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Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies— Part 1 philosophies Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies— Part 1 Edited by Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic and Marcin J. Schroeder Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Philosophies www.mdpi.com/journal/philosophies Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies—Part 1 Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies—Part 1 Special Issue Editors Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic Marcin J. Schroeder MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic Marcin J. Schroeder Chalmers University of Technology Akita International University Sweden Japan Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Philosophies (ISSN 2409-9287) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ philosophies/special issues/Philosophy and Philosophies) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-822-0 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-823-7 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic and Marcin J. Schroeder Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 42, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040042 ............. 1 Bruce J. MacLennan Philosophia Naturalis Rediviva: Natural Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 38, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040038 ............. 5 Nicholas Maxwell We Need to Recreate Natural Philosophy Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 28, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040028 ............. 20 Stanley N. Salthe Perspectives on Natural Philosophy Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 23, doi:10.3390/philosophies3030023 ............. 35 Joseph E. Brenner The Naturalization of Natural Philosophy Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 41, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040041 ............. 45 Andr´ee Ehresmann and Jean-Paul Vanbremeersch MES: A Mathematical Model for the Revival of Natural Philosophy Reprinted from: Philosophies 2019, 4, 9, doi:10.3390/philosophies4010009 .............. 67 Arran Gare Natural Philosophy and the Sciences: Challenging Science’s Tunnel Vision Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 33, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040033 ............. 87 Chris Fields Sciences of Observation Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 29, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040029 .............116 Abir U. Igamberdiev Time and Life in the Relational Universe: Prolegomena to an Integral Paradigm of Natural Philosophy Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 30, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040030 .............141 Lars-G¨oran Johansson Induction and Epistemological Naturalism Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 31, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040031 .............154 Klaus Mainzer The Digital and the Real Universe. Foundations of Natural Philosophy and Computational Physics Reprinted from: Philosophies 2019, 4, 3, doi:10.3390/philosophies4010003 ..............168 Gregor Schiemann The Coming Emptiness: On the Meaning of the Emptiness of the Universe in Natural Philosophy Reprinted from: Philosophies 2019, 4, 1, doi:10.3390/philosophies4010001 ..............180 v Koichiro Matsuno Temporality Naturalized Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 45, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040045 .............195 Robert E. Ulanowicz Dimensions Missing from Ecology Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 24, doi:10.3390/philosophies3030024 .............215 Matt Visser The Utterly Prosaic Connection between Physics and Mathematics Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 25, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040025 .............221 Kun Wu and Zhensong Wang Natural Philosophy and Natural Logic Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 27, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040027 .............229 Lorenzo Magnani The Urgent Need of a Naturalized Logic Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 44, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040044 .............249 Roberta Lanfredini Categories and Dispositions. A New Look at the Distinction between Primary and Secondary Properties Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 43, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040043 .............265 Rafal Maciag Discursive Space and Its Consequences for Understanding Knowledge and Information Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 34, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040034 .............277 Harald Atmanspacher and Wolfgang Fach Exceptional Experiences of Stable and Unstable Mental States, Understood from a Dual-Aspect Point of View Reprinted from: Philosophies 2019, 4, 7, doi:10.3390/philosophies4010007 ..............295 Włodzisław Duch Hylomorphism Extended: Dynamical Forms and Minds Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 36, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040036 .............316 Robert Prentner The Natural Philosophy of Experiencing Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 35, doi:10.3390/philosophies3040035 .............324 Robert K. Logan In Praise of and a Critique of Nicholas Maxwell’s In Praise of Natural Philosophy: A Revolution for Thought and Life Reprinted from: Philosophies 2018, 3, 20, doi:10.3390/philosophies3030020 .............338 vi About the Special Issue Editors Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic is Professor of Interaction Design at Chalmers University of Technology and Professor in Computer Science at Malardalen¨ University. She holds Ph.D. degrees in Physics and Computer Science. Her research is in morphological computation, and the study of information as well as information ethics and ethics of technology. She has a long record of teaching at graduate and undergraduate levels, among others courses in Professional Ethics (MDH, Master and Ph.D.) and Research Ethics and Sustainable Development (Chalmers, Ph.D.). She has published the books Investigations into Information Semantics and Ethics of Computing (2006), Information and Computation Nets (2009), and four edited volumes (2017, 2011, 2013 and 2017) with Springer and World Scientific, with further two edited volumes in preparation by World Scientific, on the study of information, to come out in 2019. She has previously served as the President of the Society for the Study of Information, a member of the editorial board of the World Scientific Series in Information Studies and Springer SAPERE series, and a member of the editorial board of several journals. Currently, she is working together with Mark Burgin on two volumes in The Study of Information for World Scientific: Philosophy and Methodology of Information and Information in the World. Marcin J. Schroeder is Professor of Mathematics and Dean of Academic Affairs at Akita International University, Akita, Japan. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Mathematics from the Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, USA and an M.Sc. degree in Theoretical Physics from the University of Wroclaw, Poland. He is the founding Editor-in-Chief of the journal Philosophies and President-Elect of the International Society for the Study of Information. In his more than forty years of work in several universities of Europe, America, and Asia, he has taught courses in mathematics, logic, statistics, physics, and information science. His research in several disciplines outside of mathematics has adapted to his multiple roles in academic community to include topics such as development and implementation of university curricula, intercultural communication, international education, etc., but the primary theme of his publications is the theoretical, mathematical study of information and, related to it, philosophical reflection on information. vii philosophies Editorial Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies Gordana Dodig-Crnkovic 1,2,* and Marcin J. Schroeder 3 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden 2 School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Computer Science Laboratory, Mälardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden 3 Akita International University, 193-2 Okutsubakidai, Aza Tsubakigawa, Yuwa, 010-1211 Akita, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 November 2018; Accepted: 22 November 2018; Published: 26 November 2018 Abstract: In this Editorial note, Guest Editors introduce the theme of the Special Issue of the journal Philosophies, titled Contemporary Natural Philosophy and Philosophies. Keywords: natural philosophy; philosophy of nature; naturalism; unity of knowledge 1. Introduction From the Philosophies program [1], one of the main aims of the journal is to help establish a new unity in diversity in human knowledge, which would include both “Wissen” (i.e., “Wissenschaft”) and “sc¯ıre” (i.e., “science”). As is known, “Wissenshaft” (the pursuit of knowledge, learning, and scholarship) is a broader concept of knowledge than “science”, as it involves all kinds of knowledge, including philosophy, and not exclusively knowledge in the form of directly testable explanations and predictions. The broader notion of scholarship incorporates an understanding and articulation
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