength
____ 30. short studs located below or above a framed opening
____ 31. shortened studs that line the sides of a framed opening and support the header
____ 32. horizontal members of a wall frame nailed at the top of the studs
____ 33. horizontal member that is located at the bottom of the window framed opening and above the
bottom cripple studs
____ 34. a three-member assembly nailed together in such a way as to provide nailing for wall coverings in
corners formed by intersecting walls
____ 35. a vertical assembly of studs located at the end of a wall
____ 36. horizontal member located above the top plate
____ 37. horizontal member nailed to the bottom of wall studs
____ 38. located above the trimmer or jack and supports the load above the opening
A rough opening for a window in a wall frame is assembled in which order? a. nail header to king stud/jack assembly b. nail sill to cripples c. nail king stud to top plate and bottom plate d. install and nail remaining cripples e. transfer layout from bottom plate to sill f. nail a cripple to each jack g. nail jacks to king studs
____ 39. first
____ 40. second
____ 41. third
____ 42. fourth
____ 43. fifth
____ 44. sixth
____ 45. seventh
11
VOCABULARY: Name:
(Standard CC.3.6.9-10.B)
Backing –
Blocking –
Gable end –
Gypsum board –
Joist hanger –
Load-bearing –
Soffit –
12 1) Parts of a Wall Frame
a) Sometimes the names given to certain parts of a structure may differ according to the geographical
area.
b) Plates
i) The top and bottom horizontal members of a wall frame are called plates.
ii) The bottom member is called sole plate, bottom plate, or shoe.
iii) The top members are called top plates.
c) Studs
i) Studs are vertical members of the wall frame.
ii) On Center studs that must be cut to allow for an opening are called cripple studs.
iii) Studs are usually 2x4 or 2x6.
iv) Studs are usually spaced 16 or 24 inches on center.
d) Headers
i) They form the top of rough openings.
ii) Headers must be strong enough to support the load above the opening.
13 iii) Headers are made in many different ways depending on desired strength and available
materials.
e) Rough Sills
i) Form the bottom of a window opening.
ii) They secure the top ends of the cripple studs.
iii) They carry little load. f) Trimmers (Jacks)
i) Trimmers or jacks are shortened studs that support the headers. g) Corner Posts
i) Corner posts are built in a number of ways.
ii) They are constructed to allow for insulation to penetrate the corners.
14
h) Partition Intersections
i) Wherever interior partitions meet an exterior wall.
ii) They provide for fastening of interior wall covering. i) Ribbons
i) Ribbons are horizontal members of the exterior wall frame in balloon construction.
ii) They are used to support the second floor joists.
iii) They are notched into the studs.
15 j) Corner Braces
i) No wall bracing is required if rated panel wall sheathing is used.
ii) Types
(1) Metal bracings, T- or L-shaped, require a saw kerf in the stud to allow them to lay flat
when installed.
(2) Let-in bracing is a continuous, diagonal 1x4 notched into the face of the studs, top plate,
and sole plate.
16 2) Exterior Wall Framing
a) Plans or blueprints usually indicate the height from finished floor to finished ceiling. It is
necessary to determine the length of the wall studs.
b) Determining the Size of Rough Openings
c) A Rough Opening (RO) is an opening framed in a wall in which to install doors and windows.
i) It is the carpenter’s responsibility to determine the rough opening size for the particular unit
from the information given in the door and window schedule.
ii) The rough opening size for exterior doors is typically 2 1/2 inches wider than the actual door
width, and 2 1/2 inches taller than the door height.
iii) Rough Opening Sizes for Windows
(1) Many kinds of windows are manufactured by a number of firms.
(2) It is best to consult the manufacturer’s catalog to obtain the rough opening sizes.
(3) The header height is typically the same as for the doors.
17 d) Determining Wall Type
i) The carpenter must first determine if the wall to be laid out is to be loadbearing or non-load-
bearing.
ii) Exterior walls are referred to as walls, and interior walls are referred to as partitions.
iii) Load-bearing walls are usually built first.
iv) Non-load-bearing walls are end walls that usually run parallel with the joists.
v) Interior partitions are also load and non-load-bearing.
vi) Note the similarities and differences in laying out walls and partitions.
e) Laying out the Plates
i) Layouts for floor joists, exterior walls, ceiling joists, and rafters should all start from the same
corner of the building.
18
19 f) Assembling and Erecting Wall Sections
i) The typical method of framing a wall is to precut the wall frame members, assemble the wall
frame on the subfloor, and then stand the frame up.
ii) The frame is erected, the corners are plumbed and temporarily braced.
iii) The walls are then straightened and braced between corners.
iv) Precutting Wall Frame Members
(1) Studs may be purchased that are precut to length.
