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Home , Frances of Rome, Pope Clement VII, Pope Gregory XI, Pope Martin V

THE HISTORY OF THE ,

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE .

ORA WN FROM THE SECRET ARCHIVES OF THE VATICAN . AND QTHER

ORIGINAL SOURCES.

FROM THE GERMAJ:ir OF DR. LUDWIG PASTOR,

PROFESSOR OJ'. HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK.

EDITED BY

FREDERICK IGNATIUS ANTROBUS. ; .:. . .·: -: ;' OF THE ORATORY.

: : : . ; . ' SIXTH EDITION.

·.····.:. ...

... .· VOLUME I. ::~ ;, , { :·:·: ... .. :'·.· .. ·· B. HER DER BOOK CO. 15 & 17 SOUTH BROADWAY ST. LOUIS, MO. 1938 cPri1:!ed in G1'tal Brita.inl ~· I

CONTENTS OF VOL. f. ..

PACE Brief of H .H. Leo XIII. to Professor Pastor vi Editor's Preface ... vii

Author's Preface •.• viii

Li~.t of complete Titles of Books frequently quoted in Vo ls. t. and II. ... xi Table of Contents xlvi List of Documents in Appendix... lvi Introduction r-56 The · Pop~s at A~ignon (1305-1376) 57-1 16

.... the Schi~m and the Great Heretical ~ovcments (1378- .. 1406) 117-174 .,.. . =The Syndds of Pisa and Constance (14'09- 1417) · 174-207

Martin V, (14c7-1431) ...

Eugenius IV. (143 1-1447) 282-361 Appendix of Unpublished Documents ... 362-408

Index of Names 409-419 xlvi

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

INTRODUCTION. PAGR The Literary Renaissance in I Petrarch and Boccacio, its founders • I How the writers of antiquity should be studied 2 Their influence upon Pclrarch and Dante 3 Contrast between Petrarch and Boccacio 4 Their attitude towards the Church Both befriended by the Popes • g How the Church viewed the literary Renaissance . 7 Per.ii of a one-sided interest in heathen literature . 8 How that literature may serve the interests of truth 9 Views of some early Fathers regarding it 9 A perverted use of it condemned • . . . JO Combination of classical culture and Christian education ][ Effect on the Church of the reaction towards antiquity 1 2 Opposition between the heathen and Christian Renaissance 13 Lorenzo Valla, the exponent of the heathenizing party. 13 He ridicules the moral teaching of the Church . . 15 Gross impurity of his writings . 16 His attack upon . 17 And on the temporal power of the Papacy . 18 Justifies revolt against the Pope . • • • . 19 Contends that Constantine's concession was a forgery . 20 And that the Pope had forfeited his right to govern 21 Renounces his opinions and seeks to enter the Papal service 22 Antonio Beccadelli and his writings • . . 23 Immorality of his works, efforts to suppress them. 24 The false represented by Valla and others 26 Its adherents indifferent or hostile to religion 28 Poggio Bracciolino and the profligate Renaissance 29 Shameless immorality of his writings • 30 His censure of the morals of the clergy 31 His description of the , a caricature • 32 Far-reacbing inOuence of the mendicant 33 Religious and moral condition of the Renaissance period 34 Revival of religion in • . 35 The Italian of the 1 5th century . . . 36 Effect of the false Renaissance on the clergy and upper classes 38 The medley of Christian and heathen ideas . . . . 39 Attempt to reconcile the Renaissance wilh Christianity 40 Cultivation of Greek and literature at Florence • . 41 The love ofTraversari and Leonardi Bruni for ancient literature 4? TABLE OF CONTENTS. xlvii

PAGE Other representatives of the Christian Renaissance 43 Vi ttorino da Felt re and his system of education . . . 44 His religious and moral qualities the secret of his inOuence 46 Heathen literature must be jnclged by a Christian standard . 48 Contrast between the Pagan and Christian ideal of humanity 48 1\11 genuine advance of knowledge advantageous to religion . 48 Dangerous tendencies or the Renaissance seen by the Church 49 Opposition to the Humanists in some cases carried too far . 51 The abuse of classical learning alone to be condemned 51 The Church the protectress of intellectual progress • 52 The opponents of the Renaissance do not represent the Church 52 The Popes as patrons of ancient learning . . • 53 Nicholas V. becomes the head of the Renaissance movement 54 Admiration for antiquity consistent with claims of the Church 55 The promotion or the Renaissance not a reproach, but an honour 55 Under the guidance of the Church the intellectual movement not dangerous • 56

