Historical Holidays in a Nation-State: Slovenes As A

CEU eTD Collection

SLOVENES AMAJORITYAND ASAS A MINORITY HISTORICALHOLIDAYS ANATION IN In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Advisor: Professor András Pap Nationalism Studies Program Central European University Budapest, Hungary Master Artsof Tomaž Horvat Submitted to 201 By

- STATE:

CEU eTD Collection minority Carinthian ofSlovenes. protection the authorities Carint the of results andthe state to equal nation a in majority be cannot minorities the of rights the Slovenia in protection minority of level high the despite that realize to had communities national the of both of representatives hi minorities’ the with conflict in was content their because such as them perceived latter the but minorities, the against directed explicitly not was holidays new the of introduction the that say can we research Car called so the of anniversaries annual of celebrations towards attitude their with compared was holidays national Slovene new the of celebration the towards attitude media’s Slovene and statesmen’s Second analysis. the during consideration into taken been also have media majority the of Standpoints minorities. the of representatives and politicians majority the between dispute obje minorities’ the behind reasons disclose to was thesis this of aim the Thus minorities. Italian the and Hungarian the of representatives by objected were Motherland” the to Region Primorska the of Restoration Incorpora Prekmurje in Slovenes of “Day holidays, new the of Two Slovenia. today’s to attached was a region populated Slovene certain when history national Slovene from event important an celebrating them of each holidays, ABSTRACT In 2005, In inthian plebiscite after which the which after plebiscite inthian – fourteen years after it became independent, Slovenia independent, became it after years fourteen

the the as well as well as trcl eoy n ntoa sniet. ic ter betos ee rejected were objections their Since sentiments. national and memory storical Slovene national territory. Finally, even though Slovene politicians described the politicians Slovene though national even Finally, territory. Slovene

- state, especially when the latter wishes to emphasize the con the emphasize to wishes latter the when especially state, tos n t peet rcia a wl a tertcl mlctos f the of implications theoretical as well as practical present to and ctions in lbsie s l a as plebiscite hian

Slovene media Slovene –

are primarily concerned with the unsatisfactory level of of level unsatisfactory the with concerned primarily are

Slovene mi Slovene s of oss ted into the Mother Nation” and the “Day of of “Day the and Nation” Mother the into ted

the n

ority was to live in Austria. in live to was ority lvn ntoa trioy te Slov the territory, national Slovene introduced three new national national new three introduced nection between between nection

Based on the the on Based those of the the of those ,

Slovene

ene ene the the , i

CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION FROM THE SLOVENE POINT OF VIEW 6. SLOVENE 5. 4. 3. OF THE NEW HOLIDAYS 2. AND THE ITALIAN MINORITIES IN SLOVENIA 1. INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT OFCONTENTS TABLE

ANNIVERSARIES OF THE CARINTHIAN PLEBISCITE THE PRIMORSKA HOLIDAY AND OBJECTIONS OF THE HUNGARIAN MINORITY THE THEORY BEHIND THE CELEBRATIONS THE ACCEPTANCE AND THE CELEBRATIONS THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE HUNGARIAN - ITALIAN RELATIONS

......

91 85 79 71 60 45 35 29 16

ii 1 ii

CEU eTD Collection Instituteofeth 48/49, No. studies, ofethnic journal 2 n_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D400354E68C125700E0043AB95&db=ko ofSlovenia Republic in freeDays 1 withi minorities national became and nations mother their from separated got region Primorska from Italians as well as Prekmurje of region the in living Hungarians celebrate holidays two the events and Hungarian Motherland” the to Region Primorska the of Restoration of “Day holidays these his certain a celebrating Slovenia of Republic in citizens connects in resulted which proposal government’s 2005 named is them of second the Yugoslavia 23 on plebiscite INTRODUCTION

The Slovene government’s proposal on proposal Slovene government’s The Attila Kovács, Demographic trends of the Prekmurje Hungarians in the 20th century, in: Treatises and document and Treatises in: century, the 20th in Hungarians ofthe Prekmurje trends Demographic AttilaKovács, In fe 88, After

addition to the ab the to addition

tdys lvnas territory. Slovenia’s today’s n hn t nm wa name its when of

most of the Slovene the of most Sloven

on 25 % f lgbe oes supported voters eligible of 5% ,

the the th rd ia

“Day of Slovenes in Prekmurje I Prekmurje in Slovenes of “Day June 1991 June h Slovene the

Italian “ Italian can national relate toregardless oftheir belonging. eebr 1990, December

ovementioned change the change ovementioned

the aim of this change was change this of aim the

oia pit hn pr o Slovenia’s of part a when point torical from cagd o Idpnec ad nt D Unity and “Independence to changed s

autochthon , 24.5.2005: 24.5.2005: ,

“ .

S Both of the Both of 2005 citizens. tatehood

needne I ws ute sae ta ti i te date the is this that stated further was It independence.

change

lo introduced also

Parliamentary representatives of both of the minorities minorities the of both of representatives Parliamentary http://www.dz lvna eee from seceded Slovenia 1 national communities” national s and complementaions sand

D t a esi ta hs r h holidays the are these that said be can It se nic studies, Ljubljana, 2006, 6 2006, Ljubljana, studies, nic ay”

dates dates

the and the first the and L

- are celebrated as national holidaysinSlov as national are celebrated aw on on aw eulc f Slovenia of Republic

ncorporated into the Mother Nation” Mother the into ncorporated

o emphasize to three new national holidays, each of them them of each holidays, national new three National H National

of was cal was the 2

live.

Law on National Holidays and Work and Holidays National Lawon , Socialist Federal Republic of of Republic Federal Socialist ertr wa territory

refer to the territory where territory the to refer the historic the

led “Independence Day” until until Day” “Independence led olidays As a result of the historical the of result a As

ay s independence ’s ” Acrig t According . and Work and s acquired. Two of of Two acquired. s

plebiscitary unity unity plebiscitary to - which free Days Days free

and at o the the o

enia:

that the the the the the s: - 1

CEU eTD Collection studies ofethnic journal 4 n_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D400354E68C125708C00247D18&db= 29.09.2005: 3 ma the for foundation a as serve will principles those Understanding described. be be presented guarantee ofthe majority for minority thesymbiosis and theregion. the populationin Slovene the of framework that time same occasio nation. mother the into Slovenes Prekmurje the of incorporation Prekmurje. of Hungarian the of region representatives geographic Slovene the in border Hungarian parliamentaryrepresentatives. holiday”. the of spirit the with accordance celebrations the during following provision a adding by law question. in nationally on harmony the disrupt would they short, In minority. the of feelings the with interfere would but Slovenia, of population the unify not would they that argument the with holidays respective the of introduction the opposed

Attila The amendment proposed by the parliamentary representatives of the Hungarian and the Italian minorities, the and Italian Hungarian ofthe by representatives the parliamentary amendment proposed The Inthe h Hnain ioiy ouae apoiaey 9 km 195 approximately populates minority Hungarian The h Hnain minority Hungarian the

Kovács n Sloven n first , http://www.dz

majority politicians maintain politicians majority , Demographic trends of the Prekmurje Hungarians in the 20th century, in: Treatises and documents: documents: and Treatises in: century, the 20th in Hungarians ofthe Prekmurje trends Demographic , In the end the In

, that is, , thatis, chapter e

media have been have media , No. 48/49, Instit 48/49, No. ,

special status of the Hungarian and Italian and statusspecial oftheHungarian communities national of the of - ,

. both both

hi argument Their

C research onstitution as well as well as onstitution parliamentary

s el ae cr o, ht s i i poel poetd w protected properly is it is, that of, care taken well is

ioiy eue o ae at in part take to refuse minority ute of ethnic studies, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, studies, ofethnic ute

critical regarding the regarding critical

key which national flags of the minorities would not be hung out hung be not would minorities the of flags national which

principles of minority protection in Slovenia minorityin ofprotection principles ed

was was 3

representatives representatives

the holiday is not directed against the minorities and minorities the against directed not is holiday the The amendment was unanimously rejected by other by rejected unanimously was amendment The that hanging out the minorities’ flags “is not in in not “is flags minorities’ the out hanging that other

minority’s boycott of the holiday. At th holiday.At the of boycott minority’s minor of the minorities minorities the of minority 2006, ity legislation and that this should this that and legislation ity 2

6 h ana clbain of celebrations annual the Especially after Especially

territory rights 4

n wt te national the with and o hs a official day this To wanted to amend the amend to wanted ln te Slovene the along mixed territories mixed the the i n part of the the of part n

are are first such such first

ti the ithin goingto going to

ko the e 2 -

CEU eTD Collection scrutinize goingto representatives majority and minority Hungarian the of representative parliamentary between dispute the of content the at look a take Slove contemporar and historical on elaborate to order In before. during remain otherwise which minority into insight valuable a offer can them and rights linguistic its ensuring is, p that identity, its of preservation and protection legal its of interpretations regarding especially minority, Hungarian the of status the regarding disputes is it hand, other the on holiday, emotional the conflicting towards two attitudes and narratives historical national conflicting two out point hand, kin its from minority its of Slovene of points turning h behind reasons the disclose studies. nationalism of field the from literature theoretical holidays, holidays inthechapter research revent introducing By oliday. Because of Because

ne ertr. hl te sa the While territory.

it ing

majority and majority which will start with start will which can generate negative attitude negative generate can h sbeun primnay discussion, parliamentary subsequent the

its furthera its

the

high emotional intensiveness of such celebrations the discussion accompanying discussion the celebrations such of intensiveness emotional high national as well as localas wellnational as - state

s ssimilation. Hungarian minority regarding the new national holiday national new the regarding minority Hungarian

two and three. two

h hldy t holiday the national history with the e the with history national ,

the holiday discomforts the minority. The The minority. the discomforts holiday the

the opposing viewpoints as regards to the nature of the of nature the to regards as viewpoints opposing the e itrcl vn atr ol Wr I War World after event historical me the

analysis o analysis

eaiey late relatively

the content of content the Our be main sources will during the parliamentary discussion. discussion. parliamentary the during

he he towards the other national group where they did not exist not did they where group national other the towards Slovene Slovene media’s f the content the f t A te ae ie te a the time, same the At nt. tt agal wanted arguably state reports m disagreements

phasis on phasis media reports on their acceptance and and acceptance their on reports media and on t se lgt n contemporary on light shed to going

and commentaries and In the In

theoretical implic theoretical raos o te ls between clash the for reasons y

the acquisition of the of acquisition the the fourth

between government’s proposal ofthe

a svrd h Hungar the severed has analysis

chapter we are going to going are we chapter

o commemorate to

Furthermore, w Furthermore, the

on gmnain used rgumentation is going to, on to, going is , ations of the new the of ations

majority and majority

we are going to to going are we the introductionthe

certain part certain Prekmurje e are e

one the the the ian 3

CEU eTD Collection 5 narratives national historical different to connected prevalentlyis clash this of nature the whether see will we Prekmurje of territory nationallymixed Slovene new the Slovene the of ar How minority Italian the of members Do (e.g.: attitudes and argumentation 2004. in Foibe” and Exiles the of Day Memorial m is, that minority, the to threatening repres parliamentary its protected, well legally is Slovenia of size the to compared minorityonly members, which has inSlovenia threethousand is around It of people thousands to with united was Slovenia today’s of Motherland the to of celebration the with holiday this surrounding the arguments ofboth nati rights, minority territory, discourse in speech t of representatives Prekmurje the of

Dušan mre, u h as s also he but emories, n h f the In Nećak, Božo Repe, Or Repe, Božo Nećak, e they mentioned in the speeches politicians give at the celebrations the at give politicians speeches the in mentioned they e

nlss e il r t dtc te eurn nation recurring the detect to try will we analysis ifth 2006 were also published in the media media the in published also were 2006

nation chapter

” which which ” ainl holiday. national e ugra mnrt a wl as well as minority Hungarian he holiday

state and the representatives of the minority as regards to the to regards as minority the of representatives the and state of the of la ntoaiy et h Slovene the left nationality alian –

aw is sodobne obče in slovenske zgodovine, Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 2003, 263 2003, Ljubljana, fakulteta, Filozofska zgodovine, in slovenske obče issodobne y sn smlr e o sources of set similar using by h Slov the refers t refers

sides. t as it

onal history, national feelings, and in which way are they used in in used they are way which in and feelings, national history, onal and o the historical event after event historical the o

ene a

n t frt eerto i Ags 2006 August in celebration first its on

according to him to according oprn i wt te ae f h hldy eern t the to referring holiday the of case the with it Comparing oiia rsos t the to response political day’s territory of the Slovene the of territory day’s

ioiy n Italy. in minority

the

of the two nations in Slovene in nations two the of We are thus going to research the opposing opposing the research to going thus are We “ that Day

it is not only in conflict with its historical its with conflict in only not is it

the

5 e r gig o analyze. to going are we at f uolva n tdys Italian today’s and Yugoslavia of part of Restoration of the Primorska Region Region Primorska the of Restoration of

– vn huh h Iain ioiy in minority Italian the though Even rsnain f the of presentation

World War II War World we - related concepts, such as national national as such concepts, related naie et h nw holid new the felt entative tl’ itouto o “National of introduction Italy’s

r gig to going are

state. After that some tens of tens some that After state. a ted h celebration the attend relatively number small

when the western part part western the when ?) of ?)

compare disputes disputes compare rm Minister’s Prime .

Primorska or Primorska representatives O celebration of of celebration bjection

During the the During y is ay s

s of to ? 4

CEU eTD Collection Celovec založba, Mohorjeva II, ofCarinthian endeavors The 6 we questions these answer To holiday? no q following af period the in disputes accompanying and towards attitude part are we Since territory. of unity the to regards as counterproductive is holiday the Slovenia in minority Italian th of case the in As discussed. most are rights other and language minority’s of status problematic the when year the of time a is it hand, other the on and history, what hand, one On between tensions national alleviate than increase celebration i Slovene on based and 1920 in place took plebiscite The towards attitude their with media’ national onher minorities territory. holiday these introducing behind motives into insight deeper a get to able be also will we way This minorities. respective the of treatment the concerning states two the between issues political unresolved contemporary

The number of Slovenes in Carinthia according to the 1910 census, in: Matjaž Klemenčič, Vladimir Klemenčič, Klemenčič, Vladimir Klemenčič, Matjaž census,in: the 1910 to according Carinthia in ofSlovenes number The liaey i the in Ultimately, t , how do they justify their abse their justify they do how , s

were s attitude towards towards attitude s uestions: Do representatives of Slovenian authorities participate at the festivities? If festivities? the at participate authorities Slovenian of representatives Do uestions:

of the new holidays in Slovenia, the anniversaries of the Carinthian plebiscite rather plebiscite Carinthian the of anniversaries the Slovenia, in holidays new the of

anniversaries

live is celebrated here is one of the most the of one is here celebrated is

sixth

Slovenes for their ethnic survival with/against Austrian governments after World War War afterWorld governments Austrian with/against survival theirethnic for Slovenes s a as the

ad ute dsls te Slovene the disclose further and s – annual celebration annual hpe w ae on t cmae Slovene compare to going are we chapter

, Dunaj Dunaj

the representatives of the Sloven the of representatives the new icularly

minority

of the plebiscite we are going to concentrate on the celebrations the on concentrate to going are we plebiscite the of – national holidays and the above mentioned national mentioned above the and holidays national

nce? W nce? Ljubljana, 2008, 31 31 2008, Ljubljana,

neetd n the in interested n h Austrian the in hat is their is hat r gig to going are ter Slovenia became independent. became Slovenia ter s

of the of the

s so called so s results ts Austrian majority and Slovenian minority. Slovenian and majority Austrian

and

eea sae f Carinthia. of state federal traumatic points of the Slovene the of points traumatic Slovene frt tk a look a take first, ,

Slovene media’s Slovene

ouain on population e

“Carinthian plebiscite” in Austria. Austria. in plebiscite” “Carinthian

minority in Austria maintain that maintain Austria in minority ain tt’ preto o the of perception state’s nation oe hn fifty than more

nation

politic - state’s state’s

h ehial mixed ethnically the

interpretation of the of interpretation ian

We must answer must We and Hungarian e - t h potential the at seven thousand thousand seven representatives’ representatives’ ’ n Slovene and s’ 6

the Slovene the ut s the as Just minorities

national 5

CEU eTD Collection 2011 Montreal, Press, University 7 identity reflecting of aspects cultural and institutional on by projected nationalism as described is latter The minorities. Nootens Genevieve literature. literature. as well as nationalism and nations on theories applicable by generalized follow. to going is phenomena related t on the above mentionedminorities. memories historical by only not affected be will attitude of loss the commemorating celebration towards cel Carinthian th how and concepts used commonly most the on focus to going are we Again, holiday. the to connected occurrences orga Additional celebratio the of organizers between correspondence

Alai Our methodological point of departure is going to be a discourse analysis of the sources.the of analysis discoursea be to going departureofis point methodologicalOur In he iain representing nizations n - h itouto t te book the to introduction the

G. Gagnon, André Lecours, Lecours, André Gagnon, G. obtained information obtained

Let us now turn to the review of the the of review the to turn now us Let They information ca information ebrations. By doing so we might be able to see the difference in Slovenes’ attitude Slovenes’ in difference the see to able be might we so doing By ebrations.

argue

of s

tackle a common a tackle

ey are integrated into the Slovene the into integrated are ey

of acquiring territory for the Sloven the for territory acquiring of the that nationalism in a nation a in nationalism that

n be gained from gained be n aoiy nation. majority

the

further legal, historical, and theoretical and historical, legal, further h Slovene the

Geneviève Nootens (eds.), Contemporary majority nationalism, nationalism, majority Contemporary (eds.), Nootens Geneviève Slovene

otmoay aoiy nationalism majority Contemporary mi

h state the ioiy n Austria in minority

preto ta ainls is nationalism that sperception

h dsore nlss will analysis discourse The ainl ertr. n oh case both In territory. national

These aspects, for instance, include include instance, for aspects, These Slovene Slovene

- ht ih be might that state can also emerge among majoritynations. among emergealso canstate a applicable theoretical as well as empirical empirical as well as theoretical applicable media as well as f as well as media consolidated state. consolidated s n Slovene and ns

, politics’ and politics’

but also by legal and everyday status of status everyday and legal by also but e

nation

which tend to closely follow the the follow closely to tend which en s eta, u ae n fact in are but neutral, as seen - state and towards celebration towards and state interpretation of the nation the of interpretation media

rom politicians politicians

The focus of focus The thus

utilized exclusively by exclusively utilized by legal and historical historical and legal by 7 s

w , the ’s standpoint ’s nr Lcus and Lecours André e upre and supported be

e may argue, the the argue, may e public releases of releases public choosing of the the of choosing r institutions. or McGill their text their s - Queen

on the the on Based 's is 6 s -

CEU eTD Collection nations, and individuals lives of the Patriotism in Staub(eds.), 9 Chicago,1997 8 minorityand kin its as position Their position. uncertain an that claim nation and country between represents it but patriot, the article nations and individuals nationalas history unpatriotic act are seen whether question state nation the to disloyal is, that unpatriotic, as denoted being of risk defen of role positive relativized be to tends nationalism minori the of members of life Furthermore, officia

DanielBar Herbert C. Kelman, C. Herbert

s mle b te il, coas otiuig et t te book the to texts contributing scholars title, the by implied As commemorations of commemorations ideological natureideological does

lnug, ainl ybl, and symbols, national language, l Nationalism, patriotism, Nationalism,

- Tal, Ervin Staub (eds.), Patriotism in the lives of individuals and nations, nations, and individuals of Patriotismthe lives in Ervin Staub(eds.), Tal, the fact the promote

the authors are concerned are authors Hungarian and Hungarian

Nationalism, patriotism, and national identity: social nationalidentity: and patriotism, Nationalism, that

- aiettos f ioiis ntoa belonging national minorities’ of manifestations state. state.

ding the state, wh state, the ding of patriotism of

historical dates that are perceived perceived are that dates historical nation and country and nation 8 his homeland. his

el ih explicating with deal

,”

a patriot is loyal to his nation and its state. its and nation his to loyal is patriot a

is n uh tts Oe of One states. such in ties and national identity national and Italian minorities’ Italian

bysaying or

arguably interpreted as patriotism. patriotism. as interpreted Since “the concept of patriotism refers to the c the to refers patriotism of concept “the Since ereas with s

by members oftheby members majority. do not necessarily overlap necessarily not do w cn add, can we ,

that a countrya that expressions expressions becomes even more uncertain more even becomes the consequences the the concept of patriotism. patriotism. of concept the

166 refusal to celebrate to refusal : social :

as of minority’s national identity run the run identity national minority’s of is not is national their their - psychological dimensions psychological - ce psychological di psychological

Patriotism is supposed to have a have to supposed is Patriotism rt majority nationalism has on has nationalism majority -

ainly also national holidays. holidays. national also ainly state. is points crucial just tragedies by tragedies , we may rightfully pose a a pose rightfully may we ,

a in Patriotism puts national minorities minorities national puts

Nelson

specific dates of Slovene of dates specific though Even

geographic location for a for location geographic

Following this we may we this Following ebr C Kelman’s C. Herbert mensions in intense cases suchcases intense in - Hall Publishers, Publishers, Hall members of the of members ht majority that , in: in: ,

the the S the onjunc

Bar

points to points ie of lives lovene - Tal, Tal, tion the i n 7

CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 10 the to loyalty and patriotism nationalism, majority as such concepts of interplay the interpret us help kin their of flags national wave to want not tho about What those holidays new the of Proponents th of critique natural as treated Sloven emotiona state, than rather mindlessly, “ embedded naturally time, same waved passionately no longer app is, [

I Ibid, Ibid, Michael Billig, a In bid ] nation established “how nation re

Banal nationalism Banal

who celebrate who question a 38 39 e o ueos and numerous so

nationalism wvn o fas Ae hs adtoa ntoa celebrations national additional these Are flags? of waving l - state

unwaved flags flags unwaved ears as something emotional, irrational,ordangerous. ears as something dsicin between distinction e Banal nationalism, Banal

se who decline to celebrate it? celebrate to decline who se that are at workthat are at

a b posed be can element in this in element

flags are conventionally considered to be exemplars of nationalism.” of exemplars be to considered conventionally are flags in

them are expressing their loyalty to the nation and subsequently to the state. state. the to subsequently and nation the to loyalty their expressing are them

eventually becoming eventually routine of the state’s the of routine 10 mindfully.”

Michael Billig Michael uh familiar a such - states are daily reproduced as nations.” as reproduced daily are states ed o ean unnoticed remain to tend

Sage Publications, London, 1995 London, SagePublications,

at ofnew the celebrations Slovenian holidays. whether arguably see them as them see arguably

nation 13

upsdy beneficial supposedly Since Slovenia can hardly be called an estab an called be hardly can Slovenia Since - n o te purposes the of one state? speaks about about speaks

unnoticed

- society. state at f h sca environment social the of part

More concretely, what about the minorities who do who minorities the about what concretely, More

At this point this At s

at t at

In other words, flags and other st other and flags words, other In

and for and hese celebrations? celebrations? hese wih s rcsl wy they why precisely is which , manifestations everyday

aroim n vltl nationalism. volatile and patriotism it the of is functioning of functioning Slovene national symbols to symbols national Slovene the necessary to introduce Billig’s introduce to necessary

11 To use his example, “onlyhis example, use the To

Majority’s n Majority’s e hldy is holidays new of Slovene of Billig’s book is going to to going is book Billig’s a rrqiie for prerequisite ,

ht hy operate they that nationalism, that nationalism,

ationalism thus ationalism patriotism, i patriotism, lished nation lished ate symbols ate em o be to seem promoting 12

At the At

the .e., be 8 -

CEU eTD Collection 16 15 14 treasur hidden inexpressible is what to nation the of member a being meaning. a have celebrations national as such rituals which within nation, i.e., universe, symbolic bound hers not does subject the thematize texts main his of one identificationsays,individuals’ a withtheir nation. result identity ofthe national isprocess of psychoanalytic mindlessly just descrip connected belonging national society. one’s of frame as ideology especially consideration into take

Slavoj Žižek Slavoj Koč enotnost, Delavska in Slovenci, Žižek,ideologija Jezik, Slavoj Althusser Louis We are going are We not or banal about talking are we Whether en ivle in involved being

identification with the nation. identification withthe tion,

is his taking part in part taking his is

At the same time the subject creates a fantasy a creates subject the time same the At senselessness accompanying execution of material practices or rituals. or practices material of execution accompanying senselessness his thesis about thesis his with it by engaging in activities which bear national characteristics. To use Billig’ use To characteristics. national bear which activities in engaging by it with

, The sublime subject of ideology, Verso, London, 1989 London, Verso, ofideology, subject sublime The , pca aot h nation the about special we will be affiliated with the nation the with affiliated be will we

, passing them by.passing them

theory of ideolo of theory Essays on ideology on Essays to explain to is not primarily an an primarily not is

know what these practices mean, practices these what know vrdy engagements everyday h sbie ujc o ideology of subject sublime The f e apply we If Louis Althusser’s text text Althusser’s Louis material existence of ideology. What keeps What ideology. of existence material irrational component of belon of component irrational e which e

material is gy as developed by Slavoj Žižek Slavoj by developed as gy , Verso, London, 1993 Verso, ,

something to be desired be to something

T , for instance, for , o overcome this trauma subjecto overcome this

this this practices idealistic identif idealistic e identify we hoy o ainl dooy e a hypothesize can we ideology national to theory -

banal attitude towards national symbols we need to need we symbols national towards attitude banal –

, which may include include may which , uh s sn a pcfc language specific a using as such dooy n ideological and Ideology

either by either accompanies pr accompanies

ih Ti seiles s ecie as perceived is specialness This with. ication with the nation, but nation, the with ication that is, that . In other words, fanta words, other In . 16 ging to nation to ging scenario offering an explanation an offering scenario evje, 1987, 1987, evje,

ie argues Žižek

mindfully

he cannot rationally grasp rationally cannot he .

actices and rituals and actices On an ideological level, Žiže level, ideological an On 26 pre celebrating holidays as well well as holidays celebrating

an saluting t saluting supposes with

that that individual embedded in embedded individual the help of help the tt apparatuses state lhse de not does Althusser sy gives an answer answer an gives sy o the flags or by or flags the o ana existence of

Put differently, Put

we are we – we take part part take we

ihn the within Lacanian

his or his rather

15 why that

an an , In 14 k 9 s

CEU eTD Collection 18 17 argue can we him with cultural underlines identity National should research refer actors involved the of argumentation the instance byadding patriotism of out minorities of them of all A celebrating holidays. national emotions di b up, sum To nation. involved wit meaning attached. is enjoyment in

ccording to him ccordingto Anthony D. Smith, National identity, Pe identity, Smith, National D. Anthony 2006 London, Verso, communities, Imagined Anderson, Benedict mension of the of mension Although the holidays in question commemorate historical events that occurred in 20 in occurred that events historical commemorate question in holidays the Although Benedict Anderson Anderson Benedict the Slovene the s ebr o a of members as

in play in tensions between majority and minority national groups in context context in groups national minority and majority between tensions in play

in w celebrations of national holidays national of celebrations hin illing to sacrifice their lives for the imagined community theilling their imagined tosacrifice lives for person.

of the Slovene the of nation more connecte more nation

benefit benefit ie ideology given .

