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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India

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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 KUNTO SOFIANTO Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India ABSTRACT: This writing discusses the background of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded Ahmadiyya and the response of Indian people at that time. Ahmadiyya was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in the city of Ludhiana, India, in 1889. He was born on 13th February 1835 in Qadian, India, and died in the city of Lahore, India, on 26th May 1908. At the end of 1890, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be “Imam Mahdi” and “Al-Masih” (Messiah) promised by the Prophet Muhammad to revive Islam and enforcing Islamic law at the end of time. Recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as “Imam Mahdi” and Messiah is a revelation which he admits received from God, as well as the “Prophet” (for Qadianism) and “Mujaddid” (for Lahoreism) is the core ideology of Ahmadiyya. At the beginning of his activities in India, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was accepted by the Muslims in general as “mujaddid”. However, after he claimed to receive revelations and had been appointed by God as the “Mahdi” and Messiah, and even claimed to be a “Prophet”, then, many Muslims opposed it. The ulemas in India also imposed inϔidel to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his followers were downed on and isolated by the Muslims in general, because they were stipulated as astray and out of Islam. The conclusion of this writing is that although Ahmadiyya considered astray and inϔidel, but Ahmadiyya continues to grow and expands to all corners of the world, and now the movement is international. KEY WORDS: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Islam, Ahmadiyya community, revelation, astray, and inϔidel. INTRODUCTION Beg along with 200 of his followers migrated Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a descendant of a from Khorasan to the Gurdaspur, Punjab, noble family, namely Haji Barlas, king in the Hindustan; and living around the river Bias Qesh region, which constitutes uncle Amir (nine miles away from the river) to establish Tuglak Timur. Timur is a well-known tribe a settlement named Islampur, a distance of of Barlas who controlled Qesh for 200 years about 70 miles from the Lahore city (Lavan, (Dard, 1949:7). When Amir Tuglak Timur 1974:22). Because Mirza Hadi Beg constitutes attacked Qesh, Haji Barlas family was forced to an intellectual, therefore, he was appointed lee into Khorasan and Samarkan, and settled by the central government of Delhi as Qazi there (Mahmud Ahmad, 1948:4). (judge) to Islampur area. In his capacity as In the 16th century AD (Anno Domini), a the Qazi, the area where he lived was called descendant of Haji Barlas, namely Mirza Hadi Islampur Qazi (Lavan, 1974). About the Author: Kunto Soϐianto, Ph.D. is a Senior Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Art and Humanities UNPAD (Padjadjaran University) Bandung, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. For academic interests, the author is able to be reached via e-mail at: [email protected] How to cite this article? Soianto, Kunto. (2016). “Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.7(2) April, pp.183-200. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (March 3, 2016); Revised (March 25, 2016); and Published (April 28, 2016). © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 183 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh KUNTO SOFIANTO, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad As time goes by, the word Islampur lost, In the British colonial period, Mirza Ghulam often Murtaza became the army and he put a lot ﺽ and left only word Qazi. Letters pronounced with the letter “d”. Along with of India people in the army, including his time, the mention became Qadi. Finally, the own son, namely Ghulam Qadir (brother of area was known as Qadi, and because the local Mirza Ghulam Ahmad). He joined the army dialect became Qadian (Dard, 1949:8). Mirza of General Nicholson in Trimughat, when Hadi Beg as Qazi oversaw 70 villages around defeating the rebels 46 Native Infantry Qadian. who escaped from Sialkot. Based on this During the Moghul empire in power, Haji consideration, General Nicholson gave Barlas family occupied a good and respected awards (citation) to Ghulam Qadir, stating position in the government state. After that in 1857, his family in Qadian Gurdaspur the fall of the Moghul empire, Haji Barlas district has really been helpful and loyal to the family remained in control of Qadian and its government exceeded the other families in the surrounding area of 60 paal as an autonomous area (Adamson, n.y.:22). region. However, the Sikh nation gradually Therefore, General Nicholson intended came to power and strong, then attacked the to reconsider