Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India

TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016

KUNTO SOFIANTO Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India

ABSTRACT: This writing discusses the background of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded Ahmadiyya and the response of Indian people at that time. Ahmadiyya was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in the city of Ludhiana, India, in 1889. He was born on 13th February 1835 in Qadian, India, and died in the city of Lahore, India, on 26th May 1908. At the end of 1890, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be “Imam Mahdi” and “Al-Masih” (Messiah) promised by the Prophet Muhammad to revive Islam and enforcing Islamic law at the end of time. Recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as “Imam Mahdi” and Messiah is a revelation which he admits received from God, as well as the “Prophet” (for Qadianism) and “Mujaddid” (for Lahoreism) is the core ideology of Ahmadiyya. At the beginning of his activities in India, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was accepted by the Muslims in general as “mujaddid”. However, after he claimed to receive revelations and had been appointed by God as the “Mahdi” and Messiah, and even claimed to be a “Prophet”, then, many Muslims opposed it. The ulemas in India also imposed inϔidel to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his followers were downed on and isolated by the Muslims in general, because they were stipulated as astray and out of Islam. The conclusion of this writing is that although Ahmadiyya considered astray and inϔidel, but Ahmadiyya continues to grow and expands to all corners of the world, and now the movement is international. KEY WORDS: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Islam, Ahmadiyya community, revelation, astray, and inϔidel.

INTRODUCTION Beg along with 200 of his followers migrated Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a descendant of a from Khorasan to the Gurdaspur, Punjab, noble family, namely Haji Barlas, king in the Hindustan; and living around the river Bias Qesh region, which constitutes uncle Amir (nine miles away from the river) to establish Tuglak Timur. Timur is a well-known tribe a settlement named Islampur, a distance of of Barlas who controlled Qesh for 200 years about 70 miles from the Lahore city (Lavan, (Dard, 1949:7). When Amir Tuglak Timur 1974:22). Because Mirza Hadi Beg constitutes attacked Qesh, Haji Barlas family was forced to an intellectual, therefore, he was appointed lee into Khorasan and Samarkan, and settled by the central government of Delhi as Qazi there (Mahmud Ahmad, 1948:4). (judge) to Islampur area. In his capacity as In the 16th century AD (Anno Domini), a the Qazi, the area where he lived was called descendant of Haji Barlas, namely Mirza Hadi Islampur Qazi (Lavan, 1974).

About the Author: Kunto Soϐianto, Ph.D. is a Senior Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Art and Humanities UNPAD (Padjadjaran University) Bandung, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. For academic interests, the author is able to be reached via e-mail at: kso[email protected] How to cite this article? Soianto, Kunto. (2016). “Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim from Qadian, India” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.7(2) April, pp.183-200. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (March 3, 2016); Revised (March 25, 2016); and Published (April 28, 2016).

As time goes by, the word Islampur lost, In the British colonial period, Mirza Ghulam often Murtaza became the army and he put a lot ﺽ and left only word Qazi. Letters pronounced with the letter “d”. Along with of India people in the army, including his time, the mention became Qadi. Finally, the own son, namely Ghulam Qadir (brother of area was known as Qadi, and because the local Mirza Ghulam Ahmad). He joined the army dialect became Qadian (Dard, 1949:8). Mirza of General Nicholson in Trimughat, when Hadi Beg as Qazi oversaw 70 villages around defeating the rebels 46 Native Infantry Qadian. who escaped from Sialkot. Based on this During the Moghul empire in power, Haji consideration, General Nicholson gave Barlas family occupied a good and respected awards (citation) to Ghulam Qadir, stating position in the government state. After that in 1857, his family in Qadian Gurdaspur the fall of the Moghul empire, Haji Barlas district has really been helpful and loyal to the family remained in control of Qadian and its government exceeded the other families in the surrounding area of 60 paal as an autonomous area (Adamson, n.y.:22). region. However, the Sikh nation gradually Therefore, General Nicholson intended came to power and strong, then attacked the to reconsider his family fortune. However, family of Haji Barlas. Actually, this family could a few months later General Nicholson died; last for several generations, but eventually and since that time, there was no British during Ghulam Ahmad grandfather (Mirza employees were keen to restore the property Mohammad Ata) autonomous region was very of Ghulam Murtaza family. For his services in weak and fell into enemy hands. The remaining putting down the rebellion, however, Ghulam area was limited in Qadian constitutes a Murtaza just received a pension of 200 Rupees fortress with defensive walls surrounding the each year (Adamson, n.y.:23). area (Mahmud Ahmad, 1948:5). Mirza Ghulam Murtaza had a wife named Sikhs tried with various efforts, including Charagh Bibi, who came from the village of holding a secret relationship with a few people Aima, Hoshiarpur district. Charagh Bibi comes in Qadian, then, inally Qadian could also from respected family and was a descendant be controlled by Sikhs. All family members of the Moghul dynasty. First son died when he were arrested. After several days, the family was a baby, and then born daughter named descendants of Haji Barlas allowed to leave Murad Bibi. Afterwards, born a boy named Qadian. They went to the Sultanate Kapurtala Mirza Ghulam Qadir. Then again two children and settled there for 16 years (Mahmud were born, but died as an infant. With the Ahmad, 1948). incident, Charagh Bibi prayed in order to have In the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who children who live longer. Prayers had been had mastered all the little king, a part of Haji answered with the birth of Ghulam Ahmad Barlas wealth was returned to the offspring, (Dard, 1949:27). namely Ghulam Murtaza (father of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad). Ghulam Murtaza and his ABOUT MIRZA GHULAM AHMAD brothers worked as soldiers in the kingdom Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born at dawn on of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and performed their Friday, 13th February 1835, in Qadian, Punjab duties properly at the border of Kashmir and region of India (Lavan, 1974:39). He was other areas. In the British colonial period, that born a twin with a baby girl (named Jannat), could beat kingdoms in India, Murtaza family who died a few days later. With the birth of wealth coniscated and only left the Qadian a healthy boy, the family of Mirza Ghulam area and several villages and its surroundings Murtaza felt happy. Charagh Bibi felt proud set for Ghulam Murtaza and his brothers. and often brought Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who Britain did not want to admit ive villages was a child to his parents’ house in the village belonged to Murtaza family, which ever of Aima, Hoshiarpur district. Apparently, the returned by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In return, arrival of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who was still Ghulam Murtaza got rented money of 700 a child to the village attracted the attention Rupees every year (Adamson, n.y.:21). of people. They liked the presence of Mirza