18 member of such community feels connected to other members without meeting meeting without members other to connected feels community such of member material

elements

Smith

y relying on Lacan and Lacan on relying y Arguably nation.

Therefore, the subject subject the Therefore, that nations are not simply constructed and national myths are not simply simply not are myths national and constructed simply not are nations that that national ideology presupposes that memb that ideology presupposes national that sees national groups as inherently limited limited inherently as groups national sees rm ethno from

practices disputes disputes

nation ial, t s hs ecpin f idn ne tesr t which to treasure inner hidden of perception this is it Finally, nd one of the desired goals of the new holidays new the of goals desired the of one . itrcl memories historical plig hs o u cs w ae on t age that argue to going are we case our to this Applying nguin Books, London, 1991 London, nguinBooks, - - d t d yblc approach symbolic in question, that is, we should see see should we is, that question, in state community. community. state h ecuiey oensi ve on view modernistic exclusively the o each other, and at the same time it appears to be pushing pushing be appearsto it time same the at and other, each o

Žižek holds the subject within the ideological field of the of field ideological the within subject the holds enjoys rituals enjoys s

even to medieval history. That is why our our why is That history. medieval to even we should be able to determine to able be should we

that constitute constitute that Anderson also addresses the addresses also Anderson

s found as

which which in he or she feels have a special special a have feels she or he

ers ofers

ainl identity. national Anthony

mgnd communities imagined the role e role the a nation would nation a nation is making is . Smith D. njoyment - ulig and building the irrational the phenomenon th members members Together

century, ’s

last in being book

and . 10 of 17

CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 19 self member’s the to contributes groups. we nations, forth feelings process ofbelonging and the the nation. strengthen socialization within past. its to and nation the to individuals of attachment the deepen to is celebrations quest the case the part main its from separated Perceiving relationship person a as nation the discerning to lead when stronger get to tend they example, for situation, social given a on depends feelings national of strength the that argues He become witho impossible it, with identify to order in nation the of image abstract sheer a than to from the times identity national constituting features the that but invented,

Henri Tajfel, Human groups and social categories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981 Cambridge, Press, University Cambridge categories, social groupsand Human Henri Tajfel, Ibid, Ibid, 2005 Ruprecht,Göttingen, & Nationen,Vandenhoeck der Das Europa Hroch, Miroslav

Since we are In analysis of emotional aspect emotional of analysis Das Europa der Nationen der Europa Das 217 202

mass Henri of a minority living minority a of o o nation of ion - - 219 204

nat ti acrig o rc mas tgt od ewe psin an passion between bond tight a means Hroch to according this , also need to take into into take to need also

phenomena, phenomena,

ion as a person can be dangerous be can person a as ion before t Tajfel investigating tensionsoccurringmembers between and of representatives different ut certain emotional elements. Especiallyelements.nationalcertainutemotional when

22 he emergencehe nations. ofmodern l eertos n ntoa hldy. h ky ups o te repeating the of purpose key The holidays. national and celebrations al

maintains he continue he , i.e., thi i.e., ,

right across the border in border the across right

19 - t of national identity. He maintains a maintains He identity. national of [ image. here is a perception of thr of perception a is here The Europe of the nations the of Europe The

h uiu vle of value unique the consideration the authors who analyze the identity of social of identity the analyze who authors the consideration s loss is felt as an amputati an as felt is loss s s,

People thus enter groups based on their on based groups enter thus People they need they If . , he , tiue oad te ain s et s love a as felt is nation the towards attitude

to offer an emotional an offer to claims

other

ru blnig s n ht t positively it that in is belonging group , eat. In his view these feelings these view his In eat. ]

can be based based be can when nation Miroslav on , which ,

a part of the national body national the of part a - state.

person has to posses more more posses to has person Hroch dedicates a chapter a dedicates Hroch

aey ietfcto is identification namely, attachment to attachment

identity and nationalism andidentity 20

is e is on culture and histo and culture on

Hroch also addresses also Hroch specially painful in in painful specially

ne positive for ed d 21

patriotism. patriotism.

the

hy call They nation. might

11 ry i s

CEU eTD Collection 27 26 25 24 1998 London, Publications, SAGE identity, Social (Eds.), Deschamps the limiting by identity 23 and existence distinct minority’s national protect “[t]o is protection an rights government group of institutions.” political and social its participatein and society the historyof should existence. national separate their respects and recognizes state such if is for precondition the him to According group. national a in membership of sense the identity, national and state, the to allegiance is, states. multinational in minorities national nevertheless over usto notlead awareness for call membershi Brubaker’s tentative disclose. to striving are we that group national a become others. in potential being are some they in that ‘crystallize’ they maintains is, he that groups, constructed, national firm of notion the dismisses Brubaker effects behavioral and psychological what is discriminating following minority, instance self 2004 Press, University Harvard groups, without Ethnicity RogersBrubaker, Ibid, Ibid, KymlickaWill DanielBar Will Kymlicka offers offers Kymlicka Will - perception.

23 14 , nevertheless, , ,

- pcfc ihs ylca ugss ht r itrsig ih epc t or ae sel case: our to respect with interesting are that suggests Kymlicka rights specific n h dsrd uue tt fr h gop A fr h rltos ewe m between relations the for As group. the for state future desired the on - Tal, Group beliefs as an expression of social identity, in: S. Worchel, J.F Worchel, S. in: identity, social of as an expression beliefs Group Tal, , treatment and negative attitude negative and treatment Multicultural citizenship Multicultural

Daniel 24

Tajfel minorities become aware of their status at the point when they face they when point the at status their of aware become minorities Tajfel

s of ps As for our research it is precisely t precisely is it research our for As in principle in seil ersnain rights. representation special d Bar a consistent a

- ntoa) groups (national) Tal

- 23 relativizing the occurrence of national groups. theoccurrencerelativizing ofnational

be lo elaborate also : a liberal theory of minorityright theoryof liberal : a

set of principles we should follow when protecting rights of rights protecting when follow should we principles of set open to everyone “who is willing to learn the language and language the learn to willing is “who everyone to open a national group national a 25

First, he makes a distinction between distinction a makes he First, can such negative attitude has attitude negative such can

from hud therefore should o gas n ielge of ideologies and goals on s situations while remaining latent and merely merely and latent remaining while situations

the majority. The probl The majority. the

to his latency and potential of potential and latency his n gene In

feel allegiance to allegiance feel , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995 Oxford, Press, Clarendon ,

e ae srosy bt should but seriously, taken be a, h am of aim the ral, . Morales, D Morales, . 27

on a minority. a on ainl membership National em that concerns him him concerns that em

a There

multinational state multinational

social . Paez, J.C. Paez, . patriotism, that patriotism, such are two formsaretwo

groupness to groupness

rus for groups, jrt and ajority external external Rogers

of of 12 26 f -

CEU eTD Collection 31 minorities, national of thefor protection standards 30 29 28 b be can majority of members between cooperation as well as diversity cultural and national of understanding and identity cultural dual t Council the of system unique a has Slovenia believes minorities. the of rights describes shortly by guaranteed Slovene the the in education communities. national autochthonous Komac state can be hardly threatened. than lose to more much has latter the short, In culture. infers, Kymlicka cannot we recognizing, involve unavoidably symbols a needs accommodating, the supporting and state and holidays, public boundaries, internal is. state the liberal how matter no protection, such society.” larger the of decisions the of impact

Miran Komac works at the Institute for Ethnic Studies in Slovenia. in Studies Ethnic for theat Institute works Komac Miran Komac, Miran 108 Ibid, Ibid, n i atce titled article his In 36 31

presented

epn t clua dfeecs ih bng neglect” “benign with differences cultural to respond

parliament, e udln o ti sse i itrutrls, hc srse tu ceitne a coexistence, true stresses which interculturalism, is system this of guideline he The The the ir national languages, usage of their national symbols, political representation in representation political symbols, national their of usage languages, national ir

est reached. Following reached. est have to sacrifice some of their rights in order for a minority to preserve its its preserve to minority a for order in rights their of some sacrifice to have oe f the of some p Slov rotection of ethnic communities in the Republic ofSlovenia Republic the in communities ofethnic rotection Slovenia’s

It is through bilingualism through is It h p The ene C ene public utemr, he Furthermore, oeto of rotection onstitution a onstitution

policies regarding minority rights of rights minority regarding policies bilingua eaie responses negative lism

Komac minority protection should promote the idea that idea the promote should protection minority Komac hs rgt icue ioiis self minorities’ include rights These s well as by provisions in provisions by as well s

tnc ioiis n h rpbi o Slovenia of republic the in minorities ethnic ed Institute for Ethnic Studies, for Institute nd identities of particular ethnic and national groups,” ofparticularand ethnic national nd identities , tts h oiin of opinion the states ucation on ucation and so on. so and 28

, the Council believes, Council the , He implies a m a implies He

Because “government decisions on languages, on decisions “government Because members of the majority have regarding the the regarding have majority the of members the nationally mixed territories. mixed nationally S

pecial status of both of the minorities is minorities the of both of status pecial majority inori Ljubljana, 2002 Ljubljana,

. h Erpa C European the

various laws. various 29 the whose dominant status dominant whose , ty could not survive without survive not could ty

in: Slovenia and and in: Slovenia ebr of Members

that cultivation of respect of cultivation that Italian

and

- The author also author The administration, the

European European ucl which ouncil the According to According Hungarian majority 30

Miran in the in 13 ,

CEU eTD Collection Nećak prostoru; slovenskemetnničnem 36 prostoru slovenskemetničnem 35 prostoru slovenskemetničnem 34 1998 Ljubljana, 33 32 in not nation its and nation Slovene the towards sentiments patriotic of strengthening be to seems celebrations the of aim to intention an with between connection holidays new the introduced Slovenia that show will interchangeably. them using are Therefore,the results oftheir apply can researches we and nation and ethnicity concepts the between distinction territories Novak territories mixed nationally the on relation of effectiveness research on relations researches empirical of inhabitants.” its inherit spiritual and cultural “[t]he

Sonja Novak Sonja in: medetničnihodnosov, stanja kot kazalec Lük, Jezik NećakAlbina in: Lendavi, v Madžarov vitalnosti Analizaetnične Medvešek, Mojca NećakAlbina Komac, h book The By analyzing rhetoric of the sources and with the help of the above mentioned literature we we literature mentioned above the of help the with and sources the of rhetoric analyzing By Lük perceived nevertheless representatives their minorities, the discomfort to tended Lukanovič investigates the connection between education and interethnic relation interethnic and education between connection the investigates Lukanovič

The The

compares (ed.) in question. in

Lukanovič, Dvojezična vzg Dvojezična Lukanovič, p

Interethnic , Medetnični odnosi v slovenskem etnničnem prostoru etnničnem vslovenskem odnosi Medetnični , rotection of ethnic communities in the Republic ofSlovenia Republic the in ofethnic communities rotection ainly ie triois e r itrse in. interested are we territories mixed nationally Lük (ed.), Medetnični odnosi v slovenskem etničnem prostoru etničnem slovenskem v odnosi Medetnični Lük(ed.), ihs f h Hungar the of rights 32

the the -

the Slovene state a state Slovene the state. Furthermore, state. n how on

aoiys and majority’s The authors of these articles these of authors The

eain in relations

Sonja Novak Novak Sonja

ainl rus n Slovenia in groups national ance of an ethnically mixed area is the common property of all of property common the is area mixed ethnically an of ance oja in izobraževanje, in: Nećak in izobraževanje, oja Slovene Lukanovič, Pomen vzgoje in izobraževanja v in izobraževanja vzgoje Pomen Lukanovič, a minority. ian nd the Slovene national territory. territory. national Slovene the nd while we will be able to able be will we while the the minority ih socio a with

tnc area ethnic 34

, just as Komac, as just , ’s

to lia ea Lk nepes interethnic interprets Lük Nećak Albina

the analysiscase ofour study. perception perception

33 - ecie ah other. each perceive Nećak Nećak igitc research, linguistic

Lük otis st f interdisciplinary of set a contains ,

, Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja, vprašanja, narodnostna za Inštitut , (ed.) Lük (ed.), Medetnični odnosi v Medetnični odnosi (ed.), Lük Lük (ed.), Medetnični (ed.), Lük were holidays the that conclude

oc Medvešek’s Mojca f h appropriat the of ,

Medetnični odnosi v odnosi Medetnični do not make a theoretical a make not do At the same time, the time, same the At

medetničnih odnosih, in: in: medetničnihodnosih, 35 h fcs s on is focus The

hra Sonja whereas mhsz the emphasize

odnosi v odnosi them as an as them

eness and and eness

empirical s

on the the on 14

CEU eTD Collection media territory. national Slovene the of loss a as plebiscite plebiscite culture. and history pr is Slovenia that fact the accept to had representatives state, the of part constitutive be to considered are Slovenia. in protection minorityof groups inquestion regar issues political current and historical unresolved holidays of ignorance

–

are minority concernedwith the statusand rights ofthe primarily

we will confirm that Slovene politicians discern the results of the consequences of the the of consequences the of results the discern politicians Slovene that confirm will we

the

minorities’ presence in the country. the in presence minorities’ came to the surface.came As

for the Slovene the for W e

will One of these topics is these of One

states’ attitude towards attitude states’

observethat During disputes about the nature of the new new the of nature the about disputes During u i te ae f h nw holidays new the of case the in but Nevertheless, they they Nevertheless, the two minorities are well protected and protected arewell minorities two the edominantl

status of the minorities and minorities a the status of ding relations relations ding anniversaries y b y ased on ased Carinthian Slovenes. –

s wel as

of the Carinthian the of between Slovene national national Slovene as l national national Slovene

level their their

CEU eTD Collection 42 41 40 39 38 37 and Slovenia’s favor. population. Slovene total the of fourth one and territory national Slovene entire the of third one acquire to Italy allowing Hungary. Austria attack to Italy for exchange in territory national Slovene the of part a latter the promised si use citizens Prekmurje. in settlement” Hungarian Hungary. Slovenes Croa Serbs, of Kingdom the of part became Prekmurje Hungary with Trianon of Treaty conference the of decision the with bet territory conference peace break the After

nd uig ol Wr i 1915 in I War World during gned Ibid, 46 Ibid, Nećak, http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_29_1.html century the 20th in Hungarians ofthe Prekmurje trends Demographic Kovács, http://www.stat.si/popis2002/gradivo/2 Nećak, The emergence of Italian minority in Slovenia was a more complex process. complex more awas Slovenia in minorityItalian of emergence The Before 1 .

ITALIAN MINORITIES INSLOVENIA MINORITIES ITALIAN THE

Repe, Oris sodobne Obče in Sloven Obče sodobne Oris Repe, Repe, Oris sodobne Obče in Sloven Obče sodobne Oris Repe,

37 41 (Kingdom of SHS) of (Kingdom World War I War World ,

38 d After ween Mura and Rába rivers. Rába and Mura ween At

Slovene as theirmother tongue. ,3 o te lvd n the on lived them of 6,237

LEGAL POSITION OF OF POSITION LEGAL - the up of the Habsburg Empire the destiny of the region was settled was region the of destiny the Empire Habsburg the of up

the war war the

n ai. t the At Paris. in 02 lvn census Slovene 2002

The peaThe

the Prekmurje the 42 39 the Treaty of Rapallo was signed was Rapallo of Treaty the

In an aftermath of World War World of aftermath an In Demographic data of the 2001 Hungarian census showed census Hungarian 2001 the of data Demographic , whereas whereas , ce treaty was signed on10 ce signed was treaty

- 169.pdf peace –

ske zgodovine ske zgodovine, ske betwe pact a was , region belonged to the Hungarian part of Austria of part Hungarian the to belonged region

occupied Prekmurje. After the Entente forces signed the signed forces Entente the After Prekmurje. occupied the Slovene populated region of Rábavidék was Rábavidék of region populated Slovene the On 1 On ,

97 ,1 pros declared persons 7,713

ofrne t conference

40 ugra minority’s Hungarian st

August 1919 the Yugoslav army Yugoslav the 1919 August , 30 , THE THE

45 - 46

th e uolv eeain demanded delegation Yugoslav he

n h Etne ocs n Italy and forces Entente the en

HUNGARIAN AND AND HUNGARIAN February 1947 II

the borders the between

ht hi mte tnu is tongue mother their that atctoos ertr of territory “autochthonous Italy and Kingdom of SHS of Kingdom and Italy

changed and becameand effective on Treaty of Treaty

– in Yugoslavia’s in at the post the at

in accordance in - that THE THE Hungary.

London, given to to given

ts and and ts which which 3 - , war 180 the 16 -

CEU eTD Collection 50 49 on: 24/03, and 48 47 46 45 44 43 to Slovenia considers 3 Article “centuri a in statehood their asserted and identity determination.” self to nation Slovene the of right permanent and fundamental “[t]he on based is independence independent living inSlovenia. war. the of end the after right t II. War World after years for opted territory Slovene citizenship citizenship treaties today. Italy in living Slovenes 100,000 Yugoslavia. of part remained Trieste of Territory memorandum 15 he

Ibid Ibid T http://www.stat.si/popis2002/gradivo/2 33 Ibid, 37 2010, Ljubljana, vede, družbene za Fakulteta delo, manjšin,Diplomsko narodnih Eksodus Oblak, Saša Nećak, Italy. in Slovenes of number no the onare official data There e r nw on t tk a ok t o bt o te mi the of both how at look a take to going now are We th

he Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, Official Gazette RS, Nos. 33/91 RS,Nos. Gazette Official ofSlovenia, Republic thehe Constitution of

territory already before the above mentioned agreement, that is, after the fall of fascism or or fascism of fall the after is, that agreement, mentioned above the before already territory

September later that year. Additional border changes were made made were changes border Additional year. that later September

Repe, Oris sodobne Obče in Sloven Obče sodobne Oris Repe, - nbe rsdns f h Yugoslav the of residents enabled 39 hwvr hd o leave to had however, , .

Those residents of the Yugoslav territory who opted f opted who territory Yugoslav the of residents Those http://www.pf.uni Slovenia.

in 49 94 hn h s cle Tise rss a rsle: h zn A f h Free the of A zone the resolved: was crisis Trieste called so the when 1954

It is also stressed in the preamble that Slovenes have established their national their established have Slovenes that preamble the in stressed also is It 47

Nevertheless, according to unofficial estimations there are still still are there estimations unofficial to according Nevertheless,

codn t te rabe o h Soee Constitution Slovene the to preamble the to According 45 -

mb.si/datoteke/janja/Angleska%20PT It the in republic Slovene the left subsequently and citizenship Italian

has to be mentioned that the majority of the Italian population left population Italian the of majority the that mentioned be to has in 46 be the be

Italy n 02 hr wr 372 esn wt Iain ohr ton mother Italian with persons 3,762 were there 2002 In - 169.pdf h country the ske ske state of all of its citizens, it nevertheless reiterates that it is it that reiterates nevertheless it citizens, its of all of state and the zone B zone the and zgodovine 43 , p.97 ,

s o Iain i Yugo in Italians for As

ertr t cos bten uolv and Yugoslav between choose to territory

. es 44 , 260 ,

- long struggle for national liberation.” national for struggle long 123 naiat fo te el attached newly the from inhabitants 21,233

- 261 –

including Slovenia’s seaside Slovenia’s including /anglesko oiis r tkn ae f n the in of care taken are norities or or - - I, 42/97, 66/2000 42/97, I, slovenska_urs.pdf the the lva te abovementioned the slavia, acquisition of the Italian the of acquisition ih h London the with

, p. 2 p. , 48

Slovenia’s

–

became

around

Italian While gue 17 -

CEU eTD Collection 56 55 54 53 52 51 const the of self local to as well as generalexercise concernacts the or legislation, regulations, governing any that Assembly bodies.Moreover, National the to elected directly are communities these t where areas geographic the in communities self kin own their their “establish to with entitled relations are communities foster national two to the Additionally, and languages own their in education to right the publishing.” and media of field the in activities as well “as activities, free communities national aforementioned the of rights special settlement. their of territory autochthonous called so the within Slovene the to equal Sloven Slovene catego the under fall communities two these notes, Komac Miran communities.” national Hungarian and Italian autochthonous the of rights the guarantee yearthat Slovenewas of87,7% languagethemother population tongue of the in state; the of homogeneity national confirm census 2002 the of data demographic Furthermore, interpre on founded

Ibid Ibid, The ofSlovenia Republic the Constitution of The http://www.stat.si/popis2002/si/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=9 Komac, On the other hand, with Article 5 of the Constitution Slovenia obliges itself to “protect and “protect to itself obliges Slovenia Constitution the of 5 Article with hand, other the On

usage of their national symbols, the right to establish organizations and to engage in cultural cultural in engage to and organizations establish to right the symbols, national their of usage

16 a T bgn ih Hnain and Hungarian with, begin To ia. onst s lvna s nation a as Slovenia ts

state The The itution of the Republic ofSlovenia Republic the of itution ttoal gaate rgt o tee ioiis ant e cetd ihu the without accepted be cannot minorities these of rights guaranteed itutionally protection of ethnic communities in the Republic ofSlovenia Republic the in communities ofethnic protection the . 53

lvn nto’ rgt o self to right nation’s Slovene hy no te ihs lvl f rtcin mn te ioiis iig in living minorities the among protection of level highest the enjoy They

in those municipa those in

- tt, ht s a a yblc rpry f h Soee nation. Slovene the of property symbolic a as is, that state, , 5 , lities where these two national communities reside, communities national two these where lities 3

tla lnug ae eonzd s official as recognized are language Italian hey live.” hey - eemnto. h Soee osiuin thus Constitution Slovene The determination. 56

Last but not least, the representatives of representatives the least, not but Last

exclu

13 sively, giving them the right of right the them giving sively, ry of historical minorities historical of ry ril 6 i ddctd o the to dedicated is 64 Article

Their members also have also members Their . 51

- governing languages languages -

states. states. 54 in the in 52

i.e., As 18 -

CEU eTD Collection 60 59 58 57 territorial territories. mixed only given be would which to according clause numerical a introduce not did Slovenia differently, communities.” these of members of number the of irrespective guaranteed [are] members inhabitants regardless its that is territory Slovenia. of parts other in learned be also can communities national the of language the and area, mixed nationally th in representative on listed be to right the Slovenia he individuals.” of needs mobility modern the with incompatible often is which protection minority of type ‘reservation’ the of us remind “may area municipalities. respective the of statutes speci are they and territories mixed nationally as to referred also are These settlement. ofterritories to theabovementionedautochthonous is, that live, theygeographic whereareathe to support exercising rights. ofthese written is it state, The representatives. their of consent

The C The Ibid I Komac,

The underlines tha The Constitution bid otne, xrie oe f hi rgt ee otie h ntoal mxd ra. hs in Thus areas. mixed nationally the outside even rights their of some exercise continues,

onst lvn Constitution Slovene The and notonpersonal iution of the Republic of Slovenia, 17 ofSlovenia, Republic ofthe iution

protection 59

cultural and cultural h Slovene The

On aabstractlevel moreOn Ntoa Asml cn e xrie ee if even exercised be can Assembly National e

of ethnic communities in the Republic ofSlovenia Republic the in ofethnic communities

if a certain percentage of percentage certain a if of their national affiliation. of

principle of minorityrights. tts that states spiritual inheritance inheritance spiritual

mode

t the rights of the two national communities are in principle tied arecommunities inprinciple thetwonational tied t the rights of the o mnrt poeto, oa nts i tu based thus is notes, Komac protection, minority of l special electoral register in order to vote for the minority the for vote to order in register electoral special 57

te ihs f oh ainl omnte ad t and communities national both of rights “the Komac observes that the concept of nationally mixed nationally of concept the that observes Komac , Komac implies, the advantage of a nationa a of advantage the implies, Komac , Hungarian 58

can be be can Ne vertheless in the Article, will materially and morally and materially will Article, the

seen as a common property of all of its its of all propertyof common a as seen s or s ,

Italians would live on nationally nationally on live would Italians p. 17 p. , members of the minorities can, minorities the of members ,

pro lives person a

minori

usd the outside fied in the in fied llymixed ty rights rights ty 60

heir Put on 19

CEU eTD Collection 65 64 63 62 61 As National community. national Hungarian 2003 small May in Eventually, the of existence future the guarantee cannot state Bence Lajos 1996 In decades. nine the during 49,1% to dropped proportion the Hungarian, was population area’s the of 90,8% area,by decreasedsettlement autochthonous Hungarians,the populatingof official the national belonging natio their declare to possibility level. local or state the at communities national the of representatives of elections for registry voting the into enrolling by expressed so. do to obliged not is but address, of change and residence during nationality his declare to possibility a has person in Thus databases. and files, data Slovenia registers, various from gathered are but fieldwork, with way register a tongue mother regarding data collected by confirmed further be perhaps can This territories. mixed nationally of development historical the of elements important as minorities

Lajos Lajos K I http://www.stat.si/popis2011/eng/Faq.aspx?lang=eng The M clause numerical a of absence The bid ovács, ovács, embers of the minority, however, are quite concerned with concerned quite are however, minority, the of embers

protection of ethnic communities in the in communities ofethnic protection Bence, Bence, - based census was introduced, meaning that data are no longer collected in a traditional a in collected longer no are data that meaning introduced, was census based Demographic trends of the Prekmurje Hungarians in the 20th century the 20th in Hungarians ofthe Prekmurje trends Demographic censuses from 1910 to 2002 to 1910 from censuses sembly Hungarians in Slovenia, Slovenia, in Hungarians

on nationality/ethnicity and religion are no longer collected with the censuses. the with collected longer no are religion and nationality/ethnicity on or ,

asked for an explanation from the from explanation an for asked

mother tongue. mother ái Pzoe, the Pozsonec, Mária

maintained that even the positive discrimination of the Slovene the of discrimination positive the even that maintained aiy bt h sae o ogr ytmtcly olcs aa on data collects systematically longer no state the but nality, Institute for Central European Studies, Budapest, Budapest, Studies, Centralfor European Institute

Republic of Slovenia, of Republic

Attila Kovács conclu Kovács Attila en, oa asrs ta th that asserts, Komac means, the fact that fact the nd/or national nd/or o ocue mmes f h mnrt sil ae a have still minority the of members conclude, To

ersnaie f h Hnain ioiy n the in minority Hungarian the of representative

the 2002 census 2002 the Slovene Minister Slovene

17 belonging on the state level. In 2011 a a 2011 In level. state the on belonging

h rgsrto o drgsrto of deregistration or registration the des, 63

National affiliation can also be also can affiliation National their number. number. their

for instance, that “the number “the that instance, for 6

was the last time Slovenia time last the was

of the Interior the of sae acknowledges state e 1998, half.”