BOO K I. THE POPES AT AVlGNON, 1305-1376 57 A.D. 1305 Clement V. begins the separation from . 58 1316 John XXll. establishes a permane11t abode al 58 Evils which resulted from this cause . . . 59 The Popes dependent on the Government or . 60 Yet assiduous in promoting the spread of Christianity • 61 Disastrous effects of the Avignon period • 62 Its effect upon rival parties in Italy . 63 1314 Death of Clement V. . . • 63 Dante and Petrarch condemn the residence in France • 64 Petrarch's condemnation of the Avignon Popes exaggerated . . 66 Effect on Avignon of the great inllux of strangers 67 1314 Rome in a state of desolation and anarchy. . 69 In art Avignon became the rival of the Eternal City 70 Rome brought LO the ~rink of ruin 71 Financial difficulties at Avignon . • 72 Dame's indignation at the cupidity of the Popes. 72 Conflict between the Empire and the Church . 73 Between the Friars Minor and John XXLI. • • • 74 Subversive doctrines of Occam, Marsiglio, and Jean de Jandnn . . 76 New principles of civil and ecclesiastical government . 77 The Pope and the Council subject to the civil power 78 The goods of the Church the property of the State 79 Exaggerated theories on behalf of the Church 80 Marsiglio the " precursor " of the Revolution • 81 xlviii T ABLE OF CONTENTS.

A.D. PAGE 1328 Deposition of the Pope and election of an Anti-Pope • 82 Schism in the Church . . . 82 Envenomed struggle between Church and State . 83 J 334 Death of John XXII. and election of Benedict XII. 83 1339 Erection of the Papal palace at Avignon . . 8-l The Pope represses corruption and reforms the Religious Orders . . . 85 1342 His death, and election of Clement VI. . 86 Death of Louis of Bavaria and triumph of the Pope , 86 Revolt of Cola di Rienzo and its suppression 87 Character of Clement VI. . , 88 I 348 He issued Bulls for the protection of the • . 89 Extravagance during his pontificate . . . . 90 Resistance to the paymenL of taxes levied by the Pope 91 Duke Stephen of Bavaria forbids their collection 92 1352 Election of Innocent VI. . 93 His thorough reform of Church government . . 93 Cardinal Albornoz restores the Papal authority in Italy 94 1362 Death of Innocent VI. and election of Urban V. 95 1367 Urban V. returns to Rome-rejoicings of the people • 95 Charles IV.'s pilgrimage to Rome- alliance between the Empire and the Church 95 The Pope returns to Avignon 97 1370 His death and character . 97 Is succeeded by Gregory XI. . . 100 1375 Florence joins the revolt against the , 100 T he States of the Church in insurrection 101 Consternation of Gregory XI. . 102 1376 He declares war against Florence . . 103 St. Catherine of endeavours to make peace 104 Sent by the Florentines to negotiate at Avignon . 107 Tries to bring about the return of the P-0pe 10 Rome 108 Insurrectionary movement in the Eternal City 109 t376 The Pope quits Avignon for Rome . . J 10 1377 After numerous delays he arrives there I I I The Florentines fomen t fresh troubles in Rome l I I The Pope fails to suppress them . • J I 2 Wins over to his side the chief general of the Florentines I I 3 Florentine proposals of peace rejected by the Pope l I 4 Renewed negotiations-Congress of Sarzana . 115 l 3 78 Death of Gregory XI., the last of the French Popes JI6 II.