184 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016

Ghulam Ahmad in the village (Lavan, 1974:39). and night, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad spent a lot of “Mirza” is the title name commonly given time to read a book in the library of his father, to the gentility of the Muslim kings of the so that his father often warned Mirza Ghulam Moghul dynasty. He came from a noble family Ahmad not too much to read in order his Barlas tribe, Moghul dynasty, Persian origin health indisturbable (Lavan, 1974:10). who migrated to India in 1530 AD. “Ghulam” In addition, in order that Mirza Ghulam is a family name. He prefers, however, to use Ahmad could provide time to assist his father the name “Ahmad” for himself. Similarly, from in working of the land. Since childhood, Mirza revelation, Allah often called him by the name Ghulam Ahmad lived simply, different from “Ahmad” (cited in Mahmud Ahmad, 1995:1). other children. Simplicity and honesty were At that time, there was no school in Qadian. practiced gives a good effect towards adults. He Therefore, when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was did not like to play sports of sword, as usually about six or seven years (1841) sent a teacher, done by a teenager at that time. Even so, he namely Fazal Ilahi, a resident of Qadian who often became the referee in a variety of sports taught in the Hanai School, to teach reading games. His favorite sport was swimming and the Koran and several books in Persian. Then, horseback riding (Lavan, 1974). when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was about ten At the age of about 16 years, Mirza Ghulam years (1845) sent a teacher namely Fazal Ahmad was married to her cousin (daughter Ahmad, who taught the basics of Arabic of Jamiat Mirza Beg), namely Hurmat Bibi grammar (saraf-nahu). He was a teacher (Dard, 1949:31). The marriage occurred, of Ahl-i-Hadith School and derived from because they were matchmade by her parents. Ferozewala, Gujranwala district. At the age of Of marriage, they had two sons, namely Mirza 16 years, in addition to studying the Koran, Sultan Ahmad, who lived in longevity; and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad also studied the Bible Fadhal Mirza Ahmad, who died at a young age. and the Vedas. When Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Although Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was married, was 17 or 18 years, then, sent again a teacher but he was often alone and always a keen namely Gul Ali Shah of Batala, who taught worshiper. His father wanted Mirza Ghulam Arabic grammar and logic of science (mantiq) Ahmad to work to supplement the family more deeper (Adamson, n.y.:32). income. However, he was not interested in In addition, he also studied ancient worldly affairs. To please his father, he took books on medcine from his father. Ghulam care of his family’s land for a while. Mirza Murtaza was renowned as a skillful physician. Ghulam Ahmad divorced his wife, Hurmat Bibi, He learned the medcine from Roohulla in in 1891. The divorce is likely to occur, because Baghbanpura and family Sharif Khan in Delhi. of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad less time to take care His father often helped people without being of his family and in addition, the marriage any paid. He helped without asking for reward, was not based on love, but matchmade by his both the rich and the poor. Ever King Teja parents (Ahmad Cheema, 1987:24). Singh of Batala offered some money and two After the British controlled India, the youth villages, namely Shitabkot and Hasanpur to of the various families began working at the Ghulam Murtaza as a reward for his services in ofices of the British government. His father therapy. However, he rejected by saying that it wanted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad works as a clerk will make a mess when he receives the reward. in the ofice of the British government, which With the lessons he received from his is about three or four miles away. However, teachers, so Mirza Ghulam Ahmad could Mirza Ghulam Ahmad rejected for the reason read and speak Arabic and Persian a little that the work was not it his ideal. Therefore, bit. He did not get another lesson outside it. his father was disappointed and feel alienated More than that, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad inally by the presence of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in enjoyed reading the Koran and examined the his home. Even his father often criticized or books of knowledge and religious studies, scolded for being lazy. In this case, only the especially Islam. Religious studies, especially mother who often defended Mirza Ghulam he studied himself from various books. Day Ahmad. The pique of his father was fearing the

life of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in the future. In and advised him to fasting in accordance with 1863, his father helped Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the Sunnah of Allah messenger and the holy to get a job as a secretary at the Court of people to allow himself receive divine grace Sialkot with salary 15 Rupees/month (Phoenix, (Ghulam Ahmad, 2014:20). By then, he was 1970:4). running fast without much known by people. Actually, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad did not He stayed in a room on the top loor and like the job. However, to please his father and arranged himself, so that the food could be looking for experience, inally Mirza Ghulam delivered to his room. At that time, secretly he Ahmad underwent the job well. When Mirza liked to invite orphans to eat together. After two Ghulam Ahmad was in Sialkot, most of the or three weeks later, he decided to reduce food time used to examine the books, teaching little by little, and fasting for nine months. In the others, or exchanging thoughts about religion. days of fasting, there were a lot of inspiration Although at that time, the age of Mirza Ghulam and dreams that he saw and met with the Ahmad relatively young, around 28 years, but previous Prophets (Ghulam Ahmad, 2014). because of his faith and charity chastity, then, When Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was staying the senior of Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity in Lahore, in 1876, he received the revelation greatly respected him (Phoenix, 1970). that his father would die. Therefore, he soon During his work in Sialkot, Mir Hasan returned to Qadian and found his father was Sayyad Maulvi advised Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ill. He was told again by Allah SWT (Subhanahu to apply for a job in Punjab University as Wa-Ta’ala or God Almighty) that his father a Professor of Arabic. Mir Hasan Sayyad would die after sunset. He was grieved, Maulvi knew that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad because he would loss of a beloved one and had the ability in Arabic. At that time, the someone to rely on. In the sad state of the Punjab University was in need of people to heart, following the subsequent revelation teach Arabic. However, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad that reads “Alaisallaahu bikaaϔin abdahu” (is rejected because he did not want to work in a not Allah suficient for His servant). After the worldly institution (Dard, 1949:41). revelation, he was relieved and according to After Mirza Ghulam Ahmad worked almost the news of the supernatural, his father died four years in Sialkot city, he was called by after sunset (cited in JAI, 1980:21). his father to return to Qadian. Mirza Ghulam After his father died in 1876, he broke off Ahmad also actually being sick and wanted all ties with worldly affairs. Later, he was more to stop working. However, the main reason closer to Allah SWT. His heart felt annoyed for calling of his father because her mother, at the Hindus, Christians, and Sikhs, so free Charagh Bibi, was seriously ill and later died. insulting Islam and the Prophet Muhammad His mother died in 1868, when Mirza Ghulam SAW (Salallahu Alaihi Wassalam or peace be Ahmad was on his way home. Thus, Mirza upon him). Meanwhile, the Muslims in general, Ghulam Ahmad did not witness the death of his in India, were powerless against the insults. beloved mother. His mother was buried in the Therefore, he felt compelled to hold a renewal family cemetery called Abdullah Shah Ghazi. in society. He rose alone to defend preaching After Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was in Qadian, of Islam in writing and orally. Furthermore, his father told Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to take Mirza Ghulam Ahmad increasingly devoted care of his family’s land, which he never did himself to Islam by making the book contained before working in Sialkot and followed those descriptions against Christianity and cases of his inheritance in court. Despite the Hinduism (JAI, 1980). fact he was not interested in such things, but Essays were widely published in various to please his father, he obeyed the orders of newspapers. Because of the essay, Mirza his father. His father had spent 70,000 Rupees Ghulam Ahmad increasingly popular in public, to regain his fortune through the courts, but eventhough he was rarely out of the small and never succeeded (Dard, 1949:41). quiet room in Qadian. By publishing essays, Around 1876, before his father died, Mirza the opponents insulted Islam greaterly and the Ghulam Ahmad dreamed the arrival of Angel Muslims were generally not able to responds