21 Taking a look at look a Taking 64

While in 1910in While

regarding 62

20 A 65 61

CEU eTD Collection 69 68 67 62 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanskaVprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=30166CBFF63A7157C1256D42003A0E 66 also documents this obtaining enables 2011 from Cards Identification Personal new on Law the Slovene that however, mentioned, be to has It toponymy. bilingual the “tolerate” to has also areas these in schools public in subjects compulsory as taught are minorities majority Slovene the of members national the of majority. members concerns directly also communities national two the of protection territorial Slovenia’s to Due areas. aforementioned the of character legal evaluate nevertheless can we research, this of run resist Whereas entirety assimilation. inits answering go thescope question would beyond this in order topreserve language and culture. its its tongue. mother their as language less 22%. by decreased of case the In census. Slovene 2002 the at 25 that showed research the of Results census. Slovene 1991 the at nation Hungarian or Italian to belong they declared who people of certificatedeath a like minority the looks minority, Italian the of representative parliamentary the Battelli, Slovenia. in population minority Hungarian of decrease the

Komac, Komac, Ibid v Sloveniji”, sramota demokracijo za je “To http://www.dz

T he question he worrying

The The 69

o eape al f h ihbtns f h ntoal mxd areas mixed nationally the of inhabitants the of all example, For protection of ethnic communities in the the in ofethnic communities protection , that is, t is, that , -

ar ises whether ises

From linguistic point of view, Battelli view, of point linguistic From

he he 2002

the census data showed that 5 that showed data census 68 –

Hungarian and even and Hungarian

The Italian minority, he co he minority, Italian The are obliged to have bilingual documents, the languages of the of languages the documents, bilingual have to obliged are % less of th of less % Delo Mag Delo . 67

He referred to a statistical research statistical a to referredHe Republic ofSlovenia, Republic ebr of members

, 03.08.2009 ,

same people chose Italian national belonging national Italian chose people same measures devised to prese to devised measures the % less persons than in 1991 used Italian used 1991 in than persons less %

smaller Italian minority can in a long a in can minority Italian smaller implied h Hnain ioiy h number the minority Hungarian the 66 ncluded, requires an active politics active an requires ncluded,

In p. 17 p. said that d that said an , the ,

principle of minority rights minority of principle int riw n 09 Roberto 2009 in erview rate of rate emographic picture of of picture emographic

, and , based on a samplea on based rve assimilation was assimilation –

nldn the including multinational the majority 21

CEU eTD Collection 73 1318 72 71 70 subject. compulsory as appears language monolingual monolingu Italian with case the is as just schools, administration,etc. schoolas of well as instruction of education of system bilingual schools monolingual Italian region Prekmurje official before usage its and authorities tongue mother a in education an of possibility a nevertheless hav must toponymy bilingual effect outcome. an with unpredictable te this of specificities other and values nations, more or two of space living and territory defined constitutionally as claimed He issue. this t areas. bilingual officially the in only obtained be still can card identity personal bilingual a hand, other the On document. bilingual a have to continue will areas mixed nationally residence. of area the of outside he current parliame current he

Komac, Komac, v ISSN: šoli Geografija mešanemPrekmurja, območju narodnostno na dvojezičnemšolstvu O Hozjan, Bojan Ibid http://www.pomurje.si/aktualno/pomurje/dvojezicne While bilingual documents such as personal identification cards or driver’s licenses as we as licenses driver’s or cards identification personal as such documents bilingual While - 4717.

The The -

Letn. 16, št Letn.16, that enables the most active exercise of minority rights.minority of activeexercise most enablesthe that

protection of ethnic communities in the Republic ofSlovenia, Republic the in ofethnic communities protection school ,

compulsory bilingual education system was introduced in 1959, whereas whereas 1959, in introduced was system education bilingual compulsory . 1 (2007), pp. 12 pp. (2007), 1 . ntary representative of the Hungarian minority Hungarian the of representative ntary hwvr i however, ,

the newly introduced law erodes the legal role of the nationally mixed area area mixed nationally the of role legal the erodes law introduced newly the

ae en established been have – a ra smoi vle for value symbolic great a e

in the frame the in srcin ae odce in conducted are nstructions - 70 19

71 hs ot pr most This

rtr. hs ae h continued he case, This rritory. 73

Conversel of which both Slovene and Hungarian are languages are Hungarian and Slovene both which of - osebne - obab izkaznice

l dcto. ihn h sse o Italian of system the Within education. al – in , n h Soee col i this in schools Slovene the in y,

stretches from kindergartens to secondary to kindergartensstretchesfrom y en ta nt all not that means ly the - le lvn catl area. coastal Slovene

na is it minorities, the of members

41 I ain agae wie Slovene while language, talian - dvojezicnih

, In the nationally mixed part of part mixed nationallyIn the

raised his concerns his raised cn rdc a domino a produce can , - upra/ which share positive positive share which

eiet o the of residents László Göncz, László 72

oa the Today

regarding regarding

ra the area ll as ll 22

CEU eTD Collection 77 76 75 74 prescrib Administration on Law the of nationally territories mixed the of language knowledge receptive a least at minority the of members and majority the of members Slovenia in areas mixed nationally Fina developing of objective important most kin their and communities national Italian or Hungarian the of histor the about knowledge cultivating also but minorities, the Ed of Field the in Upbri Communities Hungarian and Italian the of Members the of Spe the on Law Slovene the of 3 Article from principles Following area. coastal the in schools.” bilingual attend with intercultural accordance is guideline in rights minority special Its implemented. are rights these which in manner ofthe of because also but standards, international implementation total enables it because in system education bilingual the of uniqueness are only notlimited to Italian that added be to has It compulsory. also is minority the of language

Ibid, 37 Ibid, 37 Ibid, I I With the respect to the usage of the minority language in administrative procedures Chapter 4 4 Chapter procedures administrative in language minority the of usage the to respect the With Council European the of rapporteur special The bid, 39 bid, 43 bid, lly, nging the objective of the above described models described above the of objective the nging

referring to the stu the to referring

of the other national group has a support of the greater part of the populati the of part greater the of support a has group national other the of

members ofthemembers min ism, stressing true coexistence and a dual identity of the children who children the of identity dual a and coexistence true stressing ism, 75 . on relations interethnic about book mentioned above in presented dies

77 The same could be to a lesser extent also claimed about the schoolingthe about claimed also extent lesser a to be could same The

oa pit ot that out points Komac es that in municipalities “where, apart from the Slovene the from apart “where, municipalities in that es

kls eurd o oxs in coexist to required skills ority, other childrenority, other rkuj: I i o get neet o only not interest great of is “It Prekmurje: –

after visiting Slovenia Slovenia visiting after

is not only preserving the languages of of languages the preserving only not is can ical, cultural, and natural heritage heritage natural and cultural, ical, - n dctoa mdl offering model educational an nations.

also

enroll. ainly mixed nationally

All this adds up to the to up adds this All monolingual sch monolingual 74 –

rt about wrote

cto and ucation cial Rights cial on of the the of on

areas ools ools the the . 23 76

CEU eTD Collection 83 82 81 80 79 78 general in state and nation Hungarian concerning issues as well as affairs local addressing Radio minoriti the to dedicated languages. respectivetheir in information public to right the exercise to entitled are communities national Hungarian and Italian which following local politicallevel, i.e., inmunicipal councils ona nationally territory. mixed applies same The Assembly. National in languages us to right a have minorities the of representatives parliamentary representation, language.” Hungarian or Italian the into translated also decree a issue should it them. uses cou a “when Additionally, party the if languages minority the in operate also should areas mixed nationally public.” the with contact direct have for language minority and Slovene both worker administrative level “higher of employment of knowledge active an stipulates Bodies State language. minority the uses party the if areas th of both in issued be to are procedures administrative the in issued proceedings.” the of point any thi co be shall proceedings administrative the languages, official also are Italian and Hungarian language,

Ibid, 56 Ibid, I I I 52 Ibid, 51 Ibid, Guaranteeing linguistic minority rights is further enhance further is rights minority linguistic Guaranteeing bid, 53 bid, 45 bid, bid s language the claim upon which the procedure was started or if the party should so demand at at demand so should party the if or started was procedure the which upon claim the language s

nducted in Slovene and also in the language of a national community, if the party submits inparty the submits if community, nationala of languagethe in also and Slovene in nducted - television Slovenia. television

es rt of higher jurisdiction used the Italian or Hungarian language as well, as language Hungarian orItalian the used jurisdiction higher of rt

Thus bilingual half an hour long TV show TV long hour an half bilingual Thus are

broadcas 78

osqety acrig o h sm lw fiil documents official law same the to according Consequently, 80 ted in the respective languages within the framework of framework the within languages respective the in ted

ril 5 f h Lw n ors tts ht or in court that states Courts on Law the of 5 Article 79

83 Furthermore, the Law on the Employees in the in Employees the on Law the Furthermore,

More concretely, radio or televisions programstelevisions or radio concretely,More s and for the professional technical staff who who staff technical professional the for and s to

the usage of the minority languages on a on languages minority the of usage the d by the Slovene media legislation, media Slovene the by d Hidak e official languages of the of languages official e - Mostovi 82

As for political for As te minority the e

[ Bridges

–

can can ] 24

–

CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 institut.si/bilten/seznam/14/manjsine/ 84 these But d out. pointing worth are these and majority, the to benefits provide does minorities neglecte completely diversit cultural in interest pure a by motivated be it Can culture? minority the of disappearance prevent to majority the motivate may what Still, state. the in culture its of existence further the namely, lose, to more much has the of part the from sacrifice some require seen, have we as may, This vis vulnerability their reduce will which protection external the cultures. different representing groups national different with homogeneity Kymlicka’s with minorities Italian Croatian government. Popolo newspaper daily common their publishing in cooperate Croatia in and Slovenia in newspaper weekly minority’s Hungarian radio own their TV own its has minority Italian the whereas television, public Slovene the on week a times four seen be fue eeis r bte se a a desirable a as seen better are benefits iffuse

Ibid, Ibid, Kymlicka Ibid manjšinam«, medijev “Koliko Petković, Brankica Let us sum up the most important features of of features important most the up sum us Let

minori

[

- The station , y ainl omnte i Soei rqie olcie rights, collective require Slovenia in communities national ty Multicultural citizenship, citizenship, Multicultural , Voice of the People the of Voice

Slovenia is evidently a multinational and thus multicultural state, that is, a state state a is, that state, multicultural thus and multinational a evidently is Slovenia

called frequencies d, nevertheless d,

V Koper TV

Furthermore, Slovenia financially supports supports financially Slovenia Furthermore, y of the state? Kymlicka notes that this argument should not be not should argument this that notes Kymlicka state? the of y 22 ] - . It is financially supported by both the Slovene as well as the the as well as Slovene the both by supported financially is It . - Capodistria 23 , he thinks it it thinks he ,

ocpul paau. ept is paet national apparent its Despite apparatus. conceptual Népújság http://mediawatch.mirovni .

h sae lo ensures also state The the Slovene the by cannot

- [ rdc o ntoa rgt, ahr hn their than rather rights, national of product People Newspaper People

be the crucial the be -

à protection of the Hungarian and the the and Hungarian the of protection 86 - vis the majority nation’s culture. nation’s majority the vis

Following Kymlicka we can say can we Kymlicka Following - majority, but majority, ]

one: “ one: . ht h mnrte have minorities the that

The Italian minorities Italian The ht s te need they is, that Protecting national Protecting publishing of the the of publishing

La Voce del Voce La the

minority minority

an 25 87

CEU eTD Collection 93 92 91 90 89 88 use are symbols freely these that was to argument The Slovenia. right in symbols the national Italian and of Hungarian evaluation constitutional a requested Council National Slovene sug fact in constitution concluded, Court the contrary, discrimination’ ‘positive such rights, voting of equality the of principle the from departure a is this “although that decided Court Constitutional rights, d minorities’ with Starting big. too is minorities the accommodate to making are they sacrifice the felt majority the of members when cases the were These Court. Constitutional the un be political affinity,secondgoes onetothedesired and minority. representative the ofthe the to goes vote one elections: of levels all at votes two the of institutions political central are minorities. areas mixed nationally the in municipality each in repres special and government minority. group of forms three describes Kymlicka c of the majority, principle ofjustice. butonthe justification.” primary ulture, but at the same time same the at but ulture,

Ibid, 24 Ibid, Ibid Komac, Ibid, Ibid Ibid, From the viewpoint of our discourse analysis of the new national holidays in Slovenia it has to to has it Slovenia in holidays national new the of analysis discourse our of viewpoint the From Sol

, derlined that the ma the that derlined

utions such as official public bilingualism are thus justified by preserving the minority minority the preserving by justified thus are bilingualism public official as such utions 41 27 123

The The 90

Slovenia grants Slovenia

protection of ethnic communities in the Republic ofSlovenia, Republic the in ofethnic communities protection Sec ond,

members of the minorities the of members 88

Therefore, giving minority rights is not based on the principle of interest of principle the on based not is rights minority giving Therefore, jority two of these rights to its autochthonous national communities: communities: national autochthonous its to rights these of two

members of the majority culture can benefit from it. Furthermore, it. from benefit can culture majority the of members entation rights. entation

occasionally - specific rights which might pr might which rights specific objected the rights given to the minorities in front of front in minorities the to given rights the objected 89 First, self First,

have a dual voting right, that is, they can cast can they is, that right, voting dual a have gests such a solution. Second, in 1999 in Second, solution. a such gests - governing national communities national governing

addt mthn ter ideological their matching candidate s not is

unconstitutional.” event vulnerability of the the of vulnerability event 92 93 ual voting ual

n the On located located self the 26 -

CEU eTD Collection B8 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanskaVprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=735A15C8FD3C3AA6C1257968006166 http://www.dz rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanska 96 http://odlocitve.us 95 http://odlocitve.us 94 the signs. street bilingual erecting in inconsistencies to respect the with and education bilingual the of financing the with minority Hungarian the of representative parliamentary 2 in the example, For state. in the of part inconsistencies the from rights the these of about execution concerned are minorities the of representatives the rights, minority. language. minority would schools Fi language. own their in educated being of knowledge that stated It further schools. bilingual at gained the of quality lower proving evidence material no was there however, Court, the unconstit therefore is and Slovenia of rest the from children the to opposed bilingual thr also are which kin symbols their of national symbols use to entitled are minorities i.e., unconstitutional, usage Hun the of symbols the to equal

http://www.dz Rulin 19 Ibid,

While some members of the majority, as we have shown, feel the minorities have too many too have minorities the feel shown, have we as majority, the of members some While e plcns rm h ntoal mxd ertr i Pemre h maintained who Prekmurje in territory mixed nationally the from applicants ee

lvna Aaey f cecs n Arts and Sciences of Academy Slovenian g of the Constitutional Court Constitutional g ofthe -

20; Ruling of the Constitutional Cour RulingConstitutional of20; the dcto sse pt te Slovene the puts system education

- - - - – rs.si/usrs/us rs.si/usrs/us

in the given historical and social context context social and historical given the in 95

96 states. osqety w my d, ht ol edne te xsec o the of existence the endanger would that add, may we Consequently,

Following - - odl.nsf/o/C63B4C09D2191BB6C125717200280E31 odl.nsf/o/C63B4C09D2191BB6C125717200280E31 94

: ya erir h Cntttoa Cut eue te ruet of arguments the refuted Court Constitutional the earlier year A

garian and the Italian state. Again, the Court did not find this this find not did Court the Again, state. Italian the and garian VprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=A316826D468E4426C12579680060085 Oto L Oto t : uthar

nally, the Court argued that abolishing the bilingual bilingual the abolishing that argued Court the nally, , a historian and director of the Research Center of Center Research the of director and historian a ,

, children from the area into inferior position as as position inferior into area the from children

the Slovene the the leaders of the the of leaders the –

raised raised

– children are not in any way deprived deprived way any in not are children

lead to an end of education in the in education of end an to lead a question regarding problems regarding question Hungarian

009 László Göncz László 009 utional. According to to According utional.

minority feel the the feel minority that

–

as a as the 27 ;

CEU eTD Collection rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanskaVprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=B8032C98734C7223C125796800616630 98 %20MEJA%20KOT%20SINDROM.pdf stoletje, 97 Slovenia. wi principle This minorities. national others’ each accommodate states two way the in reciprocity of Hungary. in body” national “Slovene the autochthonou Slovene 2009 in government Slovene the addressing etc. society, the in value not are latter the of needs

http://www.dz Ot l lo e rsn i agmns pern i dbts eadn nw ainl oias in holidays national new regarding debates in appearing arguments in present be also ll o Luthar, Meja kot sindrom II?, II?, kot sindrom Luthar, Meja o

http://www.drzavljanska ioiis n ugr ad tl i cnieal wre hn h psto o te two the of position the than worse considerably is Italy and Hungary in minorities s communities in Slove in communities s

On the other hand, Miran Györek Miran hand,other the On - taken care taken vzgoja.org/Portals/0/Dokumenti/clanki/LUTHAR%20

Multi in interkulturalizem ter diferen ter Multi ininterkulturalizem , p. 9 p. , nia. He was He nia.

of of 98 well enough and that and enough well

We can can We –

maintained

especially worried about the uncertain future of future uncertain the about worried especially observe that observe , member of the Slovene parliamentSlovene the of member , that that ciacija kultur v Prekmurju skozi 20. 20. skozi kultur v Prekmurju ciacija

Hungarian language is losing its losing is language Hungarian legal and factual position of the the of position factual and legal he was he

refer - ring

to the principle the to 28 –

CEU eTD Collection n_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D400354E68C125700E0043AB95&db=ko Work and 99 fro day da different several commemorated While place. took Europe in resistance a Slovenehood to faithfulness its of because day stressed. a well as Italy interwar in population Slovene the over loss wereseeexplained. howthese proposals Motherland” the to Region Primorska proposed government historic regarding important of commemoration lately occurred had discussion proposal, the of beginning parliament. the in discussed be to was of changes

The The With the respect to the restoration of Primorska to Primorska of restoration the to respect the With the At m 1954, the government implied government the 1954, m

2 es suffered due suffered es when . proposal of proposal

NEW HOLIDAYS NEW OFTHE CELEBRATIONS THE AND THE ACCEPTANCE -

free Days in Republic of Slovenia, 24.05.2005: 24.05.2005: ofSlovenia, Republic in freeDays Accord meeting at meeting the h Lwo ainl H National on Law the peace treaty with Italy came into effect. into came Italy with treaty peace

theSlovene on a state level, the government decided to suggest 15 suggest to decided government the level, state a on ing to pub to ing

to to

the

Treaty of Rapallo we Rapallo of Treaty h 15 the

end of the May the of end

government on government lic opinion, it was stated was it opinion, lic

a acce was

f etme t b clbae a “ as celebrated be to September of

, would be less ap less be would , olidays al

the td n 91 n te oenet bevd that observed government the and 1991 in pted and the 23 the and

2005

events.

changes and complementations of the Law on National Holidays Holidays National on Law ofthe complementations and changes 99

re re n Work and h iiil law initial The

the Slovene government prepared a proposal o proposal a prepared government Slovene the brought to attention. Furthermore, fascist atrocities atrocities fascist Furthermore, attention. to brought

Thus besides renaming “Independence Day” the the Day” “Independence renaming besides Thus potential potential http://www.dz nd because this is where the earliest anti earliest the where is this because nd rd ,

the region of Primorska deserves a memorial memorial a deserves Primorska of region the November as “ as November

propriate -

the territory of today’s Slovenia, first, the first, Slovenia, today’s of territory the free Days in Republic of Slovenia of Republic in Days free The signing signing The s during World War II occupation we occupation II War World during new holidays, i.e., regarding the the regarding i.e., holidays, new - te oenet xlie i the in explained government the ,

to celebrate to tes Rudolf Maister Day”. Day”. Maister Rudolf of the of a o Rsoain f the of Restoration of Day

ol b worth be would th

September (1947) September London memorandum London

since that is that

not only not

- Let us us Let fascist fascist public public which to n the the n , the the , be 29 re

CEU eTD Collection 14.09.2005: ofSlovenia, Republic Days in 101 100 Prekmurje. I War World holiday. separate a deserve propos be a work Slovenia’s suppo were holidays proposed the of both poll, opinion public into unit” national Slovene the of concrescence historical the in milestones with celebrated Maister “Rudolf symbolically be also can nation mother the into Prekmurje of incorporation of organization post in intervene not did himself Maister Maister’s to thankful be to has thus Slovenia conference. peace the by acknowledged was Maribor of city the of north the to territory national Slovene the of of h Slovene when is

Parliamentary representatives coming from coming representatives Parliamentary What The The Ibid the successful military the

the city of Trieste of city the proposed amendment the to proposed north al

Slovene state memory. state Slovene was the role of role the was

populated hinterland and - free day. 101 population. eastern border between Austria and today’s Slovenia today’s and Austria between border eastern

u forwards put h rgo, hy otne, a be a at f h Hnain tt fr around for state Hungarian the of part a been had continued, they region, The ,

- Slovene Day”. iiay ocs n ht area. that in forces military

action

For economic reasons, however, neither of these two holidays would also would holidays two these of neither however, reasons, economic For General Both , the Slovene historic economic historic Slovene the , s never really appreciated the great importance of acquisition of of acquisition of importance great the appreciated really never s

They maintained that due to the loss of Primorska and Carinthia after Carinthia and Primorska of loss the to due that maintained They n mnmn in amendment an

againsttroops theAustrian of the suggested dates suggested the of changes and complementations of the Law on National LawNational on ofthe complementations and changes was lost to Italy.was to lost

100 Rudolf Maister Rudolf

Furthermore, http://www.dz -

a Prekm war Prekmurje were not comple not were Prekmurje

which they claimed claimed they which -

in Slovene history?Slovene in

the government underlined government the osqety te oenet conclude government the Consequently,

were thus considered to be to considered thus were

after World War and spiritual center, center, spiritual and urje, he nevertheless influenced the the influenced nevertheless he urje, . td y prxmtl 7% of 70% approximately by rted

“ In other words, other In nation

According to the government the to According th , which , t lvns n Prekmurje in Slovenes at

- I enforcing will enforcing

tely satisfied with the the with satisfied tely e

Holidays and Work and Holidays nabled that that

is why they also fit fit also they why is but also its mostly mostly its also but

according to according “

very important important very his occupation his

establishment establishment ” .

d While - , free

the the the 30

CEU eTD Collection 8 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/seje/evidenca?mandat=IV&type=sz&uid=3C185DA6AC35D612C1257096002E75B 102 n_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ ca nation. and state, history, religion, identity, to aim holidays such of one and Prekmurje territory. national Slovene the of up rounding the enabled events brightest the of one as Prekmurje of acquisition the denoted He history,cultural legacy of development the to history. national its of personalities and events important J Jožef suppor the in argumentation the at look a take us let First, Italian affiliation, political introduc the amendment temporary a to Prekmurje over authority 17 concluded, years, thousand

se The th Transcript of the parliamentary discussion: discussion: the of parliamentary Transcript

also reiterated the reiterated also

f August of the

minorit erovšek parliamentary discussion followed later that month. month. that later followed discussion parliamentary ing dniiain ih h hldy oe ntrly ihu mc effort. much without naturally comes holiday the with identification

“one of the miracles of the Slovene history.” Slovene the of miracles the of “one the new holidays and none of the the none of and holidays new the ies

said tu rememberi thus , in September 2005. in September , however, u hd eetees eand atfl o h Slovenehood. the to faithful remained nevertheless had but

it was about time time about was it oe against voted

faithfulness and persistence of the Slovenes in the reg the in Slovenes the of persistence and faithfulness the initiator the

people develop and help constitute national pride, help patriotism national constitute and

