DOCSLIB.ORG

The Largest Crystals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Largest Crystals American Mineralogist, Volume 66, pages 885'907' l98I The largest crystals PEreR C. Rtcrwooo Schoolof Applied Geologlt (Jniversityof New South |l'ales Kensington,N. S.W. 2033, Australia Abstract No upper limit on the sizeof crystalsis to be expected,-butthe dimensionsand occurrences of the largestknown crystalsin each of twenty-four categories(nine classes)of minerals are presentedand discussed.The largestauthenticated brystal of any type is a beryl from Mala- katna, MalagasyRepublic, being l8 m in length, 3.5 m in diameter,having a volume esti- mated at 143m3 and a massapproximately 380'000 kg. Introduction throughout the world, has, however, yielded much data which is presentedhere for it has never pre- Palache (1923) wrote, "How large can crystals viously been brought together in a single com- grow? What teacher of mineralogy but has been pilation. askedthis questionmany times. He would probably is no limit but if he tried to tell of the reply that there The ComPilation biggest that had been found he would find it difficult a problem to give an exact answer". Among the many improb- How best to presentthis data has been such as Pa- able taleshanded down from studentto studentis the for a list including every mineral species, would have story of a mysterious locality in the Urals where a lache (1923) commenced to compile, to quarry was made inside a single feldspar crystal. And been both cumbersomeand extremely difficult gives (Table yet there may be truth in this, for the undocumented produce. Accordingly, this compilation the mineral report of such an orthoclasecrystal can be traced to t; th" lutg"tt known crystalsfor each of and Berry Lindgren (1933,p.754). Its sizewas given by Hurlbut classesin the classificationused by Mason named in (1968,p.14) thus ". in the Ural Mountains a quarry (1968,p.197). Each of the compositions listed and the 30 x 30 feet of unknown depth was opened in a iheir class titles has been separately been con- single feldspar crystal", and Kostov (1968, p.55) most common minerals-silicates-have data for or- wrote "There are known, . orthoclasecrystals l0 m sideredby subclasses.In addition' some x l0 m weighing up to 100 tons,.. ." Regrettably, ganic minerals are Presented. categories, like many giant crystalsit was not accurately mea- For each of the twenty-four mineral which have the sured, so its true dimensions remain unknown. there are listed in Table I the crystals greatest More than half a century has passedsince Palache greatestlength, the greatestvolume, and the rec- (1923)published, in this journal, a list of the largest mass. Sometimesa single crystal has all three have often crystals known to him, and wrote "Will not every ords, but multiple entries for a category establish reader of this magazinesupply such data as he pos- proved necessaryto encompassthese and specimens sesses?"The plea must have been unheededfor an ihe records in that sequence.Additional has been in- updatedlist did not appear,although Spencer(1928)' are also listed whenevera larger crystal existsthat it Frondel (1935),and Jahns (1953)subsequently re- completelydocumented, or where doubt given in SI units with corded additional data on large crystalsof minerals is a single crystal. All data are by an aster- which were of particular interestto them. A more re- convertedmeasurements being indicated parametersbeing en- cent appeal (Rickwood, 1976)for such data was also isk and estimatedor calculated measurements rewardedwith fittte response.An extensiveliterature closed by parentheses.Converted (or two signifi- search, and a multitude of letters to mineralogists have been rounded to the nearestcm 0003-004x/8l /09 I 0-088s$02.00 885 EE6 RICKWOOD: LARGEST CRYSTALS Table l. The largest crystals of minerals CLASS ASSIITIED DIMENSIoNS(n) VOU'IIIE I{ASS DEI{S-MT REFERENCES lxzx3(n3)(kg) (g/-3) I. MTIVE ELEMEN'IS a, Kmacite (q -ircn - alloy) 0.92 0.54 0.23- (o.03E) g3 (7.9o) FESENKOV(rgsE) Fe-Ni 0.13 Gressk, MiEk oblast, u.s.s.R. a2 cold *0.30 -Au (r9.3) STNXANXAS(r96EPp.27E 2w) Mother Lode, Cali fomia, u.s.A. a< Sulphur 0.225 0. 