THE SCHJS)l AND THY. GRF..AT HERETICAL MOVEMENTS, 1378.1406 ( 1409) Meeting of the Conclave-division among the Cardinals 11 7 The populace demand the election of a Roman . n S TABLE OF CONTENTS. xlix

A.D. PAGE 1378 (April 8th) The Cardinals unite and elect Urban VI. . 11 8 They publicly recognize the election-its canonical validity 120 The P0pe inspires the highest anticipations • 12 1 His character and the measures adopted by him 12 2 His action violent and impolitic. 123 St. pleads for moderation I 24 The Pope alienates the Cardinals and his political friencls 12 5 The French Cardinals openly revo[t and quit Rome . 126 1378 (August 9th) They assemble at and declare the election invalid . 127 They elect the Anti-Pope Clement VII. • 127 Commencement of the great Papal Schism. 127 Conduct of the Cardinals inexcusable . 129 St. Catherine of Siena's condemnation of them . 1 30 Dependence of Clement VII. 0n the French Court . 131 He gi11es away the greater part of the States of the Church . 132 The support of Clement Vll. mainly political 133 Efforts of the French King in his favour . 134 espouses the cause of Urban VI. . 134 The northern kingdoms remain loyal to him 135 · Eittr-eme and imprudent measures of the Pope 136 138 1 He excommunicates the Queen of . 136 1383 He goes to Naples to assert his authority and is besieged 136 The Cardinals determine to seize his person l 37 He discovers their intention and puts them to death . 137 1 389 Death of Urban VI.- deplorable consequences of his reign 137 Perplexity of the faithful . . . . . 138 The whole of Christendom affected by the Schism . 1 4 c Reform in ecclesiastical affairs necessarily interrupted . l 41 The Schism prepared the way for the so-called 142 The disunion affects even public worship . 1 43 The unity and concord of Christendom broken 145 Cause and origin of the Church's condition 1 46 Efforts to remedy the evils of the time 147 Labours of Gerhard Groot and his community 148 Thomas a Kempis describes the " Brothers of tne Common Life" ...... 149 Their work in the amelioration of life in Germany • . . . . . 150 Growth of Sectarian Conventicles and false prophesies i 5 r The politico-religious prophecy of Telesphorus . 153 Pernicious principles contained in it . . 154 The widespread credence given to the prophesies • 155 Grave crisis in the Church- rise of heretical movements l 56 l TABLE OF CONTENTS.

A.IJ. PAGR Spread of the Waldensian doctrines in Germany and Au~tria . . . . • 157 Subversi ve principles of the Sect of Free Thought . 158 Appearance of John \Vyclif in England-his teaching . I 59 His influence on John Huss, the Bohemian heresiarch. 161 Political consequences or these doctrines 16z Tend to produce anarchy in Church and State 163 1389 The Roman Cardinals elect a new Pope 164 Boniface IX. succeeds Urban VL . t 64 1394 Death of Clement VII., and election of the Anti-Pope Benedict Xlll. . 165 All attempts to heal the Schism are fru ~ lrated . 165 1•04· Death of Boniface lX., and election of Innocent VU. . 165 Projects of Innocent VU. for the revival of science and arts . 166 1 406 Arrested b)' his death . . • 166 Adherents or the false Renaissance enter the Pope's service . . • . • 1 68 The Humanists become Ll1 e leaders of public opinion . 168 T he great influence which they exercised . 169 Classical proficiency leads to ecclesiastical preferment . 171 Means suggested to terminate tbe Schism . 17z Decision of the University of Paris on the subject 173 Ill.

THE SYNODS OF PISA AND CONSTANCE, 1409-1417 ( 1418). Communications between the rival Popes • 175 The hopes of union prove delusive . . • • 176 1408 Seven of Gregory Xll.'s Cardinals appeal against him . 176 France and other Powers disown Benedict Xlll. . 177 Benedict Xlll.'s Cardinals join those who deserted Gregory XII. • . 177 They convene a Council at Pisa. • . • • 1 78 1409 The Council assembles-its want of Canonical authority . . • 178 T rue doctrine of the primacy of St. Peter • . 179 General Councils must be convened by the Pope • 180 The primacy of the Pope and unity of the Church disputed • . . . . . r 81 Erroneous views on the jurisdiction of the rope and the Episcopate . • . . . . • 182 Mistaken views on Infallibility . . . . . 184 Belief in the Divine right of the primacy seriously shaken 185 Zabarella holds that a General Council is to the Pope ...... 187 King Rupert's Ambassadors at the 188 TABLE · OF CONTENTS. Ii