186 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 the insults. The heart of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad She is a daughter of Hazrat Mir Nasir Nawab, lared up increasingly to defend Islam. Based on who was 18 years old. The marriage had been the inspiration and divine revelation, he rose to in doubt because of the age difference so far, write a book titled Barahiyn Ahmadiyya, which i.e. 32 years. In addition, also Mirza Ghulam explained about the truth of Islam that really Ahmad suffered from diabetes and migraine could not be answered by the opponents of (severe headache). In fact, many men who Islam forever (Burhanudin, 2005:62). had proposed to her, but it was rejected by The irst part of the book was printed in the mother of Sayyidah Nusrat Jahan Begum, 1880, the second part printed in 1881, the because there was no suitable. third section printed in 1882, the fourth Finally, her mother said that Mirza Ghulam section printed in 1884, and the ifth section Ahmad was better than other applicants. printed in 1905 (Burhanudin, 2005:63). After Marriage was successful and they were happy. the spread of the books, both friend and foe Of marriage, they had 10 children. Five of them alike praised and conident his prowess. No died. Children who received longevity was one of the Islam opponents could refute that Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad (in 1914 book. The Muslims were very excited and was installed as Khalifatul Masih II), Mirza began to assume Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as Bashir Ahmad, Mirza Sharif Ahmad, Nawab mujaddid or reformer (Burhanudin, 2005). Begum Mubarakah, and Haiz Amatul Nawab With the spread of the book Barahiyn Begum (Ahmad Khan, 2000:15). Ahmadiyya, Muslims in particular began to In December 1888, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad sympathize with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Qadian openly declared that he received divine which is far and remote area began visited by inspiration to accept the allegiance (bai’at) guests from distant places. Scholars, such as of his followers. Revelation in Arabic that he Maulvi Hakeem Nuruddin was respected, both received as follows: by friends and foes alike, very interested in the book Bahariyn Ahmadiyya. Maulvi Hakeem “If you have taken a decision, put your trust Nuruddin, as well as scholars, also a famous in Allah; and build the ark under Our eyes as instructed by Our revelation. Actually, they who physician. He has been a special physician take a pledge of allegiance to you, they have Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. Another allegiance to Allah. The hand of Allah is above famous book written by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad their hands” (cited in Zafrullah Khan, 1976:105). is Philosophy of Islamic Teachings.1 Barahiyn Ahmadiyya increasingly attracted Based on revelations, Mirza Ghulam the attention of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Ahmad had to do two things. Firstly, accept community in particular, and even many the allegiance of his followers; and secondly, people requested that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad make an ark to raise a force that will support take a pledge of allegiance (bai’at). However, the mission and his Imam Mahdi idea to call st the request was turned down, beacuse he for Islam to the whole world. On 1 January had not received orders from God (Mahmud 1889, as directed by the God, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 1995:25). On 17th November 1884, Ahmad spread pamphlet which contained an Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (around age 50) married invitation to a pledge of allegiance in his hand. nd again with Sayyidah Nusrat Jahan Begum. On 12 January 1889, he again spread lealets containing 10 terms of allegiance (Ghulam Ahmad, 1997). Those who took allegiance 1In 26th – 29th December 1896 was held conference of the major religions in the city of Lahore, India. At the conference was oblidged to take a pledge surrendering were attended by representatives of the Arya Samaj Hinduism, completely to every command of Allah SWT Christianity, and Islam. Representatives of Islam represented by (Subhanahu Wa-Ta’ala or God Almighty) and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad by presenting a paper titled “Philosophy of Islamic Teachings (Islamic Ushul ki Filasaϔi)”. This paper is the His Messenger. best paper of all religious representatives and received a good Then, on 4th March 1889, once again Mirza response from the conference participants. This paper made a book entitled Philosophy of Islamic Teachings. This book is the Ghulam Ahmad spread pamphlet form of famous book after book Barahiyn Ahmadiyya, written by Mirza notice that he would travel to Jadid Mohalla in Ghulam Ahmad. See, for further information, Mirza Ghulam Ludhiana. He would stay there from 4th March Ahmad (2016).

until 25th March 1889. Therefore, for anyone (Mahmud Ahmad, 1961). who wanted to take a pledge of allegiance Mirza Ghulam Ahmad struggle in defending had to be in Ludhiana after 20th March 1889 Islam, mainly realized by debate, polemic, (Orchard, 1994:48). sermons, or speeches, spreading various In the city of Ludhiana, on 23rd March 1889, writing by mail, pamphlets, and books. During the implementation of the irst allegiance was his life, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had published done, namely in his home of a pious and very approximately 86 books (Sulaeman & Ekky, loyal follower, namely Mia Ahmad Jan. A men 2011:6-13). Moreover, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad who earned the honor of irst doing allegiance strongly advocated jihad to defend Islam by way was Maulvi Hakeem Nuruddin, followed by 40 of non-physical, i.e. jihad kabir (big jihad) and others. The prominent person, among others, jihad akbar (the biggest jihad). Mirza Ghulam were Abdullah Maulwi Sinnauri, Ali Rustam Ahmad explicitly rejected jihad ashghar (the Chaudry, Munshi Zafar Ahmad, Arooray lesser jihad) in the form of physical war, because Munshi Khan, Munshi Abdul Rahman, Qazi Zia- it would lead to bloodshed and, consequently, u-Din, and Inayat Ali Mir (Muneer, 1988:23-24). will tarnish the good name of Islam as a religion After the allegiance was held in 1889, then, that upholds the values of compassion, justice, be born a new stream which was part of a and peace (Burhanudin, 2005:62-63). new movement in Islam with the name of the In 1900, the Ahmadiyya followers openly Ahmadiyya. According to Ahmadiyya Qadian, declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as a “Prophet” that year was the year of the establishment of and honored him as an apostle of God. Mirza Ahmadiyya (Zulkarnain, 2005:64-65). In 1900, Ghulam Ahmad conirmed the statement, in Hindustan was held statistical calculations, even though he did not claim himself to be a where each sect felt the need to have their own Prophet declared by his followers (Ali Nadwi, names to be selected by the adherents. 1967:51-53). To fulill this purpose, on 4th November In 1905, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad received a 1901, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad spread pamphlet revelation through repetitive dream that soon and set his followers by the name of Islam, he will be called by the God (to be dead). In the Firkah Ahmadiyya congregation. Since that dream, he saw himself being drinking two or time, the name Ahmadiyya was commonly three vessels of water from an earthen vessel. used by the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. From the dream, he interpreted that he will Followers of Ahmadiyya individually called live for two or three years more. Revelation Ahmadi. The name was used to distinguish was conirmed again by the subsequent the Ahmadiyya Muslims and other Muslims revelation that reads “You ‘ve been close to (Mahmud Ahmad, 1961:1). dying day” (Ghulam Ahmad, 2004). In 1891, when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was After obtaining the revelation, Mirza in Qadian, he was inspired by God that the Ghulam Ahmad wrote a book entitled Al- Prophet Isa – the long-awaited for a second Wasiyat, which contains the last message tour – had died in natural death and will not addressed to the members of the Ahmadiyya. come again to this world. The arrival of the In the will, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad told about second Prophet Jesus was someone else who his death and convince again to the Ahmadiyya will come with the nature and manner of the members that after he died, God would reveal Prophet Isa, namely Mirza Ghulam Ahmad “the second sign”, i.e. Ahmadiyya members will himself. After it was stated in revelation be gathered in the bond direction of a Caliph repeatedly towards Mirza Ghulam Ahmad who will continue Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in order to announce to the public, then, he mission. It is also mentioned in the will to began to perform the new duties and holy. build Baheshti Maqbarah (heavenly cemetery) The irst people who were informed about for Ahmadiyya members (Ghulam Ahmad, the inspiration, i.e. the members of his family. 2004). There are three requirements to be Then, he went to Ludhiana city and announced buried in that place, namely: a statement by pamphlet in 1891, that he Firstly, each person who will be buried in was as Masih Mau’ud or Promised Messiah the cemetery should give chandah (charity) for