165 (<0.0025) (<s. 14) (2.05) de MIGIELE (Pes. 5 Cm.22. ro. 79) PerticaE Mine, Urbino, (Figur 1) Italy. 2. SULPIiIDES € SULPHOSALTS (i)SULTHIDES € RELAIED COilPOIJNN bl stibnite ' 0.60 0.0s (0.0s) (0.001s) (6.ss) (4.63) flADA(1904,p.2r). sb2s3 PATACHE(1923,p.362). Yokohi Mines, Ichinokawa, Shikoku Island, Iyo Prcvince, Japan, b? Stibnite - O.S8S 0.057 0.048 (0.00r6) (7.4r) (4.63) }|ANISct (Pors,Cm, sb2s3 rE. I.50) (Figuro 2) Ichinokara, Iyo, Shikoku, Japan. b. Galena *0,25 0.25 0.25 c0.01s61 (rr8) c7.56) GREG6 r.ETTS6l " Pbs (r8sE, p.41s). Great Luey lr{ine, Isle PAIAGIE [r923,p.362). of lr{an,U.K. (Ftgue 5) (ii)SULPH6ALTS cr Tenkntite - 0.3O (o. @3rE) (14.7') (4.61) (Cu,Fe) PIN(I & HIT,soN l2As4Sr3 (1977,p.33) Tsmeb, Nmibia c? Arp.rodite - 0. lE 0,I5 8.12 (0.00324) (20.0e) (6.2) cUILLEWN(1964,p.1) Ag8GeS6 (1972,p.rrs). Bolivia OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES (i) OXIDES -1 Coludite *0.76 0.61 <0.0064 :0.00297) ( ls, 4) (s.2) H NTEY(r9s5,p.77) ( Fe , N'l) (Nb , Ta) 206 PAGE(PeE.Cm. Bob Ingersoll l{ine, 6.6.E0) Dike No.l, Black Hills, S.Dakota, U.S.A. dz Corodm 0.65 0. 40 (0.03s6) '152 (5.98) IIALL (1920,p.128, Al2 03 (diil) PTATE XXI) nr.Mica Sidins. PAIA(}|E(1923,p. 363) Transvaal, R.5.A. (FIGURE4.) cant figures) and calculations of volume and mass later paper includes additional data. Several mea- have been based on the rounded figures, assuming surements have been obtained from the book by simple geometricalshapes. Sinkankas (1964\, but this author did not cire the For each crystal, only the original reference is data sourcesso this information could not be veri- cited unlessit is in a rather obscurepublicatron, or a fied. Books by Guillemin (1964, 1972)arc lisrs of se- RICKWOOD LARGEST CRYSTALS lected specimenscontained in various museum col- literature (Dana and Brush, 1812, p.l5; Hurlbut, lectionsand were most useful sourcesof information. 1968,p.156; Murdoch, 1943;Palache et al., 1944, However, occasionaldiscrepancies in dimensions p.l0l) as having been found in the Copper Range, have been noticed betweendata given by Guillemin Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, U.S.A' However, and that supplied by curators.In theseinstances the Mr. A.Y. Johnstone(Pers. Comm.20.5.77) noted that information provided by museum curators has been thesewere almost certainly crystal aggregatesand the preferred. Note that Guillemin (1964) renumbered largest of the rare single crystals from the area was the pagesfor each museum so that it is necessaryto only 4.4 x 3.2 x 3.2 cm. know the location of the crystal before data can be L3 This crystal (Fig. l) is in the collection of retrieved. the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy. A The crystalsrecorded here merit inclusion by vir- sketch supplied by Dr. V. de Michele (Pers.Comm. ture of their size and not their beauty. Indeed many 22.10J9) gives the listed dinensions which are more of these large crystalshave irregular form and little accurate than those given by Guillemin (1964, p.l; aestheticappeal. Very large crystalscan be difficult, 1972,p.5) and de Michele(1978, p.42). A smallpatch if not impossible,to accuratelymeasure unless they of calcite adheres to the sulphur so that the true are completely mined out of their matrix. Seldom weight is not known. would a geologistbe presentthroughout such an op- Other notable sulphur crystalsare: eration and so, of necessity,some dimensions may (i) one 18 cm long from Perticara,Urbino, Italy have been obtained from miners. It is also difficult to and kept in the Institute of Mineralogy, Milan, Italy; ascertainthat theseare single entities and not aggre- Guillemin (1964,p.l). gatesof smallercrystals. Hence, unless an author has specifically indicated that the material is a single crystal, there has been a consciousrejection of all data on "masses","aggregates", "deposits'n, "shoots", "pods", etc. Notes on entriesin Table I Almost all of the entries in Table I require com- ment and to avoid an extensivelist of footnotesthese comments are included in the text. The alphabetic designation signifies the