DOCSLIB.ORG

Taxonomic Study of Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and Allied Substratal Stroma Forming Fungi from Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taxonomic Study of Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and Allied Substratal Stroma Forming Fungi from Japan Taxonomic Study of Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and Allied Substratal Stroma Forming Fungi from Japan 著者 趙 彦傑 内容記述 この博士論文は全文公表に適さないやむを得ない事 由があり要約のみを公表していましたが、解消した ため、2017年8月23日に全文を公表しました。 year 2014 その他のタイトル 日本産Lambertella属および基質性子座を形成する 類縁属の分類学的研究 学位授与大学 筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba) 学位授与年度 2013 報告番号 12102甲第6938号 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00123740 Taxonomic Study of Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and Allied Substratal Stroma Forming Fungi from Japan A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Science (Doctoral Program in Biosphere Resource Science and Technology) Yan-Jie ZHAO Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1–1 The genus Lambertella in Rutstroemiaceae .................................................................... 1 1–2 Taxonomic problems of Lambertella .............................................................................. 5 1–3 Allied genera of Lambertella ........................................................................................... 7 1–4 Objectives of the present research ................................................................................. 12 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 17 2–1 Collection and isolation ................................................................................................. 17 2–2 Morphological examination .......................................................................................... 17 2–3 Observation of cultural characteristics .......................................................................... 18 2–4 DNA extraction .............................................................................................................. 18 2–5 PCR and sequencing ...................................................................................................... 19 2–6 Phylogenetic analyses .................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3 Results and discussion ............................................................................................. 22 3–1 Identification of the collected materials ........................................................................ 22 3–2 Morphological characters of collected materials ........................................................... 22 3–3 Substratal stroma formation in culture .......................................................................... 23 3–4 Phylogenetic analysis .................................................................................................... 24 3–4–1 Phylogenetic analysis inferred from ITS-5.8S dataset ........................................... 24 3–4–2 Phylogenetic analysis inferred from individual dataset of LSU, RPB2, and the combined dataset of LSU and RPB2 ................................................................................ 26 3–5 Taxonomy ...................................................................................................................... 32 3–5–1 Delimitation of Lambertella sensus stricto ............................................................ 32 3–5–2 Crassitunica Y. -J. Zhao & T. Hosoya .................................................................... 33 3–5–3 Brunneimargo Y. -J. Zhao & T. Hosoya .................................................................. 36 3–5–4 Luteidiscella Y. -J. Zhao & T. Hosoya .................................................................... 38 3–5–5 Hymenoscyphus yunnanense (S.H. Ou) Y.-J. Zhao & T. Hosoya .......................... 41 3–5–6 Rutstroemia pinicola (Y. Otani) Y.-J. Zhao & T. Hosoya ...................................... 43 Chapter 4 General discussion................................................................................................... 60 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 67 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 70 References ................................................................................................................................ 72 Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 83 Chapter 1 Introduction 1–1 The genus Lambertella in Rutstroemiaceae The phylum Ascomycota is the largest group of Fungi and is characterized by the production of ascospores within asci as a result of sexual production (Kirk et al. 2008). The number of fungal species is estimated to be 1.5 million and about two-thirds of these species are thought to be Ascomycota (Hawksworth 1991, 2001). The Ascomycota and other fungi play essential roles in most land-based ecosystems as decomposers (Deacon 2006). However, some Ascomycota also interact with other organisms. Most species of Ascomycota are lichen-forming fungi, some are saprotrophs or parasites, and a few have mycorrhizal associations (Wang et al. 2006). Helotiales is one of the largest non-lichen-forming ascomycetes, which include some saprotrophic and parasitic species with highly divergent characters in their morphology, ecology, and biology (Wang et al. 2006). Morphological characters such as the shape and color of the apothecia have been useful for characterizing the families of Helotiales (Dennis 1968; Korf 1973; Wang et al. 2006). However, classifications in Helotiales based on the apothecial morphology are not always consistent with cellular, ultrastructural or molecular characters (Verkley 1994; Wang et al. 2005, 2006), thus further studies are needed to determine the taxonomy of Helotiales. The stroma is a complex hyphal structure that characterizes the three major families in Helotiales: Helotiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, and Rutstroemiaceae. The primary function of