/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D400354E68C125707C0041B6FF&db=ko

objected objected s ’

people esnlte, hy rae hi ietfcto wt te nation’s the with identification their create they personalities, g h dy hn igo o SS A SHS of Kingdom when day the ng s it

of the amendment regarding the Prekmurje holiday Prekmurje the regarding amendment the of . 102 the acceptance of the Prekmurje and Prekmurje thePrimorskathe acceptanceholidays. ofthe that http://www.dz

s P ’

rimnay ersnaie o te ugra ad the and Hungarian the of representatives arliamentary civil administrato civil Slovenia accepted the holidays which reflect the most the reflect which holidays the accepted Slovenia consciousness This members of members

consciousness -

Such holidays, he holidays, Such

the and The celebrations would take place on place take would celebrations The r t of the holidays. the of t

All of the parties supported the supported parties the of All

oe Horvat, Jože parliament in 1919. in

their

is the is

dniiain ih cultural with identification and nationaland consciousness.

strong The g The n lvn history Slovene in , regardless of his or hers regardless hisor of , rmy handed over the the over handed rmy rpeettv from representative a

continue ion of Primorska and Primorska of ion est, he added, in the in added, he est, overnment accepted overnment

The representative The

n hs vein this In “ hs is, This

d , contribu , , said ” ,

as it it as they they that that law law the 31 te

CEU eTD Collection 105 104 103 fully Primorska of people the claimed and festivities year’s this of success the about happy September actually motherland the mentioned be to has It from Primorska Slovene the with connectedness Prekmurje’s people. its and region the of state. the of rest the by neglected itself considers often which area this of pride the and confidence euphoria special was holidays. in followed which of acceptanceholidays which new to they ofthe events refer and historic to politicians. abovementioned 2005 youngthe Slovenes, especially the ones. representative

Turning to Turning Janez Votek, “Pod čigavo zastavo”, čigavo zastavo”, “Pod Votek, Janez novi praznikivdržavi”, “Trije Poglajen Jože Prekmurje was similarly neutral in its main article i article main its in neutral similarly was Prekmurje

convinced , The holiday, he continue he holiday, The h mi Soee daily Slovene main the 104

2005. A separate commentary, separate A

, “Prazniki v srcih ljudi”, srcih“Praznikiljudi”, , v media reports media Stanislav Brenčič hoped these holidays will generate patriotic sentiments of all of all of sentiments patriotic generate will holidays these hoped Brenčič Stanislav

that the region required such a symbolic gesture, but he could not sense any any sense not could he but gesture, symbolic a such required region the that also gavealso a relatively short the

surrounding it. it. surrounding T

e article he objections of objections

, however, however, , took place took

Pomurski vestnik Pomurski 103 after the acceptance of the new holidays in September and October October and September in holidays new the of acceptance the after

hs quoted thus d, n o te constitue the of One In a few sentences the reporter neutrally presented the procedu the presented neutrally reporter the sentences few a In Pomurski vestnik Pomurski

w that representatives of the minorities the of representatives did not use use not did n i oiin th opinion his In http://www.delo.si/arhiv/tiska

ould a couple of weeks before the acceptance of the law, on 15 on law, the of acceptance the before weeks of couple a

however, the first c first the

serve its purpose only if it w it if only purpose its serve , 20.10.2005, ,

account onthe parliamentaryaccount and debate outcome. its the spirit and the Slovene state. A regional newspaper newspaper regional A state. Slovene the and spirit , 6.10.2005, ,

ommemoration focused parliamentary h sm kn o eeae rhetoric elevated of kind same the t o ti iett, e implied he identity, this of nts

holiday e 2 nforming

the no/30.09.2005/Delo

representative

Prekmurje holiday. Prekmurje of the restoration of Primorska of restoration the of about is

. supposed A

ould

the introduction of the new new the of introduction the regional weekly published published weekly regional

, as help build the identity the build help , , 2

eošk h was who Jerovšek

well as t

os te self the boost 105 sol be should ,

The author The he dispute he dispute

s the as

32 to to re th -

CEU eTD Collection 110 109 108 107 106 after Carinthia and Primorska language. Slovene the to and Slovenehood the to loyal remained and seclusion long years thousand this defied nevertheless it territory, Slovene the of rest the from separately speech. Janša’s weekly with rememberinggreat thing a frompast. theSlovene Milan the about excitement their underlining by visitors the ovations. standing with artists the complimented to birth gave that maintained, thread the of love of Sloven the and Carinthia in is heart Slovene the which to according phrase popular a to referring Slovenia”, of lungs “spiritual i g newspaper inSeptember2005. celebration. the with identified prac o te ein from region the of mportance ave

Returning to the Prekmurje holiday, the first celebration was arranged in 2006 and the local local the and 2006 in arranged was celebration first the holiday, Prekmurje the to Returning First “ optimizem”, veselje, “Mladost, Ipavec, Maksimilijan Dravinec Sašo vihrale”, bodo “Zastave Elikan, Jaka Slovenija ima dolg do Prekmurja imado dolg Slovenija

appreciation to the nation’s strength to survive. to strength nation’s the to appreciation Kučan 108

the speech of the Prime Minister Janez Janša was presented. was Janša Janez Minister Prime the of speech the cover

described , for instance, instance, for , program was the word love connecting the people of Primorska. It was this love, she she It love, Primorska. this of was connecting people love the theword was program d h eet xesvl. sprt atce a ddctd o h Pie Minister Prime the to dedicated was article separate A extensively. event the ed , “Duhovna pljuča Slovenije”, Slovenije”, pljuča “Duhovna , 110

e one t te fact the to pointed He

“

the Pljuča, polna ljubezni polna Pljuča,

procedure of procedure thought the celebration the thought Primorske novice Primorske

e lungs are lungs e

”, ”, 106

hi resistance. their First Pomurski Primorske novice Primorske

iwon o te lvn nto and nation Slovene the of viewpoint The latter was reported on in details in pr in details in on reported was latter The

ol Wr h explained, he War, World h ceremony the ”, ”, Primorske novice Primorske

Primorske novice Primorske vestnik in Trieste. in , 19.09. 2005, 2 2005, 19.09. , ht hl Prekmurje while that , 24.08.2006, 24.08.2006, , , 30.09.2005, 3 30.09.2005, ,

Another article summarized the impressions of of impressions the summarized article Another At the end, the reporter noted, the audience audience the noted, reporter the end, the At

expressed happiness, which was in accordance in was which happiness, expressed

107 Furthermore, the Furthermore, and ,17.09.2005, 2 ,17.09.2005,

He then underline then He

event 19.9.2005, 2 19.9.2005,

ie t panr who planner its cited

. 109

h fre Soee president Slovene former The

Slovenia could never really really never could Slovenia a is w hsoy living history own its had In his view his In article titled titled article d historic d eitd rmrk as Primorska depicted evious issues of the of issues evious

told that the re the that told Due to losses of losses to Due

the al The

and cultural and celebration celebration

lungs full lungs 33 d

CEU eTD Collection 112 111 was there. One ofthe interviewed fou they incorporation. the a the appreciate

Ibid 1919 “Prekmurje

nd the event beautiful and beautiful event the nd 112

cquisition of Prekmurje. Therefore, this holiday should affirm the importance of of importance the affirm should holiday this Therefore, Prekmurje. of cquisition –

Analyzing Analyzing 2006, praznik ljudstva”, 24.08.2006, 10 24.08.2006, praznik2006, ljudstva”,

attendan the

ts interviews with the with interviews

was convinced that the incorporation required a celebration on a state level. state a on celebration a required incorporation the that

that - 11

visitors we can come to the conclusion that conclusion the to come can we visitors the celebration a toeveryone lot meant

who 111 34

CEU eTD Collection individual’s outside. the strengthto communit the strengthen they did only not Moreover, attendants their of community and a the then Since revolution. from missing was which space” “public open cultures. political transparent Hroch’s or emerge become more salient should sentiments patriotic and pride national Consequently, history. and culture to a and, population the of majority the of support the celebrating the elements. constitutive the these of attachment the enabled supposedly strengthen and reaffirm commemorating be to appears celebration

We are We rhetoric presented the up sum shortly To enhance

3 leaders .

THE thoughts on national on thoughts

start the

f h state the of relation to the nation and its its and nation the to relation

ing THEORY BEHIND THE CELEBRATIONS THE BEHIND THEORY dates of their of dates peoples’

the analysis and the contextualization of these concepts and arguments with arguments and concepts these of contextualization the and analysis the .

these kinds of celebrations have been calling forth feelings of brotherhood brotherhood of feelings forth calling been have celebrations of kinds these The celebrations go hand in hand with rituals, that is, the ritual the is,rituals, that with hand in Thegohandcelebrations

it. it.

identification with the state and the nation, more concretely, with their with concretely, more nation, the and state the with identification felt a need to emphasize emphasize to need a felt In an independent Slovenia the Slovene nation is in clear majority and and majority clear in is nation Slovene the Slovenia independent an In In other In

acquisition on a state level. state a on acquisition celebrations They presuppose They ,

i.e., words

they were they . ,

First of all, such events can only take place in place take only can events such all, of First itr.Ti rlto i further is relation This history.

the faithfulness of the regions’ people to their nation their to people regions’ the of faithfulness the eti regions’ certain territories

ccording to their advocate their ccordingto a n h fvr f h holidays the of favor the in

freedom of opinion, opinion, of freedom

awakening national enthusiasm of the masses. the of enthusiasm national awakening h Soee aue f hs triois by territories these of nature Slovene the ies

to the state state the to

Introducing the new ho new the Introducing within, but they also also they but within, bsolutist societies before the French French the before societies bsolutist loyalty where this nation was one of of one was nation this where

o h nation the to a

freedom freedom s , the celebrations the , reinforced te ol of goal the ,

demonstrated their demonstrated lidays al lidays of press, i.e., an i.e., press, of s el s to as well as

deepensan by regular regular by so modern

ought had a a had their their 35

CEU eTD Collection 115 114 113 nation Slovene the of community and homeland. nations’s nation’s the with belong.” they feel they which involve symbolic.” and historical only be may territory a with is maintains, nation Slovene the to belongs time unit. national Slovene the canapplied betothe a not exceptions, continues, he history nation’s interest. vie of feelings strengthen ofbelonging and process thesocialization within repetit

As we have seen, the seen, have we As typology a creates Hroch Ibid, 9 Ibid, 40 identity, Smith,National H roch, roch, are in possession of common institutions, common of possession in are and the and a aeoy of category a w ions s a “fairly well demarcated and bounded territory, with which the members identify and toand identify members the territory, withwhich bounded and “fairlywell demarcated s a

Das Europa der Nationen, der Das Europa hs clbain, he celebrations, These of main that the latter actually possess territories possess actually latter the that rituals apn wt te curne of occurrence the with happens

among the among

part of nation of part territory goal of the holiday the of goal

. Finally,

celebrations They have an emotional, rather than rational effect; they therefore evoke therefore they effect; rational than rather emotional, an have They

commemorati holidays have been introduced to introduced been have holidays

people. The transition from national celebrations to national holidays, national to celebrations national from transition The people. ruby te lvn nation Slovene the Arguably, eed on depends of celebrating depending on the context of the event. From our point point our From event. the of context the on depending celebrating of since according to Smith to according since 115

217 - .

building process building At the same time, he maintains, the strength of the identification the of strength the maintains, he time, same the At

argues, of - One of the differences between between differences the of One tries 218 the

s ng

to is thus is new

h srnt of strength the

have have deepen the majority the deepen motn events important national national

to emphasize to en iig o spread to aiming been

we may observe may we nation

itself holidays inSlovenia.

. We will see whether or not this principle this not or whether see will We . nations - state

“ historic 114 wh - ulig a aray iihd y that by finished already was building celebrate

s ereas in the case of case the in ereas from The question in territory the that fact the

population and is thus in principle, but with with but principle, in thus is and are forms of political communities political of forms are al

the way the ocp o ntos h claims, he nations, of concept

ainl history national n mti mmre o the of memories mythic and

the nation. ethnies the historic concrescence of concrescence historic the h aaees abou awareness the ’s

Slovenia as a political a as Slovenia identification with the with identification

and nations, Smith Smith nations, and 113 ethnies

is of special special of is the link link the t

the the 36

CEU eTD Collection 118 117 116 attachment. hand, other the on and nation, the with role. double a have thus flags on. so develop event, any In made. also are nation the constituting nation the of overcome. to strive other. each with connectedness newspaper, their regarding unsure somewhat are nation the of local rest the and Slovenes the in commentary the from as well as speech Minister’s dial a as recognized periods long for Prekmurje Italy. to attached territory national holidays, the of occurre the of memories nation

We are trying to prove, however, prove, to trying are We Ibid, 17 Ibid, 38 identity, Smith,National 260 zgodovine, in slovenske obče sodobne Oris Repe, Nećak, , coins, uniforms and ceremonies has to be established. be to has ceremonies and uniforms coins, , 117 ’

as strong as possible sentiments towards nation’s historic events, heroes, events, historic nation’s towards sentiments possible as strong as and

On a more abstract level, as Smith implies, implies, Smith as level, abstract morea On region to the Slovene nation is praised, even though this assumed historic loyalty did loyalty historic assumed this though even praised, is nation Slovene the to region n short In its state its . In order to do so, we can agree with Smith, Smith, with agree can we so, do to order In but but , o cnit f uh oe hn epe n rkuj sekn wa i today is what speaking Prekmurje in people than more much of consist not 116 ept te at that fact the despite

T also also c o te lvn language. Slovene the of ect ’s recent as well as with as well as recent ’s te c the ,

On the other part of of part other the On hey try to tighten the bond bond the tighten to try hey nces from nces the city of Trieste is still commonly placed on the map of the Slovene the of map the on placed commonly still is Trieste of city the

On e

erto i a oe dmcai space democratic open an in lebration

one hand, one

Second World War we War World Second that it is exactly such doubts doubts such exactly is it that they rather explicitly call for strengthening of strengthening for call explicitly rather they

the city did not have a Slovene majority when it was was it when majority Slovene a have not did city the attending them attending h country, the more or less mythic history mythic less or more between contemporary Slovenes and the history the and Slovenes contemporary between

Moreover, as we could infer from the Prime Prime the from infer could we as Moreover, an intimate relation towards towards relation intimate an t

he members of the nation are supposed to supposed are nation the of members he

led nessnietl identification sentimental infers already re evoked re tosn ya ln lyly f the of loyalty long year thousand a 118

Ceremonies as described above described as Ceremonies eeecs to references that in the in

tends to promote a “deep “deep a promote to tends the .

arguments in the favor the in arguments For example, not only not example, For new national new tnc elements ethnic symbols such assuch symbols both landscape

this kind of of kind this Prekmurje Prekmurje

holidays , and , 37

CEU eTD Collection 123 122 121 120 119 thing.” right the choose you that condition the on but choose, to freedom have you subject: the to saying is our accept freely nation? a langua and unit. a into quilts n does by unified thus are elements Lacanian are which features identity ideology. of theory Lacan’s of interpretation Žižek’s members the community. conclude Anderson would, who nation the of members horizontal

Second, how does identification with the nation come about? How do we become members of of members become we do How about? come nation the with identification does how Second, that infer holidays new the of Supporters Ibid, 186 Ibid, 96 Ibid, 95 ofideology, object sublime The Žižek, Ibid 7 communities, Imagined Anderson,

the

ot have any meaning on its own, its on meaning any have ot ge andterritory national respectively.

of ertr receive territory uh s language, as such

’ identification ’

Žižek asserts the identification is a result of result a is identification the asserts Žižek on d capiton de point “

comradeship” btat ocps uh s ain s formed. is nation as such concepts abstract [s]tructured into a unified field through the intervention of a cer a of intervention the through field unified a into [s]tructured 123

It is a tautological process: process: tautological a is It 120

nationality that has that nationality 122

In other words other In

with the nation. We have to further analyze this identification, relying on on relyingidentification, this analyze further to have We nation. the with

a f h attendants the of

territory which ) special

master a

, ad o on so and , connotation

once the concept of the nation is established, the language the established, is nation the of concept the once already 'quilts' - signifier

but it does retroactively give meaning to the elements the to meaning give retroactively does it but You identify with the Slovene natio Slovene the with identify You

. 119 them been been

. t hs teghn a iaie cmuiy of community imagined an strengthens thus It h Soee communi Slovene the s ead to regards as – hs are These

assigned to us to assigned o example for […]

a paradoxical “forced paradoxical a

s is, e ae to have we First, , in last instance sacrifice their lives for for lives their sacrifice instance last in , n fix and hy r nt ipy sm f positive of sum a simply not are They

merely

h nto; hy eoe national become they nation; the ,

s hi meaning. their es

te (Slovene) “the by the society: “ society: the by

“proto y il rse fo its from prosper will ty - take dooia elements” ideological tain 'nodal point' (the (the point' 'nodal tain choice”. We are to are We choice”. n because you are you because n ok t o the how at look nation the community community the ”

121 ”

– Positive

which 38 it

CEU eTD Collection 127 126 125 124 nation. Slovene today’s with havecultural that orcontent historic used it group,but nationala into identifywith. name a required definitely Slovenes” group’.” ( label same “ name: certain a given be to people of group it. with identify to members its for and formed be to group social a contribute positively individual’s to attached significance id social Tajfel’s with conclusion irrational The attendants. in being member. its constitute which features objective about not is it day, the of end the At organized. is enjoyment subject’s which around fantasy this is It uniqueness. its in cherish and embrace emotionally to worth with, identify to worth community distinct a to there member its already

We canWe celebrations understand now better why the Bar 254 categories, social groupsand Human Henri Tajfel, 1 Ibid, 43 Ibid, it.” - is 124 Tal, Group beliefs as an expression of social identity, 105 identity, social expressionof Groupbeliefs asan Tal, “[a]lways -

127 92 In

ovcin ht hr i smtig pca aot n’ nation. one’s about special something is there that conviction

order for a order In our case the group is not that arbitrary. arbitrary. that not is group the case our In aeoy ad hs nomto my as te t fr te eif W ae a are ‘We belief the form to them cause may information this and category)

Nevertheless, y enjoyed the ceremony that ceremony the enjoyed y

a residue a . 125 s

eetees a Žižek as Nevertheless,

to his or her or his to su

bject to to bject ,

this name this a leftover, a stain of traumatic irrationality and senselessness stickingsenselessness and irrationalitytraumatic of stain leftover,aa To this extent Smith is r is Smith extent this To

make the sense of s

self niy hoy tee is there theory, entity

– membership

or master image. ih which with celebrated their nation. their celebrated The individuals may be told that they are given the the given are they that told be may individuals The notes 126 - 255 -

According to Bar to According signifier

identification he afantasy,identification creates an image of te dniiain s ee fly successful, fully never is identification the ,

in the members expressing this belief could could belief this expressing members the

ight, nations may be constructed, be may nations ight, of could the new mean holidays a tothe lot one’s nationality one’s national h fnaetl ru ble “e are “We belief group fundamental The

–

did not did not

group pcfc au ad em and value specific -

It is enough for any arbitrary arbitrary any for enough is It Tal it does not take much for much take not does it Tal This enjoyment is part of a of part is enjoyment This simply quilt random quilt features simply a salient enough connection enoughconnection salient a – ,

but but uh membership such

To complement this this complement To about the enjoyment enjoyment the about but what what but otional

thus 39 n

CEU eTD Collection 129 128 nationalism majority artificial. is it”, destroy to “attempt an for nationalism nationalism representatives inour study of theminorities case. t concepts crucial the of one it. for life give hers i.e., hisor conclusion world. outside the to community the of cohesion and strength of manifestations are celebrations the out, solidarity social of levelhigher a about level? pride. national generate should langua as such attributes consciousness self positive than it to more is identification Slovenes’ the strengthening by achieved be will holidays? new the of initiators the by envisioned as group national Slovene national group. modern of occurrence the nations. before already existed that elements are vitality their them gives

nr Lcus n Gnvee otn argue Nootens Genevieve and Lecours André Finally, Gagnon, Lecours, Nootens, Contemporary majority nationalism,3 majority Contemporary Nootens, Lecours, Gagnon, 532 2003, 3(4). vol. in: Ethnicities, imaginary, the cosmopolitan in ‘Belonging’ CraigCalhoun,

olwn Cag ahu a togr es o blnig o h cmuiy ol bring could community the to belonging of sense stronger a Calhoun Craig Following dig rc’ ad Calhoun and Hroch’s Adding When the concept concept the When

aahaig Bar paraphrasing , about the ultimate the about

codn t wih aroim tns o a lgtmt dfne f h sae and state” the of defense “legitimate a for stands patriotism which to according

about the nation the about

o xli hw e sae cnoiae hmevs y h by themselves consolidate states new how explain to ge of

- n history. and the of state future desired the is what ourselves ask must we Tal,

Is this the undertone of such holidays? of Is theundertone this nation was introduced, it gave these elements a connotation to the the to connotation a elements these gave it introduced, was nation hat appeared in dispute between members of the majority and and majority the of members between dispute in appeared hat , that is, a high level of awareness of level high a is, that , patriotic But what do these abstract formulations mean on a more concrete concrete more a on mean formulations abstract these do what But - mg o te ebr o te natio the of members the of image s ruet together argument ’s

among the members the among sacrifice a member of a national community can make, make, can community national a of member a sacrifice

As it is implied, being conscious of these attributes attributes these of conscious being implied, is it As that

129 h cnrdcin ewe ptits and patriotism between contradiction the

Therefore, they introduce the introduce they Therefore, . might 128

with their nation? nation? their with

At the same time, as Hrochpointsas time, same the At about nation’s existence and its its and existence nation’s about brings

In was patriotism anyevent, . P n.

s ak o Anderson’s to back us ltcas tesd the stressed oliticians

In other words, what words, other In

Arguably, ighlighting the the ighlighting

notion of notion there 40

CEU eTD Collection 135 134 133 132 131 130 sentiment abstract conjunction. ma country [as] Slovenes. the politicians Slovene the of just than more country.” and nation their to loyalty and attachment individual’s readily not nationalism is identified as nationalism.” bee have would they nationalistic. imply, Nootens and Lecours nationality, Slovenes. the of cohesion the i.e., history, culture, majority’s the underlining by country the in sentiments patriotic of level the increase ‘owner’ nation core the of Th nationalism. nationalizing of concept Brubaker’s nati is nationalism majority short, traits. majority’s

h statesmen The In Ibid social identity: national and patriotism, Nationalism, Kelman, Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid

some members of the nation may live outside of the country, and some inhabitants of inhabitants some and country, the of outside live may nation the of members some Kelman’s view patriotism is an ideology. It is It ideology. an is patriotism view Kelman’s

, , 6 , 3 , 6

of the state.” the of b pr o a ifrn nation,” different a of part be y

132 We mayWe conjunctionthecase observe this in theholidays inSlovenia. new of

Although, Although,

a geographic location geographic a

According to them the consequence of such relation of powers is that “majority that is powers of relation such of consequence the them to According

This, we can say, say, can we This, , but we are interested in its concrete implications. concrete its in interested are we but , hs reoi w hv analyzed have we rhetoric whose ,

hc i dfnd n e in defined is which 131

Departing from this we may may we this from Departing as

we could infer t infer could we

Kelman

is especially valid for new nation new for valid especially is

notes nls poetd y the by projected onalism to its citizens its to ,

h “country and nation are not necessarily conterminous necessarily not are nation and “country If thno a t

the minorities would have been emphasizing their their emphasizing been have would minorities the the Slovene territory is territory Slovene the 135 utrl em ad consi and terms cultural

, it is it , h nto o ptits stil patriotism of notion the 133 e latter “articulates claims made in the name the in made claims “articulates latter e

“ hypothesize that hypothesize - r tlig bu ptits a a as patriotism about talking are psychological dimensions, 166 dimensions, psychological

a set of attit of set a

theirs homeland theirs state. 134 udes and beli and udes

The country, he goes on, is on, goes he country, The -

the Slovene state wishes wishes state Slovene the states such as Slovenia. In Slovenia. as such states Here Althusser’s thesis on thesis Althusser’s Here 130 (a historic (a polie a being as proclaimed n .

From the argumentation the From

es tef h rightful the itself ders h atos ee to refer authors The

efs [referring] efs rfr t their to refers l al ) homeland of of homeland

quite an an quite

the

41 to to

CEU eTD Collection 141 140 139 138 137 136 assumingly nation. their and Slovenes repetition annual their rituals. were they if as themselves celebrations the interpret can we study ritual accompanies thus uniqueness of feeling Such membership. this of uniqueness the about convictions generates nation. their to related subject the for important writes, material it. knowing without ideology the accept national the national the of example, usage for everyday with, but nation, the of importance the about awareness with reproduced not is ideology. is ideology actions. material his are says, Althusser ideas, Subject’s Althusser then it take we If considered. be should ideology of existence material

Let us summarize the arguments the summarize us Let Hroch, Das Europa der der Das Europa Hroch, 43 Ibid, 39 Ibid, 39 ofideology, object sublime The Žižek, 43 Ibid, 39 ideology, on Essays Althusser,

at national celebrations celebrations national at

is the abovementioned notion of enjoyment that can explain why material practices material why explain can that enjoyment of notion abovementioned the is ized in an external ritual or practice or ritual external an in ized

In our case, Inour

not abstract thoughts abstract not patriotic history. the execution of

ol miti i de nt xs siiuly bt n rcie ad rituals. and practices in but spiritually, exist not does it maintain would

– ie are wt Atusr by Althusser: with agrees Žižek Nationen,218 s patriotism ideologyof the

bond exists primarily on material and not on spiritual level. spiritual on not and material on primarily exists bond ? e ae led dsrbd h ietfcto wt te ainl group national the with identification why described already have We

We We . 140 With t With

tried to prove to tried deepens one’s deepensone’s

ebr o te ain no tkn pr in part taking enjoy nation the of Members practices a with - 44 language or attending celebrations commemorating eve commemorating celebrations attending or language

he help of Žižek and Althusser and Žižek of help he he or she has she or he

we have been been have we

138

their intent is indeed is intent their More precisely, More attachment to the nation. the to attachment .