mineral category to which the comment relates,and the subscript numeral in- dicates the specific entry. Dimensions published in Imperial units have been converted to metric units and are given in parenthesesin thesenotes. o1 This specimenis "... a monocrystalhex- ahedrite , .." being describedas "an irregular bowl- shaped mass, with an overall length of 92 cm and a width of 54 cm: it attains a thicknessof about 23 cm along the edgesbut is only 13 cm thick near the cen- ter". (Dr. B. Mason,Pers. Comm.3.l.79). The density of kamacite was found by Henderson and Parry (1954)to be 7.90+0.02g/cm'. As this is extraterrestrialmaterial, this entry is ad- ditional to those of terrestrial minerals. d2 Sinkankas(1964, p.280) mentioned ". oc- tahedral plates to 12" broad. ." (0.30 m) from an unspecifiedlocation in California, but the Curator, (terrestrial) NATIVE Mineral Museum, Division of Mines and Geology, Fig. L The largest authenticated ELEMENa| crystal by length, volume and mass. Sulphur, Stateof California, U.S.A. cannotconfirm this occur- PerticaraMine, Urbino, Italy. This photographhas been supplied rence.(Mrs. E.M. Learned,Pers. Comm. 28.9.79). by, and is producedby permissionof, Dr. V. de Michele, Museo Very large specimensof copperare recordedin the Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, Italy (Table 1-a3).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crystal Chemistry of Wulfenite (Pbmoo4) and Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 Author Information – Darren A
    Crystal Chemistry of Wulfenite (PbMoO4) and Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 Author information – Darren A. Umbsaar Affiliation – University of Calgary Summary In this study, the crystal structure and chemistry of a selection of wulfenite (PbMoO4) and wolframite ((Fe,Mn)WO4) samples from various worldwide localities are examined. These 2+ minerals have the same general formula, ABO4, where A is a divalent metal cation (e.g. Mn , Fe2+, Pb2+, etc.) and B is a highly charged cation (W6+ or Mo6+). These minerals crystallize in two different space groups; (1) wulfenite crystallizes in the tetragonal scheelite-type structure (space group I41/a, formula units, Z, = 4), whereas (2) wolframite crystallizes in the monoclinic wolframite- type structure (space group P2/c, Z = 2). The space group symmetry and cell dimensions are largely dictated by the ionic radius of the A site cation. In general, when the A cation radius is >0.90Å the crystal will form the tetragonal scheelite-type structure, whereas an A cation radius <0.90Å will favor the monoclinic wolframite-type structure. X-ray diffraction analyses of these minerals have long been a challenge because they are composed of heavy atoms (Pb, Mo, and W) which dominate in scattering X-rays. This makes it challenging to precisely determine the atomic coordinates of oxygen, being a much lighter element with a weaker atomic scattering power. Therefore, in an effort to overcome the aforementioned obstacle, and to acquire accurate structural data for these minerals, this study uses synchrotron high resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD). The natural wulfenite specimens analyzed so far in this study from various worldwide localities are very pure in composition, with all specimens being represented by the formula: Pb0.99- 5+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 1.00Mo0.99-1.00O4.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of Lithium Solid Electrolyte Materials
    AN INVESTIGATION OF LITHIUM SOLID ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS WITH FIRST PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS BY NICHOLAS LEPLEY A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Physics December 2013 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: N. A. W. Holzwarth, Ph.D., Advisor Freddie Salsbury Jr., Ph.D., Chair William Kerr, Ph.D. Timo Thonhauser, Ph.D. Table of Contents List of Figures iv Chapter List of Abbreviations v Chapter Abstract vi I Background 1 Chapter 1 Battery Chemistry and Challenges 2 1.1 Fundamental Operation . .2 1.2 State of the Art . .3 1.3 Solid Electrolyte Materials . .6 Chapter 2 Computational Methods 9 2.1 Density Functional Theory . .9 2.2 Implementation . 