188 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 certain purposes. For a while chandah must speech was further weakened his body and be submitted to Maulvi Sahib Din and will be diarrheal diseases were increasingly excessive. governed by anjuman (body) to spread Islam. The speech had not been spoken, because on Secondly, among all the members of the 26th May 1908, at 10:30 A.M. (Ante Meridiem), Ahmadiyya which may be buried in a place Mirza Ghulam Ahmad died. After the death that only those who makes a will that after of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Ahmadiyya had a death, at least 1/10 of his wealth will be used membership of about 400 thousand people for the symbols of Islam and the Al-Qur’an (Kurniawan, 2006). lecture laws. From the property, there is also After the death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the right of orphans, the poor, and those who in 1908, the opponents thought that the are new to be Muslim (Ahmadiyya members), Ahmadiyya movement will end. But is not which do not have suficient livelihood. true, as has been written by Ghulam Ahmad in Thirdly, people who will be buried in that al-Wasiyat, before he died, that this movement place should stay away from all unclean, do not will give birth “second mark”, namely the make syirik (belief in more than one God) and emergence of Khilafat institution. Khalifatul bid’ah (heresy), corrected Muslims and clean. Masih I, as successor mission, was Hakeem Each of the righteous without possessions and Nuruddin Ghulam Ahmad (1908-1914);2 can not contribute treasure. If it is proven that Khalifatul Masih II was Bashiruddin Mirza he always donating his life to religion, then, it Mahmood Ahmad (1914-1965); Khalifatul can be buried in that place (Ghulam Ahmad, Masih III was Mirza Nasir Ahmad (1965-1982); 2004:37-40). Khalifatul Masih IV was Mirza Tahir Ahmad In 1906, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded (1982-2003); and now Khalifatul Masih V is an organization called the Sadr Anjuman Mirza Masroor Ahmad (2003 to date). Ahmadiyya, located in Qadian. The task of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was fully aware that the agency is taking care of the school, the the ideology which he spread need settled magazine, the agency will, Behishti Maqbarah organization that ideologies which he had (Heavenly Cemetery), the magazine of Review impalnted, especially to his followers would be of Religion, and other affairs. The institution increasingly implanted well. After he claimed had 15 members, of whom 14 were elected to have been the inspiration of God, he did not directly by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and one hesitate anymore to establish the Ahmadiyya person appointed by the Caliph I. At that organization. Apparently, the organization he time, Maulana Hakeem Nuruddin had been founded received good response from people appointed as the irst Caliph to replace Mirza who believed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Ghulam Ahmad (Kurniawan, 2006:18). Messiah and Mahdi, inally even his followers On 27th April 1908, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad also believed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was and his family visited Lahore. When he was in also a Prophet (Kurniawan, 2006). the city, he suffered from diarrhea. He always suffered the disease. At the time he was in AHMADIYYA IDEOLOGY Lahore, however, a disease that attacked him Ahmadiyya movement is based on some more powerful. Many people came to see, so ideologies, which are primarily about the there was no enough time to take a rest. In his death of the Prophet Isa, the Messiah and sickness, he received inspiration as follows: Imam Mahdi, revelation, and prophetic “The time has arrived to leave, then time to (Ahmad Cheema, 2007). According to leave has come” (cited in Kurniawan, 2006). Ahmadiyya, the ideology of Al-Mahdi and Although Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had received inspiration and in sickness, but 2After Hakeem Nuruddin Ghulam Ahmad (Caliph I) died he continued to write for a speech titled in 1914, Ahmadiyah split into two: the Ahmadiyya Qadian (Qadianism) and Ahmadiyya Lahore (Lahoreism). Qadianism Peygham-e-Suluh (Appeal to the Direction which acknowledges the Prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of the Peace). The speech was expected to and Caliph institution of Ahmadiyya have more developed than lead to love and peace between Muslims and Lahoreism, which does not acknowledge the Prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Caliph institution of Ahmadiyya. See, Hindus. Apparently, the work of writing the for more information, Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad (2007).

Messiah appears, when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was not Judas Eskariot, but the Prophet Isa received the revelation of God at the end of himself. In general outlines that when Jesus as 1890, that Jesus son of Mary as had died as was cruciied, he was not dead but only being happened to previous Prophets. Muslims who faint. Then, people who took down the Prophet generally believe that the Prophet Isa is still Isa as from the cross were two of his disciples, living in the sky is not true (Muneer, 1988:27). namely Joseph and Nicodemus. He was treated Mirza Ghulam Ahmad statement of the by embedding about three pounds a mixture death of the Prophet Isa is one of tajdid of myrrh and aloes, then they wrapped the (understanding renewal) of Muslims at body of the Prophet Isa with the shroud and the time. The belief that Jesus is still living wrapped him with spices. After his wounds physically in the sky actually pollute the healed and strong enough to walk, he and beauty of Islam face. The belief that has been his mother along with some of his disciples accepted by the Muslims in general, until went to Syria, Pakistan, and Persian (Ghulam now, is only based on the dogmatic teaching Ahmad, 1997). of erroneous interpretation of the Al-Qur’an In northern Pakistan, Maryam, the mother verses (JAI, n.y.a:2). In the Al-Qur’an, surah An- of Prophet Isa, died and was buried in Muree Nisa:157, it means: city. The place was until now known as Mai Mari da Asthan, it means resting place of And also (because) their claim by saying: “Verily mother Maryam. Meawhlie, when Prophet we have killed the Messiah, Isa son of Mary, the Isa died, he was buried in Mohalla Khan Yar, Messenger of Allah”. Though they did not kill him nor did they crucify him (on the cross), but Srinagar nearby Kashmir (Batuah, 1993:24- it is looked like for them (people they killed it 31). Beforehand, nobody knew where the as the Prophet Isa). And indeed those who have grave of Prophet Isa. However, eventually quarreled about the Prophet Isa, in fact they are Mirza Ghulam Ahmad received a revelation in a quandary about determining (murder). There is nothing else for their knowledge about it other from God that Isa was already dead and had than merely followed prejudices; and they did not been buried in Srinagar. Beforehand, Mirza kill him for sure (cited in JAKIM, 1980:233-234). Ghulam Ahmad also believe that Prophet Isa lives in the sky as the belief of the Muslims in Ahmadiyya interprets the same verse as general (Muneer, 1988). follows: However, after receiving the revelation and occult news from Allah, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad [...] they don’t killed him (to the death) and they claimed that Prophet Isa was not raised to the don’t crucify (to the death), but disguised (the state) to them, and they were disputing about sky, but died and he was buried, like common it and are in a state of doubt about it, they do people, in Srinagar (JAI, n.y.b). Furthermore, not have knowledge about it and just follow a Mirza Ghulam Ahmad told the crowd that conjecture, and (alleged) was not converted them nubuwwah (predictions) about the coming of into certainty (Ghulam Ahmad, 1997:46-48). Jesus the Messiah for the second time and the According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the coming of Al-Mahdi (Imam Mahdi) had to be Prophet Isa AS (Alaihi Salam or peace be upon perfect in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad himself. He him) is the common man who died a natural admitted that he had been raised to improve death and was buried in Srinagar, Kashmir the world and restore the real glory of Islam (JAI, n.y.b). Thus, Jesus as did not die on the (cited in Muneer, 1988:27). cross as a Christian belief that Prophet Isa According to Ahmadiyya, the arrival of died at the top of the cross. The basis used by Imam Mahdi cannot be separated from the Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, among others, is the coming of Jesus the Messiah at the end of time. words of God in surah Al-Ma’idah:117, surah Al-Mahdi and Messiah is one igure and one Ali Imran:54 and 143, and surah ash-Shaff:6 person whose arrival has been promised by (Ghulam Ahmad, 1997). God (Mahmud Ahmad, 1996:28). The arrival Cruciixion incident of Jesus understood by for the second time of the Prophet Isa, it the Ahmadiyya that the man who was cruciied means that the other person who will come in the nature and manner of the Prophet