139 connotation to thenation. to connotation , but ,

(or majoritynationalism?) (or ht s isn n lhse’ aayi, Žižek analysis, Althusser’s in missing is What

develop r itual practices itual olwn a eti cso w already we custom certain a following 137 ing the subject’s the

ht ep te ujc pr o part subject the keeps What

so far. far. so , however, , deepening the bond between the between bond the deepening

that bear an imprint of a given a of imprint an bear that that patriotism is an ideology, an is patriotism that 141 Hroch maintains repeating maintains Hroch

In the context of our caseour of context In the unconscious belief gets belief unconscious

we within a given society givensociety a within What is What practices have While we said said we While argued the

n rituals and

nts from nts result this this the f

are

136 42 of –

CEU eTD Collection 143 142 believ ideology in are who nationalism. majority of act an as holidays national new the on law the passing its denoting when Assembly National majority the of members statesmen the a with conclude reflect unequivocally would practices material natural holidays national that unnoticed. go flags the of most continues, Billig states, these In patriotism as but nationalism, as perceived even not is It volatile. or dangerous as perceived not t should with identification effortless for desire argued, have we as holidays, an effort. much without naturally come to has Horvat Jožef representative parliamentary patriotism more for claims that true that

The In established nati established In Ibid, 38 Ibid, 40 nationalism, Banal Billig, vdne f hg lvl f osiuns aot ains history nation’s about consciousness of level high a of evidence attending the celebrations already implies accepting ideology that the holiday the that ideologyaccepting already implies celebrations the attending h rao wy lg ae psintl waved” “passionately are flags why reason the , as patriotism. as , following ake their majority granted. for inSlovenia position

celebrations needcelebrations notbenecessary toberepeatedwill as as long they anymore.

speculation

analys is on

that

In any case any In Is a desired fu desired a Is - states, Billig asserts, majority nationalism is on work every day, yet day, every work on is nationalism majority asserts, Billig states, i

s of the of s the

il hw whether show will

that emphasize the Slovene character of the territories and the state, this this state, the and territories the of character Slovene the emphasize aoiy ainls would nationalism majority

themselves from the point of view view of point the from , we should keep in mind Althusser’s mind in keep should we , dispute ture state ture were the holidays implies that members of the Slovene nation nation Slovene the of members that implies holidays the s

y eiiin usd ielg: n o te fet of effects the of one ideology: outside definition by

between who claimed who ae t hs celebrations these at made Such of the Slovene majority a country where country a majority Slovene the of r not or its a smooth identification smooth a

official represent official Slovene 143 e are we

t h clbain o te e Slovene new the of celebrations the at that of the presented rhetoric of the Slovene Slovene the of rhetoric presented the of eventually

character? the identification with the holidays the with identification the being 142

On the o the On o harsh too and minorities the of atives be discerned as something something as discerned be . ,

Nevertheless, f hs s true, is this If observation that “[t]hose that observation cul

would in would ue etc. ture, ther hand, ther

ih h Slovene the with represents,

his opinion be opinion his

ic these Since we quoted quoted we

e could we

peoples’ it seems it

it it is it

43 is

CEU eTD Collection 144 nationalism ideology the is ideology

A lthusser, lthusser,

never says, never Essays on ideology, 49 ideology, on Essays .

practical practical

‘ I am ideological am I denegation

’ . ” ideology: by ideology of character ideological the of 144

That is to say, nationalism does not perceive itself as itself perceive not does nationalism say, to is That 44

CEU eTD Collection 146 8 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/seje/evidenca?mandat=IV&type=sz&uid=3C185DA6AC35D612C1257096002E75B 145 families Hungarian “some were there that Pozsonec Prekmurje in just holidays, celebratethese Slovenes. Prekmurje community national Hungarian the hurting of intention no was Slovenes. Prekmurje incorporation the about ofthe talked butabout title of attachment Prekmurje, holiday nolonger intention no had proposal celebrated ona implied She thattheywounds andcitizens up the open of connectall not holidaysdo new the felt She Italia? in or Carinthia Austrian in live Slovenes many that fact the celebrate countries. neighboring their in minorities national became citizens. P discussion. parliamentary the during concerns their raised they Therefore, holidays. new the of acceptance the of disapproved

zoe a cnicdta ainl holidays national that convinced was ozsonec

As we have mentioned, havewe As n repl a In Pozsonec talked a talked Pozsonec Tran 4 .

script of the parliamentary discussion: discussion: the of parliamentary script OBJECTIONS OF THE HUNGARIAN MINORITY HUNGARIAN OF THE OBJECTIONS She said the holidays refer to the period after WW1 when Hungarian as well as Slovenes as wellHungarian whenas WW1 after period holidaysthe the to said refer She Gz Džuban Geza y that

together state celebrat bout many Slovene and Hungarian families who were to live the life of national minorities. national of life live werethe whoto families Hungarian and many Slovene bout

level.

The The e ad t ol b aporae o bt Hnain ad lvns to Slovenes and Hungarians both for appropriate be would it said He Aohr ersnaie rm Prekmur from representative Another . ing the “Independence and Unity Day” is the right kind right the is Day” Unity and “Independence the ing aforementioned representative aforementioned

parliamentary representatives of the Hungarian and the Italian minority the Hungarianand the ofparliamentary representatives to interfere with emotions with interfere to a parliamentary a ,

as both of the national groups celebrate Hungarian national holidays national Hungarian celebrate groups national the of both as

145

paig n eaf f h Hnain i Soei Mária Slovenia in Hungarians the of behalf on Speaking http://www.dz

ersnaie rm Prekmurje, from representative hud not should - ”

of the Hungarian minority Hungarian the of 146

Horvat reiterated the argument that there that argument the reiterated Horvat staying outside the Hungarian state and state Hungarian the outside staying

s lvna se se, upsd to supposed asked, she Slovenia, Is insult feelings of any of Slovenia’s Slovenia’s of any of feelings insult

which lives in symbiosis with symbiosis in lives which j e Jžf Ficko, Jožef , that were alreadythat healed.

explained . That is why the why is That .

of holiday to be be to holiday of

ged with agreed

that

the the 45

CEU eTD Collection 147 representative The territories. these on sovereignty Slovenia’s recognize not do communities national autochthon groups. national between minorities. harmony desired serve only not do holidays the Slovenia. of territory national the of attachment about fights regar Slovenia in living everyone of holidays be should state the representative such to opposition their expressed representatives other followed that debate the nation. the of spirit the in be not would flags minorities’ the out hanging i.e., celebrations, t which to according law, the to amendmentan Italianproposed representative the and she mentioned, alreadyhavewe if properly evaluated representative the better much nation. mother their with united were they when I War World of end the until state Slovene the in live not did who families” more “many were there underlined, th that

iial, oe Jerovšek Jožef Similarly, Hungarian The Ibid

for the region of Primorska were Primorska of region the for ere are also some Slovene families still living in Hungary today. On the other hand, he he hand, other the On today. Hungary in living still families Slovene some also are ere

care of the Hungarian minority minority Hungarian the of care Breda Pečan was not in favor of the amendment because holidays celebrated by by celebrated holidays because amendment the of favor in not was Pečan Breda

between nations. He thus th thus He nations. between parliamentary parliamentary Alojzij Sok was convinced the holidays will not create any divisions and that and divisions any create not will holidays the convinced was Sok Alojzij rno rm epand ht the that explained Grims Branko

– e lg o te ioiis ol nt e ug u during out hung be not would minorities the of flags he

they Furthermore, he said, accepting s accepting said, he Furthermore, can be celebrated by all ofthecan citizens. celebratedall be by a concerned was

o glorify to representative was not persuaded by the counterarguments the by persuaded not was representative

not about att about not

the history, b history, the than Hungary than

ought ht uh n c wud e amu to harmful be would act an such that

these holidays can also be celebrated by the by celebrated be also can holidays these aching Slovenes or Italians, or Slovenes aching C The representative The ut onstitution onstitution

does at the same time they time same the at uch an amendmen an uch

of of the

ls o te ainlt. T nationality. the of dless Slovenia, regulates the principles of of principles the regulates Slovene minority. Finally, minority. Slovene Aleš Gulič remarked Gulič Aleš

t would imply that imply would t he added, takes a a takes added, he

she claimed, she the days of the the of days the solution.

affirm symbiosis

today’s today’s 147 During so, as as so,

The but he 46 –

CEU eTD Collection 148 who Prekmurje argued out hang to not intention the and minority Hungarian tou also It holidays. new the of Hungarian national holidays, he in Slovenes the than majority Slovene the holiday with celebrate can are bilingual. holidays onnationally mixed the celebrations threatened fact that by the not are feelings his that and holidays national Hungarian the of celebrations the at flags their out states inSlovenia Court Constitutional Slovene supported. be t body.national Slovene the of part andterritory Slovene the ofhistory, part Slovenia. of citizens Jelinčič unconstitutional. be would amendment b of home also is which country the in cohabitation hat

We have already quoted a commentary from Prekmurje’s local newspaper after the acceptance the after newspaper local Prekmurje’s from commentary a quoted already have We Hungarians that noted Prekmurje, from comes who Slavinec, Mitja representative The Votek, “Pod čigavo z “Pod Votek, the minorities’ flags should not be hung out during the celebrations is meanness that cannot that meanness is celebrations the during out hung be not should flags minorities’ the

that would was harsher and harsher was the Prekmurje holiday is not about opening up old wounds, but about the people the about but wounds, old up opening about not is holiday Prekmurje the

Interestingly,

be problematic be celebrate

h Hnain minority Hungarian the astavo”,

h pooe aedet h stated he amendment, proposed The

asserted an important event in their history their in event important an

3 in 1999 in

decided

for Hungarians in Slovenia in Hungarians for ched on the objection of the parliamentary representative of the of representative parliamentary the of objection the on ched conluded.

that his party his

the representatives of the minorities do not feel themselves themselves feel not do minorities the of representatives the that

The representative of the Slovene National Party National Slovene the of representative The

the minorities are minorities the he ,

started Rábavidék arg

ued oth of the minorities. minorities. the of oth the

tee s o esn h t why reason no is there , above mentioned procedure mentioned above

a clbae ih ugras during Hungarians with celebrate can h mnrt’ flags. minority’s the .

, i.e., , , They can surely celebrate more more celebrate surely can They

entitled to use symbols o symbols use to entitled s n tep to attempt an is when they ended up where they where up ended they when

In his opinion such an such opinion his In In his view suggestingview Inhis 148 usurp part of the the of part usurp

h journalist The he

in which in

If Slovenes f their kin their f Prekmurje Zmago hang hang with

the the

47 in -

CEU eTD Collection 149 Slovenia. disagreein view his in Finally, thought he same, the be would nation? their of rest the from them separated which date the celebrate would minority the to attitude decades previous during attention to brought been not have region Kingdom in Hungarians break the agreed the cultural territory. was he this Nowadays, on th living effects nations negatively the also of it symbiosis Furthermore, on influence positive a have not does holiday accepted newly the nevertheless, holiday, national a as region the of history the from perspective. occupied inSecond Prekmurje War. World past. the in tried they as territory of both actions. their of consequences the were what belong.

In the next issue of the newspaper László Göncz wrote about the new holiday from Hungarian Hungarian from holiday new the about wrote Göncz László newspaper the of issue next the In Ibid rkuj Hunga Prekmurje

149 that

linguistic character of the region. On the other han other the On region. the of character linguistic ol Wr o ter w, u nt y eiig h Tet o Tinn n Sloven on Trianon of Treaty the revising by not but own, their on Wars World -

wards p f Austro of up Slo

the the According to him to According venes in Slovene population in the region was treated unjustly in the last decades before decades last the in unjustly treated was region the in population Slovene

anything Hungarian anything

ovne, lvns ant er oig ertra itgiy r h Slovene the or integrity territorial losing fear cannot Slovenes convinced,

in hs erae ad ht hi iett hs eoe quite become has identity their that and decreased has rians Prekmurje, hePrekmurje, maintained -

ugr Mnrh, u he but Monarchy, Hungary of SHS. He noted that the positive contributions of Hungarians to the to Hungarians of contributions positive the that noted He SHS. of

, as , Slovenia and Slovenia wt te oia de not does holiday the with g

The author was most probably referring to the fact that fact the to probablyreferring most was author The

the

Carinthian Slovenes celebrating Slovenes Carinthian

Prekmurje. Would Would Prekmurje.

the people of Prekmurje of people the saig f ioiys nationa minority’s of shaping e They will have will They , are notresp , are

lo stressed also it be it d, he wa he d,

onsible for what Hungarians whatdid for onsible

to, he to, mean logical, he asked he logical,

went h mnrt i nt oa to loyal not is minority the , the

s concerned, the number of of number the concerned, s have a right to set any date date any set to right a have which resulted which the planned

on, Carinthian plebiscite. Carinthian

clarify their role in role their clarify consciousness. l

, if , assimilation “ members of members n negative in loose Hungary ” . T

ia’s and

hat He He 48 of

CEU eTD Collection praznovali 152 151 tho 150 even holiday, the during flags Hungarian out community but celebration, national Hungarian the of decision unanimous t to pain causes that something celebrate to willing not are Hungarians reiterated Tomka minorities. the with negotiated be to have would that issue the of president The law. the accepting of procedure the during to listened not were arguments their that Tomka maintained, isobvious it whatholiday of the intention the part take to invited not was minority the hig with conflict in are and Union European the implied further was It the against occurredHungary. in left was nation Slovene the of part a written, is it separationConversely, population. Hungarian this since injustice” “historical a as regarded nation mother their from severed were Prekmurje community national autochthon Hungarian the of members Hungarians.Prekmurje 2006.

R In an interview in the newspaper newspaper the in interview an In “ Ibid p zvestobe priznanje “Državni praznik, Ne bomo bomo Ne epresentatives of the Hungarian minority Hungarian the of epresentatives

The local newspaper published the press release of the sel the of release press the published newspaper local The National Assembly gave them a reply that the legislation on national holidays is not an not is holidays national on legislation the that reply a them gave Assembly National , a -

necesa former president of the above mentioned self mentioned above the of president former

lvns ee noprtd no hi mte nto, h Hungarians the nation, mother their into incorporated were Slovenes praznovali nečesa, kar naskar boli nečesa, praznovali - kar none of the representatives of the minority the of representatives the of none - nas

boli/ that such holidays do not unite nations as envisioned by the by envisioned as nations unite not do holidays such that 150

The latter The

rekmurskih Slovencev slovenstvu Slovencev rekmurskih

stated that the holiday arouse painful feelings in the hearts of hearts the in feelings painful arouse holiday the that stated Mladina ” ,

Mladina “ after almost thousand years thousand almost after in

did not attend the celebration celebration the attend not did , 28.08.2006, 28.08.2006, , [Youth] [Youth] preparation h standards of minority protection. minority of standards h g i i oe f h ofca fas n th on flags official the of one is it ugh - shortly after the 2006 celebration 2006 the after shortly governing

http://www.mladina.si/95055/ne s was.

for

attend

” .

the celebration, the press release release press the celebration, the , . 152 Pomurski vestnik Pomurski Namely, at the same time the the time same the at Namely, f community, ed

- governing community governing hy ee nie t the to invited were They ”

it. hem . 151

Also,

This separation can be can separation This

and that the boycottis the that and of the new holiday new the of

that the Prekmurje the that , 17.8.2006, 7 17.8.2006, , bemoaned the fact the bemoaned they did not hang hang not did they

Finally, since since Finally,

in - principles bomo il f the of will the region region the

- György György

of the the of

49 of in e

CEU eTD Collection 154 153 it.” celebrate cannot it but Slovenes, Prekmurje the celebration 2008 the before it. about enthusiastic be to minority Hungarian the of representatives Tomka holi Prekmurje the for chosen Slovene the of asserted he which representative in interview an parliamentary gave Göncz Hungarians, as elected was he after soon later, years Two of because especially minority, the of assimilation the preventing be to seem not did worried, was he protection, minority of level high the even But Slovenia. in used be can symbols national Hungarian that fact the of proud was He Italy. the future the because celebration. of in sometime provoked be could conflicts but year, this problems no were there that said, their of out stayed Hungarians of millions that the to regards as celebratefactthe to not enoughcareful politicallyremarked,areSlovenia, hethey than minorities benevolent less are Slovakia and Romania While Slovenes. the of rest the from them separated which plebiscite the celebrate not do Slovenes Carinthian symbols. national their with holiday the celebrate to Hungarians an country it. against protest further to intend not does minority the emphasized, Tomka holiday, the of disagreement their Despite territory. mixed nationally

ok admitted Tomka Jutka M. Király, “Ünnepelni “Ünnepelni Király, JutkaM. dejavnos moja bo da si bom, “Prizadeval Hungarian minority stating: “We repeat: the Hungarian minority respects the holiday of the the of holiday the respects minority Hungarian the repeat: “We stating: minority Hungarian ,

he agreed he d requires its na its requires d

that ht Slovenia that

the Slovenes had a right to this holiday, but that they cannot expect for expect cannot they that but holiday, this to right a had Slovenes the – tional holidays tional , a ,

és nem ünnepelni”, ünnepelni”, és nem

n editor’s n day in order for all of its inhabitants to identify with it. with identify to inhabitants its of all for order in day

ae be takes t kar se da nekonflik da se t kar

commentary appeared in the in appeared commentary , nevertheless, it cannot be expected from the Slovene the from expected be cannot it nevertheless, , tr ae f t mnrte than minorities its of care tter Népújság 154 kin

At the same time, the reports on the holiday in holiday the on reports the time, same the At - state after the Treaty of Trianon. of Treaty the after state

, 14.08.2008, 3 14.08.2008, , h wa eooi psto o te region. the of position economic weak the tna ”, ”, e underst He Pomurski vestnik Pomurski

that different date should have been been have should date different that

ood above mentioned above iial, e thought he Similarly, In the same year, f year, same the In ,

9.10.2008, 12 9.10.2008, that Slovenia is a new new a is Slovenia that

Aus ra Hnay or Hungary, tria, ir

It is true, he he true, is It

Hungarian 153 weekly of weekly ew days days ew

Just as Just , the the , 50

CEU eTD Collection remained has population the where region the is it i.e., arguments, historical with supported was a be to region whole the consider majority the of Slovene. was hand, seen, attachme of act region. the the attachment of not and celebrated is nation mother the with Slovenes Prekmurje the of unification the which to live, implying Hungarians cannot theSlovene complain countrie neighboring in than higher is Slovenia in protection minority Slovenia in holidays national their Hungariansarethat fact the minorityemphasize the and directedagainst region. the in nations ident cannot inhabitants Furthermore, holiday. the of day the during out hung be to flags national Hungarian for wish not do and celebration the attend to decline they why historical a commemorates it because members its of feelings the hurts holiday Prekmurje the celebrating yeevery five government next the Ultimately, 2006. after shorter significantly became newspaper local aforementioned the One of the the of One maintain minority Hungarian the of representatives arguments, presented the recapitulate To was populated predominantly populated was as it was said during the during said was it period – ars. ars. Slovene Following rhetoric analyzed in the previous chapter we we chapter previous the in analyzed rhetoric Following due to economicreasons due to nt of whole of Prekmurje to the to Prekmurje of whole of nt

when the Slovene Hungarians were separ were Hungarians Slovene the when

parliamentary representatives pointed to the name of the holiday according holiday the of name the to pointed representatives parliamentary h mjrt pltcas hwvr insist however, politicians, majority The f with ify Never

parliamentary h holiday the theless,

with Hungarians at the end of First World War World First of end the at Hungarians with ihu ay problems. any without –

decided that the state will organize the celebrations only the organize will that thestate decided we have to observe, toobserve, have we , but it also endangers the symbiosis between the the between symbiosis the endangers also it but ,

discussion, the majority of the region’s population region’s the of majority the discussion,

Kingdom

part of the Slovene national territory.national Slovene the of part

i n their n regarding their status. of ated from their mother nation. mother their from ated hy also They view not only all of the Prekmurje’s the of allonly not view SHS, and SHS, this unification coincides withthe coincides unification this ed

that could see that the members members the that see could s where Slovene minorities minorities Slovene where s assert a part a also also h clbain ae not are celebrations the ed to allowed

region, as we have we as region,

that the level of of level the that .

On the other the On This view This celebrate

That is That ed 51

CEU eTD Collection program/ava2.54700179/ 155 where live. majority ofmembers oftheir nation but such, as Hungarianstate the with identification their represent country. their be to Slovenia consider P the while that homeland” “common their for vote and independence minority the of representative changes border the Trian of Treaty the of revision another plan not expressed and II War World in Prekmurje of occupation Hungarian territory. this Prekmurje. be can Therefore, denied. be to seem not do land this to ties ethnic their Constitution Slovene the by region. the in Hungarians self Hungarian pre to back going memory based made are territory this to Claims question. Slovene nation the of part a is it that fact the to due simply territory national Slovene the of part a as regarded celebr state Prekmurje. of attachment the enabled therefore and Slovenehood to faithful

eern t Sih e a say can we Smith to Referring The Slovene The maintained ates This is confirmed by the fact that they are allowed to use their national symbols on symbols national their use to allowed are they that fact the by confirmed is This plebiscite, a documentary: documentary: a plebiscite, The The -

state. - an govern rekmurje Hungarians identify with their national territory they live, they still still they live, they territory national their with identify Hungarians rekmurje

that omnay pern i te local the in appearing commentary important event from the national history we can imply imply can we history national the from event important

are no longer an agenda and in 1990 Pozsonec Pozsonec 1990 in and agenda an longer no are ing community also referred to the millennium long presence of of presence long millennium the to referred also community ing they

- In fact, as they are considered to be an autochthonous national group national autochthonous an be to considered are they as fact, In modern times before the occurrence of nations. nations. of occurrence the before times modern

are recognized as co as recognized are

– http://tvslo.si/predvajaj/dokumentarna that that

ald h Soee ugras o upr Slovenia’s support to Hungarians Slovene the called

Hungarian national symbols they use therefore do not not do therefore use they symbols national Hungarian h Sloven the

on. - possessors of possessors

on nto i i pseso o te ertr in territory the of possession in is nation e Göncz’s commentary Göncz’s . an 155 newspaper

Together with Smith we can conclude can we Smith with Together tnc ruet ta i, n historical on is, that argument, ethnic the nationally mixed mixed nationally the

the identifica the -

oddaja hope hope eidd t raes f the of readers its reminded - , however, , izobrazevalni that that – As we have seen, the seen, have we As

Moreover, as Hungarians would Hungarians h rgo i also is region the tion with the state the with tion a

parliamentary parliamentary

implied implied - territory in territory since since that the the 52 it

CEU eTD Collection 157 156 arouses feelings positive both that fact the attachm emotional without impossible is nation the with identification it that body is painful main especially its from amputated been has it feels minority the person. a as nation perceiving of dangers the regarding argument Hroch’s to bringsus whereas body, national its of concrescence wound. this up has opened holiday apparently the of introduction The community. the among present latently still was trauma concernregarding historicalconstructing arguments negativeimageHungarians of holidays new the regarding discussion heated the in appearing thi with deal I. War World after and before region the in attempts assimilation directed Hungary. to attached be would minority Hungarian self Hungarian the of opinion The Slovenes. the of majority the as country same the in living start referred we journalist of integrity territorial preserve to decided

lhuh h Hnain ioiy cet Soei a is niptd oead te Trianon the homeland, undisputed its as Slovenia accepts minority Hungarian the Although t s n is It Hroch, Das E Hroch, Ibid, - governing community community governing 202 t u itnin o scrutinize to intention our ot - 204 issue. s uropa der Nationen, 202 der uropa

f the of

to implie to e eey wanted merely We

in ain i qeto rgr Soei a ter country, their as Slovenia regard question in nations

Slo was s odrn o is kin its on bordering is

venes and negativefeelings in d that d

ht the that

o te aoiy h dt o te celebration the of date the majority the For

it was a historical necessity for the Prekmurje Slovenes to to Slovenes Prekmurje the for necessity historical a was it

decisions eiin ol b mr js i te ertr wt the with territory the if just more be would decision

the region within the frame the within region the

for the minority it evokes feelings of mutilation. mutilation. of feelings evokes it minority the for o on t the to point to

f h pae ofrne fe Wrd a I. War World after conference peace the of - state. Both 156 of of conflicting

Hungarians. rc’ frhr supin s that is assumption further Hroch’s the sides also referred to the to referred also sides the , especially since we saw Göncz’s saw we since especially ,

n wa mks t position its makes what and

ent to it. to ent

of Kingdom of SHS. SHS. of Kingdom of historical

We are not going to going not are We 157 h nw holiday new the

in the region. Irresp interpretation tns for stands

In our case Inour ective of ective state This

The The the 53 It

s -

CEU eTD Collection holiday. Prekmurje the introduce to not or whether discussion the during prevailed this that interpretation an is it Slovenia, in symbols state. Slovene are symbols national Slovene or history national was introduction their of premise underlying the that implied also Slovenia. in nation Slovene the of members of cohesion the strengthen to was holidays new the of acceptance during threat. of perception the plebiscite? question Following with plac is it case this In celebrating. by not and grieving, by holiday Prekmurje the of date the commemorate identity. national Hungarian Trianon. of Treaty the of signing meaning such. as nation Slovene the with identification practices material to regards as neutral be might they Slovenia’s of community the to belonging their confirm they celebrations state. Slovene the to important holidays rc pitd out pointed Hroch R ed. epresentatives of the Hungarian minority imply its members have no problems no have members its imply minority Hungarian the of epresentatives in the negative result of the Carinthian plebiscite from the viewpoint of the Slovene nation. Slovene the of viewpoint the from plebiscite Carinthian the of result negative the

such ritual where ritual such Ultimately,

does

While Hungarians have a right to nurture their culture and and culture their nurture to right a have Hungarians While master

is repeated is representatives of the the of representatives - ruby h Soee majority Slovene the Arguably infe “Hungari signifier that that psychoanalytic mtoa atcmn t te ain es togr hn hr i a is there when stronger gets nation the to attachment emotional

holidays. Consequently, those indentifying with Hungarian nation would would nation Hungarian with indentifying those Consequently,

several times: Do Carinthian Slovenes c Slovenes Carinthian Do times: several It is an element with an explicitly negative connotation within connotation negative explicitly an with element an is It We have tried to prove, nevertheless, that the aim of the of aim the that nevertheless, prove, to tried have We

an nation” attribute to the the to attribute nation” an To paraphrase Althusser and Žižek, b Žižek, and Althusser paraphrase To enjoyment enjoyment Hungarian

