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Par-Delà L'infini. La Spiritualité Dans La Science-Fiction Française, Anglaise

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Par-Delà L'infini. La Spiritualité Dans La Science-Fiction Française, Anglaise Par-delà l’Infini. La Spiritualité dans la Science-Fiction française, anglaise et américaine Claire Cornillon To cite this version: Claire Cornillon. Par-delà l’Infini. La Spiritualité dans la Science-Fiction française, anglaise et américaine. Littératures. Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012PA030066. tel-00869974 HAL Id: tel-00869974 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869974 Submitted on 4 Oct 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 ECOLE DOCTORALE 120 EA 172 Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Comparatistes Thèse de doctorat en Littérature Générale et Comparée Claire CORNILLON Par-delà l’Infini La Spiritualité dans la Science-Fiction française, anglaise et américaine Sous la direction de Jean BESSIERE Soutenue le 11/06/2012 JURY Jean BESSIERE, Professeur émérite, Université Sorbonne nouvelle – Paris 3 Françoise LAVOCAT, Professeur, Université Sorbonne nouvelle – Paris 3 Gilles MENEGALDO, Professeur, Université de Poitiers Roger BOZZETTO, Professeur émérite, Aix-Marseille Université Par –delà l’Infini. La Spiritualité dans la Science-Fiction française, anglaise et américaine La science-fiction a, depuis ses origines, abordé les questions spirituelles telles que la mort, la transcendance, le sens de la vie et de la condition humaine. Au lieu de se définir comme une littérature d’idées fondée sur la science, elle est bien davantage une littérature d’images qui se fonde sur une « problématisation » de notre monde. Elle construit des configurations fictionnelles qui suscitent, chez le lecteur, un étonnement fondamental, le sense of wonder. Dès lors, elle envisage des problèmes essentiels, qu’ils soient biologiques, politiques, ou spirituels. Ouvrant à un espace-temps potentiellement infini, elle peut mettre en scène des quêtes à l’échelle du cosmos, ouvrir sur l’éternité et le temps du mythe, réinterpréter les grandes traditions religieuses pour les problématiser, ou dessiner un espace du sublime dans la confrontation avec le mystère. Il s’agit de définir la science-fiction comme un genre littéraire problématologique, qui s’appuie sur des récits et des images. Ce travail examine le traitement des questions spirituelles dans la science-fiction française, anglaise et américaine, depuis le XIXe siècle. Il se réfère à une dizaine de romans et trois films. En s’appuyant sur ce corpus spécifique de romans et de films, il s’attache à établir des cadres théoriques et à identifier des œuvres qui constituent des jalons dans l’histoire de la science-fiction et qui illustrent cette perspective problématologique. Mots-clefs : science-fiction, spiritualité, religion, infini, sense of wonder, sublime Beyond Infinity. Spirituality in French, English and American Science Fiction Since its origins, science fiction has addressed issues in spirituality such as death, transcendence, meaning of life, human condition. Instead of defining science fiction as based upon science, we should better define it as based upon the “problematization” of our world. It construes fictional configurations which trigger readers’ essential astonishment, and impose a sense of wonder. It tackles central problems, be it biological, political or spiritual. Opening to potentially infinite space and time, it can unfold quests on a cosmic scale, and revisit significant religious traditions to question them, or to delineate a space where sublime confronts mystery. The overall argument aims at defining science fiction as a problematological literary genre, which uses narratives and images. This dissertation applies these research orientations to French, American and English Science Fiction from the XIXth century onwards — it refers to a dozen novels and three movies. While it focuses upon this specific body of novels and films, it intends to set up theoretical schemes and to identify works which are landmarks in SF and exemplify this problematological perspective. Keywords : science fiction, spirituality, religion, infinity, sense of wonder, sublime 2 TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES ................................................................................................ 3 PREMIERE PARTIE : UNE LITTERATURE DU DOUTE ......................................... 26 CHAPITRE 1 : CONTEXTES CULTURELS ........................................................... 36 A Avant le XXe siècle ........................................................................................... 37 1 La Gnose ......................................................................................................... 38 2 Mysticisme ...................................................................................................... 39 B Les avant-gardes de la première moitié du XXe siècle ...................................... 43 1 L’invisible ....................................................................................................... 43 2 Le motif du christianisme païen ...................................................................... 45 C La Seconde Guerre mondiale ............................................................................. 47 1 L’abstrait ......................................................................................................... 47 2 La bombe atomique et l’imaginaire millénariste ............................................ 48 D Les années 1960 et la culture psychédélique ..................................................... 49 E Les années 1970 et le New Age .......................................................................... 54 F Avant-garde littéraire, style et New Wave .......................................................... 56 CHAPITRE 2 : DESTABILISATION DES PARADIGMES .................................... 59 A Reprise de motifs existants ................................................................................ 62 1 Désacralisation et Resacralisation .................................................................. 63 - Rationalisme et matérialisme .................................................................. 63 - Parodie et ironie ...................................................................................... 65 - Un mouvement dialectique ..................................................................... 69 - La question du mythe .............................................................................. 75 2 La question des données biographiques .......................................................... 78 - Données biographiques ........................................................................... 78 - Brouillage de ces données ....................................................................... 83 B D’autres ontologies ............................................................................................ 86 1 Motifs animistes en science-fiction ................................................................ 88 2 Autres motifs ................................................................................................... 95 C Syncrétisme ........................................................................................................ 98 1 Confluence ...................................................................................................... 99 2 Désorientation ............................................................................................... 101 CHAPITRE 3 : FIGURES DE LA COMPLEXITE ................................................. 103 A Enigmaticité de l’homme ................................................................................. 104 1 De l’homme aux dieux ? Transcender l’humain ........................................... 104 2 Hommes et machines : interroger l’humain .................................................. 106 B Enigmaticité du monde .................................................................................... 110 1 Une énigme insoluble ................................................................................... 111 2 Vers l’instabilité ............................................................................................ 115 - La solitude ............................................................................................. 116 - Trois modes de fonctionnement narratif ............................................... 118 C Enigmaticité du récit ........................................................................................ 119 - Un narrateur qui n’est pas fiable : ......................................................... 120 3 - Un narrateur schizophrène : .................................................................. 125 DEUXIEME PARTIE : ESPACE ET TEMPS ............................................................. 129 CHAPITRE 1: LA QUESTION DE L’ECHELLE................................................... 132 A Le récit comme Imago Mundi ? ....................................................................... 134 1 Structures narratives ....................................................................................
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