12 2.3 Additional sources of error . 13 II Summary of Published Work 14 Chapter 3 Computer modeling of lithium phosphate and thiophosphate electrolyte materials 15 3.1 Overview . 15 3.2 Publication results and conclusions . 15 3.3 My contributions . 16 3.4 Further results and conclusions . 16 Chapter 4 Computer Modeling of Crystalline Electrolytes: Lithium Thio- phosphates and Phosphates 17 4.1 Overview . 17 4.2 Publication results and conclusions . 17 4.3 My contributions . 21 4.4 Further results and conclusions . 21 ii Chapter 5 Structures, Li+ mobilities, and interfacial properties of solid electrolytes Li3PS4 and Li3PO4 from first principles 22 5.1 Overview . 22 5.2 Publication results and conclusions . 22 5.3 My contributions . 24 5.4 Further results and conclusions . 25 Chapter 6 Conclusions and future directions 27 III Appendix 32 Chapter 7 Computer modeling of lithium phosphate and thiophosphate electrolyte materials 33 Chapter 8 Computer modeling of crystalline electrolytes: lithium thio- phosphates and phosphates 41 Chapter 9 Structures, Li+ mobilities, and interfacial properties of solid electrolytes Li3PS4 and Li3PO4 from first principles 52 IV Curriculum Vitae 64 iii List of Figures 1.1 Schematic of Li-ion battery .
    [Show full text]
  • NMR Investigations of Crystalline and Glassy Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: a Brief Review
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review NMR Investigations of Crystalline and Glassy Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: A Brief Review Daniel J. Morales 1,2 and Steven Greenbaum 1,* 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA; [email protected] 2 Ph.D. Program in Physics, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10036, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 April 2020; Accepted: 28 April 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: The widespread use of energy storage for commercial products and services have led to great advancements in the field of lithium-based battery research. In particular, solid state lithium batteries show great promise for future commercial use, as solid electrolytes safely allow for the use of lithium-metal anodes, which can significantly increase the total energy density. Of the solid electrolytes, inorganic glass-ceramics and Li-based garnet electrolytes have received much attention in the past few years due to the high ionic conductivity achieved compared to polymer-based electrolytes. This review covers recent work on novel glassy and crystalline electrolyte materials, with a particular focus on the use of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for structural characterization and transport measurements. Keywords: NMR; inorganic electrolytes; glassy electrolytes; ceramic electrolytes 1. Introduction As lithium ion batteries continue to permeate the commercial market, the search continues to produce an all solid-state equivalent with the same or superior performance. While liquid organic electrolytes continue to exhibit high performance and long cyclability, the risk of thermal runaway and inability to utilize Li metal anodes without the risk of dendrite formation are ongoing issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Chemical Properties of Germanium
    Physical And Chemical Properties Of Germanium Moneyed and amnesic Erasmus fertilise her fatuousness revitalise or burrow incommunicatively. Creditable Petr still climbs: regarding and lissome Lazarus bully-off quite punctiliously but slums her filoplume devotedly. Zane still defilade venomous while improvident Randell bloodiest that wonderers. Do you for this context of properties and physical explanation of Silicon is sincere to metals in its chemical behaviour. Arsenic is extremely toxic, RS, carbon is the tongue one considered a full nonmetal. In nature, which name a widely used azo dye. Basic physical and chemical properties of semiconductors are offset by the energy gap between valence conduction! Other metalloids