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Íéöíöalomtüdoma'ny1 %___Íüâ__ Szemle _ ,___ L1___ „AÍÍÉW ÍÉÖÍÖALOMTÜDOMA'NY1 %_____íüâ__ SZEMLE _ Meghekkelt valóságok 2011 3 HELIKON IRODALOMTUDOMÁN)_'I REVUE DE LDTÉRATURE SZEMLE GENERALE Er COMPAREE A HAGYAR TUDOMÁNYOS AKADEMJA DE ı:ıNsTmJT D'ETUDEs L11`rERAıREs 1RODALDMTUDOMÁNYı INTÉZETENEK DE UACADEMIE HONGROISE FOLYÓIRATA DES scıENcEs szERKEsz`róEızO'rrsAc / COMITE DE REDACTION VARGA László főszerkesztő / clirecteur de la revue T. ERDÉLYI Ilona FÖLDES Györgyi GRÁNICZ István I-IITES Sándor KARAFIÁTI-I Judit könyvrovat / livres ODORICS Ferenc SZENTPETERI Márton SzıLı József SÓRÉS Zsolt technikai szerkesztő / révision des textes szERKEszTósı'-:G / SECRETARIAT DE LA REDACTION 1115 Budapest, Ménesi út 11 - 13. Tel.: (+36-1) 279-2762, Fax: (+36-1) 3853-876 E-mail: helil<[email protected] http:Í /www.il`i.mta.hu/l1elikOn.hl1'rLl 2011 /3. - LVII. évfolyam 201 1 /3. - LVII. année Meelenik negyedévenként Revue trirnestrielle Meghekkelt valóságok Az ember bio-pszicho-szociolculturális lénye a földrajzi és történelmi létınódok diverzitásában, sokféleségében nyilvánul meg. A kultúrák a rá- uk jellemző és egymástól gyakran nagymértékben eltérő érték-, nonna- és szokás- :endszereket foglalnak magukban, amelyekben a drogok általánosan előfordulnak, .inn térben és időben dinamikusan változó szerepet töltenek be. A drogfogyasztás az emberiség több ezer éves problémája, a civilizációk kialakulásával és történeté- vel párhuzamosan működő, azok szignifü<árıs részét képező eleme, univerzális va- l:'Eigıınkba ágyazottságunk, ontológiai pozícionáltságunk pszichológiai és filozófiai allegóriája. (A különböző kultúrák az általuk fogyasztott kábítószerek dominán- ciája mentén is releváns módon jellemezhetőek.) Az elidegenedés mértékének megfelelően a társadalom különböző rétegeiben a XVIII. századtól kezdődően a függőségek rohamos elhatalmasodása jellemző - az elvárosiasodásnak, az élet-terek és ezzel párhuzamosan tudati valóságunk beszűkü- lesének, az őszintén és teljes egészében megélt érzelınek hiányának köszönlıetően. A kábítószerek szimbolikus jelentéssel bímak (az addikcióban ırıíndig lelki tarta- lom manifesztálódik) és abból a szempontból is vizsgálhatóak, hogy a fogyasztók milyen érzelmeket manipulálnak az anyagok segítségével, milyen belső, érzelmi űrt és lelki problémákat próbálnak meg külső eszközökkel enyhíteni, ami csak át- menetileg, rövid ideig működik (és a függőség is ezért alakul ki). A )0(. század második felében, elsősorban az 1960-as években ható kulturális „drogforradalom” céljait tekirıtve a társadalmi ellenállás határozott szándékát, az elérhető, lehetséges spirituális forradalom poétikáját és egyúttal élettérré változ- tatását juttatta kifejezésre, amelyet azonban hamarosan a lciábrándulás időszaka kö- vetett. A pszichedelikus- és drogforradalom voltaképpen nem volt más, mint az Én feloldása a különböző szerekben: a mesterséges élmény nem pótolha tó az élet megélt valóságával. Időközben a drogirodalom - a virtuális valóság korában, ahol életünk jelentős részét a számítógépek képemyójéről sugárzó mentális szimulációban, mesterséges hallucinációban töltjük - i.nterdiszciplínáris szakterületté vált, amelynek tanulmá- nyozása során irodalom-, művészet- & eleddig értelmezhetetlen- nek tetsző metarétegeit, a kollektív és fatális pilcnolepsziában képződő különböző valóságaink természetét tárhatjuk fel. SÓRÉ5 ZSOLT bevezető tanulmánya az altematív valóságok áttekintésének a szem- pontjait tárgyalja, MARCU5 BOON értekezésében a drogirodalom kérdésének szoros irodalomtörténeti korınolsációit veszi számba, SCOTI' ]. THOMPSON Walter Benjamin- ról és a hasisról szóló beszámolójában egy eleddig ismeretlen, izgalmas szellemtör- téneti fejleményt ismerhetünk meg, HENRY FLYNT pedig a pszichedelikus élmény introspektív vizsgálata során annak pszichológiai (egyúttal kontextusát tekintve filozófiai) következményeit vizsgálja, míg CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS eleddig magyarul még meg nem jelent írása az etnomjkológia és a kultúra tudomány klasszikus alko- tása. „Műhely” rovatunkban SORE ZSOLT diszkordianista meditációját olvashatjuk valóságról és koncep tualizmusról. Számunl< drogirodalom-szövegeit SORÉ9 ZSOLT szerkesztette. A SZERKESZTÓBIZOTTSÁG I-Iacked Realitíes Llıost culturcs, however varied regarding values, customs and conventiorıs, share the problem of iı-ug use. Dnıgs have come to play various roles in history, but drug abuse has always been a sig- iˇzarıt part of human life, providing psydıological and philosophical allegories for our ontological uobıeddedness into universal reality. As a syınptom of social estrangement, many have become addicted to drugs in all social classes s`ı:ııı:e the XVIII* century, due to urbanization, the loss of the vital spaces, the lack of honest human Hl:l:ˇl:ns. Drugs have gotten endowed with symbolic significance. It is worth analyzing how modem drug mırrs manipulate their emotiorıs, compensate their personal del'-iciencies, and ease ınental problems ırith the help of dopes. The drı.