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Or Democracy in Islam: Some Key Operational Democratic Concepts and Notions World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 2 (2): 66-86, 2012 ISSN 2225-0883 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 “Islamic Democracy” or Democracy in Islam: Some Key Operational Democratic Concepts and Notions Tauseef Ahmad Parray Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India Abstract: Since the final decades of 20th century CE and especially in post 9/11 world, the question of compatibility between Islam and democracy-a hotly debated and discussed issue-has gained an impetus and has highly intensified. There are (mainly) two visions on this theme: (i) those who deny any connection between Islam and democracy; and (ii) those who argue that Islamic tradition contains a number of concepts, ideals, institutions and values which are essentially democratic (in nature). In this direction, this paper exposes and elucidates how some scholars have employed certain concepts from the Islamic tradition like Shura, Ijtihad, Bay‘ah, Khilafah, Ijma, Maslaha and Ahl al-hall wa al-‘aqd-especially the first three-for conceptualizing a conceivable and feasible, possible and practicable foundation of democracy in Islam. In the final analysis, it is noted that throughout the Muslim world, majority of scholars accept the term ‘democracy’ and insist on consistency and compatibility between Islam and democracy albeit democracy here is conceived with certain qualifications and limits prescribed by Shari‘ah. It argues, by way of conclusion, that although “Islamic democracy” has been discussed very much (in theory), a “practical” Islamic democratic model has yet to emerge. This is still a challenge for Muslim political theorists (particularly) in the 21st century. Key words: Islam Democracy Islamic democracy Democratic notions Shura Ijtihad Bay‘ah Khilafah, Ijma Maslaha Ahl al-hall wa al-‘aqd INTRODUCTION (iii) Pakistani born Fazlur Rahman Malik; (iv) Tunisian Islamist leader Rachid al-Ghannoushi; and (v) Kuwaiti As the relationship between Islam and democracy is born American Law professor Dr. Khaled Abou El Fadl. a very complicated subject and is one of the most hotly It also provides a brief account of Western democracy, debated, deliberated and discussed issue that has gained from its origins in Greek to present day. This is followed momentum and has highly intensified in the post 9/11 by Comparative/Critical Analysis and finally by the world, it is in this direction that this paper-divided into Conclusion [1]. nine (9) sections in total (including the Introduction and Conclusion)-makes an attempt to provide an analysis- Islam and Democracy: an Introduction: Historically both brief and detailed-of the Islamic heritage and the speaking, different kinds of political systems existed process of democratization in Islam, to deliberate on some within the Muslim world-from the beginning of City-State key concepts on which Islam is interpreted and regarded of Medina, and from Umayyad (661-750), Abbasid as democratic in nature, such as Shura, Khilafah, Ijma, (750-1258) states to the modern era-and some of the Ijtihad, Bay`ah, Maslaha, etc. and provides a brief largest states were ruled by Sultans, such as the Ottoman introduction of some other concepts, that are regarded as (1281-1924), the Saffavid (1501-1722) and the Mughal the basis of Islamic political order (along with the above Empire (1526-1857). Even, in the present times-or more mentioned ones), such as Tawhid, Risalah, Qiyas, Ra’y specifically in the second decade of 21st century, “there is and Ahl al-hall wa al-‘aqd. It is followed by the view- no single agreed-upon model of government”, as attested points (statements) and (re)interpretation of five to by the diverse examples of “Saudi Arabia`s prominent Muslim intellectuals of 20th and 21st centuries of conservative monarchy, Iran`s clergy-run state, Sudan`s the whole Muslim world, such as: (i) Abdolkarim Soroush and Pakistan`s experiments with military-imposed Islamic of Iran; (ii) Egyptian born Allama (Dr.) Yusuf al Qaradawi; governments and the Taliban`s Afghanistan” to mention Corresponding Author: Tauseef Ahmad Parray, Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. 66 World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 2 (2): 66-85, 2012 a few only [2]. These states have faced the challenge of reform, but also of pluralism as well. It is regarded as the the socio-political changes after the modern “first Constitution of democracy in the history of transformations, but the relationship between Islam and constitutional rule” [5]. In other words, for modern politics has been “a major theme in these transformations” Muslim scholars, the constitution of Medina is hailed as [3]. From the final decades of the 20th century to present a precursor to modern constitutionalism and rule of law day “religious resurgence” and “democratization” are two equivalent to the Magna Carta and is often cited as “key of the major developments that came into existence in the precedent for constitutionalism, rule of law, collective first