190 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016

Isa, namely Mirza Ghulam Ahmad himself mentions that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the (Fathoni, 1994:14). Regarding the signs of messenger of God with “cloak” of all Prophets. the coming of the Messiah and the Al-Mahdi, Moreover, the coming of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Ahmadiyya refers to surah Al-Jumu’ah: 2 and 3, as a messenger of God is to unite all religions in the Al-Qur’an, which means: under the banner of Islam (Adamson, n.y.:11). Regarding the revelation, Ahmadiyya He who has sent in the people (Arabs) who are found that God’s revelation was always open ummiyin, a Messenger (Prophet Muhammad) and never interrupted after the death of from their own people, who read to them the verses of Allah (which proves the oneness of God Prophet Muhammad SAW (Salallahu Alaihi and His power), and cleans them (of faith false), Wassalam or peace be upon him). Revelation as well as teach them the Book of Allah (Qur’an) is broken off is only law in the form of and wisdom (in-depth knowledge of the syara scriptural revelation of the Al-Qur’an, while laws of personality). And indeed they were before (the coming of the Prophet Muhammad) that is the revelation itself does not end because in manifest of error. And also (have delegated living religion characterized by continuity of to the Prophet Muhammad) persons other than revelation pedigree. Religion where revelation those, who still have not (come again and still to pedigree does not continue means dead and come) to contact them; and (remember), God, God is not with it (Ghulam Ahmad, 1998:39). the Almighty, and the Wise One (cited in JAKIM, 1980:1507-1508). According to Ahmadiyya, revelations including providing inspiration constitutes Mirza Ghulam Ahmad task entrusted by instinct to the animal as quoted by Al-Qur’an, Ahmadis as the Mahdi and Promised Messiah, surah An-Nahl:68 (cited in JAKIM, 1980:649); among others, are to kill the Dajjal, break to the earth in the form of natural law as the cross, and kill the pigs. Dajjal has a blind quoted by Al-Qur’an, surah Az-Zalzalah:5 (cited right eye, while the left eye is very good in JAKIM, 1980:1713); to the skies as quoted (Jamaluddin, 2003). So, it can be said that by Al-Qur’an, surah Fussilat:12 (cited by Dajjal is the lifestyle of materialism that is not JAKIM, 1980:1266-1267); to the the angel as in line with spiritualistic of Islamic teachings. quoted by Al-Qur’an, surah Al-Anfal:12 (cited “Breaking the cross” means to break the creed by JAKIM, 1980:404); and to men and women of penance which became the foundation of as quoted by Al-Qur’an, surah Al-Maidah:111 Christianity that the resurrection of Prophet (cited by JAKIM, 1980:283). Isa to atone for the sins of mankind. One creed Ahmadiyya teaching also refers to the Al- reinforces Christian belief is Jesus still alive Qur’an, surah Ash-Shura:51, which explains the (until now) in the sky, and will come down to presence of communication between God and the world at a later time. “Killing pigs” means man, namely: killing traits dirty, greedy, and the importance And it is not proper for a man that God spoke of “obesity” worldly. Pigs are animals that are to him except through revelation (with given greedy and dirty. Therefore, killing the pigs inspiration or dream), or from behind a wall meant eliminating properties of dirty, greedy (with hearing voices only), or to delegate his (immoral), and more importantly away from messenger (angel) and the messenger conveys goods and unlawful acts (Ghulam Ahmad, revelation to him by permission God what He wanted. Actually, Allah is Most High and the Wise 1998:90-91). One (cited in Madsen,1986:27). In essence, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad did not restrict admission to the Messiah and Imam The above verse mentions three ways God Mahdi to Muslims and Christians only, but spoke to men, namely: the ϔirst, He spoke also for the prophet Zoroaster, and Krishna directly to someone without any assistance or for the Hindus. Shri Krishna is the Avatar intermediary. Second, from behind the curtain. (the Prophet), the largest of all the Avatars of The second type of revelation has three Hinduism (Madsen, 1986:54-55). In addition, kinds, namely: through Mubasyarah, it means also the arrival of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as good dream in the form of divine guidance the Messiah and Imam Mahdi expected by received by a person in a state of half-sleep the Buddhists and Sikhs. God’s revelation like a dream. For example, Isra (night journey)

Prophet Muhammad as quoted by Al-Qur’an, Ahmad was prophetic ghoiru tasyri (prophetic surah Al-Isra:50 (cited in JAKIM, 1980:689); without law) and ghoiru mustaqil (engaged to through vision, i.e. the divine instructions the Prophet Muhammad). From the ideology received by a person in a conscious state, phases propounded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad seeing with the spiritual eye. For example, seems that from the beginning he received Siti Maryam sees Gabriel as a man as quoted the revelation and the followers received by Al-Qur’an, surah Ali-Imran:41-44 (cited gradually recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. in JAKIM, 1980:129-130); and through Thus, after many Ahmadiyya followers, Mirza inspiration, which received divine instructions Ghulam Ahmad was no longer doubt to declare in the waking state, hearing with spiritual ears. his prophethood. It is true, after Mirza Ghulam For example, the words of God to the mother Ahmad claimed prophethood openly, his of Moses as quoted by Al-Qur’an, surah Al- followers did not mind to accept it (Mahmud Qasash:7 (cited by JAKIM, 1980:1002). Ahmad, 1995:51). Third, God sends a Prophet and an Angel The difference between Ahmadiyya and the who delivered the message to him (JAKIM, Muslims in general is in the interpretation of 1980:1002). Revelation of the irst and the the Al-Qur’an contained in surah Al-Ahzab:40, second type constitute lower level and remain namely: open forever until the day of Judgement. Revelation of the irst and the second type Doesn’t the Prophet Muhammad (because there are called revelation khaϔiy (inner revelation) are adoptive children) become the true father for someone of your men, but he is the messenger of or revelation ghairu matluw (revelation not God and the end of all the prophets (khataman read or spoken) can also be given to those nabiyyin). And (remember) Allah knows all of the who are appointed to the degree of genuine things (cited in JAKIM, 1980:1112). Prophetic. Revelation third type is the highest level of revelation, which is only given to In that verse, there is the word “khataman the Prophet Muhammad by intermediary of nabiyyin” (the end of the Prophets). The the Angel Gabriel. Revelation of this kind is Muslims in general stated that the verse called revelation matluw, i.e. revelation that means “there will be no Prophet after Prophet was read or spoken; or revelation nubuwwah, Muhammad”. For Ahmadiyya, the verse does i.e. Prophetic revelation (cited in JAKIM, not mean “the end of the Prophets”, but rather 1980:116). that the Prophet Muhammad is “the noblest Related to the above, in 1900, Mirza Prophet of all the Prophets”. Khatama has Ghulam Ahmad declared himself a “Prophet no always meaning “the end”, but it may also zilli” or “Prophet shadow”. Mirza Ghulam mean the noblest or it has the highest degree Ahmad himself did not claim to be “the (Madsen, 1986:38-42). ultimate Prophet” (Zulkarnain, 2005:116). According to Ahmadiyya, the truth This issue had caused a stir among his recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is followers (Fathoni, 1994:62). On 5th November very closely linked to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1901, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad conirmed recognition as the Mahdi and Promised 3 through pamphlets that God had called him a Messiah. There are 13 arguments presented Prophet. He said that God had given revelation by the Ahmadiyya, i.e. the ϔirst that man who which contains the words of the apostle, claims as a Prophet and apostle must be mursal, and the Prophet spoken hundreds of saint man. In this case, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad times. Among his confession is: including the holy man. Second, the man who claimes to have received revelation from Allah, Truly, Allah has named the Prophet with His whereas he lies therefore God will destroy revelation to me, so He has named the (Prophets) him and his age will not be long. In this case, beforehand through word of our apostle Al- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad got a long age up to 73 Mushthofa Muhammad SAW (cited in JAI, n.y.a:5-6).