(2) Determine lengths for studs, jacks, headers, cripples, and sills.
(3) Cut parts and label according to window schedule.
(4) Assemble corner posts, partition assemblies, and headers.
v) Assembling Wall Sections
(1) Crown all studs.
(2) Assemble rough openings.
(3) Install corner posts and partition intersections.
(4) Install studs.
(5) Optional: Sheath or install permanent bracing.
vi) Erecting and Temporarily Bracing Wall Sections
(1) Lifting jacks may be used.
(2) Temporary diagonal braces usually remain in position until the exterior sheathing is
applied.
20 g) Wall Sheathing
i) Usually consists of 4x8 foot sheets of rated plywood panels.
ii) Sheathing panel may be applied horizontally or vertically.
iii) APA-rated plywood panels that serve as wall bracing must be nailed with a nail spacing of 6
inches apart on the edges and 12 inches apart on the intermediate studs. h) Shearwalls
i) A shearwall is a heavily reinforced wall section designed to improve the lateral strength.
ii) They are sometimes used around garage door openings where the wall is narrow.
21 3) Interior Framing
a) Load-Bearing Partitions
i) Support the inner ends of ceiling joists or wall joists.
ii) They are usually placed directly over the girder or the bearing partition in the lower level.
iii) These partitions are laid out and erected in a manner similar to exterior walls.
b) Non-Bearing Partitions
i) Carry no load.
ii) Divide floor area into rooms.
iii) Openings may be framed with single member headers.
22 c) Backing and Blocking
i) Backing
(a) Used to provide support of later fastening of trim or fixtures.
(2) Bathroom – faucets, shower heads, lavatories, water closets.
(3) Kitchen – tops and bottoms of wall cabinets and for the tops of base cabinets.
(a) If the ceiling is to be built down to form a soffit.
23
ii) Blocking
(1) Blocking is installed to provide supports for parts of the structure, and for
weathertightness and draft stopping.
(2) Sometimes blocking serves as backing.
(3) Blocking can be installed in the following locations:
(4) Solid bridging.
(5) Extra support for plywood panel edges that are not tongue-and-grooved.
24 (6) Between ceiling joists to support the top ends of partitions that run parallel to and
between joists.
(7) Draftstop blocking between studs.
25 4) Steel Framing
a) Carpenters often frame interior non-load bearing partitions and apply furring channels of steel.
Different kinds of fasteners are used and some special types of tools are helpful.
b) Steel Framing Components
i) Studs
(1) Manufactured in 25-, 22-, and 20-gauge.
(2) The stud web has punchouts at intervals through which to run pipes and conduit.
(3) Come in widths of 3 1/2 inches, 5 1/2 inches, 8 inches, 10 inches, and 12 inches, with
1/4-inch and 1 5/8-inch leg thicknesses.
(4) Available in lengths in 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16 feet.
ii) Track
(1) Top and bottom plates of a steel-framed wall are called runners or track.
(2) Available in standard lengths of 10 feet.
26
iii) Channels
(1) Used for lateral bracing of walls, the channel is inserted through the stud punchouts.
iv) Furring Channels
(1) Furring channels are applied to walls and ceilings for the screw attachment of gypsum
panels.
c) Framing Steel Partitions
i) Lay out steel-frame partitions as you would wood-framed partitions.
ii) Cut with tin snips or a chop saw.
iii) Track is usually fastened to concrete with powder-driven fasteners.
27 iv) Place all full-length studs in position between track with the open side facing in the same
direction and web punchouts aligned vertically.
v) Method of Framing Door Openings
(1) Method of framing door openings depends on the type of door frame used, i.e., one-piece
frame or a three-piece knocked-down frame. d) Metal Furring
i) May be used on ceilings and walls by applying it at right angles to joists or studs.
ii) May be applied vertically or horizontally to masonry walls.
28 5) Methods of Estimating Materials for Walls and Ceiling Joists
a) Studs
i) Determine the total linear feet of exterior wall.
ii) If spaced 16” OC, estimate one stud for every linear foot of wall.
iii) For 24-inch spacing, divide the total linear feet of wall by 1.333.
b) Plates
i) Multiply the total linear feet by 3.
ii) Add 5% for waste.
c) Headers and Sills
i) Calculate the width for each opening and add 6 inches to each.
d) Wall Sheathing
i) Multiply the total linear feet of wall by the wall height to find square feet of wall.
ii) Add it to the gable area using the triangle area formula (A = 1/2 x base x height).
iii) Deduct the area of any larger openings.
iv) Add 5% for waste.
v) Finally, divide the total area by 32 to determine number of sheets.
e) Ceiling Joists
i) Divide the length of the building by the joist spacing in feet.
ii) Add one to start.
iii) Double this number for the other half of the building if applicable.