years of the 15th Islamic century and the final years of leadership and democratizing reform” [6]. the 20th century of CE [3]. The debate over democracy and Before going into details on this discourse, it is democratization in the Muslin societies, according to essential here, to throw some light on the concept of Zoya Hasan, “its definition and fundamentals, as well as Western democracy: from its classical model in the city- its impact on governments` domestic and foreign policies, state of Greece to the emergence-from the beginning of has continued for a long time”, but, as it has acquired an 17th and 18th centuries-and development (particularly impetus in recent years (especially from the events of during 19th and 20th centuries) of modern democracy into 9/11), this debate has now highly intensified [4]. many variants, both in theory and practice. In the discourse of Islam`s relation to democracy, such questions as ‘Is democracy compatible with Islam?’ Western Democracy: a Brief Historical Development: or ‘Is there any relation between Islam and democracy?’ There are many definitions and connotations of the term ‘What elements are present in Islamic tradition in the ‘democracy’ in the modern world. Democracy means service of democracy?’ ‘Are democracies really more different things to different people. Democracy is the most peaceful than non-democracies’? Above all, ‘Is comprehensive, most ancient and complex of all political democracy appropriate or desirable as a political system concepts. It is a variety of many things that evolved many for Muslim societies?’ are generally raised. different meanings during different ages: classical, Addressing these-and many other relevant- medieval and modern. The term democracy indicates a set questions, in the following pages, an attempt and of ideals and principles and a political system, a endeavor is made to illustrate that in the Islamic tradition mechanism for governance and a politico-legal culture. there are various concepts that provide an effective For some it is a political system that ensures political foundation for describing democracy in Islam (or “Islamic equality and self-rule; to others, it is a system that allows democracy”). In other words, Islamic tradition indeed the presence of equal opportunities and rights. So, in contains certain concepts that are relatively helpful in brief, no definition of democracy can embrace the vast understanding the Islamic perceptions of democracy. history which the concept connotes. Speaking of democracy and the notion of democratic Democracy literally means ‘rule by the people’. participation, however, does not mean that the word Although it is Greek in origin-derived from the Greek democracy is a Qura’nic term or a term explained in the ‘demos’, meaning ‘people’ and ‘kratos’ meaning ‘rule’-it Sunnah. It only means that the Islamic legacy-cultural and came into English language through French in 16th intellectual legacy-contains key concepts and images that century. In the middle ages, during the Renaissance and show resemblance with the democratic principles and Reformation movements in Europe, Nicollo Machiavelli perceptions. There are many operational key concepts in (1469-1527), the Renaissance thinker, demanded the the Islamic tradition which provide evidence that the separation of state in his writings: The Prince and The Islamic system of government is democratic in the real Discourses [7]. Regarded as the first theorist of modern sense. These concepts are Khilafah (Man’s vicegerency), state politics, Machiavelli linked the case for forms of Shura (mutual consultation), Ijma (consensus of the elective government and participative politics to the community), Ijtihad (independent interpretive judgment), prospects of civic welfare and civic glory. Maslaha (public good/interest), Bay`ah (oath of During the 17th and 18th centuries three revolutions allegiance) and the notion of Ahl al-hall wa al-‘aqd took place in England, France and America-contributing (those who are qualified to unbind and to bind) and so on. a lot to the emergence of modern democracy. In other The Constitution of Medina-the principles of which were words, modern democracy started developing in the 17th based on holy Qur`an and Sunnah-is also interpreted not and 18th centuries. The Glorious Revolution of 1689 of only as a source of constitutionalism, democratizing England is regarded as the land mark in the history of 67 World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 2 (2): 66-85, 2012 democracy: because by this revolution the seeds of Thus, from the beginning of the democracy in Greece democracy were able to grow again for the first time in (in 4th century BC) to the revolutions of England, America Europe (West) since the Greeks. Thereafter, the American and France and from 19th century to the end of 2oth Revolution of 1776 (which stood for self-government as century, democracy has appeared in various forms the American colonies were not well-represented by the indicating that the concept of democracy has changed British parliament; thus making U.S.
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