A.D. PAGR The Council condemns and deposes both Popes . • 189 Election of another Anti-Pope, Alexander V. 19c Increased confusion-a second Schism created • 191 1410 D eath of Alexander V., and election of John XXlll. 191 Intervention of the K ing of the Romans hoped for . 192 F alse doctrines as to the jurisdiction of a General Council . . 193 Sigismund summons the -its composition . . • . 194 John XXIII.'s objccL in consenting to its convocation 195 The Council's hostili ty to him . . . . . 196 14 I 5 His proposals of surrender and flight from the Council 196 The Council decrees its supremacy over the Pope 197 Its subversive and irregular proceedings . . . 198 1415 (l\Iay 2oth) J ohn XXlll. is tried by the Council and deposed ...... 199 14 r 5 Quly 4th) Gregory XII. in the interests of the Church decides to abdicate . . . • 200 He convenes the Council and thereby~ renders it legitimate ...... • • 200 Flight of Benedict Xllf.-the Holy See declared vacant 20 1 1417 Gratitude of the Council to Gregory XlI.-his death . ~02 Hostile feeling in the Council towards the Cardinals • 20 3 Conflicting interests and division in the Council . . 204 Its failure due to its composition and mode of procedure zo5 Division in regard to reform, and the election of a new Pope. . 206 The Bishop of Winchester effects a compromise. . 206 14 17 The great Schism ended by the el ection of .l\fartin V. 207

BOOK II. T.

M ARTIN V., 1417- 1431. Triumph of the Church, general rejoicings • • . 208 Character of Martin V.-dilliculties which confronted him ...... 209 Cause of the postponement of ecclesiastical reform • 210 The Pope determines to take up his residence in Rome 211 His meeting with the Anti-Pope J ohn XXUI. . . 212 1417 (March 6tb) His agreement with Q ueen Joanna of Naples . . . . . • . • 213 T he Neapolitan troops evacuate Rome • • • 213 r 420 Martin V. enters Rome-deplorable condition of the city 214 Ruin of its churches and artistic monuments . . 21 5 The Pope devotes himself to the worli of restoration • 216 !ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.

A.D. PAGR And to the re-establishment of public security 217 He restores St. Peter's and St. John Lateran zi8 Enlists the services of the most celebrated painters 219 Lends encouragement to art , . 2 20 Labours to promote prosperity and order 222 Brigandage banished from the States of the Church 223 Their transformation into a united monarchy . 224 Consolidation and growth of the Papal power 224 Submission of various cities to the Pope 225 Reasons which led him to favour the Colonna 226 His excessive paniality towards them causes jealousy . 228 His zeal against heretics, and for the reform of the clergy 229 He causes the body ofSt . .Monica to be brought to Rome 230 Contrasts St. Augustine with the Heathen philosophers 231 Promotes devotion to the Most Holy Sacrament . 231 1424 St. Bernardine of Siena visits Rome . 232 The marvellous effect of his preaching 233 St. Frances of Rome and her companions . z35 Congregation of the " of St . .Mary" founded 236 1425 The King of France restores the rights ot the Pope 237 Al>oliLion of anti-papal legislation in England . 237 Martin V. zealously maintains the rights of the Church 238 r 428 Be summons a General Council to meet at 239 The Council proving hostile, he dissolves it . 2 39 Reform of religious affairs inde.linitely postponed . . 240 Exactions in Rome under pretext oi ecclesiastical fees. 241 International character of the Papal Court . . . 242 Immense number of foreigners in the service of the Pope z43 The Germans greatly favoured by the Popes . . 24 5 The influence of the German nation on the Papacy 247 The intercourse between Rome and foreign nations . 248 Pilgrims to Rome-national foundations for their reception ...... 248 Origin of the Hostelry of Our Lady al Campo Santo . 249 Tl.e founders of the Hospice of Sta. Maria Dell' Anima 250 Some other German foundations in the Eternal City 2 52 Charitable institutions of other nations in Rome . . 253 Erection of a house for Irish priests and a hospice for Engli~h Pilgrims . . . • . 254 Foundation of National Churches connected with the Hospices z55 Rome thus becomes the home of all nations . 2 55 Adherents o( the Renaissance in the Papal Service 256 Effect of the Councils of Constance and Basic on the movement. • . . • 256 Poggio discovers ~SS. copies of the classics . 2 5 7 Becomes Papal Secretary-his ridicule of the clergy • 258 TABLE OF CONTENTS. )iii