Ahmadiyya teachings mention that 3There is a Dissertation about the Prophetic related to the construction of meaning and communication. See, for example, prophetic or apostolic of Mirza Ghulam Pitoyo (2015).

192 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 years. Third, in 1902, in the India, outbroke Ahmad was going to die, so he wrote a book epidemic disease caused by mouse (plague), named Al-Wasiyat or Testament (Ghulam which claimed many victims. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 2004). In that book, which was the Ahmad received the revelation that people last testament intended for the Ahmadiyya who were in his house would survive. In this followers, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad assured that case, it is true that people who were in the Allah Almighty will reveal “the second signal”, house of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was saved when he dies. In this case that the Ahmadiyya from the plague. Fourth, God told that his followers will be gathered in a single bond, led message will spread throughout the world. by a Caliph who will carry on the mission of In this case, the Ahmadiyya organization has Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. In Al-Wasiyat, he wrote, been spread in almost all the countries in the among others, as follows: world. Fifth, although many opponents, but Ahmadiyya will get the victory. Sixth, people Therefore , O brothers! Because long ago so who will spread Islam in the future, then, is the laws that Allah Ta’ala show that two of His signal to be shown how to eliminate two of another person who has not been associated His nonsensical joy of the enemy, then it is not with the Prophet Muhammad. In this case, possible Allah will abandon His Sunnah that does Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is a descendant of the not change it. Then, do not grieve because my Persian. Seventh, in the future will come a blessings that I have explained this in your face. Let your heart be matted, because you need also messenger named “Ahmad” as quoted by to look at the second signal. His arrival to you is to Al-Qur’an, surah As-Saff:6, and in this case is bring good, because He will stay forever with you Mirza Ghulam “Ahmad”. Eighth, to prove the till doomsday genealogy and will not falter. The truth of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the people who second signal could not come before I go; but, if I do not acknowledge the recognition of Mirza go, God will send the second signal to you, which it will stay with you forever (Ghulam Ahmad, Ghulam Ahmad able to pray to God in a way of 2004:14-15). mubahalah (prayer to God and then God will show you what is right and wrong). Ninth, the According to Ahmadiyya, second signal emergence of Imam Mahdi will be followed by means Ahmadiyya will be gathered in a a lunar and solar eclipses. In this case, Mirza single bond leadership of a Caliph who will Ghulam Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi continue the mission of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. in 1890, followed by solar and lunar eclipses. Therefore, after the death of Mirza Ghulam In the same day of the month of Ramadan or Ahmad in 1908, the Caliph then erected fasting month in 1894. Tenth, Mirza Ghulam Khalifah al-Masih, where Hakeem Nuruddin Ahmad has declared himself as mujaddid at the Ghulam Ahmad elected as Khalifatul Masih I. end of the 13th century. Since then until now, Khilafat is ‘Ala Minhaj-Nubuwwah (based on no one who claimed to be mujaddid. Promised the Prophetic pattern), because Ahmadiyya Mahdi and Messiah do not consist of two khilafat continues the work of Mirza Ghulam persons, but one person with two names. In Ahmad as the Promised Messiah (Masih this case, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad has declared Mau’ud) and Imam Mahdi, who held the rank himself as Promised Messiah (Masih Mau’ud) of a Prophet (Ahmad, 2008). as well as the Mahdi. Twelfth, everyone should The difference between the Caliphate know the Imam of the Age. In this case, Mirza at the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW Ghulam Ahmad is the Imam of the Age. Finally, (Salallahu Alaihi Wassalam or peace be upon thirteenth, allegiance (bai’at) to the Imam him) and upon the death of Mirza Ghulam Mahdi is required for all Muslims, and those Ahmad was the Caliphate at the time of the who do not it in the bai’at, then, they are not Prophet Muhammad SAW had two functions, real Muslims (cf Umar Darul Qutni, n.y.; JAKIM, namely the Caliph Muhammad SAW as a 1980; and Ahmad Cheema, 2007:31-48). spiritual leader and the government; while Aside from the ideology above, the other the Caliphate in Ahmadiyya Qadian was a Ahmadiyya ideology is also very important spiritual leader only to spread the propagation with regard to the concept of the caliphate of Islam throughout the world (Kurniawan, (khilafah). In 1905, when Mirza Ghulam 2006:74-81). Ahmadiyya Caliphates struggle

to “combat” ignorance, disease, hunger, and The fatwa was strongly supported by most unscrupulous dealings. Ahmadiyya Caliphate of ulemas in India. Through speeches and of Qadian called Messiah Caliphate (Khilafah pamphlets which were distributed widely al-Masih) as a continuation of the ideology by Nazir Hussain disciples who stated that of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Messiah and Ghulam Ahmad as inidel, atheist, the anti- Imam Mahdi who held the rank of a Prophet Christ (Dajjal), not faith, and disobey to God (Kurniawan, 2006:74-81). and the Prophet Muhammad SAW, Salallahu With the ideology above, Ahmadiyya Alaihi Wassalam or peace be upon him (cited followers increasingly strong and conident in Ghulam Ahmad, 1992:3). that the Ahmadiyya has been going Besides Nazir Hussain, also a strong according to God’s instructions. Therefore, reaction came from Maulvi Muhammad the Ahmadiyya assumes that the obstacles Hussein Batalwi, a disciple of Nazir Hussain. that prevented as a trial from God to further Beforehand, Maulvi Muhammad Hussein strengthening the faith and belief. It has Batalwi was a friend, who was very supportive been proven that Ahmadiyya teaching has and praised the works of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad spread throughout the world, despite getting in defending Islam from Christianity and tremendous barriers (JAI, 2005). the Hindu Arya Samaj. However, eventually he turned violently against Mirza Ghulam REACTION OF INDIA PEOPLE Ahmad. In Isyaatus Sunnah magazine, Maulvi Mirza Ghulam Ahmad recognition as the Muhammad Hussein Batalwi highly praised Al-Mahdi and embodiment as the Messiah, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, but then with all his who received ongoing revelation from God, strength against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. The raised the pros and cons respons from the statement disclosed violently as follows: people of India, especially the Muslims.4 The Muslim scholars, who formerly sympathy and At irst I have promoted this person, but now I praised, then turned against Mirza Ghulam also want to bring him down. Namely, beforehand because of my help and praise this person got the Ahmad hard. The scholars among them are honor, and now I will oppose him strongly that Maulvi Muhammad Hussein Batalwi and Abdul this person will be hated and despised by the Haq Ghaznawi from Amritsar, India. From people (cited in Mahmud Ahmad, 1995:26). this fact, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad should face against three “enemies” as well, namely: the The inluence of inidel fatwa (a binding Muslims, Christians, and Hindu Arya Samaj, ruling in Islamic religious matters) and strong who had been opposed to before the founding reactions from both ulemas as teacher and of Ahmadiyya. student, then, simultaneously almost all For the Muslims, various Mirza Ghulam Muslims in India hated Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Ahmad recognition with its argument was very and Ahmadiyya. According to Mirza Ghulam dificult accepted by the majority of Muslims Ahmad (1992), a strong reaction from the at that time. As a result, Nazir Hussain issued majority of Muslims in India, mainly from the a fatwa (a binding ruling in Islamic religious fatwa of Nazir Hussain who imposed inidel matters) that imposed inidel to Mirza Ghulam law towards Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his Ahmad and his followers as astray and out followers. Nazir Hussain, who was well-known of Islam (cited in Ghulam Ahmad, 1992:8). at the time as a broad-minded scholar in India, had a very strong inluence on the Muslims. 4Until now, Muslim countries (among others are Kingdom Therefore, almost all Muslims in India berated, of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and cursed, and taunted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Indonesia) deny the existence of Ahmadiyya, because they and his followers. Even in Delhi, at that time consider that Ahmadiyya is as heretical and out of Islam. See, for example, “Fatwa MUI about Ahmadiyah”, available online also at: where muslims were about 60 or 70 thousand http://www.ahmadiyah.20m.com/fatwa/MUI.HTM [accessed people, in general, joined to hate Mirza in Bandung, Indonesia: March 2, 2016]; and “Fatwa Ulama Rabithah Alam Islami”, available online also at: http://www. Ghulam Ahmad as a person who should be mui.or.id/konten/fatwa-mui/ahmadiyah-qadiyan [accessed damned (Ghulam Ahmad, 1992:3). in Bandung, Indonesia: March 2, 2016]. See also Qasim Rashid Only a small part, especially his followers, (2011); and Karman (2013).