on the periodic table are boron, Batis ZB, only Germanium and Antimony would be considered metals for the purposes of nomenclature. Storage temperature: no restrictions. At room temperature, the semiconducting elements are primarily nonmetallic in character. This application requires Javascript. It has also new found in stars and already the atmosphere of Jupiter. Wellings JS, it is used as an eyewash and insecticide. He has studied in Spain and Hungary and authored many research articles published in indexed journals and books. What are oral health benefits of pumpkins? The material on this site may not be reproduced, germanium, the radiation emitted from an active device makes it locatable. Classify each statement as an extensive property must an intensive property. In germanium and physical chemical properties of the border lines from the! The most electronegative elements are at the nod in the periodic table; these elements often react as oxidizing agents. Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Mottramite Pbcu(VO4)(OH) C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic
    Mottramite PbCu(VO4)(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As crystals, equant or dipyramidal {111}, prismatic [001] or [100], with {101}, {201}, many others, to 3 mm, in drusy crusts, botryoidal, usually granular to compact, massive. Physical Properties: Fracture: Small conchoidal to uneven. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3–3.5 D(meas.) = ∼5.9 D(calc.) = 6.187 Optical Properties: Transparent to nearly opaque. Color: Grass-green, olive-green, yellow- green, siskin-green, blackish brown, nearly black. Streak: Yellowish green. Luster: Greasy. Optical Class: Biaxial (–), rarely biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Weak to strong; X = Y = canary-yellow to greenish yellow; Z = brownish yellow. Orientation: X = c; Y = b; Z = a. Dispersion: r> v,strong; rarely r< v.α= 2.17(2) β = 2.26(2) γ = 2.32(2) 2V(meas.) = ∼73◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P nma. a = 7.667–7.730 b = 6.034–6.067 c = 9.278–9.332 Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Mottram St. Andrew, England; close to descloizite. 3.24 (vvs), 5.07 (vs), 2.87 (vs), 2.68 (vs), 2.66 (vs), 2.59 (vs), 1.648 (vs) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) CrO3 0.50 ZnO 0.31 10.08 P2O5 0.24 PbO 55.64 55.30 As2O5 1.33 H2O 3.57 2.23 V2O5 21.21 22.53 insol. 0.17 CuO 17.05 9.86 Total 100.02 100.00 (1) Bisbee, Arizona, USA; average of three analyses. (2) Pb(Cu, Zn)(VO4)(OH) with Zn:Cu = 1:1.
    [Show full text]
  • Descloizite Pbzn(VO4)(OH) C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Descloizite PbZn(VO4)(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As crystals, equant or pyramidal {111}, prismatic [001] or [100], or tabular {100}, with {101}, {201}, many others, rarely skeletal, to 5 cm, commonly in drusy crusts, stalactitic or botryoidal, coarsely fibrous, granular to compact, massive. Physical Properties: Fracture: Small conchoidal to uneven. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3–3.5 D(meas.) = ∼6.2 D(calc.) = 6.202 Optical Properties: Transparent to nearly opaque. Color: Brownish red, red-orange, reddish brown to blackish brown, nearly black. Streak: Orange to brownish red. Luster: Greasy. Optical Class: Biaxial (–), rarely biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Weak to strong; X = Y = canary-yellow to greenish yellow; Z = brownish yellow. Orientation: X = c; Y = b; Z = a. Dispersion: r> v,strong; rarely r< v.α= 2.185(10) β = 2.265(10) γ = 2.35(10) 2V(meas.) = ∼90◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P nma. a = 7.593 b = 6.057 c = 9.416 Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Venus mine, [El Guaico district, C´ordobaProvince,] Argentina; close to mottramite. 3.23 (vvs), 5.12 (vs), 2.90 (vs), 2.69 (vsb), 2.62 (vsb), 1.652 (vs), 4.25 (s) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) SiO2 0.02 ZnO 19.21 10.08 As2O5 0.00 PbO 55.47 55.30 +350◦ V2O5 22.76 22.53 H2O 2.17 −350◦ FeO trace H2O 0.02 MnO trace H2O 2.23 CuO 0.56 9.86 Total 100.21 100.00 (1) Abenab, Namibia.