As for the new holiday, i holiday, new the for As

to be considered as considered be to keeping them part of the of part them keeping

– is the country of the majority nation that that nation majority the of country the is did not feel threatened by the minorities minorities the by threatened feel not did minority compare their historical trauma trauma historical their compare minority

including holiday rituals rituals holiday including that that itrcl vns edn to leading events historical

natural constituents of the of constituents natural elements such as as such elements elebrate the outcome of outcome the elebrate t is clear is t to

citizens. citizens. ir use their national national their use

y enjoying y nation would be be would nation –

that with national with what kind of kind what Arguably,

stand for stand We have We Slovene Slovene Slovene those those 54

CEU eTD Collection 160 159 158 minority population the of strengthening to lead could however, fear,they may cannot say discriminating majority. face they when point the at status A which Card Identification Personal history. minority’s the higher even expected emphasized, that feeling that fro events important h Prekmurje the of case sacrifices. some make to have majority the of members culture, its preserve to minority concludea such claimed, further she protest, t that fact the accept should Slovene the inferred thus Fujs Metka historian s we have pointed out in the introduction, a introduction, the in out pointed have we s

Kymlicka Tajfel, Human groups and social categories, 312 categories, social Human groupsand Tajfel, K praznike “Nacionalne ymlicka, national feelings national 160

that Multicultural citizenship, citizenship, Multicultural aig no consideration into Taking the state is state the

underlined the vulnerability of the minority groups in nation in groups minority the of vulnerability the underlined the number of number the the

stance isrepresentative of autochthonous national faceautochthonous communities or threat. directdiscrimination What

or totheir “looser identity”. m its history. Consequently, history. its m

obhajajo tudi Madžari“, tudi Madžari“, obhajajo

institutional of

not Here we can also mention the above presented change of the Law on on Law the of change presented above the mention also can we Here is that is the minority population minority the was majority the however, oliday,

unconditionall members of the minority is in decline, its its decline, in is minority the of members

hey are living in a state based on Slovene national values. Their Their values. national Slovene on based state a in living are hey

s n tep t dn te xsec o nation of existence the deny to attempt an is emphasizing the Slovene character of the state duringcelebrationsstate the ofcharacter Sloveneemphasizing the 109

and moral support moral and is in practice a step away from the principle of bilingualism. of principle the from away step a practice in is

banal majority nationalism nationalism majority banal general Delo y interested in minority’s existence. minority’s in interested y

majoritynati , 18.08.2006 , ccording to Ta to ccording tnad o mnrt poeto i Slovenia in protection minority of standards

ugras ae o ih t b isle: they insulted: be to right no have Hungarians representatives were from

onalism.

ramn ad eaie attitude negative and treatment neglected.

the state the jfel minorities become aware of their their of aware become minorities jfel

o wlig to willing not

of the minority the of n to and This might have resulted in a in resulted have might This , and not ignorance not and , representatives presumably presumably representatives

- ute de further states. ie p celebrating up give - states. Since

were In order for the the for order In , as has been been has as , 158 ln o the of cline

convinced

of 159 e may We

part of part f the of

In the In

we 55

CEU eTD Collection 163 162 161 worried rightfully have might representatives minority The “ them. with identifications strengthen two groups belonging people toseparate nationalities. nation. hers history national differently, important been argue can we Žižek’shelp groups two the between relations nationality. their of aware more became also minority community. national Slovene the of awareness the raise others”. in potential merely and latent remaining imagery national(istic) e bounded preexisting th prove not does that but continues, he world, social our interpret us helping categories be may They of existence enhanced. are nations respective mem celebration the of time the At time. the over weaken [ h

h tnin w ae eerhn dd not did researching are we tensions The whether speculate only can We Ibid, 19 Ibid, 18 Ibid, 11 groups, without Ethnicity Brubaker, ] igh levels of groupness may be may groupness of levels igh es f h majority the of bers m en ra. codn t him to According real. being em

Furthermore, a discussion on minority rights is possible only if we presume at least at presume we if only possible is rights minority on discussion a Furthermore, national groups. He groups. national o h opst sides opposite the to

ntities n i wrs “[]opes cn cytlie i sm stain while situations some in ‘crystallize’ can “‘[g]roupness’ words: his In

and that the that is perceived as such only if the subject already identifies with his or his with identifies already subject the if only such as perceived is

h minority. the but rather quarrels instigated by certain entrepreneurs using using entrepreneurs certain by instigated quarrels rather but

infers At this point we can test Brubaker’s skepticis Brubaker’s test can we point this At

debated elements debated

or not or have more the result of the conflict than i than conflict the of result the more

From this point of view Brubaker is right is Brubaker view of point this From s pr of part a as

the

mre t te surface the to emerged

nation latter latter

Following ainl ofit ae o cnrnain between confrontations not are conflicts national form al do not exist in their in exist not do 162

dooia field ideological feelings of the members of the minority will minority the of members the of feelings

such as such

ainl rus bt they but groups, national The

uh mtos r intensified are emotions such

Hroch At the same time, same the At Mo ln f h Pemre oia was holiday Prekmurje the of plan

history re

hs a ietfctos ih the with identifications way this ht h clbain wud be would celebrations the that r l or

uig h dispute the during

s and s ltn ise concerning issues latent ess

discernible f oh f h nations. the of both of

symbols ts

representatives of the the of representatives underlying cause.” underlying

when he says that says he when

substantiality. m regarding the the regarding m could have only only havecould i mng to manage did . tl, with Still, with both

Put

163 161 56 to

CEU eTD Collection 165 164 flag territory. bilingual the on groups national distinct quite whichwith obvious nation they identifywill people area. inthis bilingualism, minority inSloveniathe autochthon national than protection communities th conviction as reinforced, further is privileged too is minority the an in Hungarians puts even protection position. minority advantageous the that or rights minority enough have is, That territory. that comm national Hungarian nation new the regarding enthusiasm the minorities the and before them imagine region. the in nations two the of symbiosis the of perspective the from counterproductive

Since life on the nationally mixed territory in the part of Prekmurje of part the in territory mixed nationally the on life Since of trend The Ibid vitalnosti Mad Analizaetnične Medvešek,

position of the minority than the Slovene population was. population Slovene the than minority the of position the ht represents that

the new holidays.the above mentioned tendency can can tendency mentioned above at it would be interesting to get an insight into processes o processes into insight an get to interesting be would it

creating favoring the majority nation and making clearer distinctions between the majority the between distinctions clearer making and nation majority the favoring the part of the Slovene national body in Hungary does not have a same kind of kind same a have not does Hungary in body national Slovene the of part the

accor

could be detected be could As

they are in touch with culture and rituals andare intouch withculture they

ding to ding more clear more At the same time same the At

brhp n ntoa group national a in mbership unity in bilingual city bilingual in unity

the

- research cut division division cut

žarov vLendavi, žarov since Slovenia’s independence and has been ins been has and independence Slovenia’s since , the Lendava Hungarians were were Hungarians Lendava the , also -

state. in 1994 more Slovenes than in 1991 in than Slovenes more 1994 in . For e discerned be ewe h w ainlte ta ae existed have than nationalities two the between 164

the the Lendava

102 n e eprcl eerh n iaiy f the of vitality on research empirical her In time being we can presume existence of two two existence presume can of we being time u dsore analysis discourse our

To one of the group the of one To whereas , in 1990s in n thi on 165 of

The both of the nations it is not that not is nations it both ofthe pr o te ainly mixed nationally the of part s

h Soee lg represents flag Slovene the Sonja Sonja feeling f national identification of identification national f

is based on principle of of principle on based is

more critical regarding critical more Medvešek discovered Medvešek s

it is the Hungarian the is it that revealed

felt Hungarians felt the Hungarian the , pired with with pired ih the with We can We 57

CEU eTD Collection 167 166 memory with the Slovene historic permit ones state Slovene is comparison the true, is this While celebrate previously thelegality questioned usingHungarian nation of nation Slovene the of sovereignty the recognizing not as evaluated was out it hanging not Moreover, fl national national state the state. constituents ofthe symbols c national How holiday. Prekmurje the during occur? misunderstanding flag minority’s the out hanging against were they because state the to country. disloyal being of the accused were minority towards the of representatives sentiments patriotic nurture not should group national this why reason no presumably is there minority, Hungarian the of existence separate the to allegiance

Last but not least, not but Last Ibid, 13 Ibid, Kymlicka, – -

state. the n

ot celebrated on a state level. state a on celebrated ot history.

and important dates important g i dd o raie ht h flag the that realize not did it ag, Hungarian Multicultural citizenship, Multicultural

aaoial, they Paradoxically,

decided to decided do attend celebrations of Hungarian holidays, these are these holidays, Hungarian of celebrations attend do ir home ir

As the minority intended to protest against the holiday by not hanging out its out hanging not by holiday the against protest to intended minority the As on the nationally mixed territory, it recognized Hungarian nation as nation Hungarian recognized it territory, mixed nationally the on

representatives

minority

- Nevertheless, majority the introduce state

When the Slovene constitution granted the minority minority the granted constitution Slovene the When from their nation their from .

166

to publically to

14 Since . ae en is rmne o these of reminded first been have

Ultimately a

holiday celebrating one of the crucial events crucial the of one celebrating holiday of the minority the of not Moreover, it is a is it Moreover, we have established that Slovenia recognizes and respectsand recognizes Slovenia that established have we completely al history al celebrat , it would be most , it a cm t represent to come has

still considered its nation to be the “owner” of of “owner” be nationto the its considered still

e were told that they too have a possibility to possibility a have too they that told were in place in and that the majority does not oppose that. oppose not does majority the that and

an event that would be in be would that event an

question whether question - state symbols in Slovenia. state inSlovenia. symbols . Even though though Even unlikely

its fact –

to expect f to

contrary to the Slovene the to contrary leine o h state. the to allegiance s or not or 167

representative of the of representative y pltca who politician a by

the eetees the Nevertheless, a direct a Slovenia would Slovenia

of the Slovene the of right to use its its use to right or

Slovenia to Slovenia to one of the the of one

ud this ould conflict 58

CEU eTD Collection Nati 168 the applicable denotes belonging legislation Slovene nation. tothe a such celebrate

Act on the Coat the on Act on: http://www.uradni n event on a state level and by hanging out the Slovene flag which according to according which flag Slovene the out hanging by and level state a on event n - of - arms, the Flag and the Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and on the Flag of the Slovene Slovene the of Flag the on and Slovenia of Republic the of Anthem the and Flag the arms,

- list.si/1/index?edition=199467

168

CEU eTD Collection 8 rs.si/wps/portal/Hom 169 imply to wanted presumably Battelli Slovenes, the of all of holiday a not is holiday Primorska the saying ho new the inferred, he Slovenia, communities. national the of viewpoint the from holidays suggested the of nature problematic the in lied flags their out holidays. of accused being are minorities from the Yugoslav territoryafter World War day memorial Italian introduced recently the to response a is holiday Slovene new the that implied he Finally, s be could Slovene, and Italian coast, Slovene the of population state. m he proposal, holidays new the proposing those of feelings the satisfy can Nazism, German and fascism Italian against resistance the celebrating colleague acceptance. their of process the during holidays new the against protesting one only

hn erahd o big disloyal being for reproached When the not wasminority Hungarian the of representative parliamentary the mentioned, have we As Transcript of the parliamentary discussion: discussion: the of parliamentary Transcript 5

. All in all in All

RELATIONS SLOVENE AND HOLIDAY THE PRIMORSKA

that

He thus probably wanted to say to wanted probably thus He Roberto Battelli Roberto not all of Slovenia’s inhabitants can identify with them. with identify can inhabitants Slovenia’s of all not commemorating commemorating , itie, lvna s aig se aa from away step a making is Slovenia aintained,

he found it hard to imagine to hard it found he e/deloDZ/seje/evidenca?mandat=IV&type=sz&uid=3C185DA6AC35D612C1257096002E75B

hl bt o te ioiis r cntttv prs f h independent the of parts constitutive are minorities the of both While

claimed

victims of victims

so liday

mething th mething

that the that without without http://www.dz s are not in accordance with accordance in not are s

o S to

that the reason for the for reason the that foibs and and foibs

already existing national holidays, including the one one the including holidays, national existing already

II that the revengeful the that l aig h others the making ovenia at was the responsibility of responsibility the was at .

the so the atli ele ta rpeettvs f the of representatives that replied Battelli called banishment h cnet f eua modern secular of concept the minorities not wanting to hang hang to wanting not minorities omething el uncomfortable. feel exile of the Italian population Italian the of exile

constitutional principles. constitutional

He further emphasized h emphasized further He

advocates of the new new the of advocates worth

- of almost all of the of all almost of ITA

c LIAN LIAN elebrating. Her Italian Her ih this With

By By 169 60 is

CEU eTD Collection 170 would protest minorities’ minority often problematic find who majority the of members those that claimed he 2009 its questioning also but state, the integrity. territorial to disloyalty mean only not would flags minorities’ the around. way other the not and II War World during tendencies. opin this backed reest neo the of favor in and border fascist the or Rapallo the of favor example, for Prijatelj, Srečko criticism. severe II. War World of asked, with contradiction specific date symbolizes holidayit because determina poet national Slovene pointed and Slovenehood the for respect uig the During

Furthermore, Nećak, Nećak, ablishing these borders. The borders. these ablishing referring to the coastal the to referring Repe, Oris sodobne obče in slovenske zgodovine, zgodovine, in slovenske obče sodobne Oris Repe, utr holiday. culture nt He reminded them that it was it that them reminded He

role in Slovenia. in role , we can conclude that the Italian minority does minority Italian the that conclude can we , parliamentary atli also Battelli 170 o b claiming by ion celebrates a significant date from the from date significanta celebrates the historical facts. historical the

Such charges were not new to Battelli. In an In Battelli. to new not were charges Such

Again, representatives of the Slovene National Party reacted with the most the with reacted Party National Slovene the of representatives Again,

a historical trauma of the Italiana historical the trauma inSlovenia. of community national

ic ti hldy s bu te tt clbaig h gets Slovene greatest the celebrating state the about is holiday this Since

equate fascism. with them irp te amn between harmony the disrupt

towns Therefore, discussion thought

above mentioned mentioned above

Koper, Piran Koper, that

How can be something return something be can How

h di the

the oh f h mi the of both Italians and Hungarians who attacked who Hungarians and Italians o h at that fact the to eea o te ersnaie sgetd ht the that suggested representatives the of several minority’s representative does representative minority’s ction

epne b ipyn ta Battell that implying by responded and Izola with the Italian majority until the end the majorityuntil Italian the Izolawith and 261

representative

From this perspective then not hangi not then perspective this From

f the of Slovene oiis rpeettvs have representatives norities’ h ioiysfa s ugot t the at out hung is flag minority’s the

ainl rus n usin more question, in groups national

rmrk hldys title holiday’s Primorska accept nation’s history, but because thisbecause history,but nation’s

above mentioned above - eti atos f h Italian the of actions certain Jelinčič fascist Italian aspirations for for aspirations Italian fascist

ed the

to where it never was, he was, never it where to

Slovene nation having a a having nation Slovene

from the same the from not

Slovene territory Slovene oppose the new new the oppose

interview in interview age in argued i

a in was ng out ng fascist fascist

party party 61

CEU eTD Collection 171 discussion parliamentary the separate neglect, institutional an as conclude that culture. and history minorities’ the of expense concerne holidays, new the of case the In nation cleavages greater produce would that minorities betweendisagreements divisions themajo and bigger populatio majority the irritate would that do level national the on celebrated be should culture national Slovene the of elements which determining conjunction t Furthermore, minorities protect minority of level Horvat majorit the between concretely,

Kymlicka, n h ohr hand, other the On

the minorities’ opposi minorities’ the agn out hanging -

state said he is he said es national existence.national , d

representatives of the of representatives we could their detect conviction that not concern the minorities. minorities. the concern not qas yboi bten h Soee ad h atcto ntoa communities national autochthon the and Slovenes the between symbiosis equals

Multicultural citizenship, 14 citizenship, Multicultural

and between e lvn saemn hs reoi w hv aaye se t blee that believe to seem analyzed have we rhetoric whose statesmen Slovene he the

generally accept policies that could be described as acts of majority nationalism. majority of acts as described be could that policies accept generally

the glad to be living in a state state a in living be to glad c

onnection

minorities’ lvna n te lvn nto ogt o t b questioned be to not ought nation Slovene the and Slovenia ae o t on based ion. tion tion 171 u a a as but –

We can assume that it isfrom canWe thatit assume

rm i pit f iw w can we view, of point his From to this presupposed natural right of the Slovene nation in its state its in nation Slovene the of right natural presupposed this to claimed ewe te m the between y and both of the minorities. In this vein the vein this In minorities. the of both and y

na nevertheless inorities did not did inorities

inl lg wud o b in be not would flags tional

e bv peetd ruet of arguments presented above he . hs they This, n. elc o cran lmns f their of elements certain of neglect . Therefore, that hy arguably They

that it ispreciselyof that it thenew theintroduction holidays the diction of the Primorska holiday title contradicts title holiday Primorska the of diction the which , jrt nto ad h sae s emphasized is state the and nation ajority

Presumably, this is the reason for them for reason the is this Presumably, ersnaie o te minorities the of representatives

we can argue can we perceive em to seem

rity minorities and the is trying to upgrade an already exceptional already an upgrade to trying is

acknowledge

this perspective that Battelli Battelli perspectivethis that th ml, ol rsl i unnecessary in result would imply, e introduction of the of introduction e

the majority politicia majority the

conclude the

prt f h holidays. the of spirit ht lvna s nation a is Slovenia that

a Kmik pt it, puts Kymlicka as , the of representatives . ,

iig ihs o the to rights giving representative

perd o be to appeared new new ns assume ns

claim holidays holidays –

during the on i.e., , Jožef

ing To 62 .

CEU eTD Collection 174 _domovini_52a.pdf http://www.forumzagorisko.si/images/stories/dokumenti/dok2005/dato3_16sep05_govor_vrnitev_primorske_maticni 173 172 thought who Pirjevec Jože historian Slovene a of commentary a published newspaper same the celebration the language. Italian in greeted not was audience the that but event, the of program one is Italy in minority Slovene the since especially speech; the of outside general. is holiday the that see can we border. the speech. Minister’s Prime the in mentioned weeks holiday.the of context the in view of point majority’s aware oftheir status. minority Ital the and Hungarian the when point a was this that minorities’ the in interested fully the point this at protection, Slovenia. in protection minority of mechanisms the

h lcl esae rpre ta te Ital the that reported newspaper local The e u tk a ok t o te xsec o the of existence the how at look a take us Let Ipavec, “Pljuča, polna ljubezni“ polna “Pljuča, Ipavec, The 312 categories, social Human groupsand Tajfel, in Slovenia. in Slovenia.

Prime Minister’s speech at the celebration in 2005: in 2005: theat celebration speech PrimeMinister’s eoe h ofca acpac o the of acceptance official the before

It is not only about the Slovene national territory in the state, but also about the one the about also but state, the in territory national Slovene the about only not is It it They are, the Prime Minister told, an e an told, Minister Prime the are, They .

From this perspective it is not surprising that the Italian minority did not appear in in appear not did minority Italian the that surprising not is it perspective this From that

h Pie iitr hud have should Minister Prime the

representatives ,

172 2

more about the Slovene nation than about Sloven about than nation Slovene the about more

existence.

173

of the minorities minorities the of

Paraphrasing A reference, however, w however, reference, A a tasain f h sec ws tahd o the to attached was speech the of translation ian a o the on law

qual part of the Slovene national body. national Slovene the of part qual

hw rset to respect shown At the first celebration first the At eades f the of Regardless Italian ian

Tajfel autochthon holiday, significantly might have felt that the that felt have might mi oiy a peetd rm the from presented was nority ’s argument ’s h mnrt ws o even not was minority the as made to made as national national

ebr o te Italian the of members

ih ee o mino of level high bigger than the Italian the than bigger

in 2005, that is, that 2005, in we could we communities got communities

174 Slovenes acrossSlovenes ia’s

A week after week A

state citizens in citizens conclude

Again, is not is

few rity left 63

CEU eTD Collection http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/znanost/146382 178 177 176 175 Italiancondemned Sloveneas as ofthe the well rise speech. Slovenia. of part not were Minister Prime Slovene the that out speech the claimed Camber Giuglio Trieste from senator the of speech the Italian mentioned above the to response nationalistic a was speech the of time the celebrations. at media selected the in found be could holiday the to opposition minority’s Battel representative 2005. in ceremony the attend not did they treaty peace the of results the celebrate to reason no have minority the of members The contentcelebrations of the argued, he overlooked, be not should oppositio minorities’ the caused have community national Italian the of the discussion parliamentary minority

h peiet f h Iain self Italian the of president The “ Ibid govoru”, Janševem kritičnoo desnica “Tržaška Kante, Lojze n Postojne NOB še Brez Pirjevec, Jože Fini: Zaradi govora Janše v Portorožu smo ostro protestirali” smo ostro Portorožu v Janše govora Zaradi Fini:

178 were

y touching by tlo pdr, pltca fo Friuli from politician a Spadaro, Stelio

harsher. Massimilano Lacotafr Massimilano harsher. The r The Slovene Prime Minister Minister Prime Slovene esponse

li’s protest in the Slovene parliament no other other no parliament Slovene the in protest li’s

n hi problematic their on s

of some of the politicians from Ital from politicians the of some of E

parliamentary , heto connect ought implied, citizens. Slovenia’s e th ven

e bi dobili, dobili, bi e were not part of the scenario of the celebration which might which celebration the of scenario the of part not were -

oenn ntoa community national governing regretted Iain oeg Minist Foreign Italian e that a lot of Italians of lot a that

t te oia a well as holiday the to n was insulting to the exiles the to insulting was om the Union of Istriansbelieved of Union the om Primorske novice Primorske representativ 176

the fact the n i speech his in

sd fo th from Aside Delo - , 16.10.2005, 16.10.2005, , eei Giuli Venezia that and theCroatian nationalism e Bojan Kontič observed that observed Kontič Bojan e , 22.09.2005 ,

incited hate and divisions. He pointe He divisions. and hate incited fought for the liberation of Primorska. of liberation the for fought , 23.9.2005, 15 23.9.2005, ,

the m . 175 emorial y ry

s ttmn and statement is Italian towns Trieste and Gorizi and Trieste towns Italian

s h sgetd amendment. suggested the as

to the Slovene Prime Minister’s Prime Slovene the to

uig the During hrl poetd gis the against protested sharply

we have discussed earlier. A A earlier. discussed have we a ivn Su xlie that explained Sau Silvano ws oe moderate more was ,

d ay. eot on reports 177

that

According to him to According bv mentioned above

sd fo the from aside the celebration the – s .

that is why is that the

members Italian :

he 64 It d a

CEU eTD Collection 181 180 179 when the celebrate cannot they seen, presently well as historically as territory Slovenia’s nation Slovene the pop Slovene also time, nation majority at aimed Slovenia in holidays new the had celebration the at ofview.point from and past complex Primorska that aware been have should concluded, Gombač Minister, speech the in place their found have should country their for opted who people the from population Italian the and Slovene the of exodus the that wrote Gombač M. Boris historian Slovene a celebration 2005 the claimed but Motherland”, the Restorati of “Day the of celebration the attending not for minority into dragged be to

While the Italian minority did not agree with the Primorska holiday, it apparently did not want not did apparently it holiday, Primorska the with agree not did minority Italian the While In their reply to reply their In Smith, National identity, 40 identity, Smith,National “ Gombač, M. Boris Fini: Zaradi govora Janše v Portorožu smo ostro protestirali smo ostro Portorožu v Janše govora Zaradi Fini: salse drn the during established

the pre they were separated from their moth their from separated theywere - Slovene Primorska has not yet been resolved neither from historical nor from political from nor historical from neither resolved been yet not has Primorska Slovene modern ethnic links of the Slovene nation Slovene the of links ethnic modern ulation inhabiting this area the latter can be can latter the area this inhabiting ulation

y mhszn cnucin ewe te ain n te country. the and nation the between conjunction emphasizing by

a complicated future. complicated a “ the

Uvajanje kolektivne krivde“, krivde“, kolektivne Uvajanje s well as the the

Italian Foreign Minister’s protest the Slovene authorities stated the speech the stated authorities Slovene the protest Minister’s Foreign Italian merely dispute between the two states either. either. states two the between dispute

. Meanwhile, .

rm Minister’s Prime

internal political value. political internal it should have celebrated celebrated have should it day when the peace treaty came into effect because, first, that is that first, because, effect into came treaty peace the when day territory in question ought to be reevaluated and that the the that and reevaluated be to ought question in territory

As we can see, can we As

representatives of the of representatives teghnn ptitc sentiments patriotic strengthening er nation in Italysecond,and, in nation er Primorske Primorske

speech. also ” novice

180 with 181

the so called exodus of Italian population Italian of exodus called so the considered as a territory in possession of of possession in territory a as considered

the memorial d memorial the belonging to Italian nation. Italian to belonging As we have argued, the celebrations of celebrations the argued, have we As

Nevert 23.09.2005 today’s territory of Italian state were were state Italian of territory today’s Massimilano Massimilano Italian minority Italian ees de o h noteworthy the to due heless, on of the Primorska Region to Region Primorska the of on , , 13

a lot of persons of lot a ay is still dealing with a a with dealing still is

in Italy. in

f members of aoa rie the praised Lacota regard a part of part a regard . 179

Shortly after Shortly t h same the At As we have we As

h Prime The

of Italianof

of the the of 65

CEU eTD Collection 183 http://www.mzz.gov.si/nc/si/medijsko_sredisce/novica/article/141/23489/ 182 byexodus Curtain. Iron the of side wrong the on trapped being afraidof supposedly theywere is, that freedom, choicefor War. World Second after territory the left Italians, prevalently people, 30,000 Slovenia. in minority Italian the together Europe contemporary binds what is concluded, he Heterogeneity, continued, he minority, Slovene its of protection welcomed a as minorities Minister motherland. the to Primorska of restoration of day ye Two rega as critical were them of some holiday, Italian,also theSlovene populationwas but leaving period. theterritory inthat specific territory. Slovene connotation negative with holiday the the achievements, cultural Slovene also and country Slovene the with identify can minority nationality

lhuh oe f ebr o te aoiy utd bv opsd h itouto o the of introduction the opposed above quoted majority the of members of none Although Ibid speech The

ars later later ars D addressing left the territory in still quite disputed circumstances. disputed quite still in territory the left mti Rupel imitrij of 183

t he

the the hs a This Slovene Slovene oevr the Moreover, 70

it th

gmn, e a osre relativize observe, may we rgument, in the

Forei anniversary of the peace treaty coming into effect was celebrated at the at celebrated was effect into coming treaty peace the of anniversary Rupel, however, did not interpret their departure their interpret not did however, Rupel, t was it eeoeet o te states. the of heterogeneity gn Minister: gnMinister:

context ofinternalcontext politicaldebates inSlovenia.