the stroma is thought to be food storage (Whetzel 1945), but it also enables the survival of fungi in stressful environments. Based on morphology, two types of 1 stroma are recognized in Helotiales: sclerotial stroma and substratal stroma (Fig. 1.1). Sclerotial stroma is a determinate, tough structure that is often pellet-shaped, which comprises the medulla with a hyphal structure that is covered by a cortex of pigmented cells known as the rind. The sclerotial stroma is readily distinguishable from the substrate. The substratal stroma is an indeterminate structure, where a portion of the substrate is found in the medulla, which is usually surrounded by a black rind of differentiated cells. The substratal stroma is visible on the surfaces of dead leaves, petioles, branches, and fruits as black patches or crusts, or as irregular areas delimited by an irregular, thin, black line. Initially, most of the apothecial fungi with inoperculate asci and without remarkable structures such as hair were placed in the family Helotiaceae (Höhnel 1918). Subsequently, the family Sclerotiniaceae was separated from Helotiaceae to include species with stroma, either substratal or sclerotial (Whetzel 1945). With the development of molecular methods, members with substratal or sclerotial stroma were shown to be a different group based on studies of western hybridizations and molecular phylogenetic analyses (Carbone and Kohn 1993; Holst-Jensen et al. 1997; Kohn and Grenville 1989a, b). According to phylogenetic analyses, the family Rutstroemiaceae was separated from Sclerotiniaceae to include members with substratal stroma, whereas species with sclerotial stroma remained in the family Sclerotiniaceae (Holst-Jensen et al. 1997). Sclerotiniaceae comprises 284 species from 47 genera (Kirk et al. 2008), including many economically important plant pathogens, such as Sclerotinia, Botryotinia, and Monilia (Holst-Jensen et al. 1997; Whetzel 1945). By contrast, most of the species in Rutstroemiaceae are saprotrophs, rarely necrotrophic or biotrophic parasites. Most 2 members of Rutstroemiaceae form small and dark-colored apothecia, thus there has been little taxonomic research concerning Rutstroemiaceae. At present, only seven genera and 233 species have been reported in Rutstroemiaceae (Kirk et al. 2008). Compared with other families in Helotiales, the number of genera is remarkably low, thereby suggesting possibly inappropriate generic taxonomy. Lambertella is one of the largest groups in the family Rutstroemiaceae, with 63 species (Kirk et al. 2008). It was erected by von Höhnel (1918) for the single species Lambertella corni-maris Höhn., and it remained monotypic for a long time until Whetzel (1943) first monographed Lambertella with eight species. Dumont (1971) monographed the genus with 29 species based on a large number of specimens and a detailed, clear definition of Lambertella was provided. Korf and Zhuang (1985) followed Dumont’s definition of Lambertella and constructed a synoptic key of the 47 species known by that time. Since then, 16 new species have been added by various authors, but there has been no comprehensive taxonomic research subsequently after Dumont (1971). Definition of Lambertella provided by Dumont (1971) was: Lambertella Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 127: 375 [47
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Survey of Fungi at the University of Wisconsin-Waukesha Field Station
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Field Station Bulletins UWM Field Station Spring 1993 A survey of fungi at the University of Wisconsin- Waukesha Field Station Alan D. Parker University of Wisconsin-Waukesha Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/fieldstation_bulletins Part of the Forest Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Parker, A.D. 1993 A survey of fungi at the University of Wisconsin-Waukesha Field Station. Field Station Bulletin 26(1): 1-10. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Field Station Bulletins by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Survey of Fungi at the University of Wisconsin-Waukesha Field Station Alan D. Parker Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin-Waukesha Waukesha, Wisconsin 53188 Introduction The University of Wisconsin-Waukesha Field Station was founded in 1967 through the generous gift of a 98 acre farm by Ms. Gertrude Sherman. The facility is located approximately nine miles west of Waukesha on Highway 18, just south of the Waterville Road intersection. The site consists of rolling glacial deposits covered with old field vegetation, 20 acres of xeric oak woods, a small lake with marshlands and bog, and a cold water stream. Other communities are being estab- lished as a result of restoration work; among these are mesic prairie, oak opening, and stands of various conifers. A long-term study of higher fungi and Myxomycetes, primarily from the xeric oak woods, was started in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • The Culture-Independent Analysis of Fungal Endophytes of Wheat Grown in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
