i News Framing Effects News Framing Effects is a guide to framing effects theory, one of the most prominent theories in media and communication science. Rooted in both psychology and sociology, framing effects theory describes the ability of news media to influence people’s attitudes and behaviors by subtle changes to how they report on an issue. The book gives expert commentary on this complex theoretical notion alongside practical instruction on how to apply it to research. The book’s structure mirrors the steps a scholar might take to design a framing study. The first chapter establishes a working definition of news framing effects theory. The following chapters focus on how to identify the independent variable (i.e., the “news frame”) and the dependent variable (i.e., the “framing effect”). The book then considers the potential limits or enhancements of the proposed effects (i.e., the “moderators”) and how framing effects might emerge (i.e., the “mediators”). Finally, it asks how strong these effects are likely to be. The final chapter considers news framing research in the light of a rapidly and fundamen- tally changing news and information market, in which tech- nologies, platforms, and changing consumption patterns are forcing assumptions at the core of framing effects theory to be re- evaluated. Sophie Lecheler is Professor of Political Communication at the University of Vienna, Austria. Her research interests include news framing research, experimental methods, journalism, and ii emotions. Her research has appeared in various international journals, such as Journal of Communication, Communication Research, Political Communication, and Communication Theory. Claes H. de Vreese is Professor and Chair of Political Communication at the Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. His research interests include journalism, news effects, and public opinion. He has published more than 150 articles in international journals, and (co- )authored several books. iii News Framing Effects Sophie Lecheler and Claes H. de Vreese iv First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Sophie Lecheler and Claes H. de Vreese The right of Sophie Lecheler and Claes H. de Vreese to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Lecheler, Sophie, author. | Vreese, C. H. de (Claes Holger), 1974– author. Title: News framing effects / Sophie Lecheler and Claes H. de Vreese. Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018015367 | ISBN 9781138632684 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138632707 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315208077 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Journalism–Social aspects. | Journalism–Objectivity. Classification: LCC PN4749 .L43 2019 | DDC 302.23–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015367 ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 63268- 4 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 63270- 7 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 315- 20807- 7 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Out of House Publishing v Contents List of figures vi List of table vii Preface ix 1 News framing effects theory: an integrative view 1 2 News framing effects … from where? 18 3 News framing effects … on what? 32 4 Moderators of news framing effects … on whom? 43 5 Mediators of news framing effects … how and why? 61 6 The duration of news framing effects … how long? 75 7 The future of news framing effects … and now? 90 References 102 Author index 123 Subject index 125 vi Figures 1.1 An integrative model of news framing effects 15 2.1 Example studies from low– high levels of journalistic agency 25 4.1 Individual- level moderators 47 4.2 Contextual moderators 53 5.1 The psychology of news framing effects 66 5.2 (Moderated) mediation of a news framing effect 72 6.1 Determinants of duration 78 vii Table 2.1 Factors influencing the degree of journalistic agency in the frame- building process 24 viii ix Preface For more than two decades, we have worked on various aspects of news framing and framing research. We have held numerous conference presentations, lectured extensively on the topic to undergraduate and graduate students, written journal articles on specific studies, and sketched general outlines of the concept in encyclopedia and handbook entries. And all the while, we have both felt the absence of an authoritative advanced textbook on the topic. Having each completed a PhD dissertation (albeit in different decades) with the word “framing” in the title, we were both strongly inclined to think more about the topic. Our passion never wavered over the following years, and time and again, we observed the lack of a comprehensive textbook. At some point in 2015, we developed the idea and made the commitment to write a book that we ourselves would be keen to both read and use in the classroom. In 2016, our book proposal was enthu- siastically accepted by Routledge, and in 2017, we completed the manuscript. The actual production time was thus relatively swift, much more so than our thinking about the concept and bemoaning the lack of this book. Did we achieve our goal of offering an authoritative advanced textbook on the topic of news framing effects? This is inevitably up to the reader to judge. At the least, we enjoyed organizing and expanding our thinking on the topic as we attempted to present it in an accessible and comprehensive fashion— one that would invite future students and scholars to reflect more on certain newgenprepdf x x Preface aspects while ensuring that they avoid some of the mistakes that we had made. In organizing the book, it was clear from the outset that the main thrust would be on news framing and framing effects. We have studied these areas the most thus far, and we believe that they are the locus of the concept in communication science, media studies, journalism, political communication, political psychology, and public opinion research. The book draws from our previous thinking and writing on this topic. It does not pre- sent brand- new research results but rather summarizes what we do and do not know. During its creation, we were fortunate to have recourse to our dissertation work and to chapters that we wrote together, to theoretical pieces by Lecheler and Baden, to overview pieces by de Vreese, and to more recent insights from PhD students like Guus Bartholomé and Alina Feinholdt, whom we co- supervised. We thank them for valuable collaboration and for helping us to think more deeply about the concept of framing. All errors in the summary and in our thoughts about the future, however, remain ours. Sophie would like to thank her husband for his con- stant reminders to cease overusing the word “framing” when describing her work, life, and general constitution. She also thanks her colleagues at the University of Vienna—in particular, Manon Mandl and Ming Boyer— for their support during the editing process. Claes would like to thank the Shorenstein Center at Harvard’s Kennedy School for providing a stimulating writing environment in the fall of 2017 and Liza Keezen for editorial assistance. We thank all the scholars and colleagues who think critically about the framing concept. Their thinking shaped our thinking and helped us create what we see as news framing effects. We hope you enjoy the book and decide to contribute to one of the most exciting concepts helping us to understand the role and effects of news. 1 1 News framing effects theory An integrative view Introduction About two decades ago, Nelson, Oxley, and Clawson (1997) presented strong evidence for the impact of news framing. In a local news story about the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), one group of respondents was exposed to a news story that framed a planned KKK rally as a free-speech issue. The other group of respondents was exposed to a news story that framed the rally as a disrup- tion of public order. Those reading the free-speech- issue frame exhibited more tolerance for the KKK than those reading the public- order- disruption frame. This study has become one of the most influential and widely cited studies in the framing effects literature. A different frame in a news story can lead to significant and meaningful differences in how recipients think about even controversial issues like the Klan and in the degree of tolerance that they exhibit. The example makes clear that when journalists select and produce news, how they frame it is consequential for citizens’ understanding of important issues. This book is about the effects that are generated by news organizations and journalistic choices. In this chapter we pro- vide a definition of framing and a general introduction to news framing effects research, to the historical roots of framing, to its application in communication science, political science, and public opinion research, and to the different research strands in the field. The chapter relates framing research to broader 2 2 News framing effects theory ongoing developments such as mediatization and changes in our media landscape.