Later in the speech the Foreign Minister Minister Foreign the speech the in Later r diinl ruet against argument additional ir ald o attention to called ir identification with Italian nation prevents them to celebrate celebrate to them prevents nation Italian with identification ir within the history of the Italian community on today’s today’s on community Italian the of history the within rds to ignoring the minority at the 2005 celebration. 2005 the at minority the ignoring to rds Italy can Italy In the speech given by the Slovene Foreign Slovene the by given speech the In

ht ae under came that ht h mjrt ntos eonz the recognize nations majority the that 182 with the state level celebrations of celebrations level state the with also be counted among these among counted be also

te su of issue the s ic te eet nacmn of enhancement recent the Since h hldy a ta nt only not that was holiday the

While members of the Italian the of members While

the mentioned that around around that mentioned

, which also goes for goes also which ,

the lvn sovereignty Slovene as an exile, but as a as but exile, an as

o ald Istrian called so

states.

the 66

CEU eTD Collection 185 156 matica,1962, 184 Prekmurje celebrations. Prekmurje the size same the of approximately are Hungary in minoritySlovene the disappointed Sl the is it Slovene motherland. territory Italian populated Slovene the of more even that conviction occu the under from liberation as interpreted Italyto peace withthe Rapallo treaty. inter in on World First to. refer holidays two the of perspective to Prekmurje than Motherland the to Region Primorska the of Restoration the of One Prekmurje. Janša nor 2005 the

Moreover Interestingly, Nećak, Nećak, Slovenska monarhiji, vHabsburški problemi Nacionalni Bogdanov, Vasa Šidak, Jaroslav FranZwitter, Hungarian - war and Second World War policies and violence on the Slovene national national Slovene the on violence and policies War World Second and war h ein in region the pnd h 20 Pemre peh y xlcty reig the greeting explicitly by speech Prekmurje 2006 the opened Oris sodobne obče in slovenske zgodovine, zgodovine, in slovenske obče sodobne Oris vn state ovene eerto speech celebration , not only is only not , War

with s in

, - n Prekmurje. in

177 members of the Italian minority wer minority Italian the of members the and Italian and , they lived in lived they ,

Before the results of the peace treaty. treaty. peace the of results the

beginning of the of beginning h at decades last the

In other words, the speeches at the Primorska celebration at speechesthe Primorska In the words, other n is aoiy nation majority its and celebrations

the acquisition of the today’s Slovene Primorska territory Primorska Slovene today’s the of acquisition the

possible Prekmurje Slovenes Prekmurje s

constitute

Just as in the case of the Primorska holiday, nevertheless, nevertheless, holiday, Primorska the of case the in as Just

differen A a

Hungarian part of the Habsburg Empire. The assimilation going assimilation The Empire. Habsburg the of part Hungarian n 2006 in

xlntos o ti dfeec could difference this for explanations

might 185 prior to the war the to prior 2007 2007

a very small proportion of the area’s population area’s the of proportion small very a

e be nelnd S underlined Primorska

95 n h preto o te w minorities two the of perception the in , furthermore, attributed to attributed furthermore, ,

- got incorporated into the mother natio mother the into incorporated got ain f h Iain nm, u tee s lo a also is there but enemy, Italian the of pation 100 –

Since the Hungarian minority in Slovenia and Slovenia in minority Hungarian the Since n nt h Iain minority Italian the not and

e not addressed not e 184 speech, whereas speech, ” refers to a territory significantly bigger bigger significantly territory a to refers ”

oei’ hg sadrs f minority of standards high lovenia’s is

noprbewt the with incomparable ,

su ought to ought neither neither ch rhe ch the Prime Minister Janez Minister Prime the ugra pplto in population Hungarian

the historic periods the the periods historic the e ht the that be in the beginning the in toric

actually be attached to to attached be territory attached territory –

ht should that is absent fromabsent is unequivocally unequivocally Italian

n after the after n

imply that that imply

compared

rm the from “Day of of “Day fascist

the the be of of 67

CEU eTD Collection 187 186 to possibilities many too were there that thought population Slovene the of 27.7% example, for Prekmurje in territory mixed nationally the bilingual education the is minorities the and majority the between divisions. unnecessary such for claimed former the whereas country, would protest minorities’ the maintained ignored largely were holidays new the of introduction arguments that discovered have We position. secondary a nation. Slovene the of more emp a Italians Hungarians Prekmurje SHS. of Kingdom to region the of attachment the of time Prekmurje of population the regarding have minority Italian minority Hungarian the but War, World during region the of occupation protection

To summarize, both of these holidays these of both summarize, To Novak Ibid,

successful model of minority protection based on concept of bilingualism. bilingualism. of concept on based protection minority of model successful

get hsoia ad cultural and historical a great a

46 Lukanovič,

nd that nd hasized than that ofPrimorska. hasized thanthat

hc Hnay a yt o meet. to yet has Hungary which . in the context of the holidays the of context the in Lastly,

Dvojezična vzgoja in izobraževanje, in izobraževanje, vzgoja Dvojezična

in Slove in

Thef are are

the Primorska the s uh s h fsit ciiis n Primorska in activities fascist the as much as – act that act nia

at least historically least at

Sonja Novak Sonja

h qoe mmes f the of members quoted The

this cohesion is celebrated on a state level puts minorities intominorities puts levelstate celebratedais cohesion on this it is it

region as well as the Slovene Slovene the as well as region infcne o te lvn nto, whereas nation, Slovene the for significance being a part of the Slovene nation was very weak at the at weak very was nation Slovene the of part a being

are precisely

create divisions between the national groups in the the in groups national the between divisions create adequate support

primarily Lukanovič proved the cultural and national diversity of Prekmurje is is Prekmurje of diversity national and cultural the reference A – 121 that arguably does not affect not does arguably that

perceived as a lesser threat than threat lesser a as perceived

such , if not ideal. not if , the new holidays that would be responsible responsible be would that holidays new the about

a by the majority politicians. politicians. majority the by form of cohabitation of form 186

manifesting f hi representatives their of was

e could We

that th that majority thought the symbiosis symbiosis the thought majority

In this context they point they context this In lo ae o th to made also e majority of inhabitants of of inhabitants e majority populated territory in Italy in territory populated

and promoting cohesion cohesion promoting and

fet h iae f the of image the affect hs pclt ta the that speculate thus

In her research on on research her In Slovene image of image Slovene , 187 the Primorska the

even though even Hungarian e gis the against awareness h latter The ed

68 to ,

CEU eTD Collection 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 above analysis that canthis we doubt us warning thus Europe. united in importance its losing are borders the that fact Trianon. of Treaty the on town holidays representative diversity national Slovenia. in minority Battelli Roberto 2009 in interview increase. even or stable remain will number their Nećak protection Slovene populationwishinga ofthe for nationallyoutlook territory. homogeneous territory. the of diversity of residents the of spoke Novak schools. bilingual in language Hungarian use

R Ibid p zvestobe priznanje “Državni praznik, 343 Ibid, Ibid 344 Lük, Nećak 356 medetničnihodnosih, v in izobraževanja vzgoje Pomen Lukanovič, Novak 117 Ibid, peettvs f h Hnain minority Hungarian the of epresentatives

Lenda

in favor of the equal position of the Italian language Italian the of position equal the of favor in

Lük’s Lukanovič in this context? this in

118 n Slovenia in va s va

research from 1996 the majority of the Italianmajoritythe the of 1996 from research

wish to avoid disputes and conflicts between them. What is the role of the new new the of role the is What them. between conflicts and disputes avoid to wish

aid he could relate to the Hungarian minority Hungarian the to relate could he aid

about .

concluded most of the population the of most concluded

t h sm ti same the At the

In short, In

bt r concerned are but ,

the conflicts that can occur due to the border disputes. border the to due occur can that conflicts the

ainly ie trioy n rmrk support Primorska in territory mixed nationally At the Prekmurje celebration in 2006 the mayor of the of mayor the 2006 in celebration Prekmurje the At 190 193

On the the On Nevertheless,

most of Slovenia’s population is in favor of keeping of favor in is population Slovenia’s of most rekmurskih rekmurskih was rather pessimistic regarding future existence of the Italian the of existence futureregarding pessimistic rather was me other hand, there was also a relatively high number of the of number high relatively a also was there hand, other was the te bv mnind statesmen mentioned above the ,

a regarding the the regarding ccording to him this holiday is holiday this him to ccording Slovencev slovenstvu Slovencev 188 realaim ofthe new holidays.

After conducting a similar research in Primorska in research similar a conducting After

r i picpe aife wt te minority the with satisfied principle in are

192 of the national the of

Nevertheless . increasin 189 population in Sloveniawas in population ’s

Albina Nećak Albina ”

, 8 pain because of its different view different its of because pain

The The a g

ly mixed part of Primorska of part mixed ly , intention of the holiday the of intention

smlto. codn to According ssimilation. n n bv mentioned above an in

utrl n national and cultural about and the minorities’ minorities’ the and Lük confirmed most confirmed Lük 194 nationally mixed mixed nationally 191 celebrating the celebrating

Based on our on Based the country’s country’s the

convinced 69 is

CEU eTD Collection 195 instance, s identification strengthening emotions groupness. of level high create conflicts Brubaker, paraphrase to when, however, whether these topics more previously address openly m eoin ad dniiain o mmes f te nations. other of members of identifications and emotions ame

o ocue o conclude, To Brubaker, Ethnicity without groups, 19 groups, without Ethnicity Brubaker, perfect symbiosis between symbiosis perfect

why our

one n close neighbor

hand, more more

can be h dbt sronig h c the surrounding debate the

s the majority and the minority national groups. national minority the and majority the

aet itrcl s well as historical latent cannot enjoy

most objectively and objectively constructivel most with

our nation nation our the ritualenjoying wethe are might

as help us empathically understand the the understand empathically us help

elebrations gave an opportunity opportunity an gave elebrations contemporary issues issues contemporary e ol then could We y . discussed discussed 195

n h ohr hand, other the On It is a question, a is It during events during events rvnig a preventing

realize, for for realize, 70 to

CEU eTD Collection 196 traditi were plebiscite Carinthian stud Slovene of publication the for than rather homeland” “Carinthian familiar national feelings. over prevailed considerations pragmatic event, any In democrats. social of argumentation the by especially propaganda, Austrian by convinced presumably were Austria for voting Slovenes z plebiscitary the in out carried be would plebiscite additional an and SHS, of Kingdom region this votes their Without state. Austrian the of part become Slovene the minority inAustria. shortly us let that, do interpret to going initiatively nation a that expect to absurd be would it far so reached have fact our research, nevertheles C arinthian Slovenes celebrate Slovenes arinthian

Nećak, Repe, Oris sodobne obče in slovenske zgodovine, 44 zgodovine, in slovenske obče sodobne Oris Repe, Nećak,

6 that its national body’s symbolic heart is a part of another country. another of part a is heart symbolic body’s national its that According to the estimations of historians, on 10 on historians, of estimations the to According minority Hungarian the of representatives the of Several .

FROM THE SLOVENE POINT OF OF POINT SLOVENE THE FROM OF ANNIVERSARIES

first, , the the eert a at f t ntoa territory national its of part a celebrate

Slovene nation

analyze 196

Much has been speculated on whether the Cari whether the speculatedon been Much has

tedn te aitin lbsie oe fr h peictr zn A to A zone plebiscitary the for voted plebiscite Carinthian the attending state’s state’s

uln te itrcl s el s otmoay oiin f h Slovene the of position contemporary as well as historical the outline s, Slovene media’s reports on the Carinthinan celebrations, and second, second, and celebrations, Carinthinan the on reports media’s Slovene a more intriguing question a intriguing more question political representatives’ absence from the a the from absence representatives’ political

anniversaries of anniversaries ents in Vienna from 1980 implied 1980 from Vienna in ents onally expressing victory of the German majority over over majority German the of victory expressing onally THE THE

the the CARINTHIAN PLEBISCITE PLEBISCITE CARINTHIAN

Carinthian plebiscite. Carinthian unknown Yugoslav state. Be that as it may, may, it as that Be state. Yugoslav unknown

being is th

whether Slovenia

Oct

VIEW et usd is borders. its outside left ober 1920 around 41% around 1920 ober

oe a question a posed - nthian Slovenes opted fornthian Slovenes their opted that annual celebrations of the of celebrations annual that state would would state

would have been attached to attached been have would

Based on conclusion on Based

From the perspective of perspective the From nniversaries. nniversaries. as astate as n n wy self way any in celebrate We We hte the whether members of of members Before we we Before r thus are one B. one s the s the s

the we 71 -

CEU eTD Collection 201 200 II, War World after governments 199 Celovec vprašanja, narodnostna 198 Zur Deutsch, 197 yesno, their head said not were Carinthia. southern in signs such 164 of erection erect been have 7 Article aforementioned living them to regards as issue exposed minority the of members of number the of regardless of settlements “all ensure to group. most that fact the from depart should them among instance, of member also is Dörfler 2008 until Carinthia in statesman tolerated if they assimilate.” Sl

ovene The same The Ibid http://www.slo.at/zso/sturm_sl_archives.php?id=A2011046 Klemenčič Klemenčič, Boris Marjan Druml, Ludvik

198 Jesih, Med narodom in politikom, politična participacija koroških Slovencev, Založba Drava in Inštitut za za inDrava Inštitut Založba koroških Slovencev, participacija politična politikom, narodom in Med Jesih,

minority completely satisfied with satisfied completely stated that Austria is a homeland of homeland a is Austria that stated In practice that meant that meant that practice In bilingual education, an official usage of minority languages, and bilingual signposts in signposts bilingual and languages, minority of usage official an education, bilingual

Tradition und Gegenwart der Feiern zum 10. Oktober, Wien/Klagenfurt, 1980 Wien/Klagenfurt, Oktober, 10. Feiernzum der und Gegenwart Tradition

in kind of politics continued politics of kind southern ed ,

wees h lts cmrms slto from solution compromise latest the whereas , the logic being: “Carinthian homeland is German; Slovenes can only be be only can Slovenes German; is homeland “Carinthian being: logic the oten aiti ad at o Suhr Syi ihbtd y Slovenes” by inhabited Styria Southern of parts and Carinthia southern

, Jelen,

The endeavors of Carinthian Slovenes for their ethnic survival with/against Austrian with/against survival theirethnic for Slovenes Carinthian of endeavors The to the compromise to

Carinthia of the Austrian State Treaty around eight hundred locality signs should should signs locality hundred eight around Treaty State Austrian the of

Roman

197 the Ljubljana, 2007, 165 2007, Ljubljana, minority

reo Pry f Austria of Party Freedom / . Just like Haider was, the current Carinthia’s governor Gerhard governor Carinthia’s current the was, Haider like Just .

Schellander, Monika Srienc, Eda Eda Srienc, Monika Schellander, the compromise, nevertheless, although their heart heart their although nevertheless,compromise, the – Article 7 of the A the of 7 Article

protection of the Slovene the of protection is the erection of bilingual locality signs. signs. locality bilingual of erection the is

in the times when Jörg Haider Jörg when times the in . 201

its traditional national groups, but that the relations the that but groups, national traditional its 200

of The representatives of th of representatives The 199 ustrian

Austrians belong to belong Austrians was never properly carried out. carried properly never was Te at’ program party’s The . Velik, S tate

population Tatjana M Tatjana T reaty April was

which obliged Austria obliged which

, cover page cover , 2011 . in Austria in the

Zeichen, Kärnten bleibt bleibt Zeichen,Kärnten the most inf most the e Slovene minority Slovene e

German national German

rm 1995 from acind the sanctioned olwn the Following kept

– The most The

most of most luential

saying saying , for for , 72

CEU eTD Collection 204 zalosti http://www.skupnost.at/2010/05/proslave 203 202 celebrating the right of minority the public of execution the unsatisfactory remind they occasions these on even Nevertheless, their country. the confirm to they loyalty celebration the attending by and Austria developed well and democratic minority speech minority, Italian command fascist and holidayPrimorska the of celebration powers. great the of decision political a was region the of attachment and country. the to contribution their for thanked not a spoken were words Hungarian no that attention also to brought He celebration. recent the at present not were organizations their added and community m He Slovenia. in holidays new the of introduction discussing. are we holidays the of celebrationsregarding view of point Carinthi the of Community the of webpage a on published vice former is He 2009. commentary the at look a take us

oprn tee w hldy t te utin ns te author the ones, Austrian the to holidays two these Comparing Carinthian the celebrates minority Slovene the whether question the Returningto Ibid „ SKS Proslave -

– in 2009. -

potrtosti/ Skupnost

has no problems celebrating the Austrian National Day. Day. National Austrian the celebrating problems no has

in državni prazniki prazniki indržavni anniversaries of the of anniversaries 204

the author the oroških oroških from the period when Primorska was part of Italy shown on the screen. the on shown Italy of part was Primorska when period the from

Slovencev in Slovenk in Slovencev - – ao o oe f h Crnha mncplte. h commentary, The municipalities. Carinthian the of one of mayor

concluded, was not m not was concluded, dnevi veselja in zadovoljstva ali žalosti inžalosti potrtosti? ali in zadovoljstva dnevi veselja

Carinthian plebiscites, he continued he plebiscites, Carinthian - writ in - drzavni ten by one of the politically active Carinthian Slovenes in Slovenes Carinthian active politically the of one by ten the only the / - Gemeinschaft de Gemeinschaft prazniki s as envisioned by envisioned as s

M thing in thing entioned in the Prime Minister Prime the in entioned - %E2%80%93 oreover, there was no plebiscite in Prekmurje in plebiscite no was there oreover, entioned r Kärntner Slowenen und Sloweninnen Sloweninnen und KärntnerSlowenen r Italian an Slovenes, an nd that nd

- dnevi h objection the language the

the Slovene Slovene the , They are happy to live in a a in live to happy are They - veselja is a more problematic issue issue problematic more a is

Austrian State Treaty. But Treaty. State Austrian cl The author touchedauthor The “, aimed aimed 202

- 203 he noticed there was a a was there noticed he

in presented a minority a presented - s zadovoljstva He also He

f h Hungarian the of that Hungarians were Hungarians

Borut Pahor’s Pahor’s Borut

plebiscite, let let plebiscite, h Slovene the

visited the visited - ali

on the the on -

The 73

CEU eTD Collection 209 proslavi http://www.demokracija.si/arhiv/arhivostalo/3019 208 207 206 205 localitysigns bilingual of of part said Olip Nanti Slovenes Carinthian plebiscite. Carinthian the of celebrations Slovene the over win a as plebiscite population. the of outcome the interpret Austria in nationalists Treaty. unfulfi the about audience the reminded but land, votes. Slovene the without Austria of part become he which in speech a gave Inzko Valentin Klagenfurt. Austria in1920. ma author the fact, celebrate holiday? refuseItalians the to and in Slovenia …” that pity a is “it willing to declare them hand, other the on Austria, in stayed to whether theminority.of viewpoint the from

In 2010 In Ibid “Valentin language: in speech German The Ibid Ibid

other Furthermore, Inzko bo govornik koroških Slovencev na plebiscitni proslavi”, proslavi”, na plebiscitni Slovencev koroških govornik bo Inzko the the 207 attend them or not. or them attend On that occasion the president of the National Council of the the of Council National the of president the occasion that On

ceremonies at the at ceremonies

That 90 206 th

anniversary of the Carinthian plebiscite was celebrated celebrated was plebiscite Carinthian the of anniversary intained; and it it and intained;

a te hr tm a time third the was

he bemoaned the fact the bemoaned he can be heard. heard. be can selves , disproportionate financing of the Slovene music school and loweringand school music Slovene the offinancing disproportionate ,

as Slovenes.

http://www.skupnost.at/wp

celebration. On

205 one hand, the author asserted author the hand, one s lo fact a also is hud e h akd sae n pno o Hungarian of opinion an share asked, he we, Should that, aside from Inzko’ speech, Inzko’ from aside that,

the nationalistic pressure has reduced the number of those of number the reduced has pressure nationalistic the He explained therewe explained He - valentin

In Slovenia, he wrote ersnaie f h Soee ioiy pk a the at spoke minority Slovene the of representative 208 209

explained that this part of Carinthia could Carinthia of part this that explained that the size of the minority is decreasing and decreasing is minority the of size the that

Taking into consideration the unresolved question unresolved the consideration into Taking h vice The - lled inzko

ht lt f lvns n aiti vtd for voted Carinthia in Slovenes of lot a that -

e nelnd h Soee’ oat t the to loyalty Slovenes’ the underlined He content/uploads/govor_dr_inzko_sc.pdf provision - bo The result of the Carinthian plebiscite theCarinthian isa result of The - - govornik rsdn o Ntoa Cucl of Council National of president re disputes among its representativesamong its disputes re s ,

of - phrases l korokih , the minority is happy to have have to happy is minority the ,

Article 7 of the Austrian State Austrian the of 7 Article the council w council the - slovencev ike “lost Carinthia” in Carinthia’s capital Carinthia’s in Carinthian Slovenes Slovenes Carinthian - na - ould plebiscitni

not not tak not s have

- that that and and and and the 74 e a

CEU eTD Collection rsam 212 211 24 2005, 210 10 on procession the at itself years. previous in character parade the for preparations the on intensively. most 2010 in plebiscite Carinthian the of celebration the ha example, Carinthia of Principality Slovenehood”. of fact bythe intensified arguably further territory. national Slovene the of parts vital the of one of loss the represent conclude can we chapters previous Austria. in living up ended Slovenes Treaty. afor State Austrian the of provisions applicable the in with not accordance are rights minority their because but nation, mother their from separation the of them not do Slovenes Carinthian the agrees minority the for support financial

ve toopainful been Among Slovene newspapers the daily the newspapers Slovene Among see, can we As “Sam koroški plebiscit je zame še posebno boleč“, boleč“, posebno še zame je plebiscit “Samkoroški http://www.vlada.si/si/o_sloveniji/zgodovina/ de Diplomsko mitologija, politična slovenska Sodobna MetkaKrznar, ementioned commentary ementioned - koroki

ith thewayith the said that he had not yet been researching the history of Carinthia because that would that because Carinthia of history the researching been yet not had he that said - plebiscit - 210 unlike in the case of the national minorities in Slovenia, the representatives of of representatives the Slovenia, in minorities national the of case the in unlike je -

zame

Eve for him for se -

te fiil est o te lvn gvrmn regards government Slovene the of website official the n e celebrations ignore facts. historical as - posebno The article stated that the S the that stated article The inferred that people in Slovenia feel sadness feel Slovenia in people that inferred . the

212 th

refuse to refuse

October

is Soee state Slovene first , Olip , - bolel that

ht rm hi pit f view of point their from that Based on Based that Carinthia is publically perceived as a as publically is perceived Carinthia that

acrig o h journalist, the to according , stated, a full participation would imply would participation full a stated, Večer but , fully http://www.demokracija.si/index.php/v ht oe of some that [ participate in participate Evening the Slovene politician’s rhetoric analyzed in the in analyzed rhetoric politician’s Slovene . 211 lovene minority will not officially not will minority lovene

] Soee itra Sae rna for Granda, Stane historian Slovene A

from Maribor was the one dealing with dealing one the was Maribor from

lo, F lo,

h mncplte will municipalities the

the celebrations because it reminds reminds it because celebrations the akulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, vede, akultetadružbene za h rsls f h plebiscite the of results the

On 8 On ha a emn nationalist German a d because th The feeling of loss is loss of feeling The

- h ato o the of author The fokusu/druba/3437 it October

mythical that the council the that the Carinthian the

per with appear

medieval reported

present “cradle - 75

CEU eTD Collection 216 215 214 213 have would he that stated minister the letter the In letter. Carinthian Slovenes the of celebrations the attending plebiscite. been not have Slovenia of representatives minority would be fulfilled by Slovene the of demands the of all because plebiscite, the of anniversary round next G Carinthian plebisci the on victory national German of sign celebration. the after day the celebration. region Italian the of president noted, Car resolving bilingual theissueof southern localityin Carinthia. signs end latter The article. the in announced was Diet State Furthermore,the pa the in step first a is this that saying quoted was Slovenes Carinthian of party political the of president The names. bilingual

Anja Lorenzetti Anja next On Ane Slovenije”, iz državnikov brez “Povorka Boris Jaušovec, Boris inthian - received a bigger applause than than applause bigger a received mail from The Office for Slovenes Abroad, Abroad, Slovenes for Office fromThe mail Jaušovec, Jaušovec,

ae e il hw epc t te uti’ peiet s el as well as president Austria’s the to respect show will he rade Abroad 216

homeland organizations were presented in the newspaper. The second speech, second The newspaper. the in presented were organizations homeland 214 day

o n 00 she 2010, In

vernor Gerhard Dörfler expressing Dörfler Gerhard vernor An article titled article An “V znamenju obletnice plebiscita obletnice “Vznamenju “

the content content the Na plebiscitni povorki prvi koraki v pravo smer koraki vpravo prvi povorki plebiscitni Na

aforementioned Valentin Inzko’s speech at the solemn session of the Carinthia’ssessionof solemn the Inzko’sspeechat Valentinaforementioned Boštjan Žekš to attend the ceremonies, ceremonies, the attend to Žekš Boštjan , a secretary o secretary a ,

then. towards

xlie, h Carin the explained, 215 f nk’ sec a wl a te peh f h peiet f the of president the of speech the as well as speech Inzko’s of

the right direction. right the The procession without statesmen from Slovenia Slovenia from statesmen without procession The

The reporter observed that the procession was predominantly in predominantly was procession the that observed reporter The f Friuli

T he Government Office for Slovenes Abroad Slovenes for Office Government he Večer - eei Giulia Venezia Inzko , 11.10. 2010, 8 2010, 11.10. , ”, [email protected]

’s Večer .

ha Gvro Dörfler Governor thian It was added was It

213 a wish that Slo that wish a te. , 09.10.2010, 5 5 09.10.2010, ,

The same politician said that byparticipating that said politician same The Nev

s on t get the greet to going is ”

, about wrote reporter the ertheless, but th but with discussing th discussing with attended the celebration if celebration the attended Večer

that among foreign among that , 26 , , 0

e vene statesmen would attend the attend would statesmen vene 8.10.2010, 6 8.10.2010, latter th

April 2012 (see Appendix) April 2012

responded with an excuse excuse an with responded

nie the invited

e latest proposals for for proposals latest e

to tedns f the of attendants was published on published was ,

h C the

guests confirmed that confirmed

iitr for Minister there would there hancellor.

only the the only

it was it

the the 76

CEU eTD Collection 217 is plebiscite presented also was historian Slovene a of opinion that observed who Carinthia in minority plebiscite Carinthian the of perceptions intimate reporters’ and politicians’ individual on conclusions make about concerned regarding Slovenes. Carinthian the but Klagenfurt, 90 the to invited was Abroad Slovenes for Minister the 2010 be to something the of outcome holidays Prekmurje the and Primorska the of celebrations in the future. plebiscite Carinthian the of celebrations the attend will Slovenia of representatives whether see to future. in erected Abroad Slovenes for Slovenes Carinthian the solution This Carinthia. in signs locality celebration. the at Slovenes. least at to come have

L »Ministrica ni rekla nič spornega«, ničspornega«, ni»Ministrica rekla t s conclude. us et

lt ln gnrlz them. generalize alone let ,

Because that had nothappened,Because thathad nelzd ioiy ihs f h Slovene the of rights minority unrealized

a p a

ainful experience. ainful he refused the participa the refused he

Carinthian Carinthian

celebrated. The Carinthian Governor strongly disagreed with her standpoint. her with disagreed strongly Governor Carinthian The expressions of German nationalism occurring at the ceremonies. ceremonies. the at occurring nationalism German of expressions We have mentioned the compromise solution solution compromise the mentioned have We

ae o aayi o the of analysis on Based

jdia Novak Ljudmila a .