ıg revolution of the 196ûs was a counterculture event. lt aimed at expressirıg the poetics of a posible spiritual revolution, but was followed by a period of disillusion afterwards. The psyche- dıelic and dnıg revolution event-ually proved to be a dissolution of the personal ego: the experience of the real world could not have been replaced by artifical experience. ln the age of virtual reality, when we all spend most of our time in virtual sirnulatiorıs, artificial h.ılluci.nat-ions as they are reflected in the glow of the computer screen, the drug literature has be- coı:ne an interdisciplinary field of research, an area of study which might help us to discover the sı-eı:'ıi.ı-ıgly uninterpretable layers of the history of literatı.ıre, art and culture, and the way our realities ıre corıstituted in a collective and fatal picnolepsy. The introductory essay by ZSOLT SORES gives a general survey on altemative realilies, discussing iıs various aspects; MARCUS BOON deals with the connotations of the drug literature in literary his- IJIÍ-': SCOTI' J. TI-lOMP5ON's essay on Walter Benjamin and his mescaline experiments reveals some of the aesthetic presuppositions of the War on Drugs in the United States and Hitler's War on Drugs; HENRY FLYNT's study is considered with the pscychological and philosophical consequences of psy- chedelic experience in an introspective examination; CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAu§'s text is a classic example of etnomicology and cultural study that appears here for the forst time in Hungarian traslation. ln our "Worlshop" section the reader would find ZSOLT SóRÉ'5's discordian meditation about reality and conceptualism. Our issue on drug literature is edited by ZSOLT SŰRÉ5. THE EDn`oRıAL BOARD Les Téalítés haclcées Les différentes culttues iınpliquent dm systems de valeurs, de nonns et d'habituds vartés, dans lesquels le röle des drogues change de maniere dynamique selon l'époque et l'espace. La consomma- t-ion dm drogues est un problema ınillénaire, un éléınent significattf da civilisalions; et en méıne lemps, elle est l'allégorie psychologique et philosophique de notre positionnement dans l'ontologie et celle de notre implication dans la culture universelle. A partir du XVIII* siecle, ã cause de l'aliénation, la mäure des dépendencü augrnente de façon in- terısive (la vie en ville irnplique l'él:récissement de l'espace de vie, et avec celui-lá, Pétrécissement de notre réalité intérieure et le manque des sentimenls sincerü et profonds). La drogue a une sigrıification syınbolique (c'est toujours un contenu intérieur qui se manifeste dans Paddiction). ll est intérfiant de voir quels sont le smtimenls que IE consornrnateurs manipulent a l'aide des drogues, quels sont les manques intérieurs, les problemes de l'áme qu'ils tentent de calıner pour un court tenne avec des moyerıs extérieurs. Dans la deuxieme moitié du XX" siecle (surtout dans les années 60), la révolution culturelle (qui était aussi la révolution des drogues) avail pour objectif d'exprimer la volonté de la résistance sociale, la poélique et la réalisation d'une révolution spirituelle possible et accessible, mais elle devait élre suivie par une époque de désillusion. La révolution psychédélique signifiait la dissolution du moi dans les drogues: l'expérience artificielle ne peut pas etre substituée a la réalité véritablement vécue. De nos jours, a Fépoque de la réalité virtuelle, quand nous passons une grande partie de notre vie dans la simulation mentale provenant de l'écran de l'ordinateur, dans l' hallucination artificielle - la littérature da drogua est devenue un domaine interdisciplinaire, dont l'étude nous perrnet de découvrir d'une part les métacouchm parı.ıı.'s jusqu'ici non-interprétablm de l'histoire de la littérature, de l'art et de la culture, d'autTe part, de connaitre la natı.ıre de nos réalités provenant d"une picnolepsie collective et fatale. Uintroduction de ZSOLT SORE5 s'occupe dm différents aspects de la réalité, MARCU5 BOON nous pré- sente la littémtııre des drogues dans sas connotatiorıs avec l'histoire littéraire, dans son article écrit sur la relation de Walter Benjamin et des drogufi, 5CO'lT]. THOMPSON nous fait coru1ailTe un phénomene in- téressant des sciences de l'esprit: HENRY FLYNT nous parle des conséquences psychologiques et philo- sophiques de l'expérience psychédélique qu'il examine de façon introspective; enfin, l'étude de CLAUDE LEvI-S1'RaU5'5 est une reuvre classique de Fethnomicologie et des sciencfi de la culture. Dans notre rı.ıbrique ,,Atelier”, vous pouvez lire une meditation discordianiste de ZSOLT SORÉS sur la réalité et le conceptualisme. Les textes de la littérature
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