A.n. 'I-AGE Ribaldry of Poggio and his literary companions . 259 Their varied talents cause them to be employed . 259 Composition and number of the 260 L imit imposed by the Council of Constance . 260 Small number of creations made by Martin V. . . 261 He issues regulations for the reform -0fthe Sacred College 262 Displays excessive rigour wwards the Cardinals . • 263 Honoured by his selection of those created by him 265 Great learning and austerity of Cardinal Ces:irini 266 His relations to the revival of classical learning . 268 Cardinal Albergali's connect ion with the H umanisls . 268 How Cardinal Corrcr disposed of the revenues of his . . . . 270 The inBuence of such men in the Councils of the Pope 271 Cardinal GiordanC> Orsini promotes literature and art 272 Bequeaths his literary treasures to lhe public use. 2 73 Martin V.'s efforts to restore Catholic Unity in 274 Open hostility displayed by the King of Aragon . 275 King Alfonso summoned to Rome . 276 His submission to the Pope-and end of tlie Schism . 276 Martin V. endeavours to extirpate the Bohemian 277 Failure of the crusade against the . . . 278 The Kings of England and France demand a Council . 279 Martin V.'s dread of the Council-defers summoning it 279 He yields to the pressure-summons the Council of Basle 280 1431 Dies before it assembles--survey of his character 281 II.

JWGENIUS IV. , 1431-1447.

Election of Eugenius IV.-the Cardinals impose terms 28 2 The Pope submits to the curtailment of bis authority . 284 Eugenius lV.'s majestic presence and austere habits . 285 The sanctity of his life- in which he was held 286 Violence of his measures against the House of Colonna 286 1431 The Council of Bas le assembles and is dissolved . 287 It ignores the Bull of dissolution . . 288 Reasserts the Council's supremacy over the Pope 289 r 432 The Pope and his Cardinals summoned before the Council . . . . · . 289 The extreme action of the Council inexcusable . 290 Consequences, if its decrees had prevailed 291 1433 The Pope recalls the decree dissolving the Council 292 Conspiracies against him-invasion of tbe 293 Flight of the Pope- he yields to the demands of the Council . . 293 14 34 Revolution in Rome, vroclamation of a republic . 294 liv TABLE OF CONTENT~

A.D. PAGlt The Pope's palace and the Vatican plundered by the populace . . • . 29~ End of the republic- the Papal authority restored 296 Vitelleschi's relentless action against the rebels • 296 And against the Houses of Savelli and Colonna . . 297 His military enterprises in Naples and in the Papal States 298 1440 Is entrapped on the Bridge of St. Angelo and put to death 299 The circumstances of that event are uncertain 300 Cardinal Scarampo appointed to succeed him • 302 Relations of Eugenius IV. to the Renaissance • 303 Flavio Biondo's description of the city of Rome 304 His testimony to the Pope's zeal for restoration . 304 Great number of Humanists in the Papal Service 3°5 The Pope declines Valla's services . 306 Relations between the Christian and heathen Humanists 307 The Council of Basle attacks the Church's constitution 308 The Pope appeals to the European Powers against it • 309 Negotiations for union with the Greek schismatics 3Il Conflict atBasle as to meeting place of the Union Council 312 The Greeks join the Papal party and Ferrara is selected 312 1437 The Baste Synod summons the Pope to appear before it 312 (July 18th) He issues a Bull suspending its deliberations 313 Its most distinguished members withdraw . . . 314 1438 The Council of Ferrara. End of the Greek Schism . 31 5 General relo:cings throughout Christendom . , 316 I mportance of its bearing on the Pope's Jurisdiction . 317 He is decreed to be the Father and Teacher of all Christians . . . . 317 Influence on literature of the intercourse with the Greeks 31 8 Some distinguished representatives of Eastern culture . gr 8 Bessarion as an ecclesiastic and a scholar . . . 319 He brings together the learned men of Greece and Italy 321 His invaluable collection of classical manuscripts . 322 The Armenian and other Churches reconciled to Rome 323 Untiring efforts of Eugenius IV. in the cause of union 324 The Turks persecute lhe Christians in the East . . 325 The Pope appeals to the Western Powers against the Infidels , • 1443 Response to th<1 appeal-defeat of the Turks A ten years' truce concluded with them . . . 1444 The truce is broken- defeat of Christian army at Varna 14 3 9 The Council of Basle deposes Eugenius IV.-election of Felix V. . . • . . 328 Reaction produced by the violent measures of the Council 329 Treaty between Alfonso of Aragon and the Pope . . 331 r 443 The Pope's ten years' exile ended-his return to Rome 332 Dilapidated condition of the Eternal City • • 332 TABLE OP' CONTENTS. lv