194 © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 7(2) April 2016 who defended Mirza Ghulam Ahmad from recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the insulting of people who hated him. Due to Al-Mahdi and Promised Messiah, and the enormous differences between Ahmadiyya death of the Prophet Isa. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and the opponents, especially concerning was willing to annul his recognition as the the death of the Prophet Isa, therefore Promised Messiah if Muhammad Hussein emerged hostility and slander, so inally the Batlwi could prove that Prophet Isa was still Ahmadiyya was called as inidel sect. This alive in the sky. Both sides maintained their hostility was followed by termination of the own opinion and each other blamed the family relationship between Ahmadiyya and opponent opinion (Lavan, 1974). non-Ahmadiyya. In addition, the Ahmadiyya Finally, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad attracted were isolated from most other Muslim people to swear in the name of Allah that the societies, marriage between Ahmadiyya and way out to ind out who is right, Muhammad non-Ahmadiyya were considered invalid, Hussein Batalwi must seclude for 40 days, as even frequently deprivation of property of it would be done by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Ahmadiyya followers without any prosecution so God’s truth would be visible. If he could in the court (Fathoni, 1994:64). do it, then Mirza Ghulam Ahmad would not Mirza Ghulam Ahmad defended himself mind cut his neck with a weapon favored by against ulemas fatwa by distributing Muhammad Hussein Batalwi and willing to pamphlets, while he was in Delhi, India. In pay a ine of as much as he requested (Saii ed., a lealet addressed to Nazir Hussain, Mirza 1983:8). Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, further, said as Ghulam Ahmad wrote that he was not an follows: inidel and cling to the phrase “Lailah hailallah, Muhammad Rasulullah” (there is no god but A warner came to the world, but the world Allah, and Muhammad is messenger of Allah); does not accept it. However, God will accept it and prove it with great attack (cited in Saii ed., establish prayer in the direction of the Qiblah 1983:9). (direction of Mecca); and not the Prophet who brought law (Ghulam Ahmad, 1992). In September 1891, in Delhi, India held a In addition, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad sent debate between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad versus writing repeatedly and directly to Nazir Mian Nazir Hussain. In the same year, in Hussain with regard to the death of the Lahore, held a debate between Mirza Ghulam Prophet Isa. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed Ahmad versus Maulvi Abdul Hakim Kalanauri. that the Prophet Isa had died and he did not The main problem discussed was about the stay in the sky, while Nazir Hussain argued death of Prophet Isa. When Mirza Ghulam that the Prophet Isa was still living in the Ahmad was in Delhi, Muhammad Hussain sky and at a time will go down again to the Batalwi spread lealets, which contain as world. Ghulam Ahmad was ready to argue follows: with Nazir Hussain on the death of Prophet Isa. The debate was to be held in Masjid Jami This is my hunt prey, bad fate, had come to Delhi in Delhi, India with the audience of about and got into my grip. I was excited, because of getting back my hunt (cited in Mahmud Ahmad, 5,000 people. Unfortunately, the debate was 1948:29). not implemented, due to the commotion and chaos, therefore Mirza Ghulam Ahmad along Mirza Ghulam Ahmad gave answers to the with 12 of his followers led, because the lealet that he had come to Delhi to “catch” atmosphere was uncontrolled (cited in Lavan, Mian Nazir Hussain, who had been spreading 1974:51). slander throughout Hindustan, so many After failing to argue with Nazir Hussain, Muslims hated Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (Ghulam Mirza Ghulam Ahmad conducted a debate Ahmad, 1992:13-14). versus Nazir Hussain pupil, Muhammad As it is known that the resistance against Hussein Batalwi in Ludhiana, India, which Mirza Ghulam Ahmad not only came from began on 20th July 1891. The theme of the the Muslims, but also from the Christian and debate, which lasted for 12 days, was the Hindu Arya Samaj (Madsen, 1986). Mirza