During her first official visit of visit official first her During lvna ei’ rprs n h celebrations the on reports media’s Slovenia iia ad yblc rges eadn te oiin f Carinthian of position the regarding progress symbolic and minimal lbsie s ls o the of loss a as plebiscite They do not attend celebrations of the plebiscite the of celebrations attend not do They

http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/ministrica Again, we cannot generalize his attitude towards the plebiscite plebiscite the towards attitude his generalize cannot we Again,

W to due tion people in Slovenia regret the results of the plebiscite. the of results the regret Slovenia in people ad ht even that said have e can be seen as a progress in securing minority rights of rights minority securing in progress a as seen be can

Lorenzetti explained,

otn of content seen unsatisfactory level of minority protection of protection minority of level unsatisfactory s

a commentary of member of the Slovene Slovene the of member of commentary a – n Carinthia in

Slovene national national Slovene more bilingual locality signs could be be could signs locality bilingual more the Austri the to him him to speeches speeches we can can we th

the minister Žekš was not presentŽekš wasthe minister not

anniversary of the plebiscite in plebiscite the of anniversary thinking about the Carinthian Carinthian the about thinking regarding erection of bilingu of erection regarding an A te ae ie te are they time, same the At . of Slovene politicians politicians Slovene of

ne ta the that infer Carinthia - ni - lo f also rekla territ - ’s anniversaries ’s nic cs n h issues the on ocus r ad hs not thus and ory the new Minister Minister new the - spornega.html 217 dsen the discern y

e cannot We We are yet are We t the at

. An 77 In al al

CEU eTD Collection minority onterritory living inquestion. plebiscite the of results the of anniversary the to invited was who affect powers great the of decision a on based not and plebiscite a on based Austria to attached was Carinthia of part out find to interesting be would it research, a such popul the of rest the to

the attitude towards it. towards attitude the ation without without ation

and that its main concern are the rights of members of the Slovene Slovene the of members of rights the are concern main its that and adequate empirical data. empirical adequate

the plebiscite in 2010 implies that Sloven that implies 2010 in plebiscite the In any event, any In

how does the fact that fact the does how the response of the Slovene minister Slovene the of response the

In case we would have conducted have would we case In the Slovene populated Slovene the e state respects state e 78

CEU eTD Collection Carint called so the plebiscite afterwhich minorityinAustria. a tolive Slovene was of anniversaries annual of celebrations towards attitude their with celebration the towards attitude media’s Slovene and statesmen’s Slovene compared we Second, m the of Standpoints minorities. the of representatives and politicians majority the between dispute the of implications theoretical as well as practical present to and objections minorities’ the behind reasons disclose The minorities. Italian and Hungarian the of representatives by Nation” Slovene nationaland history symbols are completely naturalcomponents that perception a in i.e., nationalism, banal as denotes Billig what in result arguably could it run effort, of kind This to was intention to sentiments the patriotic members’ majority Furthermore, the strengthen nation. Slovene the and Slovenia between conjunction the and state Slovene the between connection nationalism majority politicians Slovene Ba Slovenia. today’s to attached was region populated Slovene a certain when history national Slovene from event important an celebrating them of each holidays, CONCLUSION

In 2005, fourteen years after it became independent, Slovenia introduced three new national new three introduced Slovenia independent, became it after years fourteen 2005, In w o te e holidays, new the of Two

and

the “Day of Restoration of the Primorska Region to the Motherland” the to Region Primorska the of Restoration of “Day

we saw, is characteristic for young nation young for characteristic is saw, we of act an as seen be can holidays these of introduction the that argued we . That is to say, celebrating say, to is That . ajority media have also been taken into consideration during the analysis. analysis. the during consideration into taken been also have media ajority

h “a o Soee i Pemre I Prekmurje in Slovenes of “Day the

Slovene national territory and thus emphasize the emphasize thus and territory national Slovene

the new holidays was supposed to underline the the underline to supposed was holidays new the wards -

states such as Slovenia. In a long long a In Slovenia. as such states

aim of this research was, first, to to first, was, research this of aim

their nation and its nation its and nation their croae it te Mother the into ncorporated of Slo of e o arguments on sed venia.

were objected objected were

- state. hian of of 79

CEU eTD Collection t out hang process, parliamentary a in accepted were holidays repres the of both As Italy. and Hungary in nations mother their from separated were minorities the which after events the celebrate holidays perceived are which histories dates within historical negatively celebrate to holidays refused national minorities new the two of the of representatives case the in Nevertheless, country. the in nation Slovene they Therefore, them. to acceptable nation a also is Slovenia generally that acknowledge is level state a on nation Slovene the of history from dates important commemorates Slovenia that fact the Moreover, independence. even celebrating problems no have and state Slovene the to allegiance guarantees asuccessful ofonthe bilingual national cohabitation groups territories. national respective their celebrate quoted to The as holidays. well as symbols national their use to right a have publ other and locality and documents, bilingual have territories the of residents schools, in taught are minority and majority the of languages both example, For bilingualism. public of principle the on based Th life. public in languages official as count also languages minoritythe territories mixed nationally the On respectively. Primorska and Prekmurje of regions aforementioned the in located are territories these Geographically, territories. mixed n called so the within primarily rights their exercise can They communities. national rm h agmns f ersnaie o te ioiis e ol cnld ta te feel they that conclude could we minorities the of representatives of arguments the From autochthon as minorities national Italian and Hungarian the defines Constitution Slovene The entatives of the minorities further minorities the of entatives he minorities’ he ic signs are in both languages. Furthermore, Hungarians and Italians in Slovenia Slovenia in Italians and Hungarians Furthermore, languages. both in are signs ic authors

national flags during the holidays and by not attending the celebrations. the attending not by and holidays the during flags national

of the Hungarian and Italian nations. More concretely, the two two the concretely, More nations. Italian and Hungarian the of

bevd ht h aoe ecie sse o minority of system described above the that observed - tt ad t and state

expressed their protest against protest their expressed e Slovene model of minority protection is thus is protection minority of model Slovene e hat it specifically emphasizes the role of the the of role the emphasizes specifically it hat

s edn t Slovenia’s to leading ts them

by not wanting to wanting not by

ationally ationally rights rights 80

CEU eTD Collection neglected. many too have instance, for minorities, who those of number the but territories protection, minority of mixed model bilingual nationally the supports of population the of most that shown have researches Previous introduction the to due deteriorated fact in have regions Primorska and majority the of members celebrations ofthetwonationalgreater holiday groups. abetweenthat wouldcreate division the politician majority regarding concerns their reinforced further was argued, the we feeling, This that ignored. was Slovenia felt in presence minority’s they is, that respected, not were feelings national and history national their that holida Prekmurje the of case the in but Hungary, in Slovenes better than status a have Slovenia in Hungarians that agreed minority Hungarian the of Representatives object their that and rights, their of level the with satisfied be should communities national the of both claimed Furthermore,they state. celebr the of boycott minorities’ the politicians symbols national researchthis thecomments we oftheir on repre relied official in minorities, the of members of opinion for As holidays. new the of introduction the with agreed citizens Slovenia’s of thirds two than more to referred government the survey the to According frhr miia rsac cud e be o eemn wehr r o rltos between relations not or whether determine to able be could research empirical further A minorities the of both consider politicians majority the that out found We ions to the holidays would create greater divisions between the majority and the minorities. minorities. the and majority the between divisions greater create would holidays the to ions

– s

, representatives of the Hungarian minority thought that it is precisely the the precisely is it that thought minority Hungarian the of representatives , as constitutive parts of Slovenia. Therefore, from the viewpoint of Slovene Slovene of viewpoint the from Therefore, Slovenia. of parts constitutive as

siiain of assimilation

the that

minorities on the on minorities the new holidays are not directed against the minorities, that minorities, the against directed arenot holidaysnew the

h mnrt. ial, otay o h oiin f the of opinion the to contrary Finally, minority. the

possibilities to use their language also cannot be be cannot also language their use to possibilities ations can be interpreted as a disloyalty to the the to disloyalty a as interpreted be can ations

nationally mixed territories mixed nationally sentatives.

of the new national holidays. national new the of

y they were convinced were they y

– in Prekmurje and Prekmurje in

as well as their their as well as

feel that the that feel

by by 81

CEU eTD Collection the in addressed directly not were beginnings ofthe atthe speeches respective celebrations. minority Italian the of members Hungarians Slovene the to contrary that out pointed also have we context, this In reevaluated. be to need Slovenia in th and celebrations the during commentaries wasItalianattention be should observedthatmore given tothe inwhich it minority holiday the Foreign Italian the Minis even Prime Slovene holiday,the to responded Primorska negatively Ministry the of case the In media. the in or parliament the in discussion during emerged minorities the and majority the between relations concerning po contemporary adherent and historical unresolved few a quite all, in All holidays. oppose they because tendencies fascist having of minorities the of representatives th of One discussion. parliamentary duringthe representatives certainSlovene by used werearguments historical similar fascism, Italian the over victory a as interpreted celebrations, the at speeches holiday the Since t Trianon. Primorska of of Treaty restoration the celebrating revision to attempt an as seen be could implied, journalist the minority, the of representatives of protest The War. World Second during region the that claimed andto theregion Slovenether reminded state belongs rightfully thus articles the of One criticized. was celebrations the at participate to not pu wel as holidays the blished a few commentaries in which the decision of representatives of the Hungarian minorityHungarian the of representatives of decision the which in commentaries few a blished of acceptance of process the on reported neutrally less or more media local as well as National e representatives of the Slovene National Party thus even accused parliamentary parliamentary accused even thus Party National Slovene the of representatives e

n 2005 in a on as l O te te hn, lcl esae fo Piosa ulse some published Primorska from newspaper local a hand, other the On .

their celebrations. A local newspaper from Prekmurje, however, however, Prekmurje, from newspaper local A celebrations. their at historical events leading to the occurrence of the Italian minority minority Italian the of occurrence the to leading events historical at te ohrad s a w cud eut rm political from deduct could we as is, motherland the o

ter’s speech at the fist celebration of of celebration fist the at speech ter’s eaders that Hungary occupied the Hungaryeaders that the occupied litical issues litical d

the new new the 82

CEU eTD Collection appropria not are Austria in for Minister the 2010 In plebiscite. the of anniversaries annual attended statesmen Slovene the of none far so event, any In plebiscite. the of results the without population the of rest impl that examples some gave we but data, systematic additional the to attitude this generalize cannot We territory. national im holidays Slovene new the at speeches political of rhetoric the though even plebiscite, Carinthian systematicconclusions. to have would research additional but celebrations, the of context the in minorities the of both upon view majority the of members quoted above waythe differences in slight detectcouldterritory. national We Slovene the and state betweenthe nation a in majority the of those to equal be cannot minorities the of rights the protection minority of level high the despite r rejected were objections their Since values. national minorities’ the state with contradiction Slovene in were the that holidays because introduced fact that objected only minorities the of representatives that saw Sl the on based is that state a in living are they that fact the accept should minorities the of representatives that asserted who historian Slovene mentioned Opinion such. ha latter the that but minorities, the against directed explicitly not

ial, e icvrd ht h Soee uhrte smoial acp te eut o the of results the accept symbolically authorities Slovene the that discovered we Finally, our on based summarize, To plied that the results of the plebiscite are interpreted as a loss of the vital part of the Slovene the of part vital the of loss a as interpreted are plebiscite the of results the that plied the ceremonies, but declined the offer by claiming that the rights of the Slovene minority in in minority Slovene the of rights the that claiming by offer the declined but ceremonies, the s

f h mjrt pltcas ol b sme u b te ttmn o te above the of statement the by up summed be could politicians majority the of

tely taken care of. Similarly, the Similarly, of. care taken tely epresentatives of both of the national communities had to realize that realize to had communities national the of both of epresentatives - state, especially when the latter wishes to emphasize the emphasize to wishes latter the when especially state,

research we can say that the introduction of the new holidays was was holidays new the of introduction the that say can we research Slovenes A Slovenes be conducted in order to reach more more reach to order in conducted be ovene national values. Nevertheless, we Nevertheless, values. national ovene

Slovene newspaper whose reports on reports whose newspaper Slovene y that the Slovene public regrets public Slovene the ythat d their reasons to perceive to reasons their d b road was invited to take part part take to invited was road

connection it

83 as

CEU eTD Collection exist of analysis the with research our of results the compare to nevertheless, interesting, be would It accurate. was statement this whether investigate not did We countries. these in minority Hungarian the and majority the between tensions create would that holidays introduced Slovakia protection Slovenes. of the Carinthian unresolved the on focused analyzed we celebrations Carinthian the

n o te ersnaie o te ugra mnrt asre ta nihr Romani neither that asserted minority Hungarian the of representatives the of One –

similar holidays innation - states national with m

inorities.

issues regarding the minority minority the regarding issues –

if they they if a

nor 84

CEU eTD Collection Prekmurja, Geografija všoli ISSN: 1318 HOZJAN, Bojan, O dvojezičnem šolstvu na narodnostno mešanem območju 2011 Contemporarymajority nationalism, GAGNON, Alain Gegenwart Feiernder zum 10. VELIK, ZEICHEN,Eda/ Tatjana M., Kärnten bleibt Deutsch, Zur Tradition und DRUML, Ludvik/ JELEN, SCHELLANDER,Marjan/ Roman/ SRIENC, Monika/ 3(4). CALHOUN, ‘Belonging’Craig, in cosmopolitanthe imaginary, in:Ethnicities, vol. BRUBAKER, Rogers, Ethnicity without grou Habsburški monarhiji, Slovenska matica, 1962 BOGDANOV, ŠIDAK,Vasa/ Jaroslav/ BILLIG, Michael, Budapest, 1998 BENCE, nations, BAR identity, SAGE Publications, London, 1998 WORCHEL, S./ BAR ALTHUSSER sources: Academic BIBLIOGRAPHY

- - 2003 TAL, Daniel/ TAL, GroupDaniel, beliefs as anexpression of s Nelson Lajos,

- Louis Hungarians Slovenia,in

Hall Publishers, Chicago, MORALES, - G., LECOURS, André, NOOTENS, a Geneviève Banal nationalism,

STAUB, (eds.), Ervin Patriotism the lives in ofindividuals and ,

Essays on ideology

J.F./ PAEZ,J.F./ D./ Oktober, Oktober, Wien/Klagenfurt, 1980 McGill

Sage Publications,Sage London, 1995

ZWITTER, Fran, Nacionalni problemi v - Institute for Central Eur 4717. , Verso, Verso, London,, 1993

1997

- Queen's University Montreal, Press,

ps, Harvard University 2004 Press, DESCHAMPS

Letn. 16, št. (2007)1 ocial identity, in: ,

J.C. (Eds.), Social

opean Studies,opean nd (eds.),nd

CEU eTD Collection Filo NEĆAK, Dušan/ (ed.),Lük Medetnični odnosi slovenskemv etničnem prostoru MEDVEŠEK, Mojca, Analiza etnične vitalnost %20MEJA%20KOT%20SINDROM.pdf http://www.drzavljanska 11. novembra 2007 ob dveh kultur LUTHAR,Otto, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995 KYMLICKA Fakulteta za družbene vede, Ljubljana, 2005 KRZNAR, SodobnaMetka, slovenska politična mitologija, Diplomsko delo, individuals and nations psychological dimensions, in: KELMAN, C.,Herbert Nationalism, patriotism, national and identity: social ethnicof studies, Ljubljana, 2006 century, Treatisesin: and documents: journal of et KOVÁCS, DemographicAttila, trends of the Prekmurje Hungarians in the 20th minorities, Sloven KOMAC, TheMiran, War II, Mohorjeva založba, Celovec Slovenes for their ethnic survival with/against Austrian governments after World KLEMENČIČ, Matjaž/ Ljubljana, 2007 Slovencev, Založba Drava in Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja, Celovec JESIH, Boris, Med narodom politikom, in politična participacija koroških Göttingen, 2005 HROCH, Miroslav, Das E zofska fakulteta, Ljubljana, 2003 v Prekmurjuv skozi 20. stoletje, in: ia, Sloveniain: and European standards for the protection of national tromejah: zbornik referatov naznanstvenem v posvetu Murski Soboti, 9.

Institute for Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana, 2002 , Will,

Meja kotsindrom REPE, OrisBožo, sodobne obče in slovenske zgodovine, ,

Multicultural citizenship: a liberal theory ofminority right protection ofethnic communities in the Republic of

KLEMENČIČ, V - vzgoja.org/Portals/0/Dokumen uropa uropa Nationen,der Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Bar

Tal, Staub (eds.), Patriotism the lives in of II?, II?, –

Dunaj Multi in interkulturalizem terdiferenciacija

Živeti z mejo, Panonski prostor in ljudje ladimir, The endeavors ofCarinthian

–

i Madžarovi vLendavi, Nećakin: Ljubljana, 2008 hnic hnic studies, No. 48/49, Institute

ti/clanki/LUTHAR%20

- , - - 86

CEU eTD Collection MLADINA: DNEVNIK: DELO Newspapers: ŽIŽEK, The sublimeSlavoj subject ideology,of Verso, London, 1989 ŽIŽEK, Slavoj Cambridge, 1981 TAJFEL, Henri vede, Ljubljana, 2010 OBLAK, Saša, Eksodus narodnih manjšin, diplomsko delo, Fakulteta za družbene odnosih, in: NOVAK (ed.),Lük Medetnični odnosi slovenskemv etnničnem prostoru NOVAK zaInštitut narodnostna vprašanja, Ljubljana, 1998 NEĆAK (ed.),Lük Medetnični odnosi slovenskemv etničnem prostoru NEĆAK “ “To je sramota zademokracijo vSloveniji”, “Nacionalne praznike obhajajo tudi Madžari“,18.08.2006 KANTE : “

Fini: ZaradiFini: govora Janše Portorožuv smo ostro Ne bomo LÜK, (ed.),Albina Medetnični LÜK, Albina, Jezik kazaleckot stanja LUKANOVIČ, Sonja, Pomen vzgoje in izobraževanja vmedetničnih LUKANOVIČ, Sonja, Dvojezična vzg

Nećak

, Lojze,“Tržaška, desnica kritično oJanševem govoru”, 22.09.2005 ,

Jezik, ideologija Slovenci,in Delavska enotnost, Kočevje, 1987 Human groups and social categories, Cambridge University Press,

praznovali nečesa, kar nas boli Lük (ed.),Lük Medetnični odnosi v slovenskemetnničnem prostoru

odnosi slovenskemv etničnem prostoru,

medetničnih odnosov, Nećakin: oja in izobraževanje, Nećakin: ” ,

28.8.2006 Mag),(Delo protestirali”,

03.08.2009

16.10.2005

CEU eTD Collection VEČER: PRIMORSKE NOVICE POMURSKI VESTNIK NÉPUJSÁG

DRAVINEC,“Duhovna Sašo, pljuča Slovenije”, 17.09.2005 ELIKAN, “Zastave Jaka, bodo vihrale”, 30.09.2005 Pomurski vestnik “Državni praznik, priznanje zvestobe prekmurskih Slovencev slovenstvu”, KIRÁLY, M. Jutka “Povorka brez državni JAUŠ 08.10.2010 JAUŠOVEC, “ Boris, “Mladost, veselje, optimizem”, 2005 19.09. IPAVEC, Maksimilijan, “Pljuča, polna ljubezni”, 19.9.2005 GOMBAČ, M.,“UvajanjeBoris kolektivne krivde“, “Slovenija ima Prekmurja”, do dolg “Prekmurje 1919 VOTEK, Janez “Trije prazniki novi državiv

OVEC, :

Boris, Boris, , , , 17.8.2006

“Ünnepelni “Pod čigavo zastavo”, 6.10.2005 : : –

2006, praznik ljudstva”, 24.08.2006 “V znamenju obletnice plebiscita”, 09.10.2010 Na plebiscitni povorki prvi koraki pravov smer”, kov izSlovenije”, 11.10. 2010 –

és nemünnepelni”, ”, Pomurski vestnik Pomurski

Népújság

vestnik , 20.10.2005

23.09.2005 , 14.08.2008 , 24.08.2006,

CEU eTD Collection E68C125707C0041B6FF&db=kon_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D http://www.dz E68C125708C00247D18&db= rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D400354 http://www.dz E68C125700E0043AB95&db=kon_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/zakonodaja/izbranZakonAkt?uid=C12565D400354 http BFF63A7157C1256D42003A0E62 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanskaVprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=30166C http://www.dz C8FD3C3AA6C1257968006166B8 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanskaVprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=735A15 http://www.dz 6D468E4426C12579680060085 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/poslanskaVprasanjaInPobudeIzbrano?unid=A31682 je http://www.demokracija.si/index.php/v korokih http://www.demokracija.si/arhiv/arhivostalo/3019 http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/znanost/146382 http://www.delo.si/novice/slovenija/ministrica http://www.delo.si/arhiv/tiskano/30.09.2005/Delo program/ava2.54700179/ http://tvslo.si/predvajaj/dokumentarna sources: Internet http://www.dz - zame ://www.dz - - slovencev e - posebno ------na bolel

- plebiscitni

kon_zak&mandat=IV&tip=doc ; ; - proslavi

- oddaja - fokusu/druba/3437

- izobrazevalni ni -

- rekla v alentin - nic - - - inzko spornega.html rsam -

- - koroki bo - govornik - plebiscit

400354 - - 89

CEU eTD Collection http://www.vlada.si/si/o_sloveniji/zgodovina/ http://www.uradni http://www.stat.si/popis2011/eng/Faq.aspx?lang=eng http://www.stat.si/popis2002/si/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=9 http://www.stat.si/popis2002/gradivo/2 http://www.skupnost.at/wp http://www.slo.at/zso/sturm_sl_archives.php?id=A20 veselja http://www.skupnost.at/2010/05/proslave dvojezicnih http://www.pomurje.si/aktualno/pomurje/dvojezicne slovenska_urs.pdf http://www.pf.uni http://www.mzz.gov.si/nc/si/medijsko_sredisce/novica/articl http://www.mladina.si/95055/ne 6AC35D612C1257096002E75B8 rs.si/wps/portal/Home/deloDZ/seje/evidenca?mandat=IV& http://www.dz - in - zadovoljstva - upra/ -

- mb.si/datoteke/janja/Angleska%20PT/anglesko list.si/1/index?edition=199467 - ali - - zalosti content/uploads/govor_dr_inzko_sc.pdf - bomo

- in - potrtosti/ - - praznovali 169.pd - in - drzavni

- necesa - -

prazniki osebne 11046 - kar type=sz&uid=3C185DA

- e/141/23489 izkaznice - - %E2%80%93 nas - - boli/

le / -

- - dnevi 90 -

CEU eTD Collection

An e APPENDIX - mail Abroad: fromSlovenes for Office The