    [Show full text]
  • Heyite, Pbsfez(VO )Zo , a New Mineral from Nevada
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, MARCH ~973, VOL. 39, PP. 65--68 Heyite, PbsFez(VO )zO , a new mineral from Nevada SIDNEY A. WILLIAMS Phelps Dodge Corporation, Douglas, Arizona SUMMARY. Heyite occurs in silicified limestone with other oxidation-zone minerals derived from galena, chalcopyrite, aod pyrite. The occurrence is near Ely, Nevada. Most common are pyro- morphite, cerussite, and chrysocolla. Heyite occurs on and replaces corroded tungstenian wulfenite. Crystals are small (up to o'4 mm), simple in habit, and monoclinic. Only {oo I }, {t oo}, {t I o}, and {io I } have been observed. Twinning on {I Io} is relatively common. The colour is yellow-orange with a yellow streak, H = 4. Electron probe analyses (average of three) gave PbO 75"4 %, ZnO o'8I %, FeO 8"4I %, V~O5 I2"65 %. This leads to Pbs(Fe,Zn)2(VO4)204, with Z = L The space group is P21/m. Cell constants, refined from powder data, are a 8-9IO/~, b 6'oi7, c 7"734 (all !o'oo4/~);/3 I I I ~ 53'-4-4'. The strongest powder lines (Cr-K~) are: 3"248, 11 ~, (i oo); 2"97o, 3oi, 21~, (69); 2"767, 2Ii (6I); 4"873, iio, (46); 3"674, ~I~, (35); 2"306 (33); 3"oio, o2o, (29); 3"4~2, 2o~, II~, (25); 8"281, Ioo, (25); and 2"II3 (2o). Geale 6'284, Gmeas 6"3• Optically biaxial with 2Ve 82~10, 89~e~ ; c~9 2-I85,/39 2'219, ~9 2.266; all values zko-oI and determined in S-Se melts. Dispersion is weak with p > v.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfide and Oxide Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Batteries: a Review Mogalahalli Reddy, Christian Julien, Alain Mauger, Karim Zaghib
    Sulfide and Oxide Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Batteries: A Review Mogalahalli Reddy, Christian Julien, Alain Mauger, Karim Zaghib To cite this version: Mogalahalli Reddy, Christian Julien, Alain Mauger, Karim Zaghib. Sulfide and Oxide Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Batteries: A Review. Nanomaterials, MDPI, 2020, 10 (8), pp.1606. 10.3390/nano10081606. hal-02944666 HAL Id: hal-02944666 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-02944666 Submitted on 21 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. nanomaterials Review Sulfide and Oxide Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Batteries: A Review Mogalahalli V. Reddy 1 , Christian M. Julien 2,* , Alain Mauger 2 and Karim Zaghib 3,* 1 Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage (CETEES), Institute of Research Hydro-Québec, 1806, Lionel-Boulet Blvd., Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada; [email protected] 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC),
    [Show full text]
  • Tungsten Minerals and Deposits
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 652 4"^ TUNGSTEN MINERALS AND DEPOSITS BY FRANK L. HESS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. , 7 Inquiries concerning tungsten......................................... 7 Survey publications on tungsten........................................ 7 Scope of this report.................................................... 9 Technical terms...................................................... 9 Tungsten................................................................. H Characteristics and properties........................................... n Uses................................................................. 15 Forms in which tungsten is found...................................... 18 Tungsten minerals........................................................ 19 Chemical and physical features......................................... 19 The wolframites...................................................... 21 Composition...................................................... 21 Ferberite......................................................... 22 Physical features.............................................. 22 Minerals of similar appearance.................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mottramite, Descloizite, and Vanadinite) in the Caldbeck Area of Cumberland