29 6) Procedures
a) Determining Length of Studs for Platform Frame Construction
i) Begin with specified finish floor to finish ceiling height as specified in drawings.
ii) Add the thickness of the ceiling below the ceiling joists and the thickness of furring strips in
ceilings if used.
iii) Add the thickness of the finish floor.
iv) Deduct the total thickness of the top plates and the sole plate to find the length of the stud.
30 b) Determining the Length of Studs for Balloon Frame Construction
i) Determine specified height from finish floor to finish ceiling in all the stories.
ii) Add the thickness of both finish ceilings.
iii) Add the thickness of both finish floors and subfloors.
iv) Add the width of all floor joists.
v) Deduct the total thickness of the top plates.
c) Determining the Size of Rough Openings
i) Windows
(1) Consult window manufacturer’s literature.
ii) Doors
(1) Add 2 1/2 inches to the width of the door unit and 2 1/2 inches to the height of the door
unit.
31
d) Wall Plate Layout
i) Snap lines on the subfloor.
ii) Cut, place, and tack two plates on the deck aligned with the chalk line.
iii) Make sure butt seams are centered on the stud.
iv) Determine center line dimensions of all openings in the wall.
v) Measure and mark rough opening width.
vi) Mark J on the side of each rough opening line away from the opening center.
vii) Mark X’s on the side of the line away from center to show full-length studs on each side of
openings.
viii) Mark for all intersecting partitions.
ix) Mark On-Center stud locations. Where openings occur, mark a C to indicate location of
cripple studs.
32
33
34 e) Assembling Wall Sections
i) Turn plates up on edge and separate them a distance equal to the stud length.
ii) Frame openings first to make assembly easier.
(1) Nail through the plate into the header.
(2) Fasten the rough sills in position to the jack studs.
(3) Fasten a king stud to each jack stud.
(4) Nail cripple studs as needed between plates and sills.
35
iii) Install partition studs. iv) Install remaining studs.
36
v) Square wall section by checking both diagonals.
vi) Install let-in bracing if required. f) Erecting and Bracing Wall Sections
i) Remove toenails from top of plate.
ii) Lift wall section into place.
iii) Plumb and temporarily brace.
37
iv) Ensure that the sole plate is still on the chalk line.
v) Nail sole plate to band or floor joists.
vi) Fasten end studs at corners.
vii) String and straighten walls.
g) Installing Backing and Blocking
i) Snap a line across the framing.
ii) Blocking may be installed in a staggered row.
iii) Blocking may be installed in a straight line.
38 iv) Backing may be installed by notching the studs and fastening to its edges.
h) Installing Metal Framing
i) Snap chalk lines on floor.
ii) Plumb up from the partition ends and snap lines on ceiling.
iii) Fasten track from floor to ceiling.
iv) At corners, extend one track to the end, then butt or overlap the other track.
39
v) Lay out the stud spacing and wall openings on the bottom track.
40 vi) Install the first stud plumb and lay out top plate from this stud.
i) Framing a Door Opening for a Three-Piece Frame
i) The three-piece door unit may be installed later after the wall is framed.
(1) Fasten full length stud on each side of the opening.
(2) Cut a piece of track for use as a header.
(3) Install the door frame as per manufacturer’s instructions.
41 j) Framing a Door Opening for a One-Piece Frame
i) Place the studs on each side of the opening but do not fasten to the track yet.
ii) Set the one-piece door frame in place using the studs interlocked with the tracks to help hold
the door unit.
iii) Fasten the bottom ends of the door jambs to the floor in the proper locations.
iv) Fasten the studs to the door jambs and fasten the studs to the bottom track.
v) Plumb the door frame by movement in the top track and fasten to the top track with screws.
vi) Install header and jack studs in the same manner as described previously.
42 CARPENTRY
K-W-L WORKSHEET
NAME: LEVEL: DATE:
ARTICLE TITLE: Chapter 10 RCA Carpentry Text______
TIME START: TIME FINISH:
One complete paragraph per box. Complete sentences are a must!
K What do I already KNOW about this topic?
What do I WANT to know W about this topic?
What did I LEARN after L reading about this topic?
43