his family fortune. However, family of Haji Barlas. Actually, this family could a few months later General Nicholson died; last for several generations, but eventually and since that time, there was no British during Ghulam Ahmad grandfather (Mirza employees were keen to restore the property Mohammad Ata) autonomous region was very of Ghulam Murtaza family. For his services in weak and fell into enemy hands. The remaining putting down the rebellion, however, Ghulam area was limited in Qadian constitutes a Murtaza just received a pension of 200 Rupees fortress with defensive walls surrounding the each year (Adamson, n.y.:23). area (Mahmud Ahmad, 1948:5). Mirza Ghulam Murtaza had a wife named Sikhs tried with various efforts, including Charagh Bibi, who came from the village of holding a secret relationship with a few people Aima, Hoshiarpur district. Charagh Bibi comes in Qadian, then, inally Qadian could also from respected family and was a descendant be controlled by Sikhs. All family members of the Moghul dynasty. First son died when he were arrested. After several days, the family was a baby, and then born daughter named descendants of Haji Barlas allowed to leave Murad Bibi. Afterwards, born a boy named Qadian. They went to the Sultanate Kapurtala Mirza Ghulam Qadir. Then again two children and settled there for 16 years (Mahmud were born, but died as an infant. With the Ahmad, 1948). incident, Charagh Bibi prayed in order to have In the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who children who live longer. Prayers had been had mastered all the little king, a part of Haji answered with the birth of Ghulam Ahmad Barlas wealth was returned to the offspring, (Dard, 1949:27). namely Ghulam Murtaza (father of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad). Ghulam Murtaza and his ABOUT MIRZA GHULAM AHMAD brothers worked as soldiers in the kingdom Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born at dawn on of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and performed their Friday, 13th February 1835, in Qadian, Punjab duties properly at the border of Kashmir and region of India (Lavan, 1974:39). He was other areas. In the British colonial period, that born a twin with a baby girl (named Jannat), could beat kingdoms in India, Murtaza family who died a few days later. With the birth of wealth coniscated and only left the Qadian a healthy boy, the family of Mirza Ghulam area and several villages and its surroundings Murtaza felt happy. Charagh Bibi felt proud set for Ghulam Murtaza and his brothers. and often brought Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who Britain did not want to admit ive villages was a child to his parents’ house in the village belonged to Murtaza family, which ever of Aima, Hoshiarpur district. Apparently, the returned by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In return, arrival of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who was still Ghulam Murtaza got rented money of 700 a child to the village attracted the attention Rupees every year (Adamson, n.y.:21). of people. They liked the presence of Mirza 184 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 Ghulam Ahmad in the village (Lavan, 1974:39). and night, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad spent a lot of “Mirza” is the title name commonly given time to read a book in the library of his father, to the gentility of the Muslim kings of the so that his father often warned Mirza Ghulam Moghul dynasty. He came from a noble family Ahmad not too much to read in order his Barlas tribe, Moghul dynasty, Persian origin health indisturbable (Lavan, 1974:10). who migrated to India in 1530 AD. “Ghulam” In addition, in order that Mirza Ghulam is a family name. He prefers, however, to use Ahmad could provide time to assist his father the name “Ahmad” for himself. Similarly, from in working of the land. Since childhood, Mirza revelation, Allah often called him by the name Ghulam Ahmad lived simply, different from “Ahmad” (cited in Mahmud Ahmad, 1995:1). other children. Simplicity and honesty were At that time, there was no school in Qadian. practiced gives a good effect towards adults. He Therefore, when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was did not like to play sports of sword, as usually about six or seven years (1841) sent a teacher, done by a teenager at that time. Even so, he namely Fazal Ilahi, a resident of Qadian who often became the referee in a variety of sports taught in the Hanai School, to teach reading games. His favorite sport was swimming and the Koran and several books in Persian. Then, horseback riding (Lavan, 1974). when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was about ten At the age of about 16 years, Mirza Ghulam years (1845) sent a teacher namely Fazal Ahmad was married to her cousin (daughter Ahmad, who taught the basics of Arabic of Jamiat Mirza Beg), namely Hurmat Bibi grammar (saraf-nahu).
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