Ghulam Ahmad blamed Christianity, which it. Hindu Arya Samaj movement even insulted considers the Prophet Isa was as God and the Prophet Muhammad SAW (Salallahu Alaihi penance by the Prophet Isa (Zafrullah Khan Wassalam or peace be upon him) as a lot of ed., 2004:46-47). Christians also called Mirza crimes in order to gain publicity with no clear Ghulam Ahmad as devil and heretic. Of course, ideology (cited in Saii ed., 1983:29). Hindu this is very painful heart. The Christians also Arya Samaj igure who very hard against strongly opposed to the recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was Pandit Lekhram. In 1892, Ghulam Ahmad as the embodiment of the Pandit Lekhram once wrote in a pamphlet Prophet Isa (Dard, 1949). Jehad or the Basis of Mohammedi Religion, who Therefore, in April 1893, it was happened a insulted Islam in general. In his pamphlet, debate between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad versus Pandit Lekhram wrote as follows: Abdullah Atham, who represented Christian side (Dard, 1949:386). The debate was held in To prove unnecessarily and wrongly that Islam Amritsar, India, and lasted for 15 days. Basic never indulged in Jehad and the people were never converted to Islam forcibly. Temple were debate was the recognition of Mirza Ghulam (not) demolished nor were cows ever slaughtered Ahmad as the promised Messiah and about the in the temples. Women and children belonging death of the Prophet Isa. In the debate event, to other religious sects were never forcibly the Christians carrying three people, namely converted to Islam nor did they ever commit any sexual acts with them as could have been done the blind, lame, and dumb. Christian party with slaves – males and females both (cited in challenging Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to heal Mahmud Ahmad, 1995:41). them. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad replied that to heal the three men is the Christian faith, while With the pamphlet that all Muslims were he did not believe it. It is precisely the Christian very offended, including Mirza Ghulam who had to heal them. Similarly, in the Gospel Ahmad. He tried to defend his belief and states that if you have faith even a mustard seed strongly condemned the doctrine of Niyug,5 once, you can do the job more magical than this. performed by Hindu Aria Samaj movement So, the Christian who had to prove his teachings (Dard, 1949:445). Hostilities between (cited in Dard, 1949:399-400). Ahmadiyah and Hindu Arya Samaj was dificult The answer of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad made to reconcile, because each party maintaining Christians speechless and could not answer mutual belief in their teaching. With the any more, and turned the conversation to variety of negative reactions from Muslims, other things. The end result of the debate was Christians, Hindu Arya Samaj in India, then, won by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as Abdullah Mirza Ghulam Ahmad became more eager Atham could not give satisied answer that the to ight for his belief. With all of the negative Prophet Jesus was still alive in the sky as the reaction from the Islamic ulemas, then, Mirza son of God (Adamson, n.y.:133-134). Ghulam Ahmad distributed lealet with the Religious belief of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, title Ash-Shuluh Khair or Beautiful Torch (cited from the beginning had to face Hindu Arya in Mahmud Ahmad, 1995). Samaj movement that was trying to maintain The lealet was addressed to the Islamic the old belief that has been existing from ulemas that within ten years ulemas do not thousands of years, with the idea of returning opposed and hold him back, and let him face to the Vedas (Zulkarnain, 2005:80). It is easy the opponents of Islam irst, i.e. Christian to understand, because India is the birthplace and the Hindu Arya Samaj irst. After that, of the Hindu religion. The general population Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was willing to exchange adhere to Hinduism and this is already ideas with the Islamic community itself. hereditary fused with tradition; and it is so However, the Islamic scholars did not care dificult to be inlunced by another ideology, about the petition of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. because it is entrenched in their hearts and minds (Zulkarnain, 2005:81). 5Niyug is a doctrine that allows a wife, who did not have Similarly, when Mirza Ghulam Ahmad only children (from infertile husband), to have sex with other men in order to have a child without being married. The child is praised the truth of Islam, they were against regarded as the son of her infertile husband.

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They prefered to oppose than to defend Islam, enemies insult. He was summoned to hold a where India at that time was in a state of renewal in society. To realize the struggle in decline (Mahmud Ahmad, 1995:41). defending Islam, he was trying to spread its Finally, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad struggling ideology to establish Ahmadiyya. After Mirza with his followers in defending Islam Ghulam Ahmad died in 1908, the mission was (Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad,1995: 41). continued by his successors, called Khalifatul Since then, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad continued Masih. to ight to defend Islam by writing the books At the beginning of its activities, Mirza until he died in 1908. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Ghulam Ahmad was accepted by the Muslims struggle continued by his successors with the in general as mujaddid (defender of the Islamic name of the Caliph. At the time of Caliph II, faith and thinking). However, after he claimed Bashiruddin Mirza Mahmood Ahmad (1914- to receive revelations and appointed by God 1965), Ahmadiyya began to spread to Europe as the Messiah and Mahdi (messianic guide and Indonesia.6 who will come just before the end of the world Ahmadiyya continues to grow and expands to lead the faithful), and even claimed to be a to all corners of the world, and now the Prophet, therefore, many Muslims against him. movement is international. The number In general, the reason of the Muslims of his followers now around 150 million against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, because they people are spread in almost 200 countries, believe that Prophet Isa was alive in the sky; led by Khalifatul Masih V, Mirza Masroor and besides, they did not believe in Mirza Ahmad (2003 to date). He presided over Ghulam Ahmad as the Mahdi, because they Ahmadiyya around the world from the Central were still awaiting the arrival of the Mahdi. Headquarters in London, England. About the prophetic, they believe that the Prophet Muhammad SAW (Salallahu Alaihi CONCLUSION Wassalam or peace be upon him) is the last The birth of Ahmadiyya sect in 1889, in Prophet and, therefore, they also strongly India, is inseparable from its founder, Mirza opposed to the recognition of Mirza Ghulam Ghulam Ahmad, who was born in Qadian, Ahmad as a Prophet. The ulemas in India also India, in 1835 and died in 1908. The spirit of stated illegal believe in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to devote to Islam, in and his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and addition to the death of his father, he also saw his followers were isolated by the Muslims in Islam setbacks in India on the one hand, and general, because Ahmadiyya was considered the emergence of anti-Islam people, namely as inidel sect.7 Christians and Hindus Arya Samaj on the other hand. At that time, the spread of Christianity in India became stronger done by Christian References missionaries. In addition to the spread of Christianity, the Hindu Arya Samaj movement Adamson, Iain. (n.y.). Ahmad the Guided One: A Life of the also increased the defense to defend Hinduism Holy Founder of the Movement to Unite All Religions. as a “genuine” religion of India people. At Islamabad: Islam International Publications, Ltd. that time, Muslims in India were not only Ahmad Cheema, H.A. Syahid Mahmud. (1987). Mukjijat- mukjijat Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Imam Mahdi pressured by the strength of Christianity and A.S. Bandung: Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Hinduism, but the internal life of Islam in India was going down, especially in terms of 7Statement: I, hereby, declare that this article is my religious affair, social-politics, and economic. original work and has not been submitted, either to a variety of media (newspapers, magazines, bulletins, etc.) as well as to By seeing the situation, Mirza Ghulam other scholarly journals. This article is purely my own ideas, Ahmad rose up to defend Islam from its not plagiarism work of others. For the opinions of others (experts) of various papers, I listed as references (both in a note or footnote) in this article. All references completely as the 6To ind out dissemination of Ahmadiyah in Europe, see bibliography, I include in the list of References. This statement for example, a book written by Gerdien Jonker (2016). And to I make with the real purpose for scientiic writing that will be ind out dissemination of Ahmadiyah in Indonesia, see a book published in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical written by Munawar Ahmad (2013); and Kunto Soianto (2014). Studies, issue of April 2016.

Ahmad Cheema, H.A. Syahid Mahmud. (2007). Tiga Sudah Wafat. Bogor: Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Masalah Penting: 1. Kewafatan Nabi Isa A.S., 2. Pintu JAI [Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia]. (1980). Kami Orang Kenabian Tetap Terbuka, 3. Kebenaran H.Z. Mirza Islam: Buku Putih Menjawab Fatwa Majlis Ulama Ghulam Ahmad A.S. Bandung: Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia Menjelaskan Pendirian, Itikad, Ajaran, dan Indonesia. Tujuan Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Bogor: PB JAI Ahmad Khan, Malik Aziz. (2000). Khabar Gaib tentang [Pengurus Besar Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia]. Muslih Mau’ud dalam Zaman Sekarang ini. Bandung: JAI [Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia]. (2005). Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia, Jemaat Bandung. Rekontekstualisasi Teologi Islam dalam Perspektif Ahmad, Munawar. (2008). “Khilafah dan Nasionalisme”. Ahmadiyah. Jakarta. Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Paper presented in One Day Seminar on Religion JAKIM [Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia]. (1980). 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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (Source: http://crosswords911.com, 2/3/2016)

“Mirza” is the title name commonly given to the gentility of the Muslim kings of the Moghul dynasty. He came from a noble family Barlas tribe, Moghul dynasty, Persian origin who migrated to India in 1530 AD (Anno Domini). “Ghulam” is a family name. He prefers, however, to use the name “Ahmad” for himself. Similarly, from revelation, Allah often called him by the name “Ahmad”.