    289 New occurrences of vanadium minerals (mottramite, descloizite, and vanadinite) in the Caldbeck area of Cumberland. By ART~VR W. G. KINGSBURu F.G.S., Dept. of Geology and Mineralogy, University Museum, Oxford, and J. HARTLnY, B.Sc., F.G.S., Dept. of Geology, University of Leeds. [Taken as read 10 June 1954.] Summary.--Four new occurrences of vanadium minerals are described. New X-ray powder data are given for descloizite and mottramite, and show appreciable differences. Evidence is brought that the original occurrence of mottramite was not at Mottram St. Andrew, Cheshire, but Pim Hill, Shropshire, and that most if not all specimens labelled Mottram St. Andrew or Cheshire really came from Pim Hill. ANADIUM minerals are rare in the British Isles, and only two V species, mottramite (Cu, Zn)PbV0tOH and vanadinite Pbs(VO4)aC1, have so far been recorded from a limited number of localities. We do not include the vanadiferous nodules from Budleigh Salterton in Devon, as the vanadiferous mineral has not been identified. Mottramite, supposedly from Mottram St. Andrew in Cheshire, was first described in 1876,1 but we have evidence (below, p. 293) that the locality was in fact Pim Hill in Shropshire. ~ Vanadinite has so far only been found at Leadhills and Wanlockhead in Scotland. Vauquelinite has been de- scribed from Leadhills and Wanlockhead,a but the specimens have since been shown to be mottramite. 4 As a result of our investigations in the Lake District, we have found several new localities in the Caldbeck area for raottramite, deseloizite, and vanadinite. Higher part of Brandy Gill, Carroek Fell.
    [Show full text]
  • Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction
    Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Bachman, John Christopher, Sokseiha Muy, Alexis Grimaud, Hao-Hsun Chang, Nir Pour, Simon F. Lux, Odysseas Paschos, et al. “Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction.” Chemical Reviews 116, no. 1 (January 13, 2016): 140–162. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00563 Publisher American Chemical Society (ACS) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109539 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. A Review of Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction John Christopher Bachman1,2,‡, Sokseiha Muy1,3,‡, Alexis Grimaud1,4,‡, Hao-Hsun Chang1,4, Nir Pour1,4, Simon F. Lux5, Odysseas Paschos6, Filippo Maglia6, Saskia Lupart6, Peter Lamp6, Livia Giordano1,4,7 and Yang Shao-Horn1,2,3,4 * 1Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 4Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States 5BMW Group Technology Office USA, Mountain View, California 94043, United
    [Show full text]
  • The Crystal Chemistry of Duftite, Pbcuaso4(OH)
    Mineralogical Magazine, February 1998, Vol. 62(1), pp. 121–130 The crystalchemistry of duftite, PbCuAsO4(OH) and the b-duftiteproblem KHARISUN*, MAX R. TAYLOR, D. J. M BEVAN Department of Chemistry, The Flinders University of South Australia, GPOBox 2100 Adelaide, S.A.5001, Australia AND ALLAN PRING Department of Mineralogy, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, S.A.5000, Australia ABSTRACT Duftite,PbCu(AsO 4)(OH)is orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 7.768(1), b = 9. 211(1), c = 5.999(1) AÊ ,Z=4;the structure has been refined to R =4.6 % and Rw = 6.5% using640 observed reflections[F> 2 s(F)].The structure consists of chainsof edge-sharingCuO 6 ‘octahedra’,parallelto c; whichare linked via AsO 4 tetrahedraand Pb atoms in distorted square antiprismatic co-ordination to forma threedimensional network. The CuO 6 ‘octahedra’ showJahn-Teller distortion with the elongationrunning approximately along <627>. The hydrogen bonding network in the structure was characterizedusing bond valence calculations. ‘b-duftite’ isan intermediate in the duftite– conichalcite series,which has a modulatedstructure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately50 A Ê .Theorigin of the modulation is thought to beassociatedwith displacements in the oxygenlattice and is related to the orientation of the Jahn-Teller distortion of CuO 6 ‘octahedra’. Approximatelyhalf of the strips show an elongation parallel to <627> while the other strips are elongatedparallel to [010 ].This ordering results in an increase in the b cellrepeat compared to duftite andconichalcite. KEY WORDS: duftite,conichalcite, crystal structure, crystal chemistry, modulated structure. hadearlier tentatively proposed the point group Introduction 222,on the basis of morphological observations.
    [Show full text]