A.D. PAGE Scotland acknowledges the authority of Eugenius IV. . 333 Francesco Sforza again makes war on the Papal States 334 The Pope triumphs over the Council of Basle . • 334 Attitude of France and Germany towards the Council. 335 T he Diet of Mayence and the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges . • • . . 336 Germany divided between the Pope and the Council . 337 The Pope secures the adhesion of Frederick lll.-- deposition of two . . . . 338 T he German Electors demand Papal recognition of the Basle decrees . . 339 1446 Assembly and composition of the Diet of Frankfort . 339 lEncasSylvius procures a reaction favourable to the Pope 340 His career-he becomes Secretary to Cardinal Capranica 34 1 His employment and comp&nions at the Synod of Basle 34z He breaks with the Council-enters the service of Frederick III. . . . 343 Determines to reform his life-and becomes a Priest • 34+ His interview with the Pope begging his forgiveness . 345 Breaks up the league of German Electors and gains allies for the Pope . . . 347 Speaks for the German envoys to £ ugenius l Y. . . 348 Conditions of agreement between Germany and the Pope 349 1 H7 The cause of the Synod of Basle lost-death of Eugenius IV. . 350 His character-results of his pontificate . . • 3 5 1 His successful defence of the Monarchical Constitution of the Church . . . 3 Sz H is care of the poor, and interest in benevolent undertakings . . . . · 353 The" Visita Gr.1ziosa" originated in his reign . . 354 Unju~tly censured in regard to the Church's reform . 355 Reform to be enduring must be systematic an

LIST OF UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS.

PA<":H I. Pope Gregory XI. to Giovanni Fieschi 362 II. ,. to Bernardo Cariti 363 III. ,, to Lucca 364 IV. The to the Eomans ... 365 V. Pope Gregory XL to Osimo 367 VI. ,, to Florence 369 Vll. ,, to Bertrando 374 to the Nuncio Pietro Raffini VIII. " 375 IX. ,, to Cardinal de Lagrange 377 x. Cristoforo di to Lodovico II. di Gonzaga 378 XI. " " 379 XII. ,, ,, 380 XIII. Giovanni di Lignano to Pope Urban VI. ... 383 XlV. Roman Documents regarding the Papal Schism of the year 1378 . · · 384 XV. Langenstein's Invecti va 386 XVi. Acta Consistorialia 387 XVII. The Jubilee of the year 1423 393 XVIII. . to Charles of Bourbon 394 XIX. Cardinal Antonio Correr to Florence 396 XX. Antonio de Rido to Florence 398 XXl. Pope Eugenius IV. to Corneto 399 XXII. ,, to 400 XX!ll. Abbot of San Galgano to Siena 402 XXlV. , . ,. 403 xxv. ,. ,, 404 ,, XXVI. " 404 XXVII. ,, ,, 405 XXVJII. " " 406 XXIX. .. 407 xxx. .. ,, .. 407