    THE CULTURE-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES OF WHEAT GROWN IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA By Richard Jörn Burgdorf Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Microbiology School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science Pietermaritzburg South Africa December 2016 Thesis summary Fungal endophytes are of interest due to their diverse taxonomy and biological functions. A range of definitions exists based on their identity, morphology, location and relationship with their host. Fungal endophytes belong to a wide range of taxa and they are categorized by a variety of characteristics. The detection and identification of these fungal endophytes can be performed using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. These organisms have a range of application in pharmaceutical discovery and agriculture. Agricultural applications include the exploitation of the growth promoting and protective properties of fungal endophytes in crops such as wheat. This important crop is grown in South Africa where biotic and environmental stresses pose a challenge to its cultivation. Fungal endophytes have demonstrated potential to ameliorate these challenges. Future research will reveal how they can be harnessed to fight food insecurity brought about by stress factors such as climate change. Extraneous DNA interferes with PCR studies of endophytic fungi. A procedure was developed with which to evaluate the removal of extraneous DNA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves were sprayed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then subjected to physical and chemical surface treatments. The fungal ITS1 products were amplified from whole tissue DNA extractions. ANOVA was performed on the DNA bands representing S. cerevisiae on the agarose gel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella Gen
    Phytotaxa 177 (1): 001–025 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.1.1 The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes PETER R. JOHNSTON1, DUCKCHUL PARK1, HANS-OTTO BARAL2, RICARDO GALÁN3, GONZALO PLATAS4 & RAÚL TENA5 1Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. 2Blaihofstraße 42, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany. 3Dpto. de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, P.O.B. 20, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. 4Fundación MEDINA, Microbiología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain. 5C/– Arreñales del Portillo B, 21, 1º D, 44003, Teruel, Spain. Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella. The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae. However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hymenotorrendiel- la. The Hymenotorrendiella species are distinguished morphologically from Rutstroemia in having a Hymenoscyphus-type rather than Sclerotinia-type ascus apex. Zoellneria, linked taxonomically to Torrendiella in the past, is genetically distinct and a synonym of Chaetomella. Keywords: ascus apex, phylogeny, taxonomy, Hymenoscyphus, Rutstroemiaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Zoellneria, Chaetomella Introduction Torrendiella was described by Boudier and Torrend (1911), based on T. ciliata Boudier in Boudier and Torrend (1911: 133), a species reported from leaves, and more rarely twigs, of Rubus, Quercus and Laurus from Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom (Graddon 1979; Spooner 1987; Galán et al.
    [Show full text]
  • How Many Fungi Make Sclerotia?
    fungal ecology xxx (2014) 1e10 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Short Communication How many fungi make sclerotia? Matthew E. SMITHa,*, Terry W. HENKELb, Jeffrey A. ROLLINSa aUniversity of Florida, Department of Plant Pathology, Gainesville, FL 32611-0680, USA bHumboldt State University of Florida, Department of Biological Sciences, Arcata, CA 95521, USA article info abstract Article history: Most fungi produce some type of durable microscopic structure such as a spore that is Received 25 April 2014 important for dispersal and/or survival under adverse conditions, but many species also Revision received 23 July 2014 produce dense aggregations of tissue called sclerotia. These structures help fungi to survive Accepted 28 July 2014 challenging conditions such as freezing, desiccation, microbial attack, or the absence of a Available online - host. During studies of hypogeous fungi we encountered morphologically distinct sclerotia Corresponding editor: in nature that were not linked with a known fungus. These observations suggested that Dr. Jean Lodge many unrelated fungi with diverse trophic modes may form sclerotia, but that these structures have been overlooked. To identify the phylogenetic affiliations and trophic Keywords: modes of sclerotium-forming fungi, we conducted a literature review and sequenced DNA Chemical defense from fresh sclerotium collections. We found that sclerotium-forming fungi are ecologically Ectomycorrhizal diverse and phylogenetically dispersed among 85 genera in 20 orders of Dikarya, suggesting Plant pathogens that the ability to form sclerotia probably evolved 14 different times in fungi. Saprotrophic ª 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved. Sclerotium Fungi are among the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes with features such as a hyphal thallus, non-flagellated cells, and an estimated 5.1 million species (Blackwell, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Three New Species of B Otryotinia on Ranunculaceae1
    THREE NEW SPECIES OF B OTRYOTINIA ON RANUNCULACEAE1 G. L. HENNEBERT2 Institut agronomique, Universite de Louvain, Hervelee, Belgium AND J. W. GROVES3 Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada Received October 10, 1962 Abstract Three new species of Botryotinia on Caltha palustris L., Ranunculus septen- trionalis Poir., and Ficaria verna Huds. (Ranunculaceae) are described as B. calthae Hennebert and Elliott, B. ranunculi Hennebert and Groves, and B. ficariarum Hennebert. Each of the three species has a Botrytis state of the 73. cinerea complex, and they thus constitute additions to the species already segregated from that complex, i.e. Botryotinia fuckeliana, 73. convoluta, B. draytoni, and B. pelargonii. The Botrytis state of B. ficariarum can be distinguished morp­ hologically. While B. ranunculi is a North American species and B. ficariarum an European one, B. calthae is reported from both continents. Introduction Botryotinia, a genus of the Sclerotiniaceae, was erected by Whetzel (1945) for four species formerly assigned to Sclerotinia Fuckel, but which differ from the true Sclerotinia species mainly in their erumpent, planoconvexoid sclerotia which are firmly attached to the substrate, and in the possession of a conidial state belonging to the form-genus Botrytis Pers. The type species is Botryotinia convoluta (Drayton) Whetzel in which the conidial state is a Botrytis of the cinerea type or B. cinerea sensu lato, and the other species included were Botryotinia fuckeliana (De Bary) Whetzel, of which the conidial state is Botrytis cinerea Pers. or B. cinerea sensu stricto, and Botryotinia ricini (Godfrey) Whetz. and B. porri (v. Beyma) Whetz. In the latter two species the conidial states would not be considered Botrytis species of the cinerea type.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterization of Botrytis Antigen from Allium Cepa L. and Its Role in Rapid Diagnosis of Neck Rot
