Active Anti-Inflammatory and Hypolipidemic Derivatives Of
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molecules Article Active Anti-Inflammatory and Hypolipidemic Derivatives of Lorazepam Panagiotis Theodosis-Nobelos 1,2, Georgios Papagiouvannis 1, Panos N. Kourounakis 1 and Eleni A. Rekka 1,* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece 2 Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-231-099-7614 Academic Editor: Athina Geronikaki Received: 22 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 9 September 2019 Abstract: Novel derivatives of some non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as of the antioxidants α-lipoic acid, trolox and (E)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid with lorazepam were synthesised by a straightforward method at satisfactory to high yields (40%–93%). All the tested derivatives strongly decreased lipidemic indices in rat plasma after Triton induced hyperlipidaemia. They also reduced acute inflammation and a number of them demonstrated lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Those compounds acquiring antioxidant moiety were inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and radical scavengers. Therefore, the synthesised compounds may add to the current knowledge about multifunctional agents acting against various disorders implicating inflammation, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress. Keywords: non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; lorazepam derivatives; antioxidants; inflammation; hyperlipidemia; lipoxygenase inhibition 1. Introduction Lorazepam (7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) is a benzodiazepine derivative, used as anxiolytic, sedative, in status epilepticus and in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. It is known that benzodiazepines act by potentiating the interaction of GABA with GABAA receptors. Biologic stress has been described as the non-specific adaptive response of the organism to various stimuli, physical, psychological or emotional, such as fear and anxiety [1]. We [1] and others [2] have shown that biologic stress induces oxidative stress, and that GABAergic modulation may offer protection against immobilization-induced stress and oxidative damage [2]. Moreover, it has been reported that the benzodiazepine midazolam protects against neuronal degeneration and apoptosis induced by biological and oxidative stress [3]. Alimentary dyslipidemia disturbed anxiety level and cognitive processes in mice [4] and a diet rich in saturated fat and fructose caused high serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and induced a condition in rats similar to the human metabolic syndrome. This condition was accompanied by anxiety-related behaviour, which correlated significantly with oxidative stress. In addition, the degree of lipid peroxidation correlated well with the metabolic effects of the diet [5]. Finally, a number of benzodiazepine derivatives reduced hyperalgesia in rats in a dose-dependent manner, using the carrageenan-induced method [6]. Taking the above evidence into consideration, in this investigation we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of esters of lorazepam with five classical NSAIDs and the antioxidants α-lipoic acid ((R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid), trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) and (E)-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (BHA). The aim of this work was to Molecules 2019, 24, 3277; doi:10.3390/molecules24183277 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2019, 24, 3277 2 of 12 investigate whether such derivatives would combine hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activity and to examine their potential lipoxygenase inhibitory, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. We have demonstrated that a number of lorazepam derivatives possess hypolipidemic action [7]. Furthermore, alpha-lipoic acid reduced inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome [8]. We have also reported that trolox and cinnamic acid derivatives demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activities [9]. Lastly, indole-3-acetic acid, part of the indomethacin structure, was also used. 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. Synthesis Compounds 1–6, 8, 9 were synthesised by direct esterification of the carboxylic group of the respectiveMolecules acids 2019 with, 24, x lorazepam, using N,N0-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCC), at room temperature3 of 12 and high yields. For compound 7, carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) was used (Figure1). H H O N O O N Cl O Cl HO R O + N A) DCC/DMAP/CH2Cl2/r.t. N R OH B) CDI/THF/r.t. Cl Cl Yield No. RCOOH (%) O 1 Ibuprofen OH 74 O O 2 Naproxen 93 OH O 3 Ketoprofen OH 85 O O OH 4 Indomethacin O 81 N O Cl O OH 5 Tolfenamic acid NH Cl 41 O 6 α-Lipoic acid 71 S OH S HO O 7 Trolox 85 O OH O OH 8 BHA 40 HO OH 9 Indole-3-acetic acid O 40 N H FigureFigure 1. Synthesis 1. Synthesis and and structures structures of the the examined examined compounds. compounds. r.t. r.t. 2.2. Biological Activity 2.2.1. In Vivo Experiments Effect of Compounds on Acute Inflammation in Rats The effect of the synthesised compounds on acute inflammation, applying the carrageenan rat paw oedema model, as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent NSAIDs, are shown in Table 1. Molecules 2019, 24, 3277 3 of 12 2.2. Biological Activity 2.2.1. In Vivo Experiments Effect of Compounds on Acute Inflammation in Rats The effect of the synthesised compounds on acute inflammation, applying the carrageenan rat paw oedema model, as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of the parent NSAIDs, are shown in Table1. Table 1. Effect of compounds 1–9, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, indomethacin and tolfenamic acid on carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema a. Compound % Oedema Reduction 1 68 ** Ibuprofen 36 * 2 46 ** Naproxen 11 * 3 65 ** Ketoprofen 47 * 4 67 ** Indomethacin 42 ** 5 55 ** Tolfenamic acid 24 ** 6 39 * 7 56 * 8 37 * 9 43 ** a The effect on oedema is expressed as percent inhibition of oedema in comparison to controls, 3.5 h post administration. All compounds were administered intra peritonealy (i.p.) at 0.15 mmol/kg body weight. Significant difference from control: * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001 (Student’s t test). The carrageenan-induced paw oedema is a commonly and widely used model of acute inflammation. The early phase of carrageenan inflammation is characterised mainly by the release of histamine, serotonin and bradykinin. In the late phase, more than two hours after administration, the additional effects of neutrophil infiltration, prostaglandin production and pro-inflammatory cytokine release develop [10]. In this investigation, oedema was estimated 3.5 h after carrageenan administration. All compounds demonstrated increased anti-inflammatory activity. NSAID derivatives 1–5 were more potent than their individual parent acids. Especially, compound 2 was four times more active than naproxen. The activity of 1 and 5 were about two fold higher than ibuprofen and tolfenamic acid, respectively. Overall, these results indicate a further enhancement of the anti-inflammatory activity by the performed molecular modification. It has been found that diazepam reduces the number of inflammatory cells in the central nervous system [11], treatment with high diazepam doses decreases paw oedema after carrageenan-induced injury [12] and that benzodiazepine derivatives with imide substitution at the C3 of the benzodiazepine ring reduced up to 80% carrageenan rat paw hyperalgesia, in a dose dependent manner, and this activity was at least partly attributed to bradykinin B1 receptor antagonism [6]. Compounds 7 and 8 showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity. There is not any reported anti-inflammatory activity for trolox. Additionally, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a well known antioxidant structurally similar to the parent acid BHA, lacks such action either in vivo [13], or in vitro [14]. Thus, the antioxidant activity alone does not seem to be entirely responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, compounds 6 and 9 also inhibited paw oedema, although they do not express any antioxidant activity (part 2.2.2.1.). Indole-3-acetic acid has no reported anti-inflammatory action, while lipoic acid is only a weak anti-inflammatory agent at similar doses [15]. Again, it seems convincing that the lorazepam moiety contributes to increased anti-inflammatory activity. Molecules 2019, 24, 3277 4 of 12 Effect of Compounds on Hyperlipidemia in Rats The effect of the compounds under investigation on plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels, 24 h post injection, determined in rats after Triton-induced hyperlipidaemia is shown in Table2. Simvastatin, ibuprofen and naproxen are included for comparison. Table 2. Effect of the tested compounds, simvastatin, ibuprofen and naproxen on Triton WR1339 (tyloxapol) induced hyperlipidemia. Dose i.p. % Reduction Compound (µmol/kg) TC a TG b LDL-C c 1 150 82 *** 65 *** 56 * 1 50 44 *** 57 ** 43 ** 2 50 60 *** 71 *** 42 *** 4 50 59 *** 59 *** 60 *** 5 50 56 *** 57 *** 48 *** 6 150 82 *** 41 ** 60 * 6 50 48 *** 39 *** 47 *** 7 150 72 *** 64 * 69 * 8 150 81 *** 66 *** 63 *** 8 50 59 *** 52 *** 44 ** Simvastatin 150 73 *** - 70 *** Ibuprofen 300 41 *** 38 *** 42 *** Naproxen 500 53 *** 44 *** 26 *** a TC: Total cholesterol; b TG: Triglycerides; c LDL-C: LDL cholesterol. Tyloxapol: 200 mg/kg, i.p. Significant difference from hyperlipidemic control: * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.005, *** p < 0.001 (Student’s t test). Tyloxapol (Triton WR1339) is a nonionic surfactant used to induce hyperlipidemia in experimental animals if administered parenterally. It leads to accumulation of triglycerides, VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol in plasma, reaching maximal effect 24 h after administration. These actions are due to inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and to stimulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase [9,16]. Compounds 1 and 6–8 were administered at 0.15mmol/kg and reduced greatly all lipidemic indices, e.g., total cholesterol reduction was at the range of 80%, comparable to that of simvastatin. For most compounds a lower dose, 0.05mmol/kg, was tested and found that still a very significant reduction of lipidemia was achieved, further indicating a dose dependent action.