    International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) |Volume VIII, Issue V, May 2021|ISSN 2321-2705 Isolation and characterization of Botrytis antigen from Allium cepa L. and its role in rapid diagnosis of neck rot Prabin Kumar Sahoo1, Amrita Masanta2, K. Gopinath Achary3, Shikha Singh4* 1,2,4 Rama Devi Women’s University, Vidya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 3Imgenex India Pvt. Ltd, E-5 Infocity, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Corresponding author* Abstract: Early and accurate diagnosis of neckrot in onions and B. aclada are the predominant species reported to cause permits early treatment which can enhance yield and its storage. neck rot of onion, these species are difficult to distinguish In the present study, polyclonal antibody (pAb) raised against morphologically because of similar growth patterns on agar the protein extract from Botrytis allii was established for the media, and overlapping spore sizes [4]. detection of neck rot using serological assays. The pathogenic proteins were recognized by ELISA with high sensitivity (50 ng). Recent studies of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer Correlation coefficient between infected onions from different (ITS) region of the genome of Botrytis spp. associated with stages and from different agroclimatic zones with antibody titres neck rot of onion have confirmed the existence of three was taken as the primary endpoint for standardization of the distinct groups [5]. These include a smaller-spored group with protocol. Highest positive correlation (r ¼ 0.999) was observed in 16 mitotic chromosomes, (B. aclada AI), a larger-spored stage I and II infected samples of North-western zone, whereas low negative correlation (r ¼ _0.184) was found in stage III group with 16 mitotic chromosomes (B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ascomycota
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 139, 2005 49 A PRELIMINARY CENSUS OF THE MACROFUNGI OF MT WELLINGTON, TASMANIA – THE ASCOMYCOTA by Genevieve M. Gates and David A. Ratkowsky (with one appendix) Gates, G. M. & Ratkowsky, D. A. 2005 (16:xii): A preliminary census of the macrofungi of Mt Wellington, Tasmania – the Ascomycota. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 139: 49–52. ISSN 0080-4703. School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (GMG*); School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (DAR). *Author for correspondence. This work continues the process of documenting the macrofungi of Mt Wellington. Two earlier publications were concerned with the gilled and non-gilled Basidiomycota, respectively, excluding the sequestrate species. The present work deals with the non-sequestrate Ascomycota, of which 42 species were found on Mt Wellington. Key Words: Macrofungi, Mt Wellington (Tasmania), Ascomycota, cup fungi, disc fungi. INTRODUCTION For the purposes of this survey, all Ascomycota having a conspicuous fruiting body were considered, excluding Two earlier papers in the preliminary documentation of the endophytes. Material collected during forays was described macrofungi of Mt Wellington, Tasmania, were confined macroscopically shortly after collection, and examined to the ‘agarics’ (gilled fungi) and the non-gilled species, microscopically to obtain details such as the size of the
    [Show full text]
  • An Evolving Phylogenetically Based Taxonomy of Lichens and Allied Fungi
    Opuscula Philolichenum, 11: 4-10. 2012. *pdf available online 3January2012 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/) An evolving phylogenetically based taxonomy of lichens and allied fungi 1 BRENDAN P. HODKINSON ABSTRACT. – A taxonomic scheme for lichens and allied fungi that synthesizes scientific knowledge from a variety of sources is presented. The system put forth here is intended both (1) to provide a skeletal outline of the lichens and allied fungi that can be used as a provisional filing and databasing scheme by lichen herbarium/data managers and (2) to announce the online presence of an official taxonomy that will define the scope of the newly formed International Committee for the Nomenclature of Lichens and Allied Fungi (ICNLAF). The online version of the taxonomy presented here will continue to evolve along with our understanding of the organisms. Additionally, the subfamily Fissurinoideae Rivas Plata, Lücking and Lumbsch is elevated to the rank of family as Fissurinaceae. KEYWORDS. – higher-level taxonomy, lichen-forming fungi, lichenized fungi, phylogeny INTRODUCTION Traditionally, lichen herbaria have been arranged alphabetically, a scheme that stands in stark contrast to the phylogenetic scheme used by nearly all vascular plant herbaria. The justification typically given for this practice is that lichen taxonomy is too unstable to establish a reasonable system of classification. However, recent leaps forward in our understanding of the higher-level classification of fungi, driven primarily by the NSF-funded Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFToL) project (Lutzoni et al. 2004), have caused the taxonomy of lichen-forming and allied fungi to increase significantly in stability. This is especially true within the class Lecanoromycetes, the main group of lichen-forming fungi (Miadlikowska et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
    Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades.
    [Show full text]
  • 9B Taxonomy to Genus
    Fungus and Lichen Genera in the NEMF Database Taxonomic hierarchy: phyllum > class (-etes) > order (-ales) > family (-ceae) > genus. Total number of genera in the database: 526 Anamorphic fungi (see p. 4), which are disseminated by propagules not formed from cells where meiosis has occurred, are presently not grouped by class, order, etc. Most propagules can be referred to as "conidia," but some are derived from unspecialized vegetative mycelium. A significant number are correlated with fungal states that produce spores derived from cells where meiosis has, or is assumed to have, occurred. These are, where known, members of the ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. However, in many cases, they are still undescribed, unrecognized or poorly known. (Explanation paraphrased from "Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Edition.") Principal authority for this taxonomy is the Dictionary of the Fungi and its online database, www.indexfungorum.org. For lichens, see Lecanoromycetes on p. 3. Basidiomycota Aegerita Poria Macrolepiota Grandinia Poronidulus Melanophyllum Agaricomycetes Hyphoderma Postia Amanitaceae Cantharellales Meripilaceae Pycnoporellus Amanita Cantharellaceae Abortiporus Skeletocutis Bolbitiaceae Cantharellus Antrodia Trichaptum Agrocybe Craterellus Grifola Tyromyces Bolbitius Clavulinaceae Meripilus Sistotremataceae Conocybe Clavulina Physisporinus Trechispora Hebeloma Hydnaceae Meruliaceae Sparassidaceae Panaeolina Hydnum Climacodon Sparassis Clavariaceae Polyporales Gloeoporus Steccherinaceae Clavaria Albatrellaceae Hyphodermopsis Antrodiella
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Study of Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and Allied Substratal Stroma Forming Fungi from Japan
    Taxonomic Study of Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and Allied Substratal Stroma Forming Fungi from Japan A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Tsukuba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Science (Doctoral Program in Biosphere Resource Science and Technology) Yan-Jie ZHAO Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1–1 The genus Lambertella in Rutstroemiaceae .................................................................... 1 1–2 Taxonomic problems of Lambertella .............................................................................. 5 1–3 Allied genera of Lambertella ........................................................................................... 7 1–4 Objectives of the present research ................................................................................. 12 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 17 2–1 Collection and isolation ................................................................................................. 17 2–2 Morphological examination .......................................................................................... 17 2–3 Observation of cultural characteristics .......................................................................... 18 2–4 DNA extraction
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice for Pichia Kudriavzevii ASCUSDY21 for Use As a Direct Fed Microbial in Dairy Cattle
    GRAS Notice for Pichia kudriavzevii ASCUSDY21 for Use as a Direct Fed Microbial in Dairy Cattle Prepared for: Division of Animal Feeds, (HFV-220) Center for Veterinary Medicine 7519 Standish Place Rockville, Maryland 20855 Submitted by: ASCUS Biosciences, Inc. 6450 Lusk Blvd Suite 209 San Diego, California 92121 GRAS Notice for Pichia kudriavzevii ASCUSDY21 for Use as a Direct Fed Microbial in Dairy Cattle TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 – SIGNED STATEMENTS AND CERTIFICATION ................................................................................... 9 1.1 Name and Address of Organization .............................................................................................. 9 1.2 Name of the Notified Substance ................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Intended Conditions of Use .......................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Statutory Basis for the Conclusion of GRAS Status ....................................................................... 9 1.5 Premarket Exception Status .......................................................................................................... 9 1.6 Availability of Information .......................................................................................................... 10 1.7 Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552 .................................................................